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AP Human Geography: Language Flashcards

Language

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9673551429DialectA particular form of a language that is particular to a specific region or social group.0
9673551430Extinct LanguageAn extinct language is a language that no longer has any speakers, or that is no longer in current use.1
9673551432IsoglossA geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.2
9673551433Isolated Languagea natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. i.e A language family with only one language.3
9673551434Language BranchA Subsection of a Language Family. i.e The Romance "-------" of the Indo-European language family.4
9673551435LanguageThe method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.5
9673551436Language GroupA Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.6
9673551437Language FamilyA collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history7
9673551438Indo European language familyLargest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia.8
9673551439Sino-Tibetan Language Family2nd largest language family. Includes Madarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese9
9673551440Lingua FrancaA Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages10
9673551442Monolingual StateCountry in which only one language is spoken11
9673551444Multilingual StateCountry in which multiple languages are spoken12
9673551445Official LanguageThe language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.13
9673551446Pidgin LanguageA Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.14
9673551447Standard LanguageThe form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.15
9673551450Creolea mother tongue formed from the contact of two languages through an earlier pidgin stage16
9673617926Language Tree19 language families. Each family has its own branches. Each branch has its own groups. Each group has its own language. Each language has its own dialects.17
9673638864Germanic LanguageLanguage that is spoken by people in parts of western European and northern Europe that belongs to one of two groups, West or North Germanic of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family18
9673667913Romance LanguageLanguages derives from latin that include Italian, Spanish, French, and Romanian19
9673676556Language DiversionOccurs when new languages or dialects grow from the original source bc of migration of original speakers to new lands or contact with new languages20
9673693194PolyglotPerson that speaks many languages21
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AP Language Vocab Quiz 1 Flashcards

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10434101144AbstractExisting in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence0
10434101145AccismusA person feigns a lack of interest in something that he or she actually desires1
10434101146Active voiceWhen the subject is doing the acting as in the sentence2
10434101147Ad hominemDirected against a person rather than the position they're maintaining3
10434101148AdageA proverb or short statement expressing a general truth4
10434101149AdianoetaA kind of irony, since it uses terms that imply a different meaning than they denote5
10434101150AllergoryA story or poem that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning6
10434101151AlliterationClosely connected words7
10434101152AllusionAn indirect or passing reference8
10434101153AmbiguityThe quality of being open to more than one interpretation9
10434101154AnadiplosisA writer or speaker uses a word near the end of the clause and then repeats that word to begin the next clause.10
10434101155AnalogyA comparison between two things, typically for the purpose of explanation or clarification.11
10434101156AnaphoraThe use of a word referring to or replacing a word used earlier in a sentence, to avoid repetition, such as do in I like it and so do they.12
10434101157AnecdoteA short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person.13
10434101158AnnotationA note of explanation or comment added to a text or diagram.14
10434101159AntecedentA thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another.15
10434101160AnthropomorphismThe attribution of human characteristics or behavior to a god, animal, or object.16
10434101161AntimetaboleA phrase or sentence is repeated, but in reverse order.17
10434101162AntithesisA person or thing that is the direct opposite of someone or something else.18
10434101163AphorismA pithy observation that contains a general truth19
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AP Lang Vocab 5 Flashcards

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7851855903AdageA saying or proverb embodying a piece of common wisdom based on experience and often couched in metaphorical language.0
7851857910AllegoryA story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. The underlying meaning has moral, social, religious, or political significance, and characters are often personifications of abstract ideas as charity, greed, or envy.1
7851859770AnthropomorphismWhere animals or inanimate objects are portrayed in a story as people, such as by walking, talking, or being given arms, legs, facial features, human locomotion or other anthropoid form.2
7851875057ApostropheA figure of speech wherein the speaker speaks directly to something nonhuman.3
7851886720AntithesisOpposition, or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction.4
7851893518ConceitAn elaborate, fanciful metaphor. A far-fetched metaphor when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things.5
7851898006Dominant ImpressionThe principal effect the author wishes to create for the audience. a descriptive essay has one, clear dominant impression.6
7851899488FarceA light, humorous play in which the plot depends upon a skillfully exploited situation rather than upon the development of character.7
7851903116FoilA character that contrasts with another character, usually the protagonist and, in so doing, highlights various facets of the main character's personality.8
7851867910InvectiveVehement or violent denunciation, censure, or reproach. an insulting or abusive word or expression. Denunciatory or abusive language.9
7851884908Maxima saying that is widely accepted on its own merits.10
7851912700SyllogismForm of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion11
7851917171PedanticOstentatious in one's learning; overly concerned with minute details or formalisms, esp. in teaching12
7851924683PedestrianLacking in vitality, imagination, distinction, etc.; commonplace; prosaic or dull13
7851924684EsotericUnderstood by or meant for only the select few who have special knowledge or interest; private; secret; confidential; belonging to a select few14
7851861928Adage example"It is always darkest before the dawn."15
7851869921Anthropomorphism example* The King and Queen of Hearts and their playing-card courtiers in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland16
7851876529Apostrophe example"Busy old fool, unruly sun, Why dost thou thus, Through windows, and through curtains call on us?"17
7851890696Antithesis example"Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice, moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue." -Barry Goldwater18
7851901108Farce example* A bank robber who mistakenly wanders into a police station to hide19
7851906733Foil example* Hamlet and Laertes in Shakespeare's "Hamlet"20
7851912701Maxim example"Birds of a feather flock together."21
7851919477Syllogism example* All humans are mortal, the major premise, I am a human, the minor premise, therefore, I am mortal, the conclusion. Reasoning from the general to the specific; deduction22
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AP Lang Review Session Quiz 4 Flashcards

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5308832934synecdochea figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole or, occasionally, the whole is used to represent a part0
5308834634narrationThe telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events1
5308838168simple sentenceConsists of one independent clause (subject + verb)2
5308839983compound sentenceConsists of at least two independent clauses3
5308841975complex sentenceConsists of one independent clause and at least one dependent clause4
5308841976compound-complex sentenceConsists of at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause5
5308844375declarative sentenceMakes a statement of fact or possibility; ends with period6
5308846979interrogative sentenceAsks a question; ends with a question mark7
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AP Language and Composition Midterm Flashcards

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5971068315RhetoricAvailable means of persuasion0
5971068316AristotleUsed a triangle to explain the relationship between audience, speaker and subject1
5971068317SOAPSsubject, occasion, audience, purpose, speaker2
5971068318EthosAppeal to character3
5971068319LogosAppeal to reason through clear rational ideas, appeal to logic4
5971068320PathosAppeal to emotion5
5971068321The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clausesAnaphora6
5971068322To place two concepts, characters, ideas, or places near or next to each other so that the reader will compare and contrast themJuxtaposition7
5971068323ToneA general character or attitude of a piece of writing toward a subject or an audience8
5971068324Indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary, or political significanceAllusion9
5971068325SyntaxHow words from different parts of speech are put together in order to convey a complete thought10
5971068326Intentionally eliminating conjunctions between phrases and I. The sentence yet maintaining the grammatical accuracyAsyndeton11
5971068327Several coordinating conjunctions are used in succession in order to achieve an artistic effectPolysyndeton12
5971068328The use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same or similar in construction, sound, meaning or meterParallelism13
5971068329A number of words, usually three or more, that have the same first consonant sound, in the same sentence or phraseAlliteration14
5971068330Comparison using like or asSimile15
5971068331ComparisonMetaphor16
5971068332An arrangement of words addressing a non-existent person or an abstract idea in such a way as if it were present and capable of understanding feelingsApostrophe17
5971068333Exaggerated statements or claimsHyperbole18
5971068334Meaning that is implied by a word apart from its dictionary definitionConnotation19
5971068335Dictionary definitionDenotation20
5971068336A short and interesting story or an amusing event often proposed to support or demonstrate some pointAnecdote21
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AP Language Syntax List 2 Flashcards

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7763878982transitionlinks one example/idea to another (ex. ____; therefore, ____)0
7763901504anaphorarepetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of a sentence (must be 2x or more)1
7763910388rhetorical questionsquestions with no expected answer, used to further argument or call the audience to action2
7763920709telegraphic sentencesentence with 5 words or less, no unnecessary description, used to speed up writing (ex. I looked at his face. Then the jeep turned over.)3
7763932796periodic sentenceholds the main idea until the end of the sentence (ex. Because she knows the filing system well, has more experience, and is available, Sarah will be in charge next week.)4
7763951171cumulative sentencestarts with main idea followed with details or reasons (ex. He was offered a sponsorship because ______)5
7763969721tricolon3 parts: sentence with 3 distinct parts (ex. "I came; I saw; I conquered.")6
7763980898polysyndetonX and Y and Z, all hold equal value, joins words in a series with conjunction7
7763996643pacingspeed of a piece; short sentences speed up, long sentences with descriptions slow down8
7764012995inversionreverse the normal word order (ex. Sober she was not)9
7764018062syntactic fluencyvariety of sentence structures and lengths done effectively and well10
7764024507syntactic permutationwriting that is difficult to follow11
7764026443freight trainindependent clauses joined together with a conjunction, usually 'and'12
7764033928parallelism/parallel structuresame form throughout, list (ex. We were eating, drinking, and talking.)13
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AP Language Vocab List 4 Flashcards

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9236392478Adroit(adj) skillful0
9236393153Brevity(n) The quality of being brief1
9236393731Decorum(n) Dignified, correct behavior2
9236395946Err(v) to make a mistake3
9236396664Obsolete(adj) no longer relevant4
9236396665Pontificate(v) to speak pompously or dogmatically5
9236397287Reticent(adj) Restrained, shy6
9236398093Tirade(n) Stream of verbal abuse7
9236398094Adulation(n) worship, strong admiration8
9236399174Bristle(v) to show irritation, cringe9
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AP Language Purpose Flashcards

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8217540113Anecdotea short and interesting story, or an amusing event, often proposed to support or demonstrate some point, and to make the audience laugh.0
8217540114Allegorya story with (count 'em) two levels of meaning. First, there's the surface of the story. You know, the characters and plot and all that obvious stuff. Then there's the symbolic level, or the deeper meaning that all the jazz on the surface represents.a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true.1
8227214202Satirea literary work holding up human vices and follies to ridicule or scorn.2
8227218173Deductive reasoninga logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true.3
8227218174Inductive reasoningderived using facts and instances which lead to the formation of a general opinion. Though all the facts upon which the conclusion is based are true, there is still a chance of the conclusion reached being false.4
8227223144Syllogisma rhetorical device that starts an argument with a reference to something general and from this it draws conclusion about something more specific.5
8227225727Juxtapositiona literary technique in which two or more ideas, places, characters and their actions are placed side by side in a narrative or a poem for the purpose of developing comparisons and contrasts.6
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AP Language Tone Flashcards

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8238105946Didacticintended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive.0
8238107588Sardonicgrimly mocking or cynical.1
8238107589Pedanticdescribes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or. bookish.2
8238109858Bombasticpompous and inflated and suggests extravagant verbal padding and little substance3
8238109859Ambiguitylead to vagueness and confusion, and shape the basis for instances of unintentional humor.4
8238112707Colloquialconversational, informal refer to types of speech or to usages not on a formal level.5
8238112708Tritelacking in freshness or effectiveness because of constant use or excessive repetition6
8238114663Melancholyovercome in sorrow, wrapped up in sorrowful thoughts.7
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AP Language and Composition Unit 8 Vocabulary Test Flashcards

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7738300467Rhetoricthe art of speaking or writing effectively: such as a :the study of principles and rules of composition formulated by critics of ancient times b :the study of writing or speaking as a means of communication or persuasion0
7738311646Rhetor(in ancient Greece and Rome) a teacher of rhetoric.1
7738346450Trilogy of RhetoricPersuasive appeals use by Aristotle2
7738367962Ethos(in ancient Greece and Rome) a teacher of rhetoric.3
7738387176Logosthe divine wisdom manifest in the creation, government, and redemption of the world and often identified with the second person of the Trinity4
7739472913Pathosan element in experience or in artistic representation evoking pity or compassion5
7739482851Allusionan implied or indirect reference especially in literature a poem that makes allusions to classical literature6
7739495355Ambiguitya word or expression that can be understood in two or more possible ways7
7739510598Amplificationthe particulars by which a statement is expanded8
7739521428Anaphorarepetition of a word or expression at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, sentences, or verses especially for rhetorical or poetic effect9
7739538285Aphorisma concise statement of a principle10
7739553368Ayndetonthe omission or absence of conjunctions11
7739575634Antithesisthe rhetorical contrast of ideas by means of parallel arrangements of words, clauses12
7739603564Balanced sentencesentence made up of two parts that employs parallel structure13
7739618513Chiasmusan inverted relationship between the syntactic elements of parallel phrases14
7739659254Diatribeironic or satirical criticism15
7739696159Didacticintended to convey instruction and information as well as pleasure and entertainment16
7739708493Complex sentenceA sentence containing a subordinate clause or clauses.17
7742528407Compound sentenceA sentence with more than one subject or predicate18
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