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AP World History Unit 2 Flashcards

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7610723918Caste Systema class structure that is determined by birth. Loosely, it means that in some societies, if your parents are poor, you're going to be poor, too. Same goes for being rich0
7610723919PatriarchyA male dominated society1
7610723920MatriarchalA female dominated society2
7610723921Mandate of Heavenan ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that tiān (heaven) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly.3
7610723922Silk Roadan ancient network of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East by merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea4
7610723923Social Heirarchyhow individuals and groups are arranged in a relatively linear ladder5
7610723924Reincarnationthe rebirth of a soul in a new body.6
7610723925AssimilationThe process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group7
7610723926MonotheisticThe belief in only one god8
7610723927Eightfold Paththe path to nirvana, comprising eight aspects in which an aspirant must become practiced: right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.9
7610723928Zoroanstrianismone of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago.10
7610723929Greek Philosophythe rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics11
7610723930PolytheisticThe belief in many gods12
7610723931Legalismstrict adherence, or the principle of strict adherence, to law or prescription, especially to the letter rather than the spirit.13
7610723932Confucianisma system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius.14
7610723933Buddhismis a nontheistic religion or philosophy (Sanskrit: dharma; Pali: धम्म dhamma) that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha ("the awakened one").15
7610723934Islamthe religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah.16
7610723935Judaisman ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text (part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud.17
7610723936Christianitythe religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices.18
7610723937Daoisma philosophical, ethical or religious tradition of Chinese origin, or faith of Chinese exemplification, that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao.19
7610723938Han Dynastyan empire in ancient China, that lasted from 206 b.c.e- 24 c.e.20
7610723939Persiaan empire located in modern day Iran but stretched as far as Egypt and Iraq.21
7610723940Guptaan empire located in northern India that lasted from 320-550 c.e.22
7610723941Ancient Egyptan empire that lasted for 3000 years23
7610723942Roman empirelocated in modern day Italy but expanded to outlying countries throughout its reign, it lasted from 201 b.c.e- 476 c.e.24
7610723943Mayalocated in modern day central america, it lasted from 1800 b.c.e- 250 c.e.25
7610723944StateA body of people living in a defined territory who have a government with the power to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority26
7610723945Empirean extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority.27
7610723946Hebrew ScripturesTorah, Old Testament28
7610723947Assyrian Empirethis empire covered much of what is now Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Anatolia; its height was during the seventh and eighth centuries BCE.29
7610723948Babylonian EmpireEmpire in Mesopotamia which was formed by Hammurabi, the sixth ruler of the invading Amorites.30
7610723949Roman EmpireExisted from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.31
7610723950Vedic ReligionsCore beliefs in sanskrit scriptures; Hinduism; influence of Indo-European traditions in the development of the social and political roles of a caste system; importance of multiple manifestations of Brahma to promote teachings about reincarnation.32
7610723951HinduismA religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms33
7610723952Mauryan Empire(321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya.34
7610723953AshokaLeader of the Mauryan dynasty of India who conquered most of India but eventually gave up violence and converted to Buddhism.35
7610723954Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha)Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have renounced his worldly possessions and taught of a way to overcome suffering.36
7610723955Emperor ConstantineFounded Constantinople; best known for being the first Christian Roman Emperor; issued the Edit of Milan in 313, granting religious toleration throughout the empire.37
7610723956Buddha38
7610723957Shiva39
7610723958Brahma40
7610723959Vishnu41
7610723960Darius I42
7610723961Alexander the Great43
7610723962Parthenon44
7610723963Gupta Empire(320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta.45
7610723964Pantheon46
7610723965Aqueduct47
7610723966Colosseum48
7610723967Silk Road49
7610723968filial pietyIn Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.50
7610723969monasticismA way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith51
7610723970ancestor venerationVeneration of the dead or ancestor reverence is based on the beliefs that the dead have a continued existence, and may possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living, the worship of deceased ancestors52
7610723971syncretic religionCombines two religious traditions into something distinctly new, while containing traits of both53
7610723972Persian EmpireGreatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Fell to Alexander the Great.54
7610723973Qin Dynastythe Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall55
7610723974Han Dynasty(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity56
7610723975HellenisticOf or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great.57
7610723976PersepolisA complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland. It is believed that the New Year's festival was celebrated here, as well as the coronations, weddings, and funerals of the Persian kings, who were buried in cliff-tombs nearby.58
7610723977PataliputraThe captial of both Muryan and Gupta empires59
7610723978AthensA democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.60
7610723979CarthageCity located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E.61
7610723980AlexandriaCity on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras.62
7610723981ConstantinopleA large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul63
7610723982Trans-Saharan Caravan RouteIslamic trade in West Africa was conducted by caravans of camels. According to Ibn Battuta, the explorer who accompanied one of the caravans, the average size was a thousand camels per caravan, with some being as large as 12,000.64
7610723983Indian Ocean Sea Laneslanes throughout the Indian Ocean connecting East Africa, southern Arabia, the Persian Gulf, India, Southeast Asia, and southern China65
7610723984Mediterranean Sea LanesTrade routes that connected the Mediterranean civilizations together. The need for a sea rout for trade in the region. Trade increased and diffusion of cultures occurred66
7610723985Jesus of Nazaretha teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity.67
7610723986Paul of TarsusA Pharisaic Jew who persecuted the Early Christian community; later, he had an experience of the Risen Christ and became the "Apostle to the Gentiles" writing numerous letters to the Christian communities.68
7610723987Greco-Roman PhilosophyIdeas that emphasized logic, empirical observation, and nature of political power and hierarchy.69
7610723988tributeMoney paid by one country to another in return for protection70
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AP World History: Unit 4 Flashcards

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10369475303Trans-Oceanic Tradeglobal trading system in the Caribbean and the Americans trade networks extended to all corners of Atlantic Ocean0
10369475304Columbian ExchangeAn exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.1
10369475305MercantilismAn economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought2
10369475306Triangular TradeTrading System between Europe, Africa, and the colonies; European purchased slaves in Africa and sold them to colonies, new materials from colonies went to Europe while European finished products were sold in the colonies.3
10369475307Middle PassageA voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies4
10369475308CaravelA small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.5
10369475309Cartographythe science or the art of making maps6
10369475310Joint-stock companiesbusinesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses7
10369475311East India CompaniesBritish, French, and Dutch trading companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted independently in their regions.8
10369475312Royal African Companya mercantile company set up by the Stuart family and London merchants to trade along the west coast of Africa9
10369475313AmerindiansAmerican Indians10
10369475314Italian Renaissancerebirth of Classical (Greece/Rome) art/architecture - humanistic focus - patrons - families like Medici and the Catholic Church - blended natural world w/ religion - transition away from religion11
10369475315Northern RenaissanceAn extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations of northern Europe; the Northern Renaissance took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance12
10369475316The MediciThe family of bankers that started out as middle class & then loaned money to a guy that became the pope & then they became the wealthiest family in Florence. They sponsored many artists/architects like Brunesllshci & made lots of money off them.13
10369475317HumanismA Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements14
10369475318Protestant ReformationA religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church.15
10369475319Martin LutherA German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. He led the Protestant Reformation.16
1036947532095 ThesesMartin Luther's ideas that he posted on the church door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation17
10369475321AnglicanismA Protestant denomination of the Christian faith founded by Henry VIII in England18
10369475322Catholic ReformationReligious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.19
10369475323JesuitsMembers of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.20
10369475324Scientific RevolutionA major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.21
10369475325CopernicusDevised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.22
10369475326DescartesFrench philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical.23
10369475327NewtonThis physicist developed the law of universal gravitation and further caused the decline of the old system of science24
10369475328GalileoHe was the first person to use a telescope to observe objects in space. He discovered that planets and moons are physical bodies because of his studies of the night skies.25
10369475329DeismA popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.26
10369475330John Locke17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.27
10369475331ColumbusItalian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)28
10369475332MagellanPortuguese explorer who sailed around the Southern end of South America and eventually reached the Philippines, but was killed in a local war there29
10369475333Vasco da Gamathe first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa.30
10369475334Zheng HeAn imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.31
10369475335Plantation EconomyThis referred to the inefficient, slave-centered economy of the South where all land was used to grow large amounts of cash crops for export.32
10369475336Indentured servitudeA worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.33
10369475337Encomienda SystemSpaniards received grants of a number of Indians, from whom they could exact "tribute" in the form of gold or labor34
10369475338Hacienda Systemlanded estates granted to conquistadors35
10369475339Mita SystemThe system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept.36
10369475340Peninsularesa Spanish-born Spaniard residing in the New World or the Spanish East Indies37
10369475341Creolesa person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean38
10369475342MestizosA person of mixed Native American and European ancestry39
10369475343MulattosPersons of mixed European and African ancestry40
10369475344Commercial RevolutionA dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price.41
10369475345Phillip IIKing of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies. He was also father to Alexander the Great.42
10369475346Parliamentary monarchyA government with a king or queen whose power is limited by the power of a parliament43
10369475347Divine RightsA belief of kings and monarchs that they have a God-given right to rule and that rebellion against them is a sin.44
10369475348European Empires in the AmericasGreat Britain, France, Spain, Netherlands, Denmark45
10369475349Aztecsa nomadic tribe in northern Mexico, arrived in Mesoamerica around the beginning of the 13th century. From their magnificent capital city, Tenochtitlan, this group emerged as the dominant force in central Mexico, developing an intricate social, political, religious and commercial organization that brought many of the region's city-states under their control by the 15th century46
10369475350IncasA Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.47
10369475351ConquistadorsEarly-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)48
10369475352Thirty Year Wara series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, as well as the deadliest European religious war, resulting in eight million casualties.49
10369475353Treaty of WestphaliaEnded Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic.50
10369475354Enlightenmenta European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition51
10369475355John Locke17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.52
10369475356Adam Smitha Scottish moral philosopher, pioneer of political economy, and a key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment53
10369475357Mary WollstonecraftEnglish writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women54
103694753587 Years Wara war fought between 1754 and 1763, involving every European great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire, spanning five continents, and affected Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions, led by the Kingdom of Great Britain (Prussia, Portugal, Hanover, and other small German states) on one side and the Kingdom of France (Austria-led Holy Roman Empire, Russia, Spain, and Sweden) on the other.55
10369475359French & Indian WarAmerican version of the 7 Year's War, French and Indians fight colonists and are victorious in early stages, then British pour on the pressure and emerge victorious, end-result French are removed from North America and Britain is left in debt.56
10369475360Treaty of TordesillasA treaty signed by Portugal and Spain to divide the new world.57
10369475361Treaty of ZaragosaA treaty signed by Portugal and Spain to divided up Asia.58
10369475362Hernan Cortesa Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire59
10369475363Francisco PizzaroSpanish conquistador who conquered the Inca's60
10369475364Viceroyaltiesthe office, position, or authority of a viceroy61
10369475365Zheng HeAn imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.62
10369475366balance of powerDistribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong (especially in Europe).63
10369475367James CookEnglish navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779).64
10369475368Council of TrentCalled by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.65
10369475369Charles VThis was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation66
10369475370creolesDescendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.67
10369475371Francis DrakeEnglish explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)68
10369475372Glorious RevolutionA reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.69
10369475373joint-stock companiesbusinesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses70
10369475374humanismA Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements71
10369475375Henry VIII(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Established the Church of England in 1532.72
10369475376patronsa person who supports artists, especially financially73
10369475377middle passageA voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies74
10369475378Holy Roman EmpireLoose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.75
10369475379Renaissance ManA person who is successful when it comes to working, and overall universal, knew how to dance, fight, sing, write poetry, and how to create art, and well educated with the classics.76
10369475380secularConcerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters77
10369475381vernacularEveryday language of ordinary people78
10369475382Triangular Slave TradeA practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.79
10369475383Vasco de GamaA Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean80
10369475384westernizationadoption of western ideas, technology, and culture81
10369475385capitalismAn economic system based on private ownership of capital82
10369475386absolutismA form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)83
10369475387St. Ignatius of Loyolafounder of the society of jesus (jesuits)84
10369475388African DiasporaThe separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.85
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AP World History Chapter 1 Outline Flashcards

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7277024019Paleolithic EraCharacterized by stone tools and wild grain based diets which later diversified after Ice Age Permanent human settlements arose -Human equality diminished in newer societies Jomon is an example of a Paleolithic society Hunter gatherer societies near research-rich areas -Southeast Asia, North America, and Middle East0
7277031675Neolithic EraAgricultural societies arose as a result of the first Agricultural Revolution Foundations for societies solidified -Mutual dependence between humans and animals -More food for growing populations -Hunting and gathering remained1
7277061416First Agricultural RevolutionDuring Neolithic Era 11,000 years ago Melted ice allowed for change in climactic conditions and more diverse life forms Resource rich areas allowed for permanent settlements -New opportunities and technology emerged -Human communities explored and exploited environments2
7277067929Variations in AgricultureFertile Crescent was the first to experience the First Agricultural Revolution -Hunter gatherers had access to wild plants and animals -Wheat, barley, rye, peas, lentils, and sheep were later domesticated (Figs first cultivated) Through agriculture, sun-dried mud bricks, monumental buildings, elaborate human burials emerged Domestication occurred in Sub Saharan Africa, South America, Mesoamerica, Mississippi River Valley, and the Amazon basin Distinctive climactic zones created variation and different agricultural patterns3
7277087068Agriculture's ImpactsLanguages diffused with migration Hunter-gatherers reduced to a minority BAD: Famine, health issues, catastrophes affected people, constraints on communities GOOD: New technology, metal tools and things for domesticated animals created4
7277100796Animal UsesPastoral nomadism/animal husbandry in non-arable areas Animals used for transportation and warfare People became dependent on animals in Central Asia, Arabian Peninsula and eastern/Southern Africa -Followed changing vegetations5
7277107382Animal DomesticationHorse was domesticated around 4000 BC -Varied per region Pastoral and agricultural people had conflict -Exchange of technologies and products Each society interacted thru each other's technology Women statuses and tasks with animals varied6
7277124027Agricultural SocietiesContinued with horticulture (Hoe-based agriculture) Hunting, gathering, and fishing Catalhyuk was an early agriculture village (7400-6000 BC: had equality) Some societies traced decent through female line while others made women spin and weave textiles Many agricultural villages flourished in modern era -Kinships and lineages -Lineages had democratic qualities and developed modest social & economic qualities These villages represent modest social equality7
7277141399ChiefdomsMore advanced and politically organized agricultural societies Leadership through male descent and started with an imagined ancestor First chiefdom in Mesopotamia, 6000 BC8
7277146729SedentaryAbility to produce food surpluses and non-farming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups9
7277150900SocietiesMany hunting and gathering societies were nomadic Kinship was emphasized in these settlements10
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AP World History Unit 1 Flashcards

From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins

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8933365109Hunting and GatheringMeans of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization0
8933365110NeolithicThe New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished1
8933365111NomadsCattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies2
8933365112CultureCombination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction3
8933365113Neolithic/Agricultural/Agrarian revolutionOccurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture4
8933365114PastoralismA nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies5
8933365115MesopotamiaLiterally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys6
8933365116SumeriansPeople who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states7
8933365117CuneiformA form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets8
8933365118City-stateA form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king9
8933365119ZigguratsMassive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections10
8933365120Babylonian EmpireUnified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.11
8933365121HammurabiThe most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law12
8933365122PharaohThe term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; considered a god as well as a political and military leader. The term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs13
8933365123PyramidsMonumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs14
8933365124HieroglyphsForm of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform15
8933365125MonotheismThe exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization16
8933365126PhoeniciansSeafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean; extensive trade, communication networks, early alphabetical script17
8933365127Harappa and Mohenjo DaroMajor urban complexes of Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern18
8933365128AryansIndo-European nomadic, warlike, pastorialists who replaced Harappan civilization19
8933365129Huanghe (Yellow) River BasinSite of the development of sedentary agriculture in China20
8933365130Shang1st Chinese dynasty21
8933365131Big GeographyA term that draws attention to the global nature of world history.22
8933365132PaleolithicThe period that ended about 3,000 years after the end of the last Ice Age, it lasted until about 10,000 years ago. (Old Stone Age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.23
8933365133Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of of ____ and ___ that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizationsnew weapons modes of transportation24
8933365134Mediterranean SeaSea connecting Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and N. Africa25
8933365135PolytheismBelief in more than one god26
8933365136Nile RiverPrincipal water source of water flowing through North Africa (site of sophisticated cultural development); flooded regularly and enriched the soil in the process27
8933365137stone agethe earliest known period of human culture, marked by the creation and use of stone tools and other nonmetallic substances28
8933365138foragersFood collectors who gather, fish, or hunt29
8933365139city-stateA sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate surrounding area30
8933365140Babylonan ancient city of Mesopotamia known for its wealth, luxury, and vice.31
8933365141HammurabiBabylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia (died 1750 BCE)32
8933365142scribea person who copies or writes out documents; often a record keeper33
8933365143cuneiformA form of writing developed by the Sumerians (Mesopotamia) using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.34
8933365144bronzeA metal that is a mixture of copper and tin35
8933365145paleolithicstone age period when human used stone tools and survived by hunting and foraging36
8933365146venus figurinespaleolithic female figurines that emphasize physical attributes associated with femininity37
8933365147pastoralismthe process of domestication, raising, and herding of animals38
8933365148specialization of laborpeople in civilizations could be assigned different jobs and statuses in society due to having a surplus of food39
8933365149patriarchythe idea that males have a right to rule and reign over states and families40
8933365150civilizationlarge scale communities that had certain characteristics in common such as: recordkeeping, complex institutions (government, economy, organized religion), cities, specialization of labor, long-distance trade, technology41
8933365151Euphrates and Tigristwo principle Mesopotamian rivers42
8933365152Sumerearliest Mesopotamian city state43
8933365153Babylonsecond oldest Mesopotamian city state, succeeds Sumer, most important king was Hammurabi44
8933365154Hammurabi's Codefirst law code in the world, of Babylonia, dealt with legal contracts and responsibility for wrong doing45
8933365155bronze metallurgyalloy of copper, tin, and zinc, this metal began to be produced from about 2800 BCE improved military equipment, agricultural knives, and plows46
8933365156iron metallurgya changeable metal, less hard than bronze, but more flexible, developed around 1500 BCE by the Hittites47
8933365157cuneiforma very early form of writing, from Sumer in Mesopotamia, done by pressing a cone-shaped stylus into soft clay48
8933365158Epic of Gilgameshepic Mesopotamian poem that highlights the stresses of civilization49
8933365159Egypta founding civilization along the Nile in Northeastern Africa50
8933365160HieroglyphicsEgyptian writing (pictographs & symbols representing sounds+ideas)51
8933365161Harrappa & Mohenjo DaroTwo early, very large, and complex Indus Valley city states. Little is known about these but their size and complexities imply central planning.52
8933365162Indus RiverRiver in Northern India on which the first Indian civilizations were built; flooded twice a year in a predictable manner53
8933365163Chinaearliest civilization in Asia54
8933365164Huang He and Yangzi Hetwo rivers in China that supported early civilization55
8933365165Shang DynastyThe dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of this culture.56
8933365166JudaismMonotheistic (belief in one god), founded by Abraham, code of law found in the Torah (first 5 books of the Bible), led to the development of two other Abrahamic religions: Christianity and Islam.57
8933365167ConfucianismThe system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.58
8933365168Mandate of HeavenA political theory of ancient China in which the emperor is given the power to rule by a divine sources. This tie could be severed by ineffectual rule59
8933365169Oracle bonesbones on which the ruling class in China wrote questions and had them divined by the priestly class60
8933365170Mesoamericacultural area in the Americas extending from central America to present-day Peru61
8933365171Olmecthe first major civilization in Mexico62
8933365172MayaMesoamerican civilization in and near the Yucatan Peninsula--had the first and only pre-Columbian writing system in the Americans63
8933365173ChavinMesoamerican civilization in present-day Peru that had highly developed art and architectural practices64
8933365174CarthageCity located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. (p. 107)65
8933365175irrigation systemsreplacement or supplementation of rainfall with water from another source in order to grow crops66
8933365176Indus River Valley Civilizationan ancient civilization thriving along the Indus River in what is now Pakistan and western India. This civilization is also sometimes referred to as the Harappan or Harappa-Mohenjodaro Civilization of the Indus Valley, in reference to the excavated cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro67
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AP World History Vocabulary Unit 3 Flashcards

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9957695250monasticrelating to monks, nuns, or others living under religious vows, or the buildings in which they live.0
9957716410papacythe office or authority of the Pope.1
9957722439eunucha castrated man, especially one employed by rulers in the Middle East and Asia as a harem guard or palace official.2
9957730451griota member of a class of traveling poets, musicians, and storytellers who maintain a tradition of oral history in parts of West Africa.3
9957856071kowtowkneel and touch the ground with the forehead in worship or submission as part of Chinese custom4
9957863201monsoonthe seasonal wind of the Indian Ocean and southern Asia, blowing from the southwest in summer and from the northeast in winter.5
9957870399jizyaa per capita yearly tax historically levied by Islamic states on certain non-Muslim subjects6
9957876317hajjthe Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca that takes place in the last month of the year, and that all Muslims are expected to make at least once during their lifetime.7
9957881494feudalismthe dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him labor, and a share of the produce in exchange for military protection.8
9957899986guilda medieval association of artisans (craftsmen) or merchants, often having considerable power9
9957917233Pax Mongolicadescribes the stabilizing effects of the conquests of the Mongol Empire on the social, cultural and economic life of the inhabitants of the vast Eurasian territory that the Mongols conquered in the 13th and 14th centuries.10
9957944115siege warfarea Medieval military operation involving the surrounding and blockading of a town, castle or fortress by an army in the attempt to capture it.11
9957975650matrilineal societya kinship system in which ancestral descent is traced through mother instead of the father's lines12
9957986247schisma split or division between strongly opposed sections or parties, caused by differences in opinion or belief.13
9957991859theocracya system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god14
9958003034hegiraMuhammad's departure from Mecca to Medina in AD 622, prompted by the opposition of the merchants of Mecca and marking the consolidation of the first Muslim community15
9958008246jihada struggle or fight against the enemies of Islam.16
9958012596polygynythe practice or condition of having more than one wife at one time.17
9958020888Sunni Islambranch of Islam that believes Muhammad did not clearly designate a successor and the Muslim community acted correctly in designating Abu Bakr as the first caliph18
9958039544Shi'a Islamholds that Muhammad announced that his son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor.19
9958065653commercialconcerned with or engaged in the activity of buying and selling.20
9958068155linguisticrelating to language21
9958072074indigenousoriginating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native.22
9958072075flourish(of a person, animal, or other living organism) grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way, especially as the result of a particularly favorable environment.23
9958078333demographicrelating to the structure of populations.24
9958082287literaryconcerning the writing, study, or content of literature, especially of the kind valued for quality of form.25
9958088861peasanta poor farmer of low social status who owns or rents a small piece of land for cultivation26
9958088862steppea large area of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe, inter-Asia, or Siberia.27
9958094667consumera person who purchases goods and services for personal use.28
9958100302epidemica widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.29
9958149558serfan agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate.30
9958163975vassala holder of land by feudal tenure on conditions of homage and allegiance.31
9958222564khanany of the successors of Genghis Khan, supreme rulers of the Turkish, Tartar, and Mongol peoples and emperors of China in the Middle Ages.32
9958232909renaissancethe cultural rebirth that occurred in Europe from roughly the fourteenth through the middle of the seventeenth centuries, based on the rediscovery of the literature of Greece and Rome.33
9958257177humnisman outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems.34
9958265984primogeniturethe right of succession belonging to the firstborn child, especially the feudal rule by which the whole real estate of an intestate passed to the eldest son.35
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AP World History: Ancient World - Timberline High School Flashcards

First set of words in the AP World History book by the Princeton Review.

Terms : Hide Images
5472462384AgricultureThe deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.0
5472462385Agrarianpertaining to land or its cultivation; reforms, societies1
5472462386Bands/ Clansextended family groups that generally lived together2
5472462387Barbarianwithout civilizing influences3
5472462388Bureaucracysystem of managing government through departments run by appointed officials (not elected)4
5472462389Civilizationa society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)5
5472462390City-Statesdifferent sections of land owned by the same country but ruled by different rulers (e.g. Greece)6
5472462392Domesticationprocess of adapting plants or animals to make them more useful to humans7
5472462393Economysystem by which goods and services are produced and distributed to meet people's needs8
5472462394Egalitariana person who believes in the equality of all people9
5472462395Emperorsupreme ruler of an empire10
5472462396Empiremany territories, countries, or peoples controlled by one government11
5472462398Foragingthe process of scavenging for food12
5472462399Hierarchya series of ordered groupings of people or things within a system13
5472462401Hunter-GathererA hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild, foraging and hunting without significant recourse to the domestication of either plants nor animals14
5472462402Irrigationsupplying dry land with water by means of ditches, aqueducts, and other diversion methods15
5472462403Monarchya government in which power is in the hands of a single person who usually inherits their power16
5472462404Monotheismbelief in a single God17
5472462405NeolithicThe New Stone Age from circa 8500 to 4500 BCE: The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution(s)18
5472462406Nomadic(of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently19
5472462407Pastoralrelating to shepherds or herdsmen or devoted to raising sheep or cattle (e.g. pastoral peoples)20
5472462409Philosophythe rational investigation of questions about existence, knowledge, and ethics21
5472462410Polytheismbelief in multiple Gods22
5472462411River Valleythe fertile land surrounding a river- the first civilizations arose near them23
5472462412Sedentaryremaining in one place24
5472462413Settlementthe act of colonizing or a small group of people in a sedentary position25
5472462414Subsistencethe necessities of life, the resources of survival26
5472462415Surplusa quantity much larger than is needed27
5472462417Theocracygovernment run by religious leaders28
5472462418Traditionalconsisting of or derived from tradition; customary practices29
5472462422Analects"something that is repeated" - a collection of Confucius' famous sayings30
5472462423Bronze Agea period between the Stone and Iron ages, characterized by the manufacture and use of tools and weapons31
5472462424Calendara system of timekeeping that defines the beginning and length and divisions of the year32
5472462425Code of Hammurabithe set of laws drawn up by a Babylonian king dating to the 18th century BC, the earliest legal document known in its entirety33
5472462426CuneiformOne of the first written languages known: A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia.34
5472462436Iron Agethe period following the Bronze Age; characterized by rapid spread of tools and weapons35
5472462437Jewish DiasporaA "scattering" of the Hebrew people36
5472462438LegalismIn Chinese history, one of the main philosophic currents during the Warring States Period- A philosophy of focusing on the text of written law to the exclusion of the intent of law, elevating strict adherence to law over justice, mercy and common sense37
5472462440PyramidsHuge stone tombs with four triangle-shaped walls that met in a point on top38
5472462443Shang CivilizationChina's first dynasty almost 2000 BCE, the time of the first emperor39
5472462447The Torahthe most sacred text of Judaism40
5472462448The Vedas of HinduismAryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E.41
5472462449Zigguratsa temple or tomb of the ancient Assyrians, Sumerians, or Babylonians, having the form of a terraced pyramid of successively receding stories42
5472462453HinduismTerm for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. It has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices.43
5472462454Trans SaharanMajor trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading44
5472462455MonsoonsMajor winds in the Indian Ocean that blew into India for half the year, and blew away from India for the other half. Helped facilitate trade in the Indian Ocean.45
5472462456Sumerianspeople who dominated Southern Mesopotamia through the end of the 3rd Millennium BCE. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.46
5472462457Indo-EuropeansGroups of people who came from the area north of the Caucasus mountains, which are between the Black and Caspian seas. Herded multiple animals. Rode into battle on chariots. The Indo-European language of Sanskrit, by the Aryans, are the basis of many languages today. Often accepted and adapted aspects of technology, religions, and social order of those with whom they came in contact.47
5472462458PatriarchalBefore agriculture, men and women are believed to have a greater degree of equality. But after the rise of agriculture, most human societies became ________ as a result of greater male strength.48
5472462459caste systema set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society, there was virtually no social mobility49
5472462460Paleolithic(Old Stone Age) a long period of human development before the development of agriculture50
5472462461CarthageThis city has existed for nearly 3,000 years, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC. Controlled commerce in the Mediterranean prior to the rise of Roman Power. The expanding Roman Republic took control of many of its outposts after the two Punic Wars.51
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AP World History Period 1 Flashcards

From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins
Original from MrsBHatchTEACHER

Terms : Hide Images
7815737765hunting and gatheringMeans of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization0
7815737766civilizationSocieties with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups1
7815737767neolithicThe New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished2
7815737768nomadic societieslivestock hearding societies that do not have a permanent settlement. normally found on the fringes of civilized (urban) societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies3
7815737769cultureCombination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction4
7815737770agrarian revolutionOccurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture5
7815737771pastoralismA nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies6
7815737772Catal HuyukEarly urban culture/civiization based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification7
7815737773Bronze AgeFrom 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing8
7815737774MesopotamiaLiterally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys9
7815737775potter's wheelA technological advance in pottery making; invented circa 6000 B.C.E.; encouraged faster and higher-quality ceramic pottery products10
7815737776SumeriansPeople who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states11
7815737777cuneiformA form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets12
7815737778city-stateA form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king13
7815737779ziggurata massive tower building usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections14
7815737780Babylonian EmpireUnified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.15
7815737781HammurabiThe most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law16
7815737782PharaohThe term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; the term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs17
7815737783pyramidsMonumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs18
7815737784hieroglyphsForm of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform19
7815737785KushAfrican state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries20
7815737786monotheismThe exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization21
7815737787PhoeniciansSeafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean22
7815737788Harappa and Mohenjo DaroMajor urban complexes of Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern23
7815737789AryansIndo-European nomadic, warlike, pastorialists who replaced Harappan civilization24
7815737790Huanghe (Yellow) River BasinSite of the development of sedentary agriculture in China25
7815737791Shang1st Chinese dynasty (after the legendary Xia)26
7815737792OraclesShamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpreting animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing27
7815737793ideographic writingPictograph characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing28
7815737795PaleolithicThe period that ended about 3,000 years after the end of the last Ice Age, it lasted until about 10,000 years ago. (Old Stone Age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.29
7815737796Human migration during Paleolithic eramovement of humans from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas30
7815737797eglitarianequality among people (no social levels)31
7815737798toolsHumans developed a wider range of ____ specially adapted to different environments from tropics to tundra32
7815737799Neolithic Revolutionperiod of change from hunter-gatherer lifesyle to agricultural lifestyles associated with domestication, farming, and settlement33
7815737800patriarchyfather based/male dominated society34
7815737803horsesname one mode of new transportation by the pastoralists35
7815737806Nile RiverThis river flooded regularly.36
7815737807Tigris RiverThis river's floods were unpredictable.37
7815737810Nubia and KushKingdoms upriver from Egypt.38
7815737811Standard of Ur39
7815737812Harappan King or Priest Figure40
7815737813JerichoOne of the earliest cities: located in modern Israel.41
7815737814Catal-HyoukOne of the earliest cities: located in modern Turkey.42
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AP World History Unit 2 Vocab Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8392549680ArabsPeople who come from the Saudi Arabian Peninsula, generally Muslims0
8392552496Centralized GovernmentWhen one big government runs the whole country, instead of a bunch of local governments.1
8392554277ChivalryHonor code followed by European knights; Doing things that honor your family, your wife, and your country2
8392558378CommodityA good that people want3
8392560798ContinuityWhen things stay the same4
8392562674ConversionChanging from one religion to another5
8392585396CurrencyThe form that money takes, usually metal coins or paper6
8392589599Decentralized governmentWhen there are lots of little governments scattered around a country and no one big, strong government7
8392592828ElitesThe wealthy, well-educated, most powerful people of society8
8392599748FeudalismA system that started in the middle ages where a king gives land to a noble who hires knights to protect and serfs to work the land9
8392602662InhabitantSomeone or something that lives in a certain area10
8392604921ManorialismSystem of setting up big areas where peasants work land for free in exchange for living on the manor11
8392607248ManorA gigantic home surrounded by fields12
8392925127MonasteryCommunity of monks who have dedicated their lives to prayer and service13
8392935342NobleA person who has been given land by monarchs in the feudal system14
8392945013PeasantA person near the bottom of a social hierarchy; typically a poor farmer15
8392955599Serfthe name given to a peasant in the feudal system16
8392968548schismthe divide between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches in Christianity17
8392982131SunniA sect of Islam who believes that any worthy Muslim can become a caliph18
8393004989Shi'a (Shiite)A sect of Islam that believes the caliph must be a blood descendant of Muhammad19
8393021006SufiA sect of Islam whose main focus is on mysticism and serving others20
8393027294mosquea house of worship for Muslims21
8393033577Hagia Sophiamassive Christian cathedral built by Justinian in Constantinople; later converted to a mosque by the Ottomans22
8393043298HajjPilgrimage taken by Muslims to Mecca23
8393049832MuhammadFounder of Islam24
8393053262CaliphTitle given to the leader of Islam; acts as both a political and religious leader25
8393064380Bubonic PlagueDisease spread from East Asia to Europe along the Silk Road; transmitted by rats and fleas26
8393082675Justinianemperor of the Byzantine empire27
8393085483CyrilGreek missionary who converted Russia to Christianity; created the Slavic alphabet28
8393094412Bushidocode of honor followed by samurai29
8393102254daimyotitle given to a warlord in feudal Japan30
8393106256shogunname for the supreme warlord in Japan who held the real power in government31
8393113198samuraia warrior in Japan who served the daimyo in exchange for land32
8393122999Ibn BattutaMuslim merchant from West Africa who left a detailed record of his travels33
8393127258Dar al-IslamThe world of Islam34
8393131151Quranholy book of Islam35
8393135661footbindinga practice in China done by women meant to show subservience to men36
8393140160Grand Canalconnected northern and southern China and promoted trade between the regions37
8393155136Crusadeholy war between Muslims and Christians over the holy land surrounding Jerusalem38
8393162393Pope Urban IIthe person responsible for the first crusade39
8393169215Chinampasfloating farms used by the Aztecs to grow corn on Lake Texcoco40
8393174994Quipuwriting system using strings and knots created by the Inca41
8393185053Silk Roadmajor trade network that connected China, India, and Byzantium42
8393193638Trans-Saharan Tradenetwork that connected West Africa with North Africa; the main products exchanged were gold and salt43
8393206523neo-Confucianismblend of Buddhism and Confucianism created during the Tang and Song dynasties of China44
8393226114Pax Mongoliaera of Mongol rule when there was relatively little war in Asia and trade flourished45
8393231264Genghis Khanleader of the Mongols46
8393244338SyncretismThe process of different cultures and beliefs blending together47
8393255168Popeleader of the Catholic church48
8393263637Bantupeople who spread language, farming, and iron tools to sub-Saharan Africa49
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