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AP Psychology Language & Cognition Flashcards

AP Psychology terminology for language and cognition

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8332414963Cognitionprocess whereby we acquire and use knowledge; key elements: reviewing the past, contemplating the future, thinking about possibility; thinking0
8332414964languagea flexible system of communication using sounds, rules, gestures, or symbols to convey information; is semantic (meaningful)-gives detailed information; displacement-allows communication over time; productive-create new words to communicate1
8332414965phonemesbasic sound units; indicates change in meaning; universal; 45 phonemes in English, up to 85 in other languages; string together to create morphemes; examples:/s/, /z/, /ch/, /th/, /k/, etc.2
8332414966morphemessmallest meaningful units of speech; simple words, suffixes, prefixes; examples: red, hot, calm, -ed, pre-3
8332414967surface structurethe particular words and phrases used to make up a sentence4
8332414968deep structurethe underlying meaning of a sentence5
8332414969grammarlanguage rules; determines how sounds and words can be combined; used to communicate meaning within a language; has two components: syntax and semantics; meaning is often determined by word order; Noam Chomsky; allows people to make transformation from surface to deep structure in sentences6
8332414970semanticscriteria for assigning meaning to the morphemes in a language; influenced by Noam Chomsky; content of language; evidence by surface and deep structure7
8332414971syntaxNoam Chomsky; system of rules that governs how words are combined/arranged to form meaningful phrases and sentences; determined by word order8
8332414972imagenonverbal; visual, auditory, olfactory; mental representations; Einstein felt that scale in visualizing abstract concepts lead to insights; can be manipulated mentally (Shepard and Metzler) geometric patterns9
8332414973conceptmental categories; classifying objects, people, or experiences; can be modified to better manage experience; example-dogs, books, cars<-- objects in world; fast, strong, interesting<-- things, people, events10
8332414974information retrievalthe idea that language affects our ability to store and retrieve information as well as our ability to think about things; evidence by linguistic determinism; pulled info from long-term memory11
8332414975prototypeRosch; mental model; model that contains the most typical features of concept; example: cat-pale, whiskers, meow, clause, for, ears12
8332414976Idealized Cognitive Model (ICM)Rosch; expands on prototypes; concept + schema; example: mother13
8332414977problem representationfirst step in problem-solving; interpreting or defining a problem14
8332414978trial and errorproblem-solving strategy; best if there are limited choices; takes time to try all approaches; try one approach, fail; and another until you succeed; guarantees a solution15
8332414979algorithmproblem-solving strategy; step by step method that guarantees a solution; must be appropriate for the problem to be use; math is a good example16
8332414980heuristicproblem-solving strategy; rule of Tom; does not guarantee a solution; simplifies a problem so a solution may be found; four types: hillclimbing, subgoals, means-end analysis, and working backward17
8332414981hillclimbinga heuristic; each set move to progressively closer to a final goal; simple; example: balancing a budget, reduce expenses to a smaller deficit18
8332414982subgoalsa heuristic; break problem into smaller, more manageable pieces; example: Hobbits and Orcs problem19
8332414983means-end analysisa heuristic; probably most use; combines hillclimbing and subgoals; analyze a difference between the current situation and the desired outcome, then do something to reduce the difference; does not preprint detours from final goal; example: pitcher's strategy with best batter-ultimate goal-to win game and keep batters off the base, a walk the best batter to eliminate more runs20
8332414984working backwarda heuristic; used when means end analysis strays from goal; begin with goal and work backwards towards the "givens"; used when goal has more information than the givens and when the operations involved work two ways; example: $100 to spend, buy one item and subtract $100 to determine how much is left21
8332414985setmental set; tendency to perceive and approach problems in certain ways; determines what information we retrieved from memory to help us find a solution (includes heuristics and algorithms); flexibility comes from multiple sites to choose from (switch or abandon sets); pandered by function fixedness22
8332414986functional fixednessa hindrance to problem-solving; "assigning" an object in one function (which is how we form concepts); seeing a limited number of uses for an object; example: what can use a pencil for? A brick?23
8332414987Tactic of eliminationproblem-solving strategy; less all possible solutions then discard all solutions that seem to lead in the wrong direction24
8332414988visualizingbasic building blocks of thought; diagramming a course of action25
8332414989divergent thinkingthinking outside the box; generating as many unique answers as possible26
8332414990convergent thinkingonly one answer; answers are narrow in focus; example: math problems27
8332414991compensatory modela rational decision making model; choices are rated on various criteria (attractive criteria offset or compensate for unattractive features); example: buying a car-1. Higher price, better gas mileage 2. Lower price, lower mpg which do you buy ?28
8332414992noncompensatory modeldecision making model; where criteria is not so rational; example: car buying-hinges on car color29
8332414993representativenessheuristic; decision making model; new situation judged on its resemblance to a stereotypical model; example: you buy an expensive clothes and they fall apart, he judged anything inexpensive to be cheap therefore it is representative of the quality30
8332414994availabilitydecision-making heuristic; judgment or decision is based on information that is most easily retrieved; type of: Subway Effect-law of nature that you are situation seldom occurs and we adjust accordingly (the other line his faster, until you give in it)31
8332414995confirmation biasdecision-making heuristic; tendency to look for evidence in support of a believe and to ignore evidence to disprove the believe; seeing patterns of cause and effect when there is any pattern; example: AIDS, chocolate and acne32
8332414996linguistic-relativity hypothesisBenjamin Whorf; thinking patterns based on specific languages; evidence by linguistic determinism33
8332414997figurative languageexpressive language; smiles and metaphors34
8332414998telegraphic speechearly speech; stage of one and two-year-olds that omits nonessential words; often used by primates; example: more milk!35
8332414999Framingperspective or phrasing of information used to make a decision; studies on survival and mortality framing36
8332415000hindsight biastendency to view outcomes as inevitable and predictable after we know the outcome, and believe that we could have predicted what happened; "I knew it all along"37
8332415001linguistic determinismidea of the patterns of thinking are determined by the specific language one speaks; Benjamin more; example: Hopi language as to nouns for "flies"-one for birds and one for everything else; Dani limited color terminology-light/dark38
8332415002counterfactual thinkingthinking about alternative realities and things that never happened; what ifs39
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AP Language: Vocabulary Unit 1 Flashcards

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4868836643allusiona passing or casual reference; reference to myth, history, text, etc. that you don't have to explain0
4868836644metaphora figure of speech in which a term or phrase is applied to something to which it is not literally applicable in order to suggest a resemblance; explaining something abstract in more concrete terms (a mighty fortress is our God)1
4868836645similea figure of speech in which two unlike things are explicitly compared, as in "she is like a rose"2
4868836646personificationthe attribution of human nature or character to animals, inanimate objects, or abstract notions3
4868836647synecdochea phrase use to indirectly reference or describe someone/something ("boots on the ground"); a figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole or the whole for a part4
4868836648rhetoricthe use of language to teach, to inspire, and to delight the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques5
4868836649aphorisma terse saying embodying a general truth, or astute observation; short phrases of wisdom or advice; "forgive and forget"6
4868836650magistratea civil officer charged with the administration of the law; a minor judicial officer (like a justice of the peace or the judge of a police court) having jurisdiction to try minor criminal cases and to conduct preliminary examinations of persons charged with serious crimes7
4868836651oligarchya form of government in which all power is vested in a few persons or in a dominant class or clique; government by the few8
4868836652despota king or other ruler with absolute, unlimited power; any tyrant or oppressor9
4868836653demagoguea political leader who seeks support by appealing to popular desires and prejudices rather than by using rational argument10
4868836654diminutiona reduction in the size, extent, or importance of something11
4868836655prognosticateTO PREDICT; to forecast or predict (something future) from present indications or signs; foretell or prophesy (an event in the future)12
4868836656paradoxa statement or proposition that, despite sound (or apparently sound) reasoning from acceptable premises, leads to a conclusion that seems senseless, logically unacceptable, or self-contradictory13
4868836657laconicusing few words; expressing much in few words; concise; "k"14
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AP Language - Master Vocab List Flashcards

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8506063674acerbic{adj.} angry and bitter0
8506063675acrimonious{adj.} caustic, stinging, or bitter in nature, speech, behavior, etc.; angry, scathing, acerbic1
8506063676allusion{n.} An indirect reference to something well known (art, literature, etc.) ex: "Don't act like a Romeo in front of her."2
8506063677ambiguity{n.} leaving something out of the text for the reader to infer about ex: "Each of us saw her duck."3
8506063678anachronism{n.} an element of a text that does not fit within the time period ex: "Brutus; Peace! Count the clock."4
8506063679anaphora{n.} repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of clauses5
8506063680anecdote{n.} a short, personal story6
8506063681anguish{n.} despair7
8506063682antecedent{n.} the noun that a pronoun refers to8
8506063683antithesis{n.} the direct opposite of another idea in the text9
8506063684apathetic{adj.} showing no interest or emotion10
8506063685aphorism{n.} a short saying {ex: honesty is the best policy}11
8506063686apostrophe{n.} when the speaker addresses something that cannot respond12
8506063687ardent{adj.} enthusiastic or passionate13
8506063688asyndeton{n.} the absence of conjunctions where they would typically be used14
8506063689audacious{adj.} bold and daring15
8506063690austere{adj.} severe, strict, plain16
8506063691belligerent{adj.} hostile and aggressive17
8506063692brusque{adj.} abrupt in manner18
8506063693callous{adj.} insensitive and unfeeling19
8506063694chiasmus{n.} when words are repeated in reverse order20
8506063695choleric{adj.} bad-tempered, irritable, grumpy, cranky, unreasonably angry, cross; make angered easily21
8506063696circumlocution{n.} to use of many words when fewer would do22
8506063697colloquial{adj.} informal, familiar language23
8506063698conciliatory{adj.} intending to pacify or placate the audience24
8506063699concise{adj.} use few words25
8506063700contemptuous{adj.} manifesting, feeling, or expressing deep hatred or disapproval26
8506063701deduction{n.} using logic to make an inference or conclusion27
8506063702derogatory{adj.} critical28
8506063703despondent{adj.} hopeless29
8506063704detached{adj.} unemotional, disconnected30
8506063705dialect{n.} a form of language specific to a group or region31
8506063706diatribe{n.} a strong verbal attack against something/someone32
8506063707didactic{adj.} intending to teach or inform33
8506063708digression{n.} temporary departure from the main topic34
8506063709discourse{n.} written or spoken communication35
8506063710discursive{adj.} moving from topic to topic without order; rambling, digressive, meandering36
8506063711earnest{adj.} sincere and honest37
8506063712elegiac{adj.} sad and mournful38
8506063713ellipsis{n.} (...) showing omission from a text39
8506063714euphemism{n.} using milder words for words that are deemed "inappropriate"40
8506063715exasperated{adj.} irritated or out of patience41
8506063716facetious{adj.} sarcastic42
8506063717foreboding{adj.} a feeling that something bad will happen43
8506063718imagery{n.} description that appeals to the senses44
8506063719incredulous{adj.} unwilling or unable to believe something is true45
8506063720indiscriminate{adj.} done without careful judgment46
8506063721inflammatory{adj.} intending to arouse anger47
8506063722invective{n.} insulting, highly critical language48
8506063723jargon{n.} language specific to a group or profession49
8506063724jovial{adj.} cheerful and friendly50
8506063725lugubrious{adj.} overly sad and dismal51
8506063726maxim{n.} a short statement of a universal truth52
8506063727metonymy{n.} substituting a name for something with an attribute of it53
8506063728motif{n.} a recurring theme or idea in a text54
8506063729naive{adj.} immature or inexperienced55
8506063730nonchalant{adj.} calm and relaxed56
8506063731paradox{n.} a contradiction of ideas57
8506063732parallel structure{n.} having sentences or parts of sentences mimic each other58
8506063733parody{n.} making fun of a serious topic59
8506063734pedantic{adj.} language that is trying to sound smart60
8506063735polysyndeton{n.} using more conjunctions than necessary61
8506063736pragmatic{adj.} logical and sensible62
8506063737pretentious{adj.} trying to seem more important than you are63
8506063738refutation{n.} response to an argument64
8506063739rhetoric{n.} the art of using language effectively65
8506063740sematics{n.} the branch of linguistics concerned with meaning66
8506063741stream of consciousness{n.} narration that flows as the narrator's thoughts67
8506063742understatement{n.} the presentation of an idea as less important than it is68
8506063743zeugma{n.} when a word applies to two others in two different ways69
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AP Language Terms: Schemes and Sound Flashcards

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8199103719Antithesisbalancing words, phrases, or ideas that are strongly contrasted, often by means of grammatical structure. Usually it indicates exact opposites. Antithesis sometimes refers to the negation of the thesis proposed.0
8199114405Appositionplacing in immediately succeeding order of two or more coordinate elements, the latter of which is an explanation, qualification, or modification of the first. A literary device in which two elements are placed side by side, with the second element serving to define or modify the first with no word in between. When this device is used, the two elements are said to be in apposition.1
8199134335AsyndetonA stylistic scheme in which conjunctions are deliberately omitted from a series of related clauses to separate a series of words, thus emphasizing the parts equally: instead of X, Y, and Z... the writer uses X, Y, Z...2
8199163557Flashback/Analepsisa scene that interrupts the normal chronological sequence of events in a story to depict something that happened at an earlier time.3
8199169824Flashforward/Prolepsislike a flashback, but the opposite, a quick glimpse at what will happen in the future, or is yet to happen.4
8199176052Paradoxa statement that appears self-contradictory, but that reveals a kind of truth.5
8199181814Periodica sentence that places the main idea or central complete thought at the end of the sentence, after all introductory elements, is a sentence that is not grammatically complete until its end.6
8199190080Puna "play on words" based on the multiple meanings of a single word or on words that sound alike but mean different things.7
8199197074Synecdochea figure of speech in which a part represents the whole.8
8199199704ZeugmaArtfully using a single verb to refer to two different objects in an ungrammatical but striking way, or artfully using an adjective to refer to two separate nouns, even though the adjective would logically only be appropriate for one of the two.9
8199211483Alliterationrepetition of the same or similar consonant sounds in words that are close together, this consonant sound is usually at the beginning of the sentence.10
8199218977Assonancethe repetition of similar vowel sounds in a short passage of verse or prose.11
8199223527Cacophony; Dissonanceharsh, awkward, or dissonant sounds used deliberately in poetry or prose; the opposite of euphony.12
8199229944Consonancerepetition of identical consonant sounds within two or more words in close proximity, as in boost/best; it can also be seen within several compound words, such as fulfill and ping-pong.13
8199242573Euphonya succession of harmonious sounds used in poetry or prose; the opposite of cacophony14
8199247487LyricalSonglike; characterized by emotions, subjectivity, and imagination.15
8199250370Rhythma rise and fall of the voice produced by the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in language.16
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Myers for AP Psychology Unit 7B: THINKING & LANGUAGE Flashcards

Thinking Problem Solving Creativity and Language

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8172912947cognitionall the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.0
8172912948Concepta mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people1
8172912949Prototypea standard or typical example (Is that a computer screen that BENDS?!)2
8172912950algorithma precise rule (or set of rules) specifying how to solve some problem3
8172912951Heuristica commonsense rule (or set of rules) intended to increase the probability of solving some problem4
8172912952InsightA cognitive form of learning involving the mental rearragnment or restructuring of the elements in a problem to achieve an understanding or the problem and arrive at a solution5
8172912953Creativitythe ability to produce novel and valuable ideas6
8172912954Confirmation biasa tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions7
8172912955fixationthe inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set8
8172912956Mental Seta tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past9
8172912957Functional fixednessthe tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving (Is a shoe just a shoe?)10
8172912958Representative heuristicjudging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevent information11
8172912959Availability heuristicestimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common12
8172912960Overconfidencetotal certainty or greater certainty than circumstances warrant13
8172912961Belief Perseveranceclinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited14
8172912962Intuitioninstinctive knowing (without the use of rational processes)15
8172912963Framingformulation of the plans and important details16
8172912964Languagethe mental faculty or power of vocal communication17
8172912965Phoneme(linguistics) one of a small set of speech sounds that are distinguished by the speakers of a particular language18
8172912966Morphememinimal meaningful language unit19
8172912967Grammarstudies of the formation of basic linguistic units20
8172912968Semanticsthe study of language meaning21
8172912969Syntaxthe grammatical arrangement of words in sentences22
8172912970Babbling Stagebeginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household lanuage.23
8172912971One-word Stagethe stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words24
8172912972Two-word stagebeginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements25
8172912973Telegraphic speechearly speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words26
8172912974Linguistic determinismWhorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think27
8172912975Noam ChomskyUnited States linguist whose theory of generative grammar redefined the field of linguistics (born 1928)28
8172912976B.F Skinnerpioneer of operant conditioning who believed that language development is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments29
8172912977Benjamin WhorfConcept of "liguistic determinism" or how language impacts thought30
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AP English Language and Composition logical fallacies examples Flashcards

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6740990958ad hominem argumentof course the writer supports tax cuts; she's rich!0
6740990959argument from authority (argument from false authority)this is absolutely awesome-it's the best review book ever written."-Shakira1
6740990960appeal to ignoranceno one can prove the Loch Ness monster does not exist; therefore the Loch Ness monster exists.2
6740990961begging the questionthe Loch Ness monster spoke to me in my dreams, so it must exist3
6740990962hasty generalizationping-pong is an extremely dangerous sport;last year, my friend got hit in the eye with a ping-pong ball and almost lost his vision in that eye.4
6740990963non sequiturif you really wanted to earn a 5 on the AP English Language and Composition Exam, you wouldn't spend so much time reading novels5
6740990964false dichotomyAP Calculus BC class is impossible; either you get it or you don't6
6740990965slippery slopeif we stop requiring men to wear coats and ties in the dining room, pretty soon they'll start coming in dressed in beachwear7
6740990966faulty causalityviolent crime among adolescents has risen in the past decades, and that is the result of increased sales of violent video games8
6740990967straw man argumentstudents who want to eliminate the school uniform are exhibitionists who want to show off bare midriffs9
6740990968sentimental appealsthe assignment that i gave you last night was much too long, but just think how pleased your parents and i will be when you score a 5 on the AP exam.Think about the pride you'll feel when tears of joy stream down our faces!10
6740990969red herringA teacher catches a student cheating during a test. The student in response says, "I know I've made a mistake. But think of my parents. They're going to kill me".11
6740990970scare tacticsIf you don't support that party's tax plan, you and your family will be reduced to poverty.12
6740990971bandwagon appealsits time for our country to repeal the ban on strip mining-every other county in the state has already done so!13
6740990972dogmatismI'm sorry, but I think penguins are sea creatures and that's that.14
6740990973equivocationwhen a man asks a hotel manager who has a dog next to him ,"does your dog bite?", and the manager responds,"no",the man then tries to pet the dog who growls and bites him. "you said your dog didn't bite!", the hotel manager responds, "that's not my dog."15
6740990974faulty analogy"apples and oranges."16
6740990975ad misericordiumI hope you find the defendant not guilty of embezzlement. He's in a wheelchair."17
6740990976argumentum ad populumteenagers use the argument that "everybody is doing it"18
6740990977arguing in a circlefreedom of speech is dear to Americans. Americans support freedom of speech because it is a basic American value19
6740990978argument by repetition (ad nauseam)art museums are very educational20
6740990979either-or-argumenteither you are for us, or against us21
6740990980exceptions to the rulei before e except after c22
6740990981fallacy of compositionall Americans love baseball23
6740990982fallacy of divisionall thin people are Anorexic. Jane is thin; Jane is anorexic24
6740990983fallacy in authority based reasoningMichael Jordan's "Hanes" commercials25
6740990984post ad hoc ergo propter hocevery time i wash my car, it rains!26
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AP Psychology Unit 7 - Cognition, Language, & Memory Flashcards

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9697445674cognitionall the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.0
9697445675concepta mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.1
9697445676prototypea mental image or best example of a category.2
9697445677algorithma methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics.3
9697445678heuristica simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.4
9697445679insighta sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.5
9697445680creativitythe ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.6
9697445681confirmation biasa tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.7
9697445682fixationthe inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.8
9697445683mental seta tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.9
9697445684functional fixednessthe tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.10
9697445685representativeness heuristicjudging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.11
9697445686availability heuristicestimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.12
9697445687overconfidencethe tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.13
9697445688belief perseveranceclinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.14
9697445689intuitionan effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.15
9697445690framingthe way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.16
9697445691languageour spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.17
9697445692phonemein language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.18
9697445693morphemein a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).19
9697445694grammarin a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.20
9697445695semanticsthe set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.21
9697445696syntaxthe rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.22
9697445697babbling stagebabies spontaneously uttering a variety of words, such as ah-goo23
9697445698one-word stagethe stage in which children speak mainly in single words24
9697445699two-word stagethey start uttering two word sentences25
9697445700telegraphic speechearly speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.26
9697445701linguistic determinismWhorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.27
9697445702memorythe persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.28
9697445703encodingthe processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.29
9697445704storagethe retention of encoded information over time.30
9697445705retrievalthe process of getting information out of memory storage.31
9697445706sensory memorythe immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.32
9697445707short-term memoryactivated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.33
9697445708long-term memorythe relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.34
9697445709working memorya newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.35
9697445710parallel processingthe processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.36
9697445711automatic processingunconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.37
9697445712effortful processingencoding that requires attention and conscious effort.38
9697445713rehearsalthe conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.39
9697445714spacing effectthe tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.40
9697445715serial position effectour tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.41
9697445716visual encodingthe encoding of picture images.42
9697445717acoustic encodingthe encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.43
9697445718semantic encodingthe encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.44
9697445719imagerymental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.45
9697445720mnemonicsmemory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.46
9697445721chunkingorganizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.47
9697445722iconic memorya momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.48
9697445723echoic memoryA momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.49
9697445724long-term potentiation (LTP)an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.50
9697445725flashbulb memorya clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.51
9697445726amnesiathe loss of memory.52
9697445727implicit memoryretention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called non-declarative or procedural memory.)53
9697445728explicit memorymemory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.)54
9697445729hippocampusa neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.55
9697445730recalla measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.56
9697445731recognitiona measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.57
9697445732relearninga measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.58
9697445733primingthe activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.59
9697445734déjà vuthat eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.60
9697445735mood-congruent memorythe tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.61
9697445736proactive interferencethe disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.62
9697445737retroactive interferencethe disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.63
9697445738repressionin psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.64
9697445739misinformation effectincorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.65
9697445740source amnesiaattributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.66
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AP Psych Language Flashcards

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8705097993conceptsa mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people0
8705112801prototypea mental image of best example of a category; matching new items to it provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories1
8705124976algorithma methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem; slower & less error prone than heuristics2
8705149722heuristica simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; quicker and more error prone than algorithms3
8705172935insighta sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; contrasts with strategy-based solutions4
8705181865confirmation biasa tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence5
8705245404fixationthe inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set6
8705254105mental seta tendency to approach a problem a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past7
8705282511representativeness heuristicjudging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information8
8705294817availability heuristicestimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps b/c of vividness), we presume such events are common9
8705318267overconfidencethe tendency to be more confident than correct; to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments10
8705339566belief perseveranceclinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited11
8705361576framingthe way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments12
8705373180languageour spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning13
8705381345phonemethe smallest distinctive sound unit in language14
8705392351morphemein a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word, or a part of a word (prefix, root, or suffix)15
8705401650grammarin a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others16
8705417717semanticsthe set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning17
8705435511syntaxthe rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language18
8705455312babbling stagebeginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language19
8705479827one-word stagethe stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which the child speaks mostly in single words20
8705494443two-word stagebeginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly 2-word statements (closest to telegraphic speech)21
8705505728telegraphic speechearly speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram- "go car"- using mostly nouns and verbs22
8734955508metacognitionthinking about how you think23
8734993481Language Acquisition Device(Chomsky) innate ability to acquire language; nature24
8735016899Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis/Linguistic Determinism(Whorf) largely been discredited by empirical research; language determines what we think25
8735074552overgeneralization/overregulationchildren apply grammatical rules without making appropriate exceptions (I goed to the store)26
8735118673holophrasearound 1st birthday; using one word to convey meaning27
8735128730functional fixationanother type of fixation that is characterized by a failure to use an object in an unusual way (an impediment to problem solving)28
8735150916anchoring effectthe tendency to be influenced by a suggested reference point, pulling our response toward that point29
8735167634ChomskyNATURE side of language; opposed Skinner's ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles, and most is INBORN (language acquisition device and universal language)30
8735190097SkinnerNURTURE side of language; believed language development may be explained on the basis of learning principles such as association, imitation, and reinforcement31
8735194139WhorfLinguistic Determinism/Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis; suggested that language determines the way we think32
8735221608aphasiaan impairment in the ability to produce language (Broca's area damage) or comprehend language (Wernicke's area damage)33
8781045993Broca's arealeft frontal lobe; controls muscles to produce speech34
8781048694Wernicke's arealeft temporal lobe; controls comprehension of language and producing coherent speech35
8783993889critical period for languageage 736
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AP Language Chapter 1 Test Flashcards

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4791220529RhetoricUes of exageration and/or display0
4791220530OccasionThe time and place something was written or spoken1
4791220531ContextCircumstances, atmosphere, attitudes and events surrounding the text2
4791220532PurposeThe goal the speaker/writer wants to achieve3
4791220533Rhetorical TriangleWhen you conceptualize the relationship through the elements (occasion, context and purpose)4
4791220534Aristoles Rhetoric TrianglePathos, logos and ethos5
4791220535Logos1) Structure of speech 2)References to studies, Statistics 3)Comparisons, Analogies and Metaphors6
4791220536Ethos1) Personal branding 2) Confidence in delivery 3) Cites credible sources7
4791220537Pathos1) Stories 2) Inspirational Quotes 3) Vivid Language8
4791220538PersonaRole a speaker plays during a speech9
4791220539SubjectThe topic of a piece10
4791220540SOAPSSubject, occasion, audience and purpose11
4791220541PropagandisticA person involved in producing propaganda ( biased rumors to harm a group, movement etc)12
4791220542PolemicialA controversial argument13
4791220543ConnotationsSecondary meaning of a word (eg house;comfort)14
4791220544CounterargumentAn opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward15
4791220545TextAnything that can be read and Comprehended16
4792031035DictionThe connotation of the word choice17
4792031036ImagesVivid appeals to understanding through the senses18
4792031037DetailsFacts that are included or those A that are omitted19
4792031038LanguageThe overall use of language, such as formal, clinical, jargon20
4792031039Sentence StructureHow structure affects the readers attitude21
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