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AP World History - Period 2 Flashcards

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7924580442Ahura MazdaIn Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world.0
7924580443Alexander the GreatAlexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India.1
7924580444AryansIndo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.2
7924580445AshokaThe most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.3
7924580446Caesar AugustusThe great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).4
7924580447Cyrus (the Great)Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.5
7924580448Darius IGreat king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.6
7924580449Greco-Persian WarsTwo major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea.7
7924580450Gupta EmpireAn empire of India (320-550 C.E.).8
7924580451Han dynastyChinese dynasty that restored unity in China softened legalist policies. Begun in 202 B.C. by Liu Bang, the dynasty ruled China for more than 400 years.9
7924580452Hellenistic eraThe period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.10
7924580453HerodotusGreek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E.11
7924580454hopliteA heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a military wares and to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship.12
7924580455IoniaThe territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire.13
7924580456Mandate of HeavenThe ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.14
7924580457Battle of MarathonAthenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E.15
7924580458Mauryan EmpireA major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.16
7924580459PatriciansWealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.17
7924580460Pax RomanaThe "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.18
7924580461Peloponnesian WarGreat war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.19
7924580462PersepolisThe capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.20
7924580463Persian EmpireA major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.21
7924580464PlebiansPoorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.22
7924580465Punic WarsThree major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean.23
7924580466Qin DynastyA short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.24
7924580467Qin ShihuangdiLiterally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.25
7924580468SolonAthenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy.26
7924580469WudiHan emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.27
7924580470XiongnuNomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state.28
7924580471AristotleA Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.29
7924580472Bhagavad GitaA great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.30
7924580473BrahmanThe "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief.31
7924580474BrahminsThe priestly caste of India.32
7924580475BuddhismThe cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama33
7924580476ConfucianismThe Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.34
7924580477ConfuciusThe founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.35
7924580478ConstantineRoman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.36
7924580479DaoismA Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.37
7924580480Filial pietyThe honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.38
7924580481Greek rationalismA secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.39
7924580482HinduismA word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.40
7924580483HippocratesA very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine.41
7924580484Jesus of NazarethThe prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).42
7924580485YahwehA form of the Hebrew name of God used in the Bible. The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god with concerns for social justice.43
7924580486KarmaIn Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence.44
7924580487LaoziA legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.45
7924580488LegalismA Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.46
7924580489MokshaIn Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman.47
7924580490NirvanaThe end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.48
7924580491PlatoA disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E.49
7924580492PythagorasA major Greek philosopher (ca. 560-ca. 480 B.C.E.) who believed that an unchanging mathematical order underlies the apparent chaos of the world.50
7924580493Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)The Indian prince (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.51
7924580494SocratesThe first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).52
7924580495UpanishadsIndian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.53
7924580496VedasThe earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.54
7924580497Warring States PeriodPeriod in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos.55
7924580498Yin and YangExpression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.56
7924580499ZoroastrianismPersian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.57
7924580500caste as varna and jatiThe system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India.58
7924580501dharmaIn Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.59
7924580502helotsThe dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society.60
7924580503KshatriyaThe Indian social class of warriors and rulers.61
7924580504latifundiaHuge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire62
7924580505PericlesA prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age.63
7924580506SudraThe lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers64
7924580507the "three submissions"In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first that of her father, then of her husband, and finally of her son.65
7924580508UntouchablesAn Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.66
7924580509VaisyaThe Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants.67
7924580510Silk RoadTrade route stretching from China into Europe.68
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AP World History - Chapter 2 IDs Flashcards

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4796577903Central Asia/Oxus Civilizationin Oxus or Amu Darya River Valley (modern-day Northern Afghanistan and Southern Turkmenistan) (2200 B.C.E.), many residential compounds, artisan workshops, temples, and surrounded by walls and gates. Based on agriculture, stock raising, unique culture. Had no literate history0
4796581595Code of Hammurabia law code put in place by Hammurabi. describes the punishment for crime in Mesopotamia based on social class (slaves, commoners, and higher ranked individuals)1
4796583504Egypt: "the gift of Nile"Nile river valley, positive outlook, protected Egypt from attacks, pharaohs, sustainable agriculture, lasted 3000 years, unified territory, traded with Mesopotamia and others nearby2
4796605544Epic of Gilgameshan ancient Mesopotamian epic poem describing Gilgamesh's quest for immortality (around 2000 BCE). shows how the people of Mesopotamia lived and some of their beliefs3
4796606545Hatshepsutthe queen of Egypt (1472-1457 BCE)4
4801639949Mohenjo Daro/HarappaBoth great cities of the Indus Valley civilization (~2000 BCE) Mohenjo Daro - the largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. Centrally located in the flood plain of the Indus River Harappa - sister city5
4801646105Norte Chico/Carala distinctive civilization in South America (around 5000 years ago). Farming based off beans and fruit. Water source from snow melt. created quipu; a civilization like Mesopotamia; extremely rich fishing industry; grew squash, guavas, beans, etc.; used irrigation agriculture; no pottery; lacked defensive walls; little evidence of warfare; had direct contact w/ Mesoamerican civilizations, etc6
4801658090Nubiaa distinctive and independent Egyptian civilization. (South of the Egyptian civilization and on the Nile)7
4801680764Olmec Civilizationthe first Mesoamerican civilization (located in central Mexico; between 1200 and 4000 BCE) created intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers and monumental construction; great cutlural influence on later Mesoamerican civilizations8
4801687859Paneba Egyptian criminal who lived around the thirteenth century BCE9
4801694137patriarchyform of social organization where the male is the head of the family and the title is traced through the male line10
4801696025pharaohthe name of the Egyptian kings at the beginning of Egypt to about 2200 BCE11
4801698670rise of the statewhen the state-statement began to appear in the 1st civilizations12
4801700590UrukAncient Mesopotamia's largest city13
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AP World History Chapter 9 Islam Flashcards

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5887149739faithMembership in the Islamic community known as the umma was based on a common0
5887162025Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians lived among the established Arab populationsWhich of the following is true of pre-Islamic Arabia?1
5887164804Disagreement over who should assume leadership in the Islamic worldWhat initiated the division within Islam between the Sunnis and Shias?2
5887165540AnatoliaWhich of the following was the most thoroughly Islamized region in the period from 600-1500?3
5887169720The weakness of the Byzantine and Persian empiresWhich of the following contributed to the rapid expansion of the Islamic/Arab Empire in the century following the death of Muhammad?4
5887173743SikhismWhich of the following religious traditions blended elements of Hinduism and Islam5
5887183370Women were spiritually equal to men.Which of the following statements expresses a view of women found in the Quran?6
5887187275allowed non-Arabs to play a prominent role in society.In contrast to the Umayyad dynasty, the caliphs of the Abbasid dynasty7
5887192487Renunciation of the material world in the pursuit of the spiritual union with Allah.Which of the following is a distinctive feature of Sufism?8
5887199510The system of Islamic education created by the ulamaWhich of the following was a force that helped bind the Islamic world together?9
5887203120The notion of the equality of all believersWhich of the following was a feature of Islam that ran counter to Hinduism in India?10
5887208713emphasizing personal experience of the divine rather than the lawSufi practitioners facilitated the conversion to Islam of people living in Anatolia and India by11
5887215466West AfricaIn which region was conversion to Islam motivated by a desire to expand trading networks rather than from the result of conquest and Islamic rule?12
5887222880The exchange of agricultural products and practices from one regent anotherWhich of the following was a result of the cross-regional ties created in the expanding Islamic world?13
5887225176HajjWhich of the following refers to the pilgrimage to Mecca that Muslim should try to make at least once in their lifetime?14
5887228710Spain to IndiaThe Arab Empire that accompanied the spread of Islam stretched from15
5887234042It was the site of the Kaaba, where pilgrims congregated.Why was the city of Mecca important?16
5887236027AlmsgivingWhich of the following is a requirement for all Muslims?17
5887240153Muhammad's emigration to Yathrib/MedinaWhich of the following events marked the beginning of the new Islamic calendar?18
5887244082Conversion to Islam offered many financial and social benefits.Which of the following contributed to the mass conversion of people living in the Middle East to Islam by the eigth century?19
5887253440Islam had the greatest influence on rulers and urban elites.Which of the following describes the effect of Islam on West Africa?20
5887259138The secular aspects of Islamic learning influenced the shaping of new European civilizationWhich of the following resulted from Muslim rule in Spain?21
5887264585JudgeWhich of the following is an example of a role assumed by the ulama?22
5887266553To preserve an established body of islamic learningWhich of the following was a goal of the education offered at the madrassas?23
5887271184The hadithsWhich of the following refers to the saying and deeds of the Prophet Muhammad?24
5887289457AlgebraWhich of the following was an Arab innovation?25
5887294136Judaism, Christianity, and ZoroastrianismIslam had roots in which set of religious or philosophical traditions?26
5887297043SolidarityWhich of the following aspects of Arab tribal life was reinforced in the Quran?27
5887298799gave rise to a large empire.In contrast to the spread of Buddhism and Christianity, the early spread of Islam28
5887300426trade.Map 9.3 in the textbook shows that different parts of the Islamic world were connected through29
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AP World History Unit 1 Flashcards

From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins

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8051814904Hunting and GatheringMeans of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization0
8051814905NeolithicThe New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished1
8051814906NomadsCattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies2
8051814907CultureCombination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction3
8051814908Neolithic/Agricultural/Agrarian revolutionOccurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture4
8051814909PastoralismA nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies5
8051814910MesopotamiaLiterally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys6
8051814911SumeriansPeople who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states7
8051814912CuneiformA form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets8
8051814913City-stateA form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king9
8051814914ZigguratsMassive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections10
8051814915Babylonian EmpireUnified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.11
8051814916HammurabiThe most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law12
8051814917PharaohThe term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; considered a god as well as a political and military leader. The term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs13
8051814918PyramidsMonumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs14
8051814919HieroglyphsForm of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform15
8051814920MonotheismThe exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization16
8051814921PhoeniciansSeafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean; extensive trade, communication networks, early alphabetical script17
8051814922Harappa and Mohenjo DaroMajor urban complexes of Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern18
8051814923AryansIndo-European nomadic, warlike, pastorialists who replaced Harappan civilization19
8051814924Huanghe (Yellow) River BasinSite of the development of sedentary agriculture in China20
8051814925Shang1st Chinese dynasty21
8051814926Big GeographyA term that draws attention to the global nature of world history.22
8051814927PaleolithicThe period that ended about 3,000 years after the end of the last Ice Age, it lasted until about 10,000 years ago. (Old Stone Age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.23
8051814928Path of migration for humans during Paleolithic eraFrom Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas24
8051814929EglitarianBelieving in the equality of all peoples25
8051814930Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of of ____ and ___ that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizationsnew weapons modes of transportation26
8051814931_____ developed in this period continued to have strong influences in later periodsNew religious beliefs27
8051814932Mediterranean SeaSea connecting Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and N. Africa28
8051814933PolytheismBelief in more than one god29
8051814934Nile RiverPrincipal water source of water flowing through North Africa (site of sophisticated cultural development); flooded regularly and enriched the soil in the process30
8051814935historythe study of past events and changes in the development, transmission and transformation of cultural practices31
8051814936stone agethe earliest known period of human culture, marked by the creation and use of stone tools and other nonmetallic substances32
8051814937foragersFood collectors who gather, fish, or hunt33
8051814938city-stateA sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate surrounding area34
8051814939Babylonan ancient city of Mesopotamia known for its wealth, luxury, and vice.35
8051814940HammurabiBabylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia (died 1750 BCE)36
8051814941scribea person who copies or writes out documents; often a record keeper37
8051814942cuneiformA form of writing developed by the Sumerians (Mesopotamia) using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.38
8051814943bronzeA metal that is a mixture of copper and tin39
8051814944paleolithicstone age period when human used stone tools and survived by hunting and foraging40
8051814945Homo sapienshuman species derived from apes with more brain capacity for intelligence41
8051814946venus figurinespaleolithic female figurines that emphasize physical attributes associated with fecundity42
8051814947cave paintingspaleolithic cave paintings that emphasize hunting--Lascaux France is most famous43
8051814948pastoralismthe process of domestication, raising, and herding of animals44
8051814949specialization of laborpeople in civilizations could be assigned different jobs and statuses in society due to having a surplus of food45
8051814950patriarchythe idea that males have a right to rule and reign over states and families46
8051814951civilizationlarge scale communities that had certain characteristics in common such as: recordkeeping, complex institutions (government, economy, organized religion), cities, specialization of labor, long-distance trade, technology47
8051814952Euphrates and Tigristwo principle Mesopotamian rivers48
8051814953Sumerearliest Mesopotamian city state49
8051814954Babylonsecond oldest Mesopotamian city state, succeeds Sumer, most important king was Hammurabi50
8051814955Hammurabi's Codefirst law code in the world, of Babylonia, dealt with legal contracts and responsibility for wrong doing51
8051814956bronze metallurgyalloy of copper, tin, and zinc, this metal began to be produced from about 2800 BCE improved military equipment, agricultural knives, and plows52
8051814957iron metallurgya changeable metal, less hard than bronze, but more flexible, developed around 1500 BCE by the Hittites53
8051814958wheelround object used to move heavy weights and to create vehicles first in Sumer54
8051814959cuneiforma very early form of writing, from Sumer in Mesopotamia, done by pressing a cone-shaped stylus into soft clay55
8051814960Epic of Gilgameshepic Mesopotamian poem that highlights the stresses of civilization56
8051814961Egypta founding civilization along the Nile in Northeastern Africa57
8051814962HieroglyphicsEgyptian writing (pictographs & symbols representing sounds+ideas)58
8051814963Harrappa & Mohenjo DaroTwo early, very large, and complex Indus Valley city states. Little is known about these but their size and complexities imply central planning.59
8051814964Indus RiverRiver in Northern India on which the first Indian civilizations were built; flooded twice a year in a predictable manner60
8051814965VedasA belief system based on the caste system brought into India by peoples probably from the Caucasus between about 5000 and 4000 BCE61
8051814966VarnaCaste system of India: Brahmin, Khsatriya, Vaishya, Shudra--people could not move out of the caste they were born into62
8051814967Chinaearliest civilization in Asia63
8051814968Huang He and Yangzi Hetwo rivers in China that supported early civilization64
8051814969Shang DynastyThe dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of this culture.65
8051814970HinduismTerm for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. It has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices.66
8051814971ZoroastrianismFounded by Zoroaster; taught that humans had the freedom to choose between right and wrong, and that goodness would triumph in the end. Marked by dualism between God = Good and the Evil. Influenced Christianity. Was one of the first monotheistic religions.67
8051814972JudaismMonotheistic (belief in one god), founded by Abraham, code of law found in the Torah (first 5 books of the Bible), led to the development of two other Abrahamic religions: Christianity and Islam.68
8051814973ConfucianismThe system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.69
8051814974Mandate of HeavenA political theory of ancient China in which the emperor is given the power to rule by a divine sources. This tie could be severed by ineffectual rule70
8051814975Oracle bonesbones on which the ruling class in China wrote questions and had them divined by the priestly class71
8051814976Mesoamericacultural area in the Americas extending from central America to present-day Peru72
8051814977Olmecthe first major civilization in Mexico73
8051814978MayaMesoamerican civilization in and near the Yucatan Peninsula--had the first and only pre-Columbian writing system in the Americans74
8051814979ChavinMesoamerican civilization in present-day Peru that had highly developed art and architectural practices75
8051814980CarthageCity located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. (p. 107)76
8051814981irrigation systemsreplacement or supplementation of rainfall with water from another source in order to grow crops77
8051814982Indus River Valley Civilizationan ancient civilization thriving along the Indus River in what is now Pakistan and western India. This civilization is also sometimes referred to as the Harappan or Harappa-Mohenjodaro Civilization of the Indus Valley, in reference to the excavated cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro78
8051814983Persian Warsa series of conflicts between the Greek world and the Persian Empire that started about 500 BC and lasted until 448 BC.79
8051814984Alexander the GreatUnited Ancient Greece; Hellenistic Age, conquered a large empire.80
8051814985Socrates and PlatoGreek philosopher and his student81
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AP World History-Classical Empires Flashcards

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6789535951Persian EmpireConsisted of two empires that developed respectively: Achaemenid and Parthian. Was so large that the king used regional leaders known as satraps to watch over portions of the empire and report back to him. Had one of the world's first highway systems; it was used by the empire's armies to move rapidly from place to place and by the king's messengers. Empire overextended itself and became vulnerable to attack from the outside. The Achaemenid (550-331 BCE) conquered the Lydians, Neo-Babylonians, and Egyptians. Achaemenid ruler-Darius the Great, who built 2 capitals (Susa and Persepolis) in Mesopotamian power to impress citizens w/ his power. The empire fell to Alexander the Great. Characteristics of the Persian Empire: -excellent network of roads, single currency, provincial administration -patriarchal, rigidly stratified -Zoroastrianism0
6789535952Achaemenid Empire(Persian) The first great Persian Empire; was centered in modern Iran and was the larger of the two classical Persian Empires. It stretched from Western India across modern Turkey almost to Greece.1
6789535953Parthian EmpireNew Persian-based empire that arose a century after the post-world Persia after Alexander the Great's death. It defeated what still remained of Alexander's divided kingdom. Their biggest rival to the West was a new Mediterranean power based in Rome, with whom they had many clashes.2
6789535954Qin DynastyRose after the chaos of the Warring States period (500 BCE - 200 BCE) in East Asia. This dynasty believed the heavens would provide them with a ruler who could establish a ruling family line until its leaders displeased the powers in heaven (mandate of heaven). Emperor Qin Shiuangdi was its founder and utilized legalism as a Chinese political philosophy. This dynasty created a solid foundation for dynastic rule in China that endured into the early 20th century. Only lasted from 220 - 206 BCE. Characteristics of the Qin Dynasty: -Shi Huangdi favored Legalism to created a centralized dictatorship and an effective bureaucracy -Used forced labor to build canals and roads like the Great Wall of China. - Ended slavery and serfdom b/c free peasants paid taxes and served in the army -Under Shi Huangdi, the empire standardized weights and measures, and modernized the Chinese army by introducing iron weapons, crossbows, and cavalry warfare3
6789535955Han Dynasty(206 BCE - 220 CE). Lasted much longer than the Qin Dynasty. Existed at about the same time as the Roman Empire and exchanged trade and diplomatic ties with them along the Silk Roads. Empire was roughly as large and wealthy, but more technologically developed than Rome's. Capital was Chang'an (modern Xi'an). Began building the Great Wall of China and canal-digging projects that linked northern and southern China. Characteristics of the Han Dynasty: -centralized and efficient. Established the tributary system of acquired lands -Its armies expanded throughout China and to Vietnam, Korea, Manchuria, and Mongolia -Used cavalry warfare and crossbow for military advantage over steppe nomads -Major developments included: establishing an efficient postal system, tax-collection system, bureaucracy, and a rigorous examination system. Also built defensive fortifications, canals and roads. -Used Confucianism in their rule.4
6789535956Mauryan EmpireArose first (c. 324- c. 184 BCE) and stretched from modern Pakistan almost to the southern end of modern India. Its most famous ruler was Ashoka, who converted to a peaceful life under Buddhism after years of empire-building. Hinduism remained the dominant religion in S. Asia during the empire's reign. Characteristics of the Mauryan Empire: -Founded by Chandragupta Maurya -Elaborate bureaucracy that collected 25% tax on agricultural production and spied on people to enforce obedience. Powerful army -Key exports: salt, iron, cotton cloth -Used standard currency and traded w/ East and SE Asia, the Middle East, and the eastern Roman Empire -Ashoka (best known Mauryan emperor, 269-232 BCE) was a successful warrior in youth, but later converted to Buddhism and advocated the Pillars of Ashoka (peace and tolerance). He encouraged trade w/ China, was admired for his wisdom, and famous for creating harmony w/ India's Buddhists, Hindus and other believers.5
6789535957Gupta Empire(c. 320 CE-c. 550 CE) covered roughly the northern half of today's India and is most notable for its cultural contributions that later found their way into Western culture. Contributed the concept of zero, an efficient numbering system (later introduced to the West as Arabic numerals); chess; and medical advances. Characteristics of the Gupta Empire: -Gupta Empire was smaller and less centralized than the Mauryan Empire -Depended on diplomacy to maintain authority -Practiced religious tolerance -Traded by boat with Malaysia and Indonesia, and exchanged cotton, metal wares, salt for spices, and silk from China -Their economic network extended to the eastern Mediterranean and Arabian Sea -Imposed 25% tax on agricultural products, strengthened caste system, were more patriarchal than Mauryans, and women's status declined under the Gupta Empire -Gupta emperors fell to outside military pressure, especially from the White Huns6
6789535958Phoenician city-statesBegan spreading their influence from their original base on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean in modern-day Lebanon. Established colonies across the Mediterranean in Greece, Italy, Northern Africa, and Spain. Didn't use military conquest to gain power; heavily interested in trade and specialized in luxury goods. Their colonies in Greece greatly influenced development of Greek Civilization Characteristics of Phoenicia: -Phoenicians were the originators of the alphabet and great seafaring traders -Most important city-state was Carthage: high degree of social mobility, oligarchy, -Phoenicians were polytheistic -Phoenicians had a technologically advanced navy7
6789535959Greek City-States(c. 600 BCE-c. 330 BCE). Contributed to our idea of citizen and democracy. Its early democracy consisted of only free adult men being citizens and voting on government policies, which initiated the idea that government could be influenced by the peaceful voice of its people. It shared a common language and religion, but democracy was not the only form of government in all its city-states. Ex./ Athens allowed participation by its male citizenry, but Sparta was a totalitarian oligarchy, meaning that few men made all the governmental decisions. Its city-states were united by Alexander the Great and expanded to include Egypt and Indus River region.8
6789535960HellenismThe blending of Greek math, science, philosophy, literature, governance, architecture, and art w/ existing forms in Egypt which was an example of cultural syncretism.9
6789535961Roman CivilizationPatterned much of its politics and culture after the Greeks. Over time, its people passed those patterns to civilizations in Europe, Southwest Asia, and North Africa. Greek gods replaced Roman gods but were given Roman names. Its classical era includes both the Republic (c. 500 BCE-c. 30 BCE) and the Empire 9c. 30 BCE-476 CE). Its civilization was dedicated to building (monuments, aqueducts, roads). Its government used its military, both land and sea forces, to protect trade routes within its borders. Its western half fell in 476 CE and the city of Rome spiraled into decay; the eastern half (Byzantine) continued for another thousand years.10
6789535962Byzantine EmpireHeadquartered in Constantinople, it maintained the "glory of Rome" over eastern Mediterranean until the mid fifteenth century CE. It influenced the social, political, and economic development of Russia, Eastern Europe and modern-day Turkey. This empire's greatest legal contribution was its legal system, known as the Code of Justinian and cultural contribution was Hagia Sophia.11
6789535963Mayan EmpireMade complex mathematical calculations, studied the stars, and developed a writing system. Built tall religious temples that looked like Mesopotamia's ziggurats. The biggest city was Tikal. Like the Egyptians, they built large pyramids and temples. Agricultural system featured irrigation and terracing of hillsides and was very successful, supporting a population of about 5 million people w/in the empire.Obtained power through military coercion.12
6789535964TeotihuacanCity-state located to the north of Maya. One of the biggest cities in the world in the Classical Era. Was a separate civilization from the Maya and had a complex government bureaucracy, reservoirs, apartment complexes made of stone, and pyramids dedicated to their gods. Traded with the Mayans.13
6789535965MocheClassical civilization of the Andean region (c. 100-c. 800 CE). Inhabited territory that stretched 250 miles along the mountains of the western coast of modern Peru. Its government was controlled by a class of warrior-priests. Much like the Maya, the Moche built pyramids and other monumental buildings, such as palaces. They traded with neighbors, created complex irrigation systems, terraced mountainsides to grow crops, and practiced human sacrifice. Its craftspeople created some of the world's most beautiful works of art in gold, jewels, and pottery.14
6789535966AlexandriaImportant city in Mediterranean civilizations during Classical Era.15
6789535967CarthageCity-state in North Africa during the Classical Era.16
6789535968RomeImportant city-state in Italy during the Classical Era.17
6789535969PatriarchyMale domination of political, social, and economic life-was common to all the classical empires and was a continuity through time.18
6789535970Decline of Classical EmpiresAll eventually over extended themselves, declined in political, social, and economic areas, and eventually fell. Internal pressures included: diseases spread by war and by transference along trade routes, peasant revolts against overbearing landlords, resistance to high taxation, a breakdown of imperial authority, failing economies. External pressures came from rival empires, local rebels, and nomadic groups (many were Huns), in Rome these included the Huns, Goths, and Vandals that attacked the Western Roman Empire and capital of the Roman Empire itself.19
6789535971Fall of Han DynastyFell largely because of internal clauses, including struggles for power among the dynastic family members and top generals, as well as the Yellow Turban revolt (internal pressure). Note that as this dynasty fell, many in China converted to Buddhism.20
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AP World History Chapter 14 Flashcards

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6696184792What were the main benefits of European voyages to the Indian Ocean?Access to the immense and rich trade routes that stretched from East Africa to China which provided ample opportunity for economic growth and provided rare and valuable goods.0
6696265696What non-trade based motive was there to travel to and colonize the islands and coastal regions around the Indian ocean?The drive to spread Christianity as well as the ideological belief that it was the Europeans' duty to civilize the peoples of that region were both motives to colonize lands near the Indian Ocean.1
6696329870What was the main reason why the European Empires could establish colonies in these occupied lands?Due to the advanced development of European weaponry and technology, the Europeans were able to easily overpower small towns and cities on the coast of the Indian Ocean or small islands therein.2
6696352496What type of 'colonies' were established on these coasts or islands by the Dutch and British in particular?Trading Post empires were established with the hope of becoming a trading hub that generated revenue for the Empire and secure rare spices and other valuable commodities.3
6696399863Where did Spain occupy in Southeast Asia? By what means did they gain control of it?Spain pursued The Philippines for its location in Southeast Asia, the lack of competition for it, and its lack of military development. They did, however, encounter resistance which led to hostility and massacres.4
6696445234What were trading companies? What Empires used them? Where?Trading Companies were private organizations ordained by their government to obtain goods needed by the Empire for the least amount of money. Britain established a company on the coast of India whilst creating a treaty with the Indian Government. French companies were located in the Indian Ocean Basin, and the Dutch Companies were in the Islands of Indonesia.5
6696511256In what ways did Asian Empires and nations benefit from a European presence in their markets?Some Asian Empires and Nations had a monopoly on such items as pepper and coral, which they used to create immense profits from the wealthy and 'desperate' European trade centers and companies who wanted their goods. They also gave out loans to Europeans and put a heavy interest rate on them to turn a profit.6
6696582197How did the development of Silver currency effect Chinese economies?Chinese economies initially grew as Chinese markets drew in silver, but eventually, as the Chinese government absorbed silver and failed to redistribute it, the Chinese economy fell and the value of silver inflated greatly.7
6696606778How did the development of silver currency effect European economies?As Spain's control of Latin American silver mines brought it opportunity to grow exponentially, the monopolies, regulations, and rather lazy aristocracy of Spain prevented any such growth. In the rest of Europe, the constant flow of silver to China led to mass inflation of silver; due to the cheap and equal quality Indian and Asian products now available, European markets also suffered as European people began to buy more foreign goods than domestic.8
6696670886How did the increased demand of fur effect American interactions with Natives?As fur demand increased, hunting furs became more difficult, so hunters traded tools, weapons, alcohol, and such to Indians in exchange for their furs. While this temporarily boosted Indian reputations, it eventually led to internal conflicts as the increased availability of alcohol caused problems in and between tribes. The increased interactions between Americans and Indians also led to another wave of deadly illness that killed many Indians.9
6696712498In what ways did the increasing demand for furs effect Russians and Siberians?In Russia, the government began to tax natives in furs, and went so far as to take hostages to enforce the tax. Russian hunters and natives competed for furs rather than traded for them.10
6712655765What social standards changed as a result of the rise of Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade?Race-based slavery became widely accepted after the development and expansion of Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, supporting the age-old belief of the racial superiority of whites.11
6712709513Where did the use of slavery originate? What was the first Empire to rely on slaves for construction and man-power?Slaves originated from early civilizations that used slavery as a punishment for criminals and prisoners of war, but the first Empire to be dependent on slaves was the Roman Empire, with slaves making up one-third of their population12
6712741862What drove the Europeans to use African slaves? What markets did African slaves most effect?The Ottoman seizure of Europe's supply of Slavic people led Europeans to seek a new source of slaves, which they found on the west coast of Africa. African slaves impacted cotton and tobacco production in the Americas the most.13
6712808859Why were European trading posts located on the Western coast of Africa rather than farther inland?Due to the presence of a multitude of foreign illnesses, Europeans couldn't go inland because they had no immunities to these illnesses. Instead, they had local Africans travel inland to collect slaves.14
6712870675What social class did most African slaves occupy? How did this effect the African toleration of slave trade?African slaves were usually taken from the lower social classes: criminals, peasants, and other people disconnected from society. This way, the African people wouldn't notice or care as much as they would if a government official was put into slavery, though diplomatic convoys to the trading posts were sometimes put into slavery.15
6712918899What economic effect did slave trade have on Africa and the Americas?American colonies became dependent on African slaves (which outnumbered the white population), so they became a driving force of the economy. In Africa, political corruption led to local governments turning a blind eye to the slave trade and even creating future slaves via corrupt government proceedings. Here, economies were also dependent on the money they received for surrendering their people.16
6713013958What were the consequences of the poor conditions on slave bearing ships traveling from Africa to the Americas?Due to the packed, dirty, and simply unhealthy conditions of the slave ships, some 14% of African slaves died on the journey from Africa to the Americas, and more either revolted or tried to kill themselves to escape their dismal future.17
6713048682What role did women assume due to the shriveling male population of men in African civilizations?Women began to do the work of men to compensate for the lack of male laborers, which helped maintain the economies of these civilizations, but as the ratio of men to women decreased, these civilizations saw a social and cultural change as polygamy became a more popular practice.18
6713087314What changes are seen in international commerce from 1492 to the mid 1800's?As Europeans spread to the Indian Ocean, they entered Asian markets but didn't threat Asian powers. After silver currency took hold in international markets, European consumers began to favor cheaper foreign goods to their own goods, which led to the decline of European economies. After their loss of slaves from Eastern Europe, Europeans then turned to Africa for their slaves and began trading with African civilizations for slaves which predominately worked on tobacco and cotton plantations in the Americas.19
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Key AP Language Terms Flashcards

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8585777649rhetorical questiona question asked solely to produce an effect and not to elicit a reply0
8585852332refutationwhen a writer delivers relevant opposing arguments1
8585858984allegorya narrative in which character, action, and setting represent abstract concepts apart from the literal meaning of a story - the underlying meaning usually has a moral, social, religious, or political significance2
8585877844metonymythe substitution of a term naming an object closely associated with the word in mind for the word itself3
8585886961qualifiera statement that indicates the force of the arguement4
8585889359declarative sentencemakes a statement (sentence type)5
8585893145interrogative sentenceasks a question (sentence type)6
8585895525imperative sentencegives a command (sentence type)7
8585899802exclamatory sentencemakes an interjection (sentence type)8
8585903056thesisthe central claim and overall purpose of a work9
8585906749biasa predisposition or subjective opinion10
8585909410anecdotea short account of an interesting or humorous incident, intended to illustrate or support a point11
8585916111analogya comparison to a directly parallel case; the process of drawing a comparison between two things based on a partial similarity of like features12
8585925373idioman expression that means something other than the literal meanings of its individual words13
8585930539tonethe voice and attitude the writer has chosen to project14
8585935890moodthe overall atmosphere of a work and the mood is how that atmosphere makes a reader feel15
8585940660antithesisa contrast in language to bring out a contrast in ideas16
8585947968allusiona brief reference to a person, event, or place - real or fictitious - or a work of art17
8585953404juxtapositionplacing two ideas side by side or close together18
8586133756anticipating audience responsethe rhetorical technique of anticipating counterarguments and offering a refutation19
8586139836euphemismsubstitutions of an inoffensive, indirect, or agreeable expression for a word or phrase perceived as socially unacceptable or harsh20
8586148432paradoxa phrase or statement that while seeming contradictory or absurd may actually be well founded or true. Used to attract attention or to secure emphasis21
8586160691clichea timeworn expression that through overuse has lost its power to evoke concrete images22
8586164777ironythe discrepancy between appearance and reality: verbal, situational, dramatic, and socratic23
8586170248oxymorona self-contradictory combination of words24
8586173731logosappealing to logical reasoning and sound evidence25
8586200843ethosappealing to the audience's shared values26
8586176896pathosevoking and manipulating emotions27
8586179059aphorisma concise or tersely phrased statement in principle, truth, or opinion. Often found in fields like law, politics, and art28
8586209072deductive reasoningmethod of reasoning that moves from a general premise to a specific conclusion29
8586214614inductive reasoningmethod of reasoning that moves from specific evidence to a general conclusion based on this evidence30
8586222237dictionchoice of words in a work and an important element of style31
8586227371abstract languagelanguage describing ideas and qualities32
8586234302concrete languagelanguage describing observable, specific things33
8586240094colloquialismwords characteristic to familiar conversation34
8586247884denotationspecific, exact meaning of a word as defined35
8586254339connotationthe emotional implications that a word may carry36
8586257473polysyndetonrepetition of conjunctions in close succession37
8586298810synecdochepart is used for a whole or the whole for a part38
8586300705satiregenre of writing used to critique or ridicule through humor or sarcasm39
8586305200syntaxhow a sentence is constructed40
8586313039simple sentencea complete sentence that is neither compound, nor complex ( 1 subject, 1 predicate)41
8586317869compound sentencea sentence that contains 2 independent clauses joined by one or more dependent clauses42
8586331649complex sentencean independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses43
8586322924antecedentthe word to which a pronoun refers44
8586336821parallelismwhen the arrangement of parts of a sentence is similarly phrased or constructed45
8586342643loose sentencewhen a sentence is grammatically complete before its end46
8586345842periodic sentencewhen a sentence is not grammatically complete before its end47
8586348625anaphorathe same expression is repeated at the beginning of 2 or more consecutive lines48
8586351778chiasmussecond half of an expression is balanced against the first, but with the parts reversed49
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Unit 6 AP World History Set Flashcards

AP World History Final Vocabulary

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9978865712CommunismA political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.0
9978865713MarxismThe political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, later developed by their followers to form the basis for the theory and practice of communism.1
9978865714FascismPolitical philosophy that became predominant in Italy and then Germany during the 1920s and 1930s; attacked weakness of democracy, corruption of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs; undertook state control of the economy to reduce social friction.2
9978865715Mohandas Ghandhi(1869-1948) Led sustained campaign for independence from British Empire after World War 1; stressed nonviolent but agressive mass protest.3
9978865716Adolf HitlerNazi leader of facist Germany from 1933 to his suicide in 1945; created a strongly centralized state in Germany; eliminated all rivals; launched Germany on aggressive forign policy leading to World War II; responsible for genocide of European Jews.4
9978865717Vladimir LeninThe architect of Russia's 1917 Bolshevik revolution and the first leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.5
9978865718Mikhail GorbachevU.S.S.R. premier after 1985; renewed attacks on Stalinism; urged reduction in nuclear armament; proclamed policies of glanost and perestroika.6
9978865719Gamal Nasser(1918-1970) Took power in Egypt following a military coup in 1952; enacted land reforms and used state resources to reduce unemployemnt; ousted Britian from the Suez Canal zone in 1956.7
9978865720Nelson Mandela(b.1918) Long-imprisoned leader of the African American congress party; worked with the ANC leadership and F. W. de Klerk's supporters to dismantalthe apartheid system from the mid 1980's onwar; 1994, became the first black prime minister of South Africa after the ANC won the first genuinely democratic eletions in the country's history.8
9978865721Mao ZadongChinese Communist leader and theorist. A founder of the Chinese Communist Party (1921), he commanded troops in the Chinese Civil War (1927-1949) and proclaimed the People's Republic of China in 1949.9
9978865722Triple EntenteRefers to the understanding linking the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente on 31 August 190710
9978865723Central PowersAustria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire.11
9978865724Allied PowersAlliance of Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France during World War II.12
9978865725Axis PowersAlliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.13
9978865726appeasementA political policy of conceding to aggression by a warlike nation.14
9978865727Great DepressionA long and severe recession in an economy or market.15
9978865728Pan-Slavic MovementA movement which crystallized in the mid-19th century, is the political ideology concerned with the advancement of integrity and unity for the Slavic-speaking peoples.16
9978865729Treaty of Brest-LitovskA peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I.17
9978865730Treaty of Versailles, 1919World War I officially ended with the signing on June 28, 1919. Negotiated among the Allied powers with little participation by Germany, its 15 parts and 440 articles reassigned German boundaries and assigned liability for reparations.18
9978865731Yalta ConferenceThe February 1945 conference, which was the second wartime meeting of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. During the conference, the three leaders agreed to demand Germany's unconditional surrender and began plans for a post-war world.19
9978865732Potsdam Conference1945. The Big Three—Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (replaced on July 26 by Prime Minister Clement Attlee), and U.S. President Harry Truman—met in Potsdam, Germany, from July 17 to August 2, 1945, to negotiate terms for the end of World War II.20
9978865733nationalismThe strong belief that the interests of a particular nation-state are of primary importance. Also, the belief that a people who share a common language, history, and culture should constitute an independent nation, free of foreign domination.21
9978865734apartheidPolicy of strict racial segregation imposed in South Africa to permit the continued democracy of whites politically and economically.22
9978865735Berlin WallBuilt in 1961 to halt the flow of immigration from East Berlin to West Berlin; immigration was in response to lack of consumer goods and close soviet control of economy and policies; torn down at the end of the Cold War in 1991.23
9978865736collectivizationCreation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants, though often lowered food production; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other communist regimes.24
9978865737Cultural RevolutionMovement initiated in 1965 by Mao Zedong to restore his dominance over pragmatists; used mobs to ridicule political rivals; campaign was called off in 196825
9978865738Five Year Plans, RussiaThe First Plan. Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953, decided to abandon NEP and industrialize the Soviet Union. Gosplan, the state planning committee, created the Five-Year Plans, outlining goals for the Soviet economy to meet, beginning in 1928.26
9978865739Five Year Plans, ChinaDrawing on his experiences during a 1949 trip to Moscow, Mao embraced the Soviet 'five year plan' model for economic development. ... China's First Five Year Plan was an economic program that ran from 1953 to 1957. It set ambitious goals for industries and areas of production deemed priorities by the CCP.27
9978865740Great Leap ForwardIt was an effort made by the Communist Party of China (CPC) under the leadership of Mao Zedong (also known as Mao Tse-tung) to transform China into a society capable of competing with other Western industrialized nations, within a short, five-year time period.28
9978865741Marshall PlanThe official European Recovery Program (ERP) was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $13 billion (nearly $110 billion in 2016 US dollars) in economic assistance to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II.29
9978865742Prague SpringDubcek's effort to establish "communism with a human face" was celebrated across the country, and the brief period of freedom. But on August 20, 1968, the Soviet Union answered Dubcek's reforms with invasion of Czechoslovakia by 600,000 Warsaw Pact troops.30
9978865743Six-Day WarIn six days of fighting, Israel occupied the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt, the Golan Heights of Syria, and the West Bank and Arab sector of East Jerusalem, both previously under Jordanian rule. By the time the United Nations cease-fire took effect on June 11, Israel had more than doubled its size.31
9978865744Tiananmen SquareThe protests of 1989, commonly known in mainland China as the June Fourth Incident were student-led demonstrations in Beijing, the capital of the People's Republic of China, in 1989. ... At the height of the protests, about a million people assembled in the Square.32
9978865745Truman DoctrineAn American foreign policy whose stated purpose was to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War. It was first announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947 and further developed on July 12, 1948 when he pledged to contain threats to Greece and Turkey.33
9978865746Warsaw PactIs the name commonly given to the treaty between Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union, which was signed in Poland in 1955 and was officially called 'The Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance'.34
9978865747cartelsAn association of manufacturers or suppliers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition.35
9978865748Persian Gulf WarIraqi leader Saddam Hussein ordered the invasion and occupation of neighboring Kuwait in early August 1990. ... Hussein defied United Nations Security Council demands to withdraw from Kuwait by mid-January 1991, and the Persian Gulf War began with a massive U.S.-led air offensive known as Operation Desert Storm.36
9978865749European UnionA political union, often called the EU, to which the member states of the EEC are evolving. Based on the Maastrict Treaty, it envisions the eventual establishment of common economic, foreign, security, and justice policies. Founded on and in November 1, 1993, Maastricht, Netherlands37
9978865750McDonaldizationA term developed by sociologist George Ritzer in his book The McDonaldization of Society (1993). For Ritzer McDonaldization becomes manifested when a society adopts the characteristics of a fast-food restaurant; is a reconceptualization of rationalization and scientific management.38
9978865751NAFTAThe North American Free Trade Agreement, which eliminated most tariffs on trade between Mexico, Canada and the United States, went into effect on Jan. 1, 1994. Their purpose is to encourage economic activity between North America's three major economic powers.39
9978865752OPECThe Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries is a group consisting of 12 of the world's major oil-exporting nations. OPEC was founded in 1960 to coordinate the petroleum policies of its members, and to provide member states with technical and economic aid.40
9978865753Helsinki AccordsAn agreement signed by 35 nations that concluded the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, held in Helsinki, Finland. The multifaceted Act addressed a range of prominent global issues and in so doing had a far-reaching effect on the Cold War and U.S.-Soviet relations.41
9978865754cubisman early 20th-century style and movement in art, especially painting, in which perspective with a single viewpoint was abandoned and use was made of simple geometric shapes, interlocking planes, and, later, collage. Some artists involved include Picasso42
9978865755New DealDescribes the program of US president Franklin D. Roosevelt from 1933 to 1939 of relief, recovery, and reform. These new policies aimed to solve the economic problems created by the depression of the 1930's.43
9978865756welfare stateA system whereby the government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits. The foundations for the modern welfare state in the US were laid by the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.44
9978865757guest workersA program allows foreign workers to temporarily reside and work in a host country until a next round of workers is readily available to switch. ... While migrant workers may move within a country to find labor, programs employ workers from areas outside of the host country.45
9978865758Armenian GenocideAssault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East46
9978865759Holocaustgenocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered approximately 6 million European Jews47
9978865760Cambodian GenocideWas carried out by the Khmer Rouge regime under the leadership of Pol Pot, killing approximately 1.5 to 3 million Cambodian people from 1975 to 1979.48
9978865761Rwandan Genocidealso known as the genocide against the Tutsi, was a genocidal mass slaughter of Tutsi in Rwanda by members of the Hutu majority government49
9978865762Francisco FrancoA Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (1892-1975) Synonyms: El Caudillo, Franco, General Franco Example of: dictator, potentate. a ruler who is unconstrained by law.50
9978865763total warA war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded.51
9978865764Jomo Kenyatta( c. 1897 - 22 August 1978) was a Kenyan anti-colonial activist and politician who governed Kenya as its Prime Minister from 1963 to 1964 and then as its first President from 1964 to 1978. ... was born to Kikuyu farmers in Kiambu, British East Africa.52
9978865765Kwame NkrumahHe was the first President of Ghana. Though he effected Ghana's independence and for a decade was Africa's foremost spokesman, his vainglory and dictatorial methods brought about his downfall in 1966, with him a discredited and tragic figure in African nationalism.53
9978865766African National ConferenceBlack political organization with in South Africa; pressed for end to policies of apartheid; sought open democracy leading to black majority; until the 1990's declared illegal in South Africa.54
9978865767DestalinzationThe policy of eradicating the memory or influence of Joseph Stalin and Stalinism, especially after 1956. In communist countries55
9978865768Fourteen PointsSummary and Definition: Speech was a statement given to Congress on January 8, 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson declaring that WW1 was being fought for a moral cause and calling for peace in Europe.56
9978865769TotalitarianismA system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state.57
9978865770February RevolutionThe revolution against the czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917. Synonyms: Russian Revolution Example of: revolution. the overthrow of a government by those who are governed.58
9978865771October Revolution(also called the Bolshevik Revolution) overturned the interim provisional government and established the Soviet Union; was a much more deliberate event, orchestrated by a small group of people. The Bolsheviks, who led this coup, prepared their coup in only six months.59
9978865772Joseph StalinThe Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953) Synonyms: Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, Stalin Example of: commie, communist. a socialist who advocates communism.60
9978865773Great PurgesAlso known as the Great Terror, marks a period of extreme persecution and oppression in the Soviet Union during the late 1930s. ... The Great Purge began with the assassination of Sergei Kirov, whose 1935 murder by Leonid Nikolayev is suspected to have been ordered by Stalin.61
9978865774Benito MussoliniKnown as "Il Duce." 1883-1945. Italian Fascist dictator and prime minister (1922-1943) who conducted an expansionist foreign policy, formalized an alliance with Germany (1939), and brought Italy into World War II (1940).62
9978865775Young TurksA member of a revolutionary party in the Ottoman Empire who carried out the revolution of 1908 and deposed the sultan Abdul Hamid II.63
9978865776Sun Yat-SenChinese physician, writer, philosopher, calligrapher and revolutionary, the first president and founding father of the Republic of China64
9978865777Chiang Kai-sheka political and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China between 1928 and 197565
9978865778Long Marchmilitary retreat undertaken by the Red Army of the Communist Party of China, the forerunner of the People's Liberation Army, to evade the pursuit of the Kuomintang army66
9978865779Emperor Hirohito(1901-1989) was emperor of Japan from 1926 until his death in 1989. He took over at a time of rising democratic sentiment, but his country soon turned toward ultra-nationalism and militarism67
9978865780militarismA policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war68
9978865781Hidiki Tojoa general of the Imperial Japanese Army, the leader of the Imperial Rule Assistance Association, and the 27th Prime Minister of Japan during much of World War II, from October 17, 1941, to July 22, 194469
9978865782Rape of Nankingepisode of mass murder and mass rape committed by Japanese troops against the residents of Nanjing, then the capital of the Republic of China, during the Second Sino-Japanese War.70
9978865783Jawaharal Nehruthe first Prime Minister of India and a central figure in Indian politics before and after independence.71
9978865784Juan PeronBorn Oct. 8, 1895, Lobos, Buenos Aires provincia, Argentina—died July 1, 1974, Buenos Aires), army colonel who became president of Argentina (1946-52, 1952-55, 1973-74) and was founder and leader of the Peronist movement.72
9978865789Good Neighbor PolicyA policy created by the US targeted Latin America relationships. Allowed US rights to interfere with Latin American activity73
9978865790Asian TigerHighly developed economies. Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan.74
9978865791Nikita KhrushevLead the Soviet Union during the Cold War as the 1st Communist Party75
9978865785domino theorywas a political theory in which believed that if one nation was Communist, neighboring coutries would fall under Communist control as well.76
9978865792Fidel CastroDictator of Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis where they were communist and the Soviet Union and US fought against each other in the Cold War.77
9978865793detenteA time where the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union when Nixon was in office78
9978865794Charles de GaulleFormer Prime Minister of France; Led the French resistance against the Nazis in Germany during World War 2 and was chair of the France to restore democracy.79
9978865795decolonizationFreeing a country from being dependent on another country80
9978865796Iranian RevolutionOverthrowing of the Persian Monarchy, resulting in change of leader and modernization in support by the United States81
9978865797Ayatollah KhomeiniIranian Muslim leader and returned from exile to lead an Islamic revolution, overthrowing of the Shah.82
9978865798Saddam HusseinIraq president; prime minister and head of the armed forces (1979-2003), invaded Kuwait (1900) and Iran (1980-1988)83
9978865799Desmond TutuAn opponent of apartheid and became the first black Archbishop of Cape Town and in South Africa84
9978865800Patrice LumumbaThe first prime minister of the Congo that gained independence from Belgium; not liked by the U.S.A (Murdered and imprisoned)85
9978865801Indira GandhiServed as a figurehead prime minister by the Congress party bosses in 1966; central figure in India politics, which she maintained and passed down.86
9978865802AIDS/HIV epidemicVirus that destroys immune system, which protects the body from diseases. Passed through blood transfusions, sexual acts, used hypodermic needles or from mother to child during birth.87
9978865803Ho Chi MinhCommunist statesmen from Vietnam that fought in World War 2 against Japan, the French (1954) and South Vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969)88
9978865804Khmer RougeResponsible for 1.7 million deaths in Cambodia (Starvation, relocation, murder and attempts at rulification)89
9978865805Deng XiaopingCommunist leader that ruled China after Mao Zedong and established economic reforms, such as the Four Modernizations, which improved the economy of China and ended Mao Zedong's rule.90
9978865806Che GueveraArgentinian revolutionary militiant that aided Fidel Castro in overthrowing Fulgencio; died while doing guerrilla warfare in a similar situation in Bolivia91
9978865807ContrasMembers of a guerrilla warfare force in Nicaragua that opposed the Sandinista government (left wing) with the full support of the United States92
9978865808consumerismIdea of protection in the buyer of goods from bad products93
9978865809Albert EinsteinGerman theoretical physicist, who developed the theory of relativity, offering new ideas on space, time, matter and energy94
9978865810Lech WalesaPolish politician and labour activist that co-founded and headed the Soviet Union's first independent trade union (Solidarity)95
9978865811ChernobylNuclear plant in Ukraine that suffered from 2 major explosions, releasing radioactive materials; Worst nuclear accident96
9978865786Boris YeltsinRussian Leader who stood up to coup attempt in 1991 that would have displaced Gorbachev; president of the Russian republic following dissolution of Soviet Union.97
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