AP World History Chapter Nine Notecards Flashcards
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| 7717337741 | Charlemagne | King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Though illiterate himself, he sponsored a brief intellectual revival. 9.253 | 0 | |
| 7717338021 | Medieval | Literally "middle age," a term that historians of Europe use for the period ca. 500 to ca. 1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance. 9.253 | 1 | |
| 7717339616 | Byzantine Empire | Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from "Byzantium," an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. 9.253 | 2 | |
| 7717340391 | Kievan Russia | State established at Kiev in Ukraine ca. 880 by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population. 9.254 | 3 | |
| 7717341774 | Schism | A formal split within a religious community. 9.254 | 4 | |
| 7717342056 | Manor | In medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence (manor house), outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land. 9.260 | 5 | |
| 7717342296 | Serf | In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. 9.260 | 6 | |
| 7717342712 | Fief | In medieval Europe, land granted in return for a sworn oath to provide specified military service. 9.262 | 7 | |
| 7717343156 | Vassal | In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord. 9.262 | 8 | |
| 7717343504 | Papacy | The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. 9.263 | 9 | |
| 7717343926 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. 9.266 | 10 | |
| 7717344350 | Investiture Controversy | Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands. 9.266 | 11 | |
| 7717346479 | Monasticism | Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. It was a prominent element of medieval Christianity and Buddhism. Monasteries were the primary centers of learning and literacy in medieval Europe. 9.267 | 12 | |
| 7717346654 | Horse Collar | Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles. 9.272 | 13 | |
| 7717346879 | Crusades | (1095-1204) Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. 9.274 | 14 | |
| 7717347406 | Pilgrimage | Journey to a sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins. Other religions also have pilgrimage traditions, such as the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and the pilgrimages made by early Chinese Buddhists to India in search of sacred Buddhist writings. 9.275 | 15 |
AP World History Geography (Mine)2017 Flashcards
The AP world essay questions will ask you to compare and contrast regions and to analyze regional changes and continuities over time. If AP asks you to analyze East Asia, discussing India (South Asia) would be a "0".
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| 6666220639 | Afroeurasia | the landmass made up of Africa and Eurasia together. This geographical expression serves as a helpful tool in discussing large-scale historical developments that cut across the traditionally-defined continental divisions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. |  | 0 |
| 6666220640 | Eurasia | ____ is the landmass made up of Asia & Europe. The idea that Europe and Asia are separate continents goes back many centuries, but scholars who accept the definition of a continent as "a large landmass surrounded, or nearly surrounded, by water" know that the definition applies to neither Europe nor Asia because these two landmasses are conjoined. Most world historians define Europe as a subcontinent of Eurasia. |  | 1 |
| 6666220641 | Americas | The ______ are made up of the continents of North America and South America, including neighboring islands, notably the islands of the Caribbean Sea. Until the twentieth century, most geography books classified North and South America together as a single continent, labeling them the "New World" ("new" to Europeans beginning in the late fifteenth century CE) in contradistinction to the "Old World," that is Afroeurasia. |  | 2 |
| 6666220642 | East Asia | The Yellow region is called ? |  | 3 |
| 6666220643 | South East Asia | The Dark Green region is called? |  | 4 |
| 6666220644 | South Asia | The Purple region is called? |  | 5 |
| 6666220645 | Middle East | The Bright Green region is called? |  | 6 |
| 6666220646 | Sub-Saharan Africa | The Dark Brown region is called? |  | 7 |
| 6666220647 | North Africa | The Light Brown region is called? |  | 8 |
| 6666220648 | North America | The Dark Orange region is called? |  | 9 |
| 6666220649 | Oceania | The Grey region is called? |  | 10 |
| 6669286352 | Ferdinand Magellan | first to circumnavigate globe | 11 |
AP World History Semester 1 Exam Review Flashcards
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| 5576830755 | 5 Themes of AP World History | Interaction between Humans and the Environment; Development and Interaction of Cultures; State Building, Expansion and Conflict; Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems; and Development and Transformation of Social Structures | 0 | |
| 5576850595 | Understand the significance of the Neolithic Revolution | It's the first time that people started to cultivate plants and domesticate them. It's also the first time they domesticated animals | 1 | |
| 5576860512 | Be able to determine when and why governments developed | It first started soon after people started to grow food for their communities. People needed stability, a way to organize their communities, and a way to stop large-scale disagreements in those communities. | 2 | |
| 5576874942 | Understand the impact of surplus products on Neolithic communities | It meant that there was more free time and not everyone had to work on growing food. Some people worked on other projects instead and worked on things that helped build their culture. | 3 | |
| 5576884219 | Understand the disputes that led to the establishment of governments in Neolithic communities. | Many people fought over land and/or food. They would fight and sometimes couldn't get enough food to feed themselves. | 4 | |
| 5576903083 | Recall how the geography of Mesopotamia differed from Egypt and the effects geography had on each situation. | Mesopotamia: unstable flooding and very harsh when it does flood. The people living here had to work very hard to get anything out of land despite it being called the Fertile Crescent. Egypt: Flooding is very reliable, making it very easy to grow things. Not everyone has to work with food and makes it much easier to work on other things | 5 | |
| 5576928729 | Recognize the writing systems of the four ancient river valley civilizations | Hieroglyphics, Cuneiform, Pictographs, Chinese Script | 6 | |
| 5583473350 | Recall events that distinguish European and East Asian Classical and Neoclassical time periods | China and other areas were spreading ideas through the Silk Road and the Grand Canal. Europe was expanding through various invasions. (rise and fall of both Rome and Greece) | 7 | |
| 5583488531 | Know what intra and inter regional trade routes (and products exchanged) that existed at the end of the Periodization | Silk road:(silk, religion, porcelain, bronze, wool, fruits, and animals) Indian Ocean:(Chinese Pottery, spices, and ivory) Tran-Saharan Trade:(salt, palm oil, olives, wheat, and wild animals) | 8 | |
| 5583526778 | Identify ways man changed his environment to accommodate trade | Farmed land, developed canals, built irrigation system, created roads (pave and unpaved) | 9 | |
| 5583535354 | Compare and contrast the Bantu and Indo-European migrations | Bantu: migrated for resources, diffusion of iron metallurgy, influenced languages in Africa Indian Europeans: migrated for unexpected reasons | 10 | |
| 5583694285 | Recall why Buddhism is considered a 'export religion'. In what areas of the world did Buddhism take root and why | The religion was spread using the Silk road and was more popular in other countries then its own. China, Tibet, and Sri Lanka because it embraced all people instead of a select few. | 11 | |
| 5642204442 | Recall modern day evidence of Hellenism AND explain the extent of the Hellenistic world. | It was spread by Alexander the Great and found in Italy, Egypt, the Middle East, Turkey, and India. A modern example is columns. | 12 | |
| 5642255022 | Recall which areas developed city-states and why? | Greece: mountains led to isolation and prevented unification Mesoamerica: large regions but unified under Mayan culture | 13 | |
| 5659267026 | Understand the relationship between Imperial, Imperium, Empire, and Emperor. | Empire: area of land an emperor rules Emperor: person who rules an empire Imperium: political power in Empire Imperial: relating to an empire | 14 | |
| 5659276936 | Basic Tenets of Polytheism | Gods took on many forms and were interested in humans | 15 | |
| 5659284330 | Basic Tenets of Judaism | 13 principles of faith. Moses or Abraham seen as founder. | 16 | |
| 5659287884 | Basic Tenets of Christianity | Jesus Christ is way to Salvation, saved by grace through faith, Jesus is son of God, Holy Trinity, Ten Commandments, the Beatitudes . Jesus is founder. | 17 | |
| 5662745202 | Basic Tenets of Islam | Pillars of Islam and the Quaran. Founder is Muhammad Ali. | 18 | |
| 5662761082 | Basic Tenets of Hinduism | idol worship, reincarnation, karma, dharma, and moksha | 19 | |
| 5662771944 | Basic Tenets of Confucianism | skeleton of ethical and religious beliefs. Founder is Confucious | 20 | |
| 5662788868 | Basic Tenets of Legalism | need for order over everything. Founders are Shang Yang, Li Si, Han Feizi | 21 | |
| 5662810056 | Basic Tenets of Taoism | Non action is the ideal state of being. Founder is Lao Si | 22 | |
| 5662964208 | Basic Tenets of Jainsm | ahimsa, anekantavada, baparigraha, 5 main vows. Founder is Mahavira | 23 | |
| 5670165686 | Basic Tenets of Buddhism | Nirvana, Eight-fold path, 4 noble truths. Founder is Siddhartha Guama | 24 | |
| 5670192511 | Know the general circumstances when each of these religions was founded. | Polytheism: Early World, needed something to believe in Judaism: Emerged early in Canaan. Israelite needed a guiding force to help them Christianity: Jews were being treated unfairly and needed someone to help them Islam: people had been sent from their homes and needed someone to look up to Hinduism: Indus Valley/ the Aryans Confucianism/Taoism/Legalism: Period of Warring States Jainism/Buddhism: Replacement of Hinduism | 25 | |
| 5670250491 | Recall similarities among religions originating in South Africa | All were monotheistic and believed in healing and peace | 26 | |
| 5670267513 | Recall how Greek and Roman advancements in theatre and the arts reflected their civilizations | Greeks: religious rites, involved Gods, special effects, much theatre, writing, etc. For both they flourished when at peace and stagnated when at war | 27 | |
| 5672931176 | Recognize architectural styles and symbols associated with each religion | Islam: Mosque with an elaborate dome Judaism: Star of David, 12 windows,temple,bimah,Ark Christianity: churches, crucifix, doves, holy trinity Hinduism: ornate temples, harmonous geography, sculpture with gods,worshipers,animals and floral patterns Buddhism: Buddha statues, nirvana | 28 | |
| 5673038147 | Compare and contrast the Roman and Han Empires in terms of external problems that resulted from security issues along their frontiers, including the threat of invasions | Roman: Split in 2, empire fell apart and never restored Han: fell apart and was eventually restored Both: problems with Nomads, fell to invasiobs | 29 | |
| 5673145320 | Recognize examples of administrative from China, Persia, Rome or South Asia | South Asia: Central government, Asoka used Buddhism as ruling philosophy Persia:Central Government, divided empire, satraps, royal roads Rome:Republic- central government, senate, consuls, 12 tables. Empire- senate, emperor, 12 tables, governors, roads built China: central government, dynastic, mandate of heaven | 30 | |
| 5689220467 | Be able to explain the Chinese Dynastic Cycle including the Mandate of Heaven | Rise and Fall of Rulers. Steps: 1. Ruler unites and founds dynasty, gaining the mandate of heaven. 2.Dynasty prospers 3.Corruption, natural and famine cause wars 4. Ruler loses mandate of heaven 5. New dynasty comes to power | 31 | |
| 5689272919 | Understand techniques that imperial governments used to control large areas of the world | Local governments had control of their areas | 32 | |
| 5689321733 | Be able to give specific evidence that reflects intraregional and interregional trade during the period | Spreading Religions, African Ivory in China, Silk in the Mediterranean, Han Dynasty and Rome trading via the Silk Road | 33 | |
| 5689357887 | Be able to compare and contrast the political institutions of Han China and the Roman Empire | Roman: cooperation between Senate and Emperor. Was core of Empire and the Emperor was not hereditary Han: Emperor was always hereditary and there was no counter weight. | 34 | |
| 5704965260 | Be able to recognize basic responsibilities of European feudal contracts | Monarch: gives grants to lords for loyalty and collects taxes Lords: collects taxes from serfs, loyalty to monarch for land and lives in manors Peasants: Loyal to lords, protects manor, works for food and housing , chivalry Serfs: chained to land, never can change status, farmer, pays 75% of income as taxes | 35 | |
| 5705459271 | Three- Field System | System of crop rotation that was in Western Europe by 9th century. One third left fallow, one planted spring plants, one third in season crops | 36 | |
| 5705498678 | Terracing | make/ form sloping land into number of flat areas resembling series of step | 37 | |
| 5705512096 | Slash and Burn: | Forest Vegetation is felled and burned. Land is cropped for few years then forest is allowed to renovate | 38 | |
| 5705538208 | Crop Rotation | Growing different crops in succession on some land to preserve productive capacity of soil | 39 | |
| 5705568603 | Recall the immediate cause and the immediate effects of the 11th century Christian Schism | Cause: divided over worshiping of icons and shaving beards Effect: Split the church into Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox (Orthodox is the official of the Roman Empire) | 40 | |
| 5705601819 | Know the directions of the Indian Ocean monsoon winds and how the winds affected trade | Winds were predictable and allowed for easy trade NE-SW: Dec.-Mar. SW-NE: May- Sept. | 41 | |
| 5705668701 | Recall what is meant by the veneration of the dead and its purpose within religious needs | To worship your deceased ancestors. It was believed they had an affect on this life | 42 | |
| 5705702411 | Know what facilitated the spreading of religions during the time period | It spread through trade | 43 | |
| 5705691703 | Know the relationship between the Vedic Religion and the Upanishads | The Upanishad is the last part of the Veda | 44 | |
| 5705770410 | Recognize the artistic designs of Christian and Islamic places of worship | Christian had churches with vaulted ceilings while Islamic has mosques with domes | 45 | |
| 5705821829 | Describe the difference between European and African Slave systems during the time period | European: domestic slaves African: agricultural from West Africa | 46 | |
| 5707263276 | Recall the differences in the development of West Africa and East African societies during the period | West Africa developed empires while East Africa didn't | 47 | |
| 5707295000 | Recall the causes the effects of Viking migration during the period | Cause: Farmland and food to support population Effect: Feudalism in Europe | 48 | |
| 5707424379 | Recall the origins, route, and effects of the 14th century plague | Origin: East Asia Route/spread: East-west. Caused by fleas and rats. Effects: killed 2/3 of Europe | 49 | |
| 5707454954 | Recall the relationship of Marco Polo and Court of Kublai Khan | Envoy to Khan's court, good standing for 17 years, chronicled Mongol history | 50 | |
| 5707474634 | Know the immediate and long-term effects of the Christian Crusades | Immediate: Catholic church lost power and Holy land has Muslims Long-Term: spread of new ideas and inventions | 51 | |
| 5707495192 | Recall the trade routes that existed at the end of the period | Mediterranean, Silk Road, Indian Ocean, Trans- Saharan | 52 |
Flashcards
AP World History Chapter Four Notecards Flashcards
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| 7359576927 | Cyrus | Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples, he employed Persians and Medes in his administration and respected the institutions and beliefs of subject peoples. 4.110 | 0 | |
| 7359583511 | Darius I | Third ruler of the Persian Empire (r. 521-486 B.C.E.). He crushed the widespread initial resistance to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians rather than to Medes. He established a system of provinces and tribute, began construction of Persepolis, and expanded Persian control in the east (Pakistan) and west (northern Greece). 4.111 | 1 | |
| 7359583512 | Satrap | The governor of a province in the Achaemenid Persian Empire, often a relative of the king. He was responsible for protection of the province and for forwarding tribute to the central administration. Satraps in outlying provinces enjoyed considerable autonomy. 4.111 | 2 | |
| 7359583927 | Persepolis | A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland. It is believed that the New Year's festival was celebrated here, as well as the coronations, weddings, and funerals of the Persian kings, who were buried in cliff-tombs nearby. 4.112 | 3 | |
| 7359584152 | Zoroastrianism | A religion originating in ancient Iran that became the official religion of the Achaemenids. It centered on a single benevolent deity, Ahuramazda, who engaged in a struggle with demonic forces before prevailing and restoring a pristine world. It emphasized truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature. 4.114 | 4 | |
| 7359584496 | Polis | The Greek term for a city-state, an urban center and the agricultural territory under its control. It was the characteristic form of political organization in southern and central Greece in the Archaic and Classical periods. Of the hundreds of city-states in the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions settled by Greeks, some were oligarchic, others democratic, depending on the powers delegated to the Council and the Assembly. 4.118 | 5 | |
| 7359585683 | Hoplite | A heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic and Classical periods who fought in the close-packed phalanx formation. Hoplite armies—militias composed of middle- and upper-class citizens supplying their own equipment—were for centuries superior to all other military forces. 4.119 | 6 | |
| 7359585684 | Tyrant | The term the Greeks used to describe someone who seized and held power in violation of the normal procedures and traditions of the community. Tyrants appeared in many Greek city-states in the seventh and sixth centuries B.C.E., often taking advantage of the disaffection of the emerging middle class and, by weakening the old elite, unwittingly contributing to the evolution of democracy. 4.120 | 7 | |
| 7359586822 | Democracy | System of government in which all "citizens" (however defined) have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections, as in the Greek city-state of Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. 4.120 | 8 | |
| 7359586823 | Sacrifice | A gift given to a deity, often with the aim of creating a relationship, gaining favor, and obligating the god to provide some benefit to the sacrificer, sometimes in order to sustain the deity and thereby guarantee the continuing vitality of the natural world. 4.120 | 9 | |
| 7359587227 | Herodotus | Heir to the technique of historia ("investigation/research") developed by Greeks in the late Archaic period. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands. He traced the antecedents and chronicled the wars between the Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, thus originating the Western tradition of historical writing. 4.122 | 10 | |
| 7359587228 | Pericles | Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens, supervised construction of the Acropolis, and pursued a policy of imperial expansion that led to the Peloponnesian War. He formulated a strategy of attrition but died from the plague early in the war. 4.123 | 11 | |
| 7359587789 | Persian Wars | Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon (490 B.C.E.) and the defeat of Xerxes' massive invasion of Greece by the Spartan-led Hellenic League (480-479 B.C.E.). This first major setback for Persian arms launched the Greeks into their period of greatest cultural productivity. Herodotus chronicled these events in the first "history" in the Western tradition. 4.124 | 12 | |
| 7359587790 | Trireme | Greek and Phoenician warship of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. It was sleek and light, powered by 170 oars arranged in three vertical tiers. Manned by skilled sailors, it was capable of short bursts of speed and complex maneuvers. 4.125 | 13 | |
| 7359588267 | Socrates | Athenian philosopher (ca. 470-399 B.C.E.) who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior. He attracted young disciples from elite families but made enemies by revealing the ignorance and pretensions of others, culminating in his trial and execution by the Athenian state. 4.126 | 14 | |
| 7359588519 | Peloponnesian War | A protracted (431-404 B.C.E.) and costly conflict between the Athenian and Spartan alliance systems that convulsed most of the Greek world. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism. Possession of a naval empire allowed Athens to fight a war of attrition. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed because of Athenian errors and Persian financial support. 4.127 | 15 | |
| 7359588520 | Alexander | King of Macedonia in northern Greece. Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. Later known as Alexander the Great. 4.130 | 16 | |
| 7359589151 | Hellenistic Age | Historians' term for the era, usually dated 323-30 B.C.E., in which Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam in the seventh century C.E. 4.130 | 17 | |
| 7359589152 | Ptolemies | The Macedonian dynasty, descended from one of Alexander the Great's officers, that ruled Egypt for three centuries (323-30 B.C.E.). From their magnificent capital at Alexandria on the Mediterranean coast, the Ptolemies largely took over the system created by Egyptian pharaohs to extract the wealth of the land, rewarding Greeks and Hellenized non-Greeks serving in the military and administration. 4.131 | 18 | |
| 7359589653 | Alexandria | City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of the Ptolemies. It contained the famous Library and the Museum, a center for leading scientific and literary figures. Its merchants engaged in trade with areas bordering the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. 4.131 | 19 |
Flashcards
AP World History Ch 5 Flashcards
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| 7297345987 | Maya collapse/decline | increasing population(5 million people- area smaller than Colorado- could not move away if there was a natural disaster), scarce resources- fighting between kingdoms over resources, kings wanted to continue wars, build monuments, and rule over each other- making themselves more wealthy | 0 | |
| 7297345988 | Easter Island collapse/decline | Chiefs focused on warring and monuments instead of the future, completely used up resources/environment- no trees (making room for monuments) or large animals in 1700s | 1 | |
| 7297347646 | New Zealand (Mauri) collapse/decline | overhunting of animals, leading to extinction: 20 bird species died out (killed over 160,000 giant moa birds- tame and easy to hunt), hunted mammals like seals and sea lions to extinction, then hunted smaller animals, then farmed (40 percent of forest cover ruined- caused deforestation) | 2 | |
| 7297350723 | One other example of humans overusing natural resources: Indus River Valley | depleted of nutrients | 3 | |
| 7297417179 | Polynesian sea-faring technology | -etak: navigating seas with just stars and waves -double-hulled canoes: more stable | 4 | |
| 7297436126 | Dhows | red sea and indian ocean, between 600 BC and 600 AD created by Arabs or Indians, long and slim hulls, carry heavy items |  | 5 |
| 7297460230 | Caravels | Portugese, West African coast and into Atlantic, used by Prince Henry, etc. for exploration |  | 6 |
| 7297460231 | Galleons | Spanish ships with metals from the Americas, can hold large amounts of items, could hold slaves |  | 7 |
| 7297461565 | Viking ships | slender and flexible, many types, made by overlapping planks being riveted together, had merchant ships and warships, some could cross oceans (first to reach Americas) |  | 8 |
| 7297462566 | Columbus ships | fairly small, only around 90 people on voyages, only 3 ships taken on Columbus's voyage to the Americas | 9 | |
| 7297463416 | Zheng He (Chinese) ships | very large, thousands of people on voyages, several hundred feet in length, traveled in Indian Ocean | 10 | |
| 7297463417 | China | created first compass | 11 |
AP World History - Chapter 7 Flashcards
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| 7650680566 | Al-Mahdi | (775-785) the third Abbasid caliph |  | 0 |
| 7650680567 | Harun al-Rashid | (786-809) He was the caliph of the Abbasid dynasty during its high point. He provided liberal support for artists and writers, bestowed lavish and luxurious gifts on his favorites, and distributed money to the poor and the common classes by tossing coins into the streets of Baghdad. |  | 1 |
| 7650711879 | The Thousand and One Nights | Collection of Arab, Indian and Persian Stories | 2 | |
| 7650680568 | Buyids | Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads |  | 3 |
| 7650680569 | Seljuk Turks | a group of nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia |  | 4 |
| 7650680570 | Ottoman Empire | Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe. |  | 5 |
| 7650680571 | Crusades | A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. |  | 6 |
| 7650680572 | Saladin | (1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem | 7 | |
| 7650680574 | Shah-Nama | Book of Kings |  | 8 |
| 7650680575 | ulama | Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238) | 9 | |
| 7650680576 | Al-Ghazali | Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama |  | 10 |
| 7650680577 | Sufis | a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life |  | 11 |
| 7650680578 | Mongols | A member of any of the traditionally nomadic peoples of Mongolia |  | 12 |
| 7650680579 | Chinggis Khan | Also known as Temujin; he united the Mongol tribes into an unstoppable fighting force; created largest single land empire in history. |  | 13 |
| 7650680580 | Hulegu | Grandson of Chinggis Khan who attacked persia. And became first il-khan of Persia. | 14 | |
| 7650680581 | Mamluks | Turkie slaves | 15 | |
| 7650680582 | Muhammad ibn Quasim | Arab general; conquered Sind in India, declared the region and Indus valley to be part of the Umayyad empire | 16 | |
| 7650711880 | Rajas | A prince, chief, or ruler in India or the East Indies | 17 | |
| 7650680583 | Mahmud of Ghazni | Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression. | 18 | |
| 7650680584 | Muhammad of Ghur | a tenacious military commander of Persian extraction | 19 | |
| 7650680586 | Bhaktic Cults | Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Vishnu and Shiva | 20 | |
| 7650680587 | Mira Bai | (1498-1547) Celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women. |  | 21 |
| 7650680588 | Kabir | Muslim mystic during 15th century; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam | 22 | |
| 7650680589 | Shrivijaya | Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion. |  | 23 |
| 7650680590 | Malacca | Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka. |  | 24 |
| 7650680591 | Demak | trading center on the North Coast of Java |  | 25 |
Unit 1 Early River Civilization AP World History Flashcards
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| 4813957231 | how did people made permanent settlement | Some hunters & gatherers were advanced, but were never able to develop complex societies because they had to migrate to find food Neolithic & Paleolithic allowed them to First civilization began in the river valleys (mesopotamia) | 0 | |
| 4820169403 | Peolithic Revolution | The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period. nomads used simple stone tools and relied on hunting and gathering for food. | 1 | |
| 4813972138 | THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION | The Neolithic Revolution is a turning point in history. Before the Neolithic Revolution (during the Paleolithic Age), nomads used simple stone tools and relied on hunting and gathering for food. During the Neolithic Age, peoples' diet and shelter dramatically changed. The domestication of animals and the planting* of crops (such as wheat and barley) led to the development of civilizations**. *planting = cultivation **civilizations = permanent homes and villages = settled communities | 2 | |
| 4813973832 | Catal Huyuk | Farming thrived here 8,000 years ago; located in modern Turkey Population of 5,000 to 6,000 grew crops, raised sheep and cattle Made pottery, wove baskets, traded valuable obsidian In 1958, remains of village found; wall paintings, religious shrines | 3 | |
| 4813976459 | The four earliest (ancient river valley) civilizations | EGYPT (NILE River) (The Old, Middle, and New Kingdom were periods in ancient Egyptian history. The ancient Egyptians harvested papyrus for writing 2) CHINA (YELLOW River) The Yellow River is also called the HUANG HE River. 3) INDIA (INDUS River) The Indus River is actually located in modern-day Pakistan (in SOUTH ASIA). The archaeological remains of the Indus Valley cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro show evidence of urban planning (the cities were designed in grid-like patterns). This is an indication that a well organized central government had been established. 4) MESOPOTAMIA (The TIGRIS and EUPHRATES Rivers) AKA Babylonian civilization. Mesopotamia was located in modern-day Iraq. | 4 | |
| 4813979778 | Why did ancient civilizations develop in valleys of the rivers? | The climate and geography of these river valleys favored agriculture. The river valleys provided good farmland. (A plentiful water supply provided the means for irrigation. RICH [FERTILE] SOIL helped grow crops.) River valleys also provided a source of fresh water and transportation (e.g. the transportation of soldiers and resources). • River valleys contained rich soils because of annual (yearly) floods. | 5 | |
| 4813981064 | CHARACTERISTICS (ELEMENTS) OF CIVILIZATIONS | Centralized government 2. Organized religion(s) 3. Social classes 4. Specialization of labor (different jobs) 5. Art and architecture 6. Cities 7. Public Works (e.g. roads, bridges, temples) 8. System(s) of writing | 6 | |
| 4813988595 | Mesopotamia | Major Cities : Babylon & Sumer & Assryria & Akkad Fertile Cresent / land between the river / between euphrates and tigris river. Easy to access to = invasions Unpredictable floods Advanced cities: Sumerian city-states were protected by high walls At the city center was a temple called a ziggurat Specialized Workers: At the top of society were priests, and then kings In the middle were skilled workers, like merchants At the bottom, were common farmers & slaves Government: Babylonian King Hammurabi created the first legal code Hammurabi's Code had 282 laws based on justice & retaliation (an eye for an eye) The code had different punishments for the various levels of society Writing: Sumerians made the world's 1st writing called cuneiform Phoenicians simplified cuneiform to a 22 letter alphabet Phoenician merchants spread the alphabet throughout the Mediterranean world The alphabet influenced Greek, Latin, & English Technology: Sumerians inventions include the wheel, sail, plow, & bronze metalwork | 7 | |
| 4814012743 | Ancient Egypt | Major Cities : Thebes & Memphis "Gift of the Nile" - Predictable floods Hard to access to due to deserts The Nile flows upstream Advanced Cities: Cities developed along the Nile River in "Upper Egypt" & "Lower Egypt" Specialized Workers Rulers, officials, priests, wealthy land others led society Government : Pharaohs ruled Egypt as "king-gods" & were thought to control nature Egyptians constructed pyramids & elaborate tombs for the pharaohs Religion: Egyptians were polytheistic & believed the gods controlled all aspects of life Writing: Egyptian hieroglyphics was both pictograms & a phonetic alphabet Hieroglyphics were translated using the Rosetta Stone Technology: Egyptian ideas included a 365-day calendar, geometry, astronomy, & pyramids | 8 | |
| 4814049198 | Indus Valley | Monsoon Major Cities : Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro Advanced cities: Indus cities were laid out in a grid system with high walls & citadel of major buildings specialized Workers: Indian society was divided by the "caste system" which divided people based on their purity in Hinduism Government: Little is known about Indus government other than they were ruled by kings Religion: Believed in a polytheistic religion called Hinduism Hindus believe that one's soul is reborn until moksha is achieved (reincarnation) Moksha (enlightenment or nirvana) is the spiritual release from human form A soul's karma (good or bad deeds) effect reincarnation Writing: Indus writing has not been fully translated so much of Indus life is still a mystery Writing contained about 400 symbols that were both pictograms & phonetic characters Technology: Advanced plumbing; Most houses had toilets & private bathrooms connected to underground sewer systems Standard, oven-baked bricks | 9 | |
| 4820095177 | Iron | Hittites Empire | 10 | |
| 4820151591 | Caste System in Indus Valley |  | 11 | |
| 4820153465 | Social System in Ancient Egypt |  | 12 | |
| 4820793855 | bhramin | highest tier : priest ,academics | 13 | |
| 4820799535 | kshatryia | second : warriors ,kings | 14 | |
| 4820802951 | vaishya | third : merchant , landowners | 15 | |
| 4820806293 | sudra | fourth : commoners , peasants, servants | 16 | |
| 4820810382 | untouchables | last outcast-out of caste: street sweepers latrine cleaners | 17 | |
| 4820819057 | vedas | A Hindu holy book which is a collection of Aryan hymns that were transmitted orally before being written down in the 6th century BCE. Collections of hymns, songs, prayers, and rituals honoring the barious gods of the Aryans. | 18 | |
| 4821577926 | egyptian social pyramid | pharaoh government official soldiers scribes merchants craftsmen peasants | 19 | |
| 4821589294 | caste system | priest , academics warriors, king merchants landowners commoners, peasant , servants last outcast-out of caste: street sweepers latrine cleaners | 20 | |
| 4821633504 | social system mesopatamia | priests kings skilled workers, like merchants farmers & slaves | 21 |
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