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AP World History Chapter 13 Review Flashcards

5290915708	Tropics	Equatorial region between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. It is characterized by generally warm or hot temperatures year-round, though much variation exists due to altitude and other factors.	0
5290917304	Monsoons	A seasonal prevailing wind in the region of South and Southeast Asia, blowing from the southwest between May and September and bringing rain, or from the northeast between October and April.	1
5290921673	Ecosystems	A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.	2
5290921674	Bilad al-sudan	West African Jewish communities who were connected to known Jewish communities from the Middle East, North Africa, or Spain and Portugal.	3
5290924568	Dhow	A lateen-rigged ship with one or two masts, used in the Indian Ocean.	4
5290941891	Swahili	A Bantu language widely used as a lingua franca in East Africa and having official status in several countries.	5
5290943874	Urdu	A form of Hindustani written in Persian script, with many loanwords from Persian and Arabic.	6
5290943875	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders.	7
5290951504	Niger River	A river of western Africa rising in Guinea through Mali, Niger, and Nigeria to the Gulf of Guinea.	8
5290951505	Indus Rivers	A river in South Asia, flowing from West Tibet through Kashmir and Pakistan to the Arabian Sea.	9
5290953778	The Ganges	A river that is sacred to Hindus.	10
5290955897	Mekong River	A river whose source is in Southwest China, flowing Southeast along most of the boundary between Thailand and Laos to the South China Sea.	11
5290957448	Swahili Coast	A coastal area in Southeast Africa inhabited by the Swahili people.	12
5290959811	Strait of Malacca	A narrow stretch of water between the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian island of Sumatra.	13
5290962121	Mogadishu	The capital and largest city of Somalia, on the Indian Ocean.	14
5290963957	Kilwa	Former Islamic city-state on an island off the coast of what is now southern Tanzania.	15
5290966094	Aden	A seaport in and the economic capital of the Republic of Yemen.	16
5290969802	Malabar Coast	Comprises the wettest regions of southern India, as the Western Ghats intercept the moisture-laden monsoon rains, especially on their westward-facing mountain slopes.	17
5290971798	Malacca	Brown cane that is widely used for walking sticks and umbrella handles.	18
5290973873	Timbuktu	A town in central Mali, west Africa, near the Niger River.	19
5290976061	Delhi Sultanate	Muslim dynasty that ruled in India (1210-1526).	20
5290978750	Mali Empire	Founded by Sundiata Keita and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa.	21
5290980216	Kanem-Bornu	Empire that existed in modern Chad and Nigeria.	22
5290981697	Gujarat	A region in west India, north of the Narmada River.	23
5290983122	Bahmani Kingdom	A Muslim state of the Deccan in South India and one of the great medieval Indian kingdoms.	24
5290984828	Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Battuta	A Moroccan Muslim scholar and traveler.	25
5290987124	Sundiata	The founder of the Mali Empire.	26
5290987139	Mansa Kankan Musa	Fourteenth century emperor of the Mali Empire, is the medieval African ruler most known to the world outside Africa.	27
5290990003	Mansa Suleiman	Mansa of the Mali Empire from 1341 to 1360.	28
5290991787	Sultan Iltutmish	Third and greatest Delhi sultan of the so-called Slave dynasty.	29
5290993794	Sultan Raziya	The only female ever to rule the Delhi Sultanate.	30
5290995795	Mansa Musa's Pilgrimage	Boosted Islamic education in Mali by adding mosques, libraries, and universities.	31
5290997470	What is a tropical environment? Explain the different ecosystems contained in the tropical areas of Africa and Asia and what climatic factors control them.	- Tropical zones fall between the Tropic of Cancer in the north and the Tropic of Capricorn in the south - Coastal West Africa, west-central Africa, and southern India get abundant rainfall - There is an arid zone extending across northern Africa and northwest India, and another arid zone in southwestern Africa - Altitude affects climate, with high-altitude mountain ranges and plateaus having cooler weather and shorter growing seasons than the low-altitude coastal plains and river valleys - Wind patterns Afro-Asian tropics have a cycle of rainy and dry seasons dictated by the alternating winds known as monsoons - Tropics have an uneven distribution of rainfall during the year. - In order to have year-round access to water for intensive agriculture, tropical farming societies constructed dams, irrigation canals, and reservoirs. - There is a wide range of tropical environments from deserts to rainforests.	32
5291000071	Why were metalworking and food-producing systems important to tropical peoples?	Food-producing systems were important because of irregular rainfall. Crops weren't always guaranteed, so the people had no choice but to come up with a system. Metalworking was important for the manufacturing of tools, weapons, and decorative objects.	33
5291000072	Outline the events of the arrival of Islam into India - be specific and thorough.	The waves of Muslim armies arriving to India followed the same pattern. Leaders like Mahmud of Ghazni and Muhammad Tughluq expanded Muslim political regions without changing the religious or social aspects of Indian society. Conversion to Islam happened in a step-by-step process. At some points, entire castes would convert to Islam at one time. Buddhism slowly died out under Muslim rule.	34
5291002667	The Indian Ocean trade was the world's richest maritime trading network. Why was it important and how did it develop? What technologies made the trade network a success? Did Islam play a role? Why could it be described as "decentralized and cooperative"? Be sure to include the various goods, peoples, and lands involved.	The Indian Ocean trade was developed through the success of African, Asian, and European regions. There was a demand for luxuries, such as jewelry and books. Technological advancements allowed bigger cargoes. It lead to rapid Muslim expansion, since it brought together a variety of people and ideas. Peoples were forced to cooperate for successful trade, uniting East Asia and Europe along with many other areas.	35
5291002668	How and why did the roles and status of tropical women change between 1200 and 1500?	Women in the tropics had the role of looking after the children, preparing food, working on the farm, and other tasks. However, the status of women was determined by the status of her father, husband, or owner. In Africa, women did not seclude themselves. In India, the tradition of sati was optional.	36

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Chapter 17 AP World History Stearns Flashcards

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5544192318	indulgences	grants of salvation sold for money	0
5544192319	simony	the buying or selling of a church office or ecclesiastical preferment; the selling of church office roles; became used in Catholic churches in 9th and 10th centuries	1
5544192320	95 Theses	propositions put on the door of the castle in Wittenberg by Martin Luther in 1517 which challenged some Catholic beliefs but pointed out some flaws in the church such as selling indulgences; "monasticism is wrong, priests should marry, Bible translated from Latin"	2
5544192321	justification by faith	in Christianity, God removing punishment for sins through Christ's sacrifice; Catholics believe in a combination of initial and permanent justification (good works) while Protestants believe it is singular; "sola fide"	3
5544192322	good works	a person's exterior actions or deeds which can qualify Christian faith and gives further justification to Catholics	4
5544192323	Protestantism	generally regarded to as Eastern Orthodox Christianity; originated in Germany with the 95 These from Luther; rejects papal supremacy; justification by faith alone (sola fide) rather than by good works; "Five sollae"	5
5544192324	Peasant Rebellion	England revolt in 1381 resulting from tension during the Black Death pandemic, high taxes from the Hundred Years' War, and government instability.	6
5544192325	Council of Trent	held by the Roman Catholic Church between 1545 and 1563 as a Counter-Reformation in response to the Protestant Reformation; Pope Paul III began this council; recreated discipline and administration as well as emphasized the importance of good works, the interpretation of the Bible is done by the church	7
5544192326	Catholic Reformation	a major church council revived Catholic doctrine and refuted key Protestant tenets such as the idea that priests had no special sacramental power and could marry; also attacked superstitions of magical belief	8
5544192327	Anglican Church	form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death	9
5544192328	predestination	all events and the fate of souls have been decided prior to their occurrence by God, "predeterminism"; prior determination	10
5544192329	Calvinism	a reformed branch of Christianity of Protestantism; following tradition and practice of John Calvin; first coined its name by those who opposed it so don't be misled; believe that God communicates through the Word of God and followers shouldn't question the Word of God because God is infinite and is always correct	11
5544192330	Martin Luther	German monk who believed faith led to salvation. He challenged many Catholic practices including the authority of the pope and monasticism.	12
5544192331	Leo X	Successor of Julius II; served as pope from 1513 to 1521. He granted indulgences to those who supported the reconstruction of St. Peter's Basilica.	13
5544192332	John Calvin	French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Revolution; a figure in Calvinism which was a predestination-based Christian theology; controversial writer; broke from the Roman Catholic church	14
5544192334	Puritans	group of English Protestants in the 16th-17th centuries who were trying to reform the Catholic practices of the partially-reformed Church of England	15
5544192335	Huguenots	the members of the French Protestant reform group until the beginning of the 19th century; inspired by John Calvin; rebellions in the 1620s	16
5544192336	Jesuits	a new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North American, and Asia	17
5544192337	Ignatius Loyola	founder of the Jesuits from Spain and priest/theologian; a political force in the Counter-Reformation; 'talented spiritual director'	18
5544192338	John Wycliffe	theologian during 14th century who attempted to break the Roman Catholic Church; influential priest	19
5544192339	John Hus	considered the first Church reformer; lived before Calvin and Luther but after John Wycliffe; attempted to break the Roman Catholic Church	20
5544192340	Anabaptists	seen as an offshoot from Protestantism; radical reformation in Europe; believe that Baptism is only valid when the person confesses their faith and wants to be baptized	21
5544192341	Charles V	the heir of the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, AND the Netherlands in the early 16th century; due to people fearing an absolute monarchy many were against him; put down rebellions quickly; had conquests under his power in the Americas including the Aztec & Inca empires; abdicated at age 56	22
5544192342	Edict of Nantes	Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions	23
5544192343	Thirty Years' War	war within the Holy Roman Empire between German protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, and France) in the Emperor and his ally Spain; ended and 1648 after great distraction with Treaty of Westphalia	24
5544192344	Peace (Treaty) of Westphalia	signed and 1494 between Castile in Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession in New World; reserve to Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain	25
5544192345	English Civil War	conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with the restoration of the monarchy and 1660 following execution of previous king	26
5544192346	Spanish Armada	the Spanish 'invincible armada' fleet of 130 ships; planned to overthrow Elizabeth I; attempted but failed to take England	27
5544192347	absolute monarchy	concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in Western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies	28
5544192348	Glorious Revolution	result of the English civil wars; the parliament won basic sovereignty over the king; English parliament no longer depended on king	29
5544192349	parliamentary monarchy	a monarchy where the parliament was not controlled by the king; contrasted to the original absolute monarchy	30
5544192350	balance of power	no single European country should be able to gain control of a substantial part of the continent; power of the continent should be divided; often times small alliances then battle for power	31
5544192351	Commonwealth	Political community built for the common good; sometimes considered a republic.	32
5544192352	the Restoration	Revival of England, Scotland, and Ireland's monarchy under Charles II after the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.	33
5544192353	Junkers	Prussian nobility; often owned large estates and played key roles in Prussia's leadership.	34
5544192354	Henry IV	Ruler of Navarre and France from 1589 to his assassination in 1610; first French ruler of the House of Bourbon. He promoted religious tolerance and ended the Wars of Religion; initially Protestant but converted under pressure from Catholics who rejected his rule.	35
5544192355	Bourbons	French royal house from the 16th to 19th century. It was predominant in France and Navarre but also ruled in Spain, Naples, Sicily, and Parma.	36
5544192356	Hapsburgs	Also known as the House of Austria; prominent royal house that included rulers of nations all across Europe. It eventually split between Austrian and Spanish branches after Charles V.	37
5544192357	Tudors	Welsh and English royal house from 1485 to 1603 started by Henry VII. It was marked with Henry VIII's break with the pope, the English Reformation, and the peak of the English Renaissance.	38
5544192358	Stuarts	Scotland royal house from 1603 to 1714 started by Robert II; first house to rule the United Kingdom. They led Scotland to prosperity and allowed art and science to prosper. It was also marked by many conflicts including the Glorious Revolution.	39
5544192359	Louis XIV	an absolute monarch (France) who stated "I am the state"; a major patron of the arts; gave government more of a cultural rule in the West; encouraged science and French; used palaces to keep nobles busy with social functions; set tariffs and sought colonies; his strong state was the basis for a series of wars after 1680	40
5553645366	Henry VIII	Ruler of England and Ireland from 1509 to 1547. He separated the English church from the pope and established the divine right of kings. He expanded royal power and was known for having 6 wives to try and have a son for succession.	41
5544192360	Charles I	Ruler of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1625 to 1649. He opposed parliament and believed in the divine right of kings. Considered a tyrannical monarch, he was executed for treason after multiple conflicts. England's monarchy was temporarily abolished after his rule.	42
5544192361	Elizabeth I	the Protestant outright and successor to Henry VIII in the Anglican church because he failed to produce a male heir	43
5544192362	Phillip II	16th century Catholic king of Spain, Portugal, England, and Ireland; successor of Charles V. He led Spain to its golden age, expanding his territory to all known continents at the time. His empire was called "the empire on which the sun never sets" due to its far reach. He was known for strongly opposing Protestants.	44
5544192363	Frederick the Great	an 18th century Prussian ruler who added military and bureaucratic organization, introduced greater freedom of religion, and expanded economic functions of the state; encouraged better agriculture and greater equity; claimed to be an enlightened despot for authority but benefitted society in the end	45
5544192364	Richelieu	French cardinal from 1622 to 1642, and the chief minister of Louis XIII. He checked the power of the nobles, centralizing France's government. He also expanded the University of Paris and supported arts.	46
5544192365	ultra-Catholics	Sect of Catholicism which places greater emphasis on the pope and his power	47
5544192366	Jean Baptiste Colbert	France Minister of Finances from 1665 to 1683 under Louis XIV. He made many reforms to French industries, raised tariffs, and supported infrastructure establishment. He also ensured the French East India Company had access to foreign trade, established France's merchant navy, and regulated guilds with edicts to improve overall quality.	48
5544192367	Oliver Cromwell	Military and political leader of the 17th century. A devoted Puritan, he became a commander of the New Model Army, served as a member of the Rump Parliament, led campaigns in Ireland and Scotland, and later established a short-lasting parliament of his own. He then became Lord Protector of England, established military rule, and waged war against the Dutch and Spaniards.	49
5544192368	James I	Ruler of England, Ireland, and Scotland (as James VI) from 1567 to 1625. He was a relatively peaceful ruler but faced opposition from England and its parliament. He continued the golden age of Elizabethan literature, wrote works himself, and supported the translation of the bible known as the King James Verion.	50
5544192369	Charles II	Successor of Charles I and ruler of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1660 to 1685. He was known as the Merry Monarch due to his focus on personal enjoyment. He allied with France for payment, and later dissolved Parliament in 1679. He converted to Catholicism before he passed, angering his many Protestant and anti-Catholic subjects.	51
5544192370	James II	Catholic ruler of England, Ireland, and of Scotland (as James VII) from 1685 to 1688. After taking the throne from his brother he faced stiff opposition from Protestant politicians. After continuous conflict with Parliament and others, he was invaded and defeated by William of Orange. He attempted to retake the crown in 1689 but failed, fleeing to France afterward where he lived under the support of Louis XIV.	52
5544192371	William of Orange	Also known as William III, he ruled over England, Ireland, and Scotland from 1689 to 1702. Considered by many to be their Protestant champion, he waged war against Catholic France. In an invasion known as The Glorious Revolution, he also overthrew his Catholic father in law to take Britain and settled disputes with their Parliament.	53
5544192372	Mary Stuart	Queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567. She enforced religious tolerance between different Christians. After marrying the suspected murderer of her 2nd husband, she was overthrown and exiled. Mary fled to England, where she was seen by some as the true heir of the throne and planned to assassinate Queen Elizabeth I before she was caught and executed.	54

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AP World History Unit 3 Dates Flashcards

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5413190957	622	founding of Islam	0
5413191490	730	Printing invented in China	1
5413192799	732	Battle of Tours (Muslims move into France)	2
5413192800	900	Decline of classical Maya	3
5413193488	1054	Great Schism in Christian Church ( Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox)	4
5413194712	1066	Norman conquest of England	5
5413194713	1071	Battle of Manzikert ( Seljuk Turks defeat Byzantine army)	6
5413194714	1095	first crusade	7
5413195507	1206	Chinggis Khan begins Mongol conquest	8
5413195508	1258	Mongols sack Baghdad, and of Abbasid caliphate	9
5413196395	1271-1295	Marco Polo's travels	10
5413196762	1279-1368	Yuan (Mongols) dynasty in China	11
5413196763	1324	Mansa Musa's pilgrimage/hajj	12
5413197593	1325-1349	Travels of Ibn Battuta	13
5413197594	1347-1348	bubonic plague in Europe	14
5413198341	1368-1644	Ming dynasty	15
5413198866	1405-1433	Zheng he's voyages	16

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AP World History Chapter 2 Flashcards

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4833749432	Shang authority was demonstrated by....	The possession of cast bronze vessels for sacrifices to the gods.	0
4833754348	Which of the following technologies was NOT developed by the end of the Shang dynasty?	Gunpowder	1
4833757703	How could a ruler lose the Mandate of Heaven?	by failing in his duties to his subjects	2
4833759508	Confucius used the term ren to mean	Benevolence to all humanity.	3
4833760410	Which of the following issues did Confucianism and Legalism, but NOT Daoism, address?	Role of religious clergy in society	4
4833761628	Which of the following is an example of independent invention in the first millennium BCE?	Development of bronze metallurgy technology	5
4833762047	Where was Kush?	In the fertile plain of Dongola Ranch	6
4833764663	Why did Nubian peoples enter the Historical record?	They came in contact with the literate peoples of the Mediterranean.	7
4833766705	Egyptian domination of Nubia for 500 years left all of the legacies below EXCEPT	Egyptians introducing Nubians to the value of gold	8
4833768519	Which of the following is NOT a way in which Celtic women differed from their middle Eastern or Greek and Roman counterparts?	Celtic women participated equally with men in warfare	9
4833769965	Why did the Roman authorities attempt to stamp out the Druids in the first century?	They served as a rallying point for Celtic opposition to Roman rule	10
4833771768	Most scholars think that the Western Hemisphere were	Virtually isolated from the rest of the world for the last 15 thousand years	11
4833773901	The Olmec can be described as	never having an empire but extending cultural influence over a wide region	12
4833775701	Which of the following statements about Llamas is NOT true?	Llamas were first domesticated in Venezuela	13

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AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

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7747419218	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
7747419219	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	1
7747419220	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	2
7747419221	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	3
7747419222	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	4
7747419223	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	5
7747419224	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	6
7747419225	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	7
7747419226	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	8
7747419227	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	9
7747419228	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	10
7747419229	Jihad	Islamic holy war	11
7747419230	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	12
7747419231	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	13
7747419232	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	14
7747419233	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	15
7747419234	Wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids	16
7747419235	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	17
7747419236	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	18
7747419237	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	19
7747419238	Ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking	20
7747419239	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	21
7747419240	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	22
7747419241	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	23
7747419242	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves	24
7747419243	Shrivijaya	trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam	25
7747419244	Malacca	flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya	26
7747419245	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	27
7747419246	Mansa	title of the ruler of Mali	28
7747419247	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	29
7747419248	Sundiata	created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260	30
7747419249	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	31
7747419250	East African trading ports	urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar	32
7747419251	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa	33
7747419252	Icons	images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians	34
7747419253	Iconoclasm	the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	35
7747419254	Cyril and Methodius	Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic	36
7747419255	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c	37
7747419256	Rurik	legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855	38
7747419257	Vladmir I	ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity	39
7747419258	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	40
7747419259	Tatars	Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact	41
7747419260	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	42
7747419261	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	43
7747419262	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	44
7747419263	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	45
7747419264	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	46
7747419265	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	47
7747419266	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	48
7747419267	Charles Martel	first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732	49
7747419268	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	50
7747419269	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	51
7747419270	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	52
7747419271	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	53
7747419272	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	54
7747419273	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	55
7747419274	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects	56
7747419275	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.	57
7747419276	Pope Urban II	organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	58
7747419277	Investiture	the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV	59
7747419278	Gregory VII	11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops	60
7747419279	Thomas Aquinas	creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	61
7747419280	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	62
7747419281	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	63
7747419282	Guilds	associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities	64
7747419283	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	65
7747419284	Jinshi	title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office	66
7747419285	Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia	67
7747419286	Wuzong	Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism	68
7747419287	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.	69
7747419288	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	70
7747419289	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	71
7747419290	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	72
7747419291	Footbinding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.	73
7747419292	Taika reforms	attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army	74
7747419293	Bushi	regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies	75
7747419294	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	76
7747419295	Seppuku	ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor	77
7747419296	Bakufu	military government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai	78
7747419297	Shoguns	military leaders of the bakufu	79
7747419298	Daimyos	warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states	80
7747419299	Sinification	extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions	81
7747419300	Yi	dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence	82
7747419301	Chinggis Khan	born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227	83
7747419302	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits	84
7747419303	Batu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236	85
7747419304	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	86
7747419305	Ilkhan khanate	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire	87
7747419306	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad	88
7747419307	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260	89
7747419308	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	90
7747419309	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	91
7747419310	Ming Dynasty	replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China	92
7747419311	Ethnocentrism	judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history	93
7747419312	Muhammad's primary historical achievement	spread of Islam	94
7747419313	Silk Road Trade system		95
7747419314	Kingdom of Mali		96
7747419315	Inca and Rome both had	extensive road systems	97
7747419316	Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450	land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place	98
7747419317	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	99
7747419318	Diasporic communities	merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas	100
7747419319	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	101
7747419320	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	102
7747419321	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	103
7747419322	Black Death	plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.	104
7747419323	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		105
7747419324	Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade	Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu	106
7747419325	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	107
7747419326	New forms of monetization	Checks, Bills of Exchange	108
7747419327	Bantu Migrations		109
7747419328	footbinding	began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming	110
7747419329	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	111

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AMSCO AP World History Chapter 21 Vocab Flashcards

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5957223519	Italian Peninsula	One of the three peninsulas of Southern Europe (the other two being the Iberian Peninsula and Balkan Peninsula), spanning 1,000 km from the Po Valley in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south.	0
5957223520	Immigration	The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country.	1
5957225918	Conservatism	Belief in the value of established and traditional practices in politics and society, dislike of change or new ideas in a particular area.	2
5957225919	Deism	Belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe.	3
5957228366	Romanticism	A movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.	4
5957228367	Nationalism	Patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts.	5
5957231606	Mary Wollstonecraft	An English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights.	6
5957233756	Voltaire	French writer, playwright, and poet; He was a leading figure of the Enlightenment, and frequently came into conflict with the Establishment as a result of his radical views and satirical writings.	7
5957233813	Salons	An assembly of guests in such a room, especially an assembly, common during the 17th and 18th centuries, consisting of the leaders in society, art, politics, etc.	8
5957237785	Liberals	Believing that government should be active in supporting social and political change.	9
5957240528	Samuel Coleridge	An English poet, literary critic and philosopher who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and a member of the Lake Poets.	10
5957240529	Jose Hernandez	An Argentine journalist, poet, and politician best known as the author of the epic poem Martín Fierro.	11
5957243319	First Estate	The Church (clergy)	12
5957243320	Second Estate	Nobility	13
5957245131	Third Estate	The commons, the French bourgeoisie and working class before the French Revolution.	14
5957245132	Bourgeoisie	The middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.	15
5957248677	Tennis Court Oath	When members of the National Assembly vowed to "not to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the kingdom is established."	16
5957248678	Bastille	A fortress in Paris that played an important role in the internal conflicts of France and for most of its history was used as a state prison by the kings of France.	17
5957251534	Olympe de Gouges	A French playwright and political activist whose feminist and abolitionist writings reached a large audience. She began her career as a playwright in the early 1780s.	18
5957251535	Primogeniture	The right, by law or custom, of the legitimate, firstborn son to inherit his parent's entire or main estate, in preference to daughters, elder illegitimate sons, younger sons and collateral relatives.	19
5957253919	Maroons	A member of any of various communities in parts of the Caribbean who were originally descended from escaped slaves.	20
5957253920	Creoles	A person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean.	21
5957255909	Mestizos	A man of mixed race, especially the offspring of a Spaniard and an American Indian.	22
5957255910	Peninsulares	A Spanish-born Spaniard residing in the New World or the Spanish East Indies.	23
5957258497	Zionism	A movement for the re-establishment and the development and protection of a Jewish nation in what is now Israel.	24
5957262985	Emile Zola	A French novelist, playwright, journalist, the best-known practitioner of the literary school of naturalism, and an important contributor to the development of theatrical naturalism.	25
5957265082	Edmund Burke	An Irish statesman born in Dublin, as well as an author, orator, political theorist, and philosopher who, after moving to London, served as a member of parliament for many years in the House of Commons with the Whig Party.	26
5957269059	John Locke	A seventeenth-century English philosopher. Argued against the belief that human beings are born with certain ideas already in their minds. He claimed that, on the contrary, the mind is a tabula rasa (blank slate) until experience begins to "write" on it.	27
5957270994	Social Contract	An implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, for example by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection.	28
5957273311	Baron Montesquieu	French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers.	29
5957287776	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	A Francophone Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of the 18th century.	30
5957289516	Thomas Paine	A patriot and author in the Revolutionary War, whose pamphlets, such as Common Sense and the American Crisis series, urged American independence. He took part in the French Revolution and wrote The Rights of Man to defend it against the criticisms of Edmund Burke.	31
5957320358	The Age of Reason	1 : the time of life when one begins to be able to distinguish right from wrong. 2 : a period characterized by a prevailing belief in the use of reason; especially : the 18th century in England and France.	32
5957323549	Declaration of Independence	The formal statement written by Thomas Jefferson declaring the freedom of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain.	33
5957325371	United States Constitution	A document that embodies the fundamental laws and principles by which the United States is governed.	34
5957327404	Separation of Powers	An act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies.	35
5957335553	Checks and Balances	Counterbalancing influences by which an organization or system is regulated, typically those ensuring that political power is not concentrated in the hands of individuals or groups.	36
5957335563	Declaration of the Rights of Man	Passed by France's National Constituent Assembly in August 1789, is a fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights.	37
5957339998	Code Napoleon	Is the French civil code established under Napoléon I in 1804.	38
5957339999	Balance of Power	A situation in which nations of the world have roughly equal power.	39
5957342345	Philosophes	The intellectuals of the 18th-century Enlightenment who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, politics, economics, and social issues.	40
5957345950	Theodor Herzl	Hungarian-born Austrian Jewish writer and journalist: founder of the political Zionist movement.	41
5957361173	Napoleon Bonaparte	A French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century.	42
5957363869	King Louis XVI	King of France (1774-1792). He summoned the Estates-General to undertake fiscal reforms, an event that eventually led to the French Revolution. He was convicted of treason by the revolutionary government and executed in 1793.	43
5957365886	Maximilien Robespierre	A French lawyer and politician. He was one of the best-known and most influential figures associated with the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror.	44
5957368382	Tsar Alexander I	Tsar of Russia whose plans to liberalize the government of Russia were unrealized because of the wars with Napoleon.	45
5957371116	Toussaint L'Ouverture	The best-known leader of the Haitian Revolution.	46
5957375210	Miguel Hidalgo	Roman Catholic priest and revolutionary leader who is called the father of Mexican independence.	47
5957375211	Benito Juarez	Mexican statesman and resistance leader against the French. After defeating the Austrian would-be emperor Maximilian, he instituted numerous liberal reforms as president.	48
5957379655	Archduke Maximilian	The only monarch of the Second Mexican Empire.	49
5957381497	Jose de San Martin	South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru 1821-22.	50
5957381498	Simon Bolivar	Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule; founded Bolivia in 1825.	51
5957386884	Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour	An Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification.	52
5957386899	Giuseppe Mazzini	An Italian politician, journalist and activist for the unification of Italy and spearheaded the Italian revolutionary movement.	53
5957390306	Giuseppe Garibaldi	Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state.	54
5957392159	Otto van Bismarck	A conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890.	55
5957392160	Levee en Masse	The policy of forced mass military conscription of all able-bodied, unmarried men between the ages of 18 and 25 adopted in the aftermath of the French Revolution of 1789.	56
5957394728	Congress of Vienna	A conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich.	57
5957396361	Klemens von Metternich	An Austrian nobleman and political leader of the early nineteenth century; he was chancellor, or head, of the Austrian government for nearly forty years.	58
5957396362	Haiti	Republic in the West Indies, on the western third of the island of Hispaniola, which it shares with the Dominican Republic. Its capital and largest city is Port-au-Prince.	59
5957400099	Conservatives	A person who is averse to change and holds to traditional values and attitudes, typically in relation to politics.	60
5957418895	La Reforma	Initiated in Mexico following the ouster of conservative president Antonio López de Santa Anna by a group of liberals under the 1854 Plan de Ayutla.	61
5957424152	Realpolitik	A system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations.	62
5957425571	Dreyfus Affair	A political scandal that divided the Third French Republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906.	63
5957425572	Socialism	A political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.	64
5957427773	Physiocrats	A member of an 18th-century group of French economists who believed that agriculture was the source of all wealth and that agricultural products should be highly priced.	65
5957427774	Adam Smith	One of the world's most famous economists. Modern capitalism owes its roots to him and his Wealth of Nations, which many consider the single most important economic work in history.	66
5957434077	The Wealth of Nations	Literary piece of work authored by Adam Smith in 1776, which is considered one of the first written publications in the field of economics.	67
5957437330	Laissez-faire	a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering.	68
5957437331	Utopian Socialism	Socialism achieved by the moral persuasion of capitalists to surrender the means of production peacefully to the people.	69
5957441219	Claude Henri de Saint-Simon	A French political and economic theorist and businessperson whose thought played a substantial role in influencing politics, economics, sociology, and the philosophy of science.	70
5957441220	Charles Fourier	A French philosopher and an influential early socialist thinker later associated with "utopian socialism".	71
5957450429	Robert Owen	A Welsh social reformer and one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement. He worked in the cotton industry in Manchester before setting up a large mill at New Lanark in Scotland.	72
5973284375	New Lanark	It was founded in 1786 by David Dale, who built cotton mills and housing for the mill workers.	73
5973284516	New Harmony	Founded in 1814 by the Harmony Society led by George Rapp, it was the site of a utopian community established by Robert Owen. The colony was known for its progressive educational, intellectual, and scientific ideas.	74
5973286711	Louis Blanc	A French politician and historian. A socialist who favored reforms, he called for the creation of cooperatives in order to guarantee employment for the urban poor.	75
5973286849	Fabian Society	A British socialist organization whose purpose is to advance the principles of democratic socialism via gradualist and reformist effort in democracies, rather than by revolutionary overthrow.	76
5973289733	Classical Liberalism	A political ideology that values the freedom of individuals — including the freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and markets — as well as limited government.	77

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AP World History - Byzantine Empire (Copy) Flashcards

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4744605551	Bosphorus Straits	strait of water which connects the Black Sea with the Aegean/Meditteranean Seas; Constantinople built next to these straits	0
4744605552	Byzantium	Greek city on which Emperor Constantine chose to build his new capital - Constantinople; name is used for "Byzantine Empire"	1
4744605553	Justinian's Code	(Latin) Justinian's Code - a reorganization of Roman Laws under Emperor Justinian; published in four parts	2
4744605554	Ottoman Turks	Invaded Byzantine Empire; sacked Constantiople in 1453; ended Byzantine rule	3
4744605559	Fourth Crusade	Thirteenth Century crusade which did not go to the Holy Land; attacked Venitian colonies; attacked and sacked Constantinople	4
4744605562	Caesaropapism	doctrine which states that the emperor/king has full control over the church	5
4744605563	Great Schism of 1054	Split between the Catholic Church in the west and the Greek Orthodox Church in the east	6
4744605564	Justinian	sixth century Byzantine Emperor; born of humble means; married Theodora; produced major reform to laws; conquered much of western Meditteranean	7
4744605565	Theodora	Byzantine Empress; had been a dancing girl/prostitute; married to Justinian; key advisor to her husband	8
4744605566	iconoclasm	organized destruction of religious art	9
4744605567	Justinian's Plague	major outbreak of bubonic plague during Justinian's reign; began in Egypt and spread to most of the Mediterreanean world	10
4744605568	Hagia Sophia	major church build in Constantinople during Justinian's reign; known for its large dome; Ottoman Turks converted it to a mosque; currently in use as a museum	11
4744605569	icon	type of religious art perfected by the Byzantines; typically is an image of a religious person or scene and is adorned with gold leaf	12
4744605571	Hippodrome	large U-shaped sports stadium in Constantinople; could hold 100,000 people	13
4744605572	mosaic	type of art where small tiles are plastered/bonded together to form an image or design	14

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ap world history: chapter 16 vocab Flashcards

chapter 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom

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7641467555	Charlemagne	king of the franks who united Western Europe, made emperor by pope and valued education	0
7641467556	Clovis	Frankish ruler who conquered the Roman Gaul (France) and ended the Western Roman Empire ; converted to Christianity	1
7641467557	vikings	invaders of Europe that came from Scandinavia	2
7641467558	Magyars	Muslims who attacked Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary	3
7641467559	Holy Roman Empire	lands in western and central Europe ruled over first by Frankish kings, then German kings	4
7641467560	serfs	peasants who were tied to the land and who owed obligations to the lords on whose land they worked	5
7641467561	vassals	people who held land under the protection of feudal lords to whom they vowed loyalty	6
7641467562	manors	large farm estates of the Middle Ages that were owned by nobles who ruled over the peasants living in the land	7
7641467563	horse collar / water mills	harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to shoulders	8
7641467564	heavy plow	plows made of material that plowed quickly but were heavy	9
7641467565	Pope Gregory I	Pope who banned lay investiture and excommunicated Henry IV	10
7641467566	William Duke of Normandy	King of England who gave fiefs to knights (land) & developed taxation and royal courts	11
7641467567	Lief Erikson	viking explorer first to discover North America	12
7641467568	Gothic Cathedrals	large churches originating in 12th century France	13
7641467569	Bubonic Plague	a deadly contagious disease caused by bacteria and spread by fleas	14
7641467570	Leo III	Byzantine emperor / pope who banned the use of icons in churches and crowned Charlemagne emperor	15
7641467571	theme system	divided the Byzantine empire into different districts that were each led by a general, created so that the military could respond quickly to attacks	16
7641467572	iconoclasm	a belief that the practice of worshiping and honoring objects such as icons was sinful.	17
7641467573	Greek fire	flammable liquid used as a weapon by the Byzantine navy	18
7641467574	schism	a formal split within a religious community.	19
7641467575	Hagia Sophia	large church constructed in Constantinople during the reign of Justinian and later converted into a mosque	20

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Flashcards

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AP World History Unit 1 Flashcards

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4922072237	Sumer	first known civilization which existed in the southern half of mesopatamia	0
4922072238	Sumerian City-States	cities which became states to prevent conflicts and and oversee and control their agriculture	1
4922072239	Sargon of Akkad	The creator of empire in Mesopatamia. ( a city near Kish and Babylon)	2
4922072240	Hammurabi and the Babylonian Empire	Leader (1792-1750 B.C.E.) who further organized the government by implementing laws and taxes	3
4922072241	Hammurabi's Laws	A complete set of laws compiled from those of previous rulers	4
4922072242	The Assyrian Empire	The empire proceeding the Babylonian Empire which was in northern Mesopotamia that used newly invented iron weapons	5
4922072243	Nebuchadnezzar and the New Babylonian Empire	Next king of the Babylonian Empire who lavished wealth in his capital city	6
4922072244	Bronze Metallurgy	An advancement of metalworking by Mesopotamian metalworkers in order to create stronger tools and weapons (400 B.C.E.)	7
4922072245	Iron Metallurgy	The further advancement of metalworking by creating stronger tools using iron	8
4922072246	The Wheel	This invention brought the advancement of transportation on land	9
4922072247	Shipbuilding	This technology/craft improved marine transportation to increase long distance trade	10
4922072248	Trade Networks	Routes, at the time usually traveled by donkey caravan used to trade items or send messages over long or even short, local distances	11
4922072249	Social Classes	This was primarily developed based on one's wealth even in the neolithic time period	12
4922072250	Temple Communities	These were inhabited by priests and priestesses who received offerings such as food, drinks, and clothing for their interaction with the gods and goddesses	13
4922072251	Slaves	These were mainly prisoners of war, men or women who were in debt and criminals. They mostly served as house servants but some worked in fields and temple communities	14
4922072252	Patriarchal Society	Because of this most men in Mesopotamia ruled above all women. They were in charge of all important matters and were always in charge of their family	15
4922072253	Women's Roles	Although they weren't stripped entirely of all power, women still served important roles in their society such as advising kings becoming priestesses, working as scribes but very rarely having great power	16
4922072254	Cuneiform Writing	A a picture based writing system; used by Sumerians	17
4922072255	Education	Unlike today education in Mesopotamia was based on a specific craft the individual wanted to pursue such as architecture. The system was almost entirely vocal and had little written instruction	18
4922072256	Astronomy and Mathematics	This helped create accurate calendars and improve agricultural cylcles	19
4922072257	The Epic of Gilgamesh	Literature of Mesopotamia about a greedy king and a companion	20
4922072258	The Early Hebrews	nomads who inhabited land between Mesopotamia and egypt	21
4922072259	Moses and Monotheism	Moses believed that there was only one god named Yaweh and all other gods were just figments of their imaginations	22
4922072260	The Early Phoenicians	Existed solely as small city-states along the Mediterranean coast	23
4922072261	Phoenician Trade Networks	At the time trade was primarily what they were known for. Early on they traded with neighbors through land but then added maritime trading to their main sources of income and fuel of their economy	24
4922072262	Alphabetic Writing	The Phoenicians developed a 22 character based system that made written communication much easier compared with cuneiform writing	25
4922072263	Horses	Were first used as a source of food but after domesticated they were used for riding/travel	26
4922072264	The Nature of Indo-European Migrations	expanded very far out throughout the continent with the help of horses allowing quick transportation and diffusion of culture	27
4922072265	The Hittites	A group of ancient Indo-Europeans who took over Anatolia	28
4922072266	War Chariots	A technological advancement to make battle easier developed by Hittites	29
4922072267	Iron Metallurgy	The refinement of metalworking by the Hitittes	30
4922072268	The Nile River Valley	A river that runs through East Africa that has served greatly in the development of several cultures and the trade of goods	31
4922072269	Early Agriculture in the Nile Valley	grains; animals included donkeys and cattle	32
4922072270	Menes	An Egyptian conqueror/ruler	33
4922072271	Cities of the Nile Valley	In the Nile Valley, popultation clustered mostly in agricultural villages to trade with neighbors up and down the river. Cities emerged	34
4922072272	Patriarchal Society	Vested authority over public and private affairs in their men	35
4922072273	Bronze Metallurgy	Hyhsos relied on bronze weapons to impose their authority on the Nile Delta	36
4922072274	Iron Metallurgy	Southern Nile societies mad up for their lack of bronze with the large scale production of iron	37
4922072275	Transportation	Current take boats upper to lower Egypt on the Nile, while the winds can take boats from lower to upper Egypt	38
4922072276	Trade Networks	Efficient Transport = long distance trade	39
4922072277	Hieroglyphic Writing	Egyptians supplemented pictographs with symbols representing sounds and ideas	40
4922072278	Mummification	The yearning for immortality explains the Egytian practice of mummifying the dead	41
4922072279	The Bantu	Among the most influential people of Saharan Africa in ancient time were those who spoke Bantu languages	42
4922072280	Bantu Migrations	By 3000 B.C.E. they were slowly spreading south into the west African forest, and after 2000 B.C.E. the expanded rapidly to the south toward the Congo River Basin and East toward the Great Lakes	43
4922072281	Iron and Migration	After about 1000 B.C.E., the pace of Bantu migrations quickened, as Bantu people began to produce iron tools weapons	44
4922072282	The Indus River	Water form rain & melted snow carried silt unpredictable agriculture suppliment to the harrapan society	45
4922072283	Harappan and Mohenjo-Daro	Two main cities societies that were well structured and advanced	46
4922072284	Specialized Labor & Trade	Agriculture economy traded domestic and foreign pottery, tools, decorations, god,silver, copper traded by ships	47
4922072285	The Vedas	Numerous Poems collection of religious works that spoke of the Aryan gods	48
4922072286	Vedic Age	Mainly a term that identifies a time period where Aryans were in conflict with many indigenous Indian societies	49
4922072287	Caste & Varna	identities developed gradually as the Aryans established settlements throughout India. Varna means color to refer to the major social classes	50
4922072288	Social Distinctions in the Late Vedic Age	The 4 main varnas are priests, warriors, artisans and merchants, landless peasants and serfs	51
4922072289	Subcastes and Jati	The subcastes that you are put in depending on your occupation.	52
4922072290	Caste and Social Mobility	The social mobility in the caste system means that it is flexible .	53
4922072291	Aryan Gods	Many gods for different natural environmental factors such as fire, dawn, the sky and the sun	54
4922072292	Brahman, The Universal Soul	Foundation for all things that exist	55
4922072293	Teachings of Upanishads	Souls temporarily go to heaven and are then reincarnated	56
4922072294	Religion and Vedic Society	Just as Brahman theories about the origins of varna distinctions reflected Aryan society about 1000 B.C.E.	57
4922072295	The Yellow River	river that begins in east china that carries yellow silt. It has been a very influential river in the development of Chinese dynasties and civilizations.	58