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AP Language Vocabulary Unit 3 Flashcards

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5643929662Ubiquitous(Adj) Existing or being everywhere Ex. This summer, ticks were ____, making Lyme disease a real threat.0
5643929663Transient(Adj.) Not lasting or permanent Ex. Many people go through ____ periods of unemployment.1
5643929664Tenuous(Adj.) Thin or slender inform; having little substance or strength Ex. The mom considered her son's excuse to be ____.2
5643929665Litany(N.) A recitation or recital that resembles a prayer or repetitive chant Ex. When I got home after curfew, my mom began a ____ of complaints against my recent behavior.3
5643929666Enervate(V.) To weaken Ex. His argument was ____ by his tone.4
5643929667Exacerbate(V.) To aggravate or make worse Ex. Her pain was ____ by movement.5
5643929668Exculpate(V.) To free from blame Ex. The jury may have ____ her, but not the court of public opinion.6
5643929669Fidelity(N.) Strict observance of promises; loyalty Ex. The knights had to swear an oath of ____ to King Arthur.7
5643929670Foster(V.) To nourish; encourage Ex. Through her personal stories and humor, Amelia ____ a sense of trust with her audience.8
5643929671Forbearance(N.) A refraining from something Ex. It took all of my ____ not to smack her in the face when she accused me of stealing the diamonds.9
5643929672Ascribe(V.) To attribute to; to assign Ex. When quoting a source, it is improper to ____ words to the wrong person.10
5643929673Authenticate(V.) To prove genuine Ex. The police were able to ____ the alibi.11
5643929674Missive(N.) A written message; letter Ex. On my birthday I received a ____ from my mother telling me how proud she was of me.12
5643929675Mores(N.) Ways and attitudes accepted without question and embodying the fundamental morals views of group Ex. Some ____ should not be followed blindly, especially if they cause harm or are unfair.13
5643929676Pastiche(N.) A musical, literary, or artistic competition made up of selections from other works Ex. While a synthesis essay may appear to be a ____, it should ultimately arrive at a new insight14
5643929677Pontificate(V.) To speak with pompous authority Ex. She ____ for hours about the right way to cook lasagna.15
5643929678Prevaricate(V.) To lie Ex. Amy made sure to cite several sources so readers would not think she ____ about her statistics.16
5643929679Repudiate(V.) To deny; refuse to accept; disown Ex. The defendant ____ the prosecutor's claims.17
5643929680Ruminate(V.) To contemplate at length Ex. Before she made her final college choice, Theresa ____ for weeks.18
5643929681Verbatim(Adj.) Corresponding word for word in a text Ex. Copying ____ from a resource is one form of plagiarism.19
5643929682Acuity(N.) Perceptiveness Ex. Erin's ____ as a writer makes her imagery particularly poignant.20
5643929683Adage(N.) A wise saying/proverb Ex. I've always remembered the old ____ about the early bird getting the worm.21
5643929684Behemoth(N.) A huge creature Ex. Your 10 page paper might feel like the ____ of all papers, but in the grand scheme of things it's really not that long.22
5643929685Certitude(N.) Certainty Ex. With the ____ of age, the grandfather confidently gave advice to the children.23
5643929686Impunity(N.) Exemption from punishment Ex. If you plagiarize, do not expect to earn ____; you will be caught and punished.24
5643929687Microcosm(N.) A little world Ex. Many say that high school is a ____ of the real world; working hard in both will lead to success25
5643929688Nicety(N.) A delicate or fine point Ex. I wasn't confident on the ____ of formal dining, so I wasn't sure which fork to use.26
5643929689Remuneration(N.) Reward; pay Ex. The coach deserved ____ for all the hours of extra time he put into the team.27
5643929690Trepidation(N.) Tremulous fear or agitation Ex. With great ____, she opened the door to the supposedly haunted house.28
5643929691Vanguard(N.) The forefront of any movement Ex. Perhaps the Beatles were so successful because they were the ____ of a new generation of rock and roll.29
5643929692Accost(V.) To approach and speak to in a challenging and aggressive way Ex. He didn't mean to ____ his sister, but he did want to make his opinion known.30
5643929693Allege(V.) To state without proof Ex. Police ____ that Nelson stole the vehicle prior to shooting the bystander.31
5643929694Broach(V.) To bring up Ex. The speaker didn't ____ the subject until the last part of his speech.32
5643929695Capitulate(V.) To surrender, usually after negotiation Ex. The teacher refused to _____, so the due date remained Friday.33
5643929696Censure(V.) To blame; criticize Ex. The board voted to ____ the employee for unbecoming behavior.34
5643929697Duplicity(N.) Speaking or acting in two different ways Ex. Angela's ____ was annoying and harmful to her friends.35
5643929698Galvanize(V.) To stimulate or excite as if by electric shock Ex. Her inflammatory language ____ her audience into a chorus of booing.36
5643929699Paucity(N.) Smallness of quantity; scarcity Ex. The day of Thanksgiving there was a ____ of turkeys at the grocery store.37
5643929700Preponderance(N.) Superiority in weight, power, numbers Ex. The ____ of evidence against her unfortunately suggests that she committed the crime.38
5643929701Tangential(Adj.) Merely touching; slightly connected, peripheral, incidental Ex. The scenes inside the jail were ____ to the real plot of The Killing.39
5643929702Bias(N.) A preference or prejudice Ex. Callen showed extreme ____ toward cats, but Kensi denied that she was ____ toward the felines.40
5643929703Circumvent(V.)-To go around; avoid Ex. In his speech, Edward ____ the real issue.41
5643929704Condone(V.) To give silent approval to; to overlook or excuse Ex. Here at HHS, we do not ___ plagiarism.42
5643929705Conjecture(N.) A conclusion deduced by surmise or guesswork Ex. Sherlock Holmes thought he knew who the thief was, but until he found proof, his theory was mere ____.43
5643929706Effrontery(N.) Shameless or impudent boldness Ex. I couldn't believe the ____ Charles showed when he challenged the judge.44
5643929707Equivocate(V.) To avoid commitment, often through evasive language Ex. During the debate, the politician ____ when challenged about gay marriage.45
5643929708Incongruous(Adj.) Out of keeping or place; inappropriate; unbecoming Ex. Calvin's behavior was ____ with what was expected of him.46
5643929709Lucid(Adj.) Easily understood; completely intelligible Ex. Dylan wasn't completely ____ after surgery.47
5643929710Unassailable(Adj.) Not subject to denial or dispute Ex. Sheri's argument was ____, so Conner could not argue against her.48
5643929711Virulent(Adj.) Actively poisonous; intensely harmful Ex. Last year's influenza was a particularly ____ strain.49
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AP Language Rhetorical Terms Flashcards

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6563851396dissonanceharsh, inharmonious, or discordant sounds0
6563851397ellipisthe omission of a word or phrase which is grammatically necessary but can be deduced from the context ("Some people prefer; others, dogs")1
6563851398epitheta term used to point out a characteristic of a person. Homeric epithets are often compound adjectives ("swift-footed Achilles") that become an almost formulaic part of a name. Epithets can be abusive or offensive but are not so by definition . For example, athletes may be proud of their given epithets ("The Rocket").2
6563851399euphemisman indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant.3
6563851400exclamatory Sentencea sentence expressing strong feeling, usually punctuated with an exclamation mark.4
6563851401figurative Languagelanguage employing one or more figures of speech (simile, metaphor, imagery, etc.)5
6563851402litotesa type of understatement in which an idea is expressed by negating its opposite6
6563851403malapropismthe mistaken substitution of one word for another word that sounds similar7
6563851404maxima concise statement, often offering advice; an adage8
6563851405metaphora direct comparison of two different things9
6563851406metonymysubstituting the name of an object for another object closely associated with it10
6563851407moodthe emotional atmosphere of a work11
6563851408non sequituran inference that does not follow logically from the premises12
6563851409sarcasmharsh, cutting language or tone intended to ridicule13
6563851410satirethe use of humor to emphasize human weaknesses or imperfections in social institutions14
6563851411similea comparison of two things using "like," "as," or other specifically comparative words15
6563851412simple Sentencea sentence consisting of one independent clause and no dependent clause16
6563851413structurethe arrangement or framework of a sentence, paragraph, or entire work17
6563851414stylethe choices a writer makes; the combination of distinctive features of a literary work18
6563851415syllepsisa construction in which one word is used in two different senses19
6563851416synecdocheusing one part of an object to represent the entire object20
6563851417onomatopoeiaa word formed from the imitation of natural sounds21
6563851418oxymoronan expression in which two words that contradict each other are joined22
6563851419paradoxan apparently contradictory statement that actually contains some truth23
6563851420parallelismthe use of corresponding grammatical or syntactical forms24
6563851421pathosthe quality in a work that prompts the reader to feel pity25
6563851422pedanticcharacterized by an excessive display of learning or scholarship26
6563851423personificationendowing non-human objects or creatures with human qualities or characteristics27
6563851424polysyndetonthe use, for rhetorical effect, of more conjunctions than is necessary or natural28
6563851425puna play on words, often achieved through the use of words with similar sounds but different meanings29
6563851426rhetoricthe art of presenting ideas in a clear, effective, and persuasive manner30
6563851427rhetorical Questiona question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer31
6563851428synesthesiadescribing one kind of sensation in terms of another32
6563851429syntaxthe manner in which words are arranged into sentences33
6563851430thesisthe primary position taken by a writer or speaker34
6563851431tonethe attitude of the writer, usually implied, toward the subject or audience35
6563851432understatementthe deliberate representation of something lesser in magnitude than it actually is; a deliberate under-empahsis36
6563851433flashbackthe insertion of an earlier event into the normal chronological order of a narrative37
6563851434foreshadowingthe presentation of material in such a way that the reader is prepared for what is to come later in the work38
6563851435hubrisexcessive pride or arrogance that results in the downfall of the protagonist of a tragedy39
6563851436hyperboleintentional exaggeration to create an effect40
6563851437hypothetical questiona question that raises a hypothesis, conjecture, or supposition41
6563851438idioman expression in a given language that cannot be understood from the literal meaning of the words in the expression42
6563851439imagerythe use of figures of speech to create vivid images that appeal to one of the senses43
6563851440inferencea conclusion on draws based on premises or evidence44
6563851441invectivean intensely vehement, highly emotional verbal attack45
6563851442ironythe use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning; or, incongruity between what is expected and what actually occurs46
6563851443jargonthe specialized language or vocabulary of a particular group or profession47
6563851444juxtapositionplacing two elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast48
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AP Language Vocabulary Unit 12 Flashcards

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5301288149EmbellishTo decorate; elaborate0
5301288492EmbroilTo involve in a quarrel1
5301288782EmulateTo try to equal or surpass2
5301288783EnervateTo weaken; to lessen the strength of3
5301289302EngenderTo cause, produce, or bring into being4
5301289640EnhanceTo add to; to make greater in value5
5301289849EnigmaA puzzle; a baffling situation6
5301290249EphemeralLasting for only a short time7
5301290666EquanimityEvenness of temper8
5301290908EquivocateTo use double meanings in order to mislead; to be shifty/ambiguous9
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Terminology for AP Language and Composition Flashcards

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7088123632Alliterationthe repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables0
7088124160Allusionan indirect reference, often to another text or an historic event1
7088125211Analogyan extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things2
7088128641Anaphorathe repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses3
7088129004Anecdotea short account of an interesting event4
7088130286Annotationexplanatory or critical notes added to a text5
7088132343Antecedentthe noun to which a later pronoun refers6
7088135787Antimetabolethe repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast7
7088138095Antithesisparallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas8
7088140059Aphorisma short, astute statement of a general truth9
7088140336Appositivea word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun10
7088143696Archaic dictionthe use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language11
7088144537ArgumentA statement put forth and supported by evidence12
7088145500Aristotelian triangleA diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see rhetorical triangle)13
7088147449AssertionAn emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument14
7088148188AssumptionA belief or statement taken for granted without proof. Asyndeton: Leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses15
7088149256AttitudeThe speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone16
7088150747AudienceOne's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed17
7088151255AuthorityA reliable, respected source—someone with knowledge18
7088151667BiasPrejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue19
7088152560CiteIdentifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source20
7088153561ClaimAn assertion, usually supported by evidence.21
7088154305Close readingA careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text.22
7088154829Colloquial/ismAn informal or conversational use of language23
7088156479Common groundShared beliefs, values, or positions24
7088157096Complex sentenceA sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause25
7088157772ConcessionA reluctant acknowledgment or yielding.26
7088158264ConnotationThat which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning (see denotation)27
7088158923ContextWords, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning28
7088159426CoordinationGrammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but.29
7088159840CounterargumentA challenge to a position; an opposing argument30
7088160722Cumulative sentenceAn independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail31
7088161400Declarative sentenceA sentence that makes a statement.32
7088162338DeductionReasoning from general to specific33
7088164398DenotationThe literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition34
7088164971Dictionword choice35
7088165943DocumentationBibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing.36
7088166311ElegiacMournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone37
7088168003EpigramA brief witty statement38
7088168629EthosA Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos)39
7088169147Figurative languageThe use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect40
7088169736Figure of speechAn expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning41
7088170077HyperboleExaggeration for the purpose of emphasis42
7088170592ImageryVivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing)43
7088172623Imperative sentenceA sentence that requests or commands44
7088173933InductionReasoning from specific to general45
7088175083InversionA sentence in which the verb precedes the subject46
7088175951IronyA contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result47
7088176194JuxtapositionPlacement of two things side by side for emphasis48
7088176965LogosA Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos)49
7088178122MetaphorA figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison50
7088179393MetonymyUse of an aspect of something to represent the whole51
7088179799OccasionAn aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing52
7088180775OxymoronA figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms.53
7088181810ParadoxA statement that seems contradictory but is actually true.54
7088183321ParallelismThe repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns55
7088183623ParodyA piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule56
7088184192PathosA Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos)57
7088184617PersonaThe speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing.58
7088185265PersonificationAssigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects.59
7088188078PolemicAn argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion.60
7088188396PolysyndetonThe deliberate use of a series of conjunctions.61
7088189151Premisemajor, minor Two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise62
7088191121PropagandaA negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information.63
7088193299PurposeOne's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.64
7088194246RefuteTo discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument.65
7088194830RhetoricThe study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion."66
7088195564Rhetorical modesPatterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation.67
7088195983Rhetorical questionA question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer68
7088196455Rhetorical triangleA diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian triangle)69
7088197100SatireAn ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it70
7088197790SchemeA pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect71
7088198137Sentence patternsThe arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions—such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex72
7088198962Sentence varietyUsing a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect.73
7088199652SimileA figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things74
7088200947Simple sentenceA statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause75
7088201569SourceA book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information76
7088202084SpeakerA term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing77
7088203292Straw manA logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position78
7088203751StyleThe distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech79
7088204422SubjectIn rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing80
7088205180Subordinate clauseCreated by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause81
7088205784SubordinationThe dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence.82
7088206552SyllogismA form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise (see premise; major, and minor)83
7088207154Syntaxsentence structure84
7088208074SynthesizeCombining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex85
7088208807ThesisThe central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer.86
7088210993Thesis statementA statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit.87
7088211498ToneThe speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience.88
7088212090Topic sentenceA sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis89
7088212465TropeArtful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech90
7088212844UnderstatementLack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect91
7088213706VoiceIn grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing92
7088214405ZeugmaA construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs—often in different, sometimes incongruent ways—two or more words in a sentence93
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Ap human geo: language Flashcards

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8720170961Afro AsiaticLanguage family of Arabic & Hebrew0
8720174214Agriculture TheoryClaims that the origin of Indo - European is Anatolia1
8720179763Lingua FrancaLanguage used to communicate quickly & efficiently; often for trade2
8720193969AcculturationThe adoption of cultural traits like language by 1 group under the influence of another3
8720200836Dialectspecific variations of a language4
8720204449Conquest Theoryclaims that the origin of indo - european is north of Black Sea5
8720212344language branchsub level of a language family ex: Germanic branch of indo european family6
8720233609language familycollection of many languages coming from the same original tongue ex: indo european family7
8720245559languagea system of communication through the use of speech, signs, gestures, marks, or vocal sounds8
8720254930Received Pronunciationthe acceptable form of a given language by political or societal leaders9
8720269212Hindithe most widely spoken language in India; not an official language of the UN10
872027707410 Most Widely Spoken Languages (in order)Chinese Spanish English Hindi Arabic Portugese Bengali Russian Japanese Punjabi/Lahnda11
8720292696Isolated Languagea language unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any language family ex: Basque, Korean, Burushaski, Icelandic12
8720308717Hybrid LanguageFranglais, Denglish13
8720314853Revived LanguageInukitut, Irish Gaelic14
8720329165Extinct LanguageHieroglyphics, Gothic15
8720332348Altaic Language FamilyAzerbaijani, Turkish16
8720339817Niger Congo Language FamilyIgbo, Yoruba17
8720343163Austronesian Language FamilyMalay, Javanese18
8720347365Dravidian Language FamilyTamil, Telugu19
8720354525Africamost linguistically diverse continent20
8720358477CanadaBilingual country21
8720361838Nigeriamultilingual country22
8720373564North Africalanguages are most likely part of Afro Asiatic family23
8720381150Southeast Asialanguages are most likely part of Sino - Tibetan family24
8720388331Belgium language conflictDutch in the north, French in the south has contributed to a lack of national unity25
8720398700Galicians, Catalonians, Basquesethnic groups within Spain seeking their own independent state26
8720409914Latin based romance languagesSpanish, French, Romaninan, Portugese, Spanish27
8720415216Anglo Saxon Germangreatest impact on development of English language28
8720419697Arabicspread globally as a result of the diffusion of religion29
8720426423Isoglossa boundary between language zones30
8720430198Official Languagesare used by the governments for use in its daily business31
8720433493Chinesewritten ideographically32
8720441057Language extinctionincreased because of globalization, colonialism. its rates are accerlerating; language revival has been a reaction to the increasing rate of extinction33
8720460731Pidgin LanguagesLimited vocab, nobody's 1st language, few if any grammar rules, a simplified language based on 2 seperate languages34
8720520669Creole Languageis a pidgin language that evolved to become a group's 1st language35
8720537933A problem with ideographic writing systems isto be literate, a person must memorize thousands of symbols36
8720542791Abjadsarabic & hebrew37
8720546047AlphabetsSets of letters latin, cyrilic, greek38
8720551309abugidaswriting system in which the main element is the syllable ex: Hindi, Thai, Nepalese39
8720569725Language Divergencelatin language diffused throughout the roman empire & evolved into 20 different distinct languages40
8720583516UN official languagesArabic, chinese, english, french, russian, spanish41
8720594309Patoisany nonstandard language or dialect ex: former colonies blending indigenous w/ colonizers42
8720600947Linguistic regionsregion of the world where a specific language is spoken (formal regions)43
8720620992Language Replacementthe main threat to language groups is when another language through conquest, colonialism, globalization, etc replaces the language leading to endangerment or even extinction44
8720610694Noah Webstercreated 1st American dictionary in 180645
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Terminology for AP Language and Compostition Flashcards

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4726590276alliterationthe repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables0
4726591284allusionan indirect reference, often to another text or a historic event1
4726591801analogyan extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things2
4726592801anaphorathe repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses3
4726593862anecdotea short amount of an interesting event4
4726594256annotationexplanatory or critical notes added to a text5
4726594585antecedentthe noun to which a later pronoun refers6
4726595702antimetabolethe repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast7
4726596396antithesisparallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas8
4726601174aphorisma short, astute statement of a general truth9
4726603309appositivea word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun10
4726603812archaic dictionthe use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language11
4726605620argumenta statement put forth and supported by evidence12
4726606240aristotelian trianglea diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see rhetorical triangle)13
4726607730assertionan emphatic statement; declaration. an assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument14
4726608352assumptiona belief or statement taken for granted without proof15
4726608620asyndetonleaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses16
4726608972attitudethe speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone17
4726609312audienceone's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed18
4726615601authoritya reliable, respected source-someone with knowledge19
4726621706biasprejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue20
4726624147citeidentifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source21
4726625404claiman assertion, usually supported by evidence22
4726625754close readinga careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text23
4726640437colloquial/isman informal or conversational use of language24
4731082554common groundshared beliefs, values, or positions25
4731082848complex sentencea sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause26
4731083811concessiona reluctant acknowledgement or yielding27
4731084631connotationthat which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning (see denotation)28
4731085555contextwords, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning29
4731087630coordinationgrammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but30
4731089750counterargumenta challenge to a position; an opposing argument31
4731091792cumulative sentencean independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail32
4731093814declarative sentencea sentence that makes a statement33
4731094134deductionreasoning from general to specific34
4731094423denotationthe literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition35
4731094690dictionword choice36
4731094962documentationbibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing37
4731095522elegiacmournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone38
4731096286epigrama brief witt statement39
4731096473ethosa Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos)40
4731097644figurative languagethe use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect41
4731099198figure of speechan expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning42
4731100085hyperboleexaggeration for the purpose of emphasis43
4731100522imageryvivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing)44
4731104738imperative sentencea sentence that requests or commands45
4731105204inductionreasoning from specific to general46
4731105760inversiona sentence in which the verb precedes the subject47
4731112787ironya contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result48
4731115180juxtapositionplacement of two things side by side for emphasis49
4731116063logosa Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos)50
4731118439metaphora figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison51
4731120969metonymyuse of an aspect of something to represent the whole52
4731123230occasionan aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing53
4731127829oxymorona figure of speech that combines two contradictory but is actually true54
4731130611paradoxa statement that seems contradictory but is actually true55
4731131875parallelismthe repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns56
4731133172parodya piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or riducle57
4731134217pathosa Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos)58
4731138271personathe speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a ice of writing59
4731140412personificationassigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects60
4731140709polemican argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion61
4731142264polysyndetonthe deliberate use of a series of conjunctions62
4731144234premise: major, minortwo parts of a syllogism. the concluding sentence of asyllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise63
4731147114major premiseall mammals are warm-blooded64
4731148349minor premiseall horses are mammals65
4731149196conclusionall horses are warm-blooded (see syllogism)66
4731150240propagandaa negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information67
4731151556purposeone's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing68
4731157963refuteto discredit and argument, particularly a counterargument69
4731158503rhetoricthe study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion"70
4731159481rhetorical modespatterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation71
4731163923rhetorical questiona question asked more to produce an effect than to summon and answer72
4731168199rhetorical trianglea diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian triangle)73
4731169467satireAn ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it.74
4731169881schemeA pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect75
4731170322sentence patternsThe arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions—such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.76
4731170921sentence varietyUsing a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect.77
4731171322simileA figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things.78
4731171693simple sentenceA statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause.79
4731172132sourceA book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information.80
4731172505speakerA term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing.81
4731172793straw manA logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position.82
4731173409styleThe distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech.83
4731174511subjectIn rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing.84
4731174858subordinate clauseCreated by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause.85
4731175289subordinationThe dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence.86
4731175671syllogismA form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise (see premise; major, and minor).87
4731176099syntaxsentence structure88
4731176638synthesizeCombining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex.89
4731177001thesisthe central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer90
4731177379thesis statementA statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit.91
4731177671tonethe speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience92
4731178357topic sentenceA sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis.93
4731179028tropeArtful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech.94
4731180675understatementLack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect.95
4731180676voiceIn grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.96
4731181105zeugmaA construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs—often in different, sometimes incongruent ways—two or more words in a sentence.97
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Rhetorical Devices - AP Language Flashcards

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7737135810chiasmusthe repetition of ideas in inverted order; the repetition of grammatical structures in inverted order. "Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country."0
7737135811antithesisjuxtoposition of contrasting words or ideas (often, but not always, in parallel structure) "Patience is bitter, but it has a sweet fruit." "That's one small step for (a) man, one giant leap for mankind." --Neil Armstrong "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times" --Charles Dickens1
7737135812epistropheending a series of lines, phrases, clauses or sentences with the same word or words. "Where now? Who now? When now?" --Samuel Beckett "And that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth." --Abraham Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address"2
7737135813anaphoraRepetition of the same word to groups of words at the beginnings of successive phrases. ¨We shall not flag or fail. We shall go to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and the oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend out island... we shall never surrender.¨3
7737135815synecdochethe substitution of a part for a whole; calling something by just one of its component parts "gray beard" for an old man "boots" for soldiers ("boots on the ground") "Coke" for any carbonated soft drink (Southern synecdoche!)4
7737135816metonymythe substitution of some attribute or suggestive word for what is actually meant. The word we use to describe another thing is closely linked to that particular thing, but is not necessarily a part of it (so it's NOT synecdoche). "Let me give you a hand" (hand means help) "The pen is mightier than the sword" (written words over violent force) "crown" as a substitute for a king or queen ("British citizens are under the authority of the crown")5
7737190179AsyndetonDeliberate exclusion of conjunctions between a series of words, phrases, or clauses. ¨I came, I saw, I conquered.¨ ¨Dogs, distinguishable in mire. Horses, scarcely better--splashed to their very blinkers. Foot passengers, jostling one another´s umbrellas, in a general infection of ill temper...¨ ¨..that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet an hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.¨6
7737249350PolysyndetonDeliberate use of many conjunctions (does not involve exclusion, but is grouped with its opposite, asyndeton.) ¨I sad, ´who killed him?´ and he said, ´I don´t know who killed him but hes dead all right,´ and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights or windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Key and she was all right only she was full of water.¨7
7737332700Isocolona scheme of parallel structure that occurs when the parallel elements are similar not only in grammatical structure but also in length (number of words or even number of syllables.) ¨His purpose was to impress the ignorant, to perplex the dubious, and to confound the scrupulous.¨ ¨An envious heart makes a treacherous ear.¨8
7737365856ParralelismSimilarity of structure in a pair of series of related words, phrases, or clauses. ¨...for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, out fortunes, our sacred honor.¨ ¨We have seen the state of our union in the endurance of rescuers, working past exhaustion. We have seen the unfurling of flags, the lighting of candles, the giving of blood, the saying of prayers-- in English, Hebrew, and Arabic.¨9
7852101327EpanalepsisRepetition of the same word or words at both beginning and ending of a phrase, clause, or sentence. "Nothing is worse than doing nothing." "A minimum wage that is not a livable wage can never be a minimum wage."10
7852114590Oxymoronthe joining of two terms which are ordinary contradictory. "Jumbo Shrimp." "Cruel Kindness."11
7852133874AllusionA direct or indirect reference to something in which is presumable commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion. "He was destined to fail." "He always flew too close to the sun."12
7852156999ColloquialThe use of slang or in formalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone.13
7852168247EuphemismFrom the greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitiute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. "Passed away" instead of "died." "Earthly remains" instead of "corpse."14
7852182507UnderstatementThe ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole. Tis but a scratch," the knight says. Moments later, when the knight loses his other arm to Arthur's sword, he tells his competitor that it's "just a flesh wound," and that he has "had worse."15
8028318148AntanaclasisRepetition of a word or phrase whose meaning changes in the second instance. "Your argument is sound, nothing but sound." "If we don't hang together, we'll hang separately." "If you aren't fired with enthusiasm, you will be fired with enthusiasm."16
8028374926PersonificationInvesting abstractions or inanimate objects with human qualities. "The night comes crawling in on all fours." "Once again, the heart of America is heavy. The spirit of America weeps for a tragedy that denies the very meaning of our land."17
8028446992HyperboleThe use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect. "It rained for four years, eleven months, and two days." "We walked along a road in Cumberland and stooped, because the sky hung so low."18
8028509298LitotesFigure of speech and a form of understatement in which a sentiment is expresses ironically by negating it's contrary. "It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain." "For four generations we've been making medicines as if people's lives depended on them."19
8028573894ParadoxAn apparently contradictory statement that nevertheless contains a measure of truth. "And yet, it was a strangely satisfying experience for an invisible man to hear the silence of sound." "Art is a form of lying in order to tell the truth." "Whoever loses his life, shall find it." "The golden rule is that there are no golden rules."20
8028632007Allegory"The device of using a character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. An allegory is a work that conveys a hidden meaning—usually moral, spiritual, or political—through the use of symbolic characters and events. "Animal Farm is a political allegory." Ask teacher for another example!!21
8028666115AnalogyA similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out it's similarity to something more familiar. "Getting politicians to agree is like herding cats." "Voting against affirmative action is like voting for slavery."22
8028713983Extended MetaphorA metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout work. "Life is like eating a grapefruit. First, one breaks its skin; then one takes a few bites to get used to its taste, and finally one starts enjoying its flavor." "Life is a highway that takes us through green pastures, vast deserts, and rocky mountains."23
8028753935PunA play on words in which a humorous effect is produced by using a word that suggests two or more meanings or by exploiting similar sounding words having different meanings. ""You can tune a guitar, but you can't tuna fish. Unless of course, you play bass." "Why can a man never starve in the Great Desert? Because he can eat the sand which is there."24
8028786968JuxtapositionOccurs when an author places 2 things side by side as a way of highlighting their differences. Ideas, images, characters, and action are all things that can be juxtaposed with one another.25
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Language // AP Psychology Flashcards

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8667633606Languagemeans of communication0
8667633621Phonemessmallest unit of sounds in language; in every language; Ex: "th" and "b"1
866765019940about the number of phonemes in English language2
8667643076Morphemessmallest unit of MEANINGFUL sound in language; in every language; Ex: words like "a" or "but" or prefixes and suffixes3
8667658470Grammarrules of a language4
8667660491Syntax (Grammar)order of words in a language; Ex: English vs. Spanish syntax5
8667666569Social Learning Theorybaby may imitate parent; watching and learning a language from someone else -if reinforced to say words, the will continue to say them -if punished when saying words, they will stop saying them6
8667679108B.F. Skinnercreator of Social Learning Theory; from Behaviorist School7
8667684040Chomsky's Theory / Nativist Theorylearn language too quickly for it to be through reinforcement and punishment; learn language at an early age; older we get, the harder it is to learn a new language8
8667699603Inborn Universal Language Acquisition Devicepart of Chomsky's Theory9
8667704322Whorf's Linguistic Relativitylanguage determines the way we think; Ex: Hope tribe has no form of past tense in language, so they don't think in the past10
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AP English Language and Composition Flashcards

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4747364159AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning.0
4747364160AlliterationThe repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words.1
4747364161AllusionA direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art.2
4747364162AmbiguityThe multiple meanings, either intention or unintentional, or a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.3
4747364163AnalogyA similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy Can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar.4
4747364164AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause refers to by a pronoun.5
4747364165AntithesisThe opposition or contrast of ideas.6
4747364166AphorismA terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle.7
4747364167ApostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer.8
4747364168AtmosphereThe emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work , established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described.9
4747364169CaricatureA verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics.10
4747364170ClauseA grammatical unit that contains both a subject and verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause, cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause.11
4747364171Colloquial/colloquialismThe use of slang or informalities in speech or writing.12
4747364172ConceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. A conceit displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made.13
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Language and Composition AP Vocabulary Words Flashcards

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6011109159AcerbicSharp0
6011111288AmiableFriendly1
6011113103AudaciousBold2
6011115398ApatheticWithout interest3
6011119281BelligerentHostile4
6011121538BeneloventKindly5
6011129484BombasticPompous language6
6011132096CausticBurning7
6011134815CholericIrritable8
6011137022ComplacentSatisfied9
6011141049ConciliatoryReconciling10
6011143116CondesendingPatronizing11
6011145372CynicalDenying sincerity12
6011148286DidacticInstruction13
6011150456DrollOddly amusing14
6011154614FacetiousInsincere15
6011156535InsolentRude16
6011159194HistorionicOverly dramatic17
6011161869LaudatoryPraising18
6011163319ObsequiousToo willing to serve19
6011172845OminousPortending evil20
6011174643OpprobriousShaming-Abusive21
6011177768PedanticToo detailed22
6011180033PretentiousActing more important than really is23
6011185009PompousArrogant/overbearing24
6011189210ProsaicDull25
6011191513RestrainedHeld back26
6011194037RibaldVulgar27
6011197294SaccharineToo sweet28
6011197370SardonicMocking29
6011200681SnootyStuck up30
6011203671SophomoricImmature31
6011205538SurlyBad tempered32
6011207218VirtrolicBitter/hateful33
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