| 8754858331 | crop | any cultivated plant | | 0 |
| 8754861359 | agricultural revolution | time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering | | 1 |
| 8754905719 | projection | The scientific method of transferring locations on Earth's surface to a flat map | | 2 |
| 8754909985 | equal area projection | Undistorted along the equator, which is its standard parallel, but distortion rapidly increases towards he poles | | 3 |
| 8754989610 | space | geometric surface of the Earth | | 4 |
| 8754996890 | activity space | area wherein activity occurs on a daily basis | | 5 |
| 8754999781 | thinking spatially | understanding the pattern and distribution of objects and analyzing their relationships, connectedness, movement, growth, and change across the space and over time. | | 6 |
| 8755003848 | place | area of bounded space of some human importance | | 7 |
| 8755013917 | toponym | place name | | 8 |
| 8755021093 | scale | relationship of an object or place to the Earth as a whole | | 9 |
| 8755028539 | map scale | describes the ratio of distance on a map and distance in the real world in absolute terms | | 10 |
| 8755045366 | level of aggregation | level at which you group things together for examination | | 11 |
| 8755110319 | sequent occupancy | succession of groups and cultural influences throughout a place's history | | 12 |
| 8755130851 | types of regions | formal, functional, vernacular | | 13 |
| 8755141643 | formal region | bounded space that possesses some homogeneous characteristic or uniformity | | 14 |
| 8755167351 | uniformity/ homogeneous characteristic | across the region there is at least one thing that is the same everywhere within the regional boundary | | 15 |
| 8755225593 | functional region/ nodal regions | areas that have a central place that is a focus or point of origin that expresses some practical purpose. | | 16 |
| 8755265599 | environmental regions are boundaries are... | transitional and measurable | | 17 |
| 8755272943 | bioregions/ biomes/ ecotone | environmental transition sone between two bioregions | | 18 |
| 8755281421 | market regions are | a type of functional region | | 19 |
| 8755291018 | vernacular regions | a distinctive area where the inhabitants collectively consider themselves interconnected by a shared history, mutual interests, and a common identity. | | 20 |
| 8754997538 | meridian | an arc drawn between the North and South Poles | | 21 |
| 8754998161 | longitude | The location of each meridian is identified on Earth's surface according to a certain numbering system | | 22 |
| 8755002954 | Greenwich Mean Time | the time at the prime meridian (0° longitude) is the matter reference time for all points on Earth. | | 23 |
| 8755009185 | geographic information science | the development and analysis of data about Earth acquired through satellite and other eletronic information technologies. | | 24 |
| 8755029833 | mashup | the practice of overlaying data from one source on top of one of the mapping services | | 25 |
| 8755030784 | place | a specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic | | 26 |
| 8755031830 | location | the position that something occupies on Earth's surface | | 27 |
| 8755034675 | site | the physical character of a place | | 28 |
| 8755056812 | basic industries | Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement | | 29 |
| 8755040360 | situation | the location of a place relative to other places | | 30 |
| 8755022542 | geographic information system | a computer system that captures, stores, queries, analyzes, and displays geographic data. | | 31 |
| 8755016422 | global positioning system | The system that accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth | | 32 |
| 8755010991 | remote sensing | The acquisition of data about Earths surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other long-distance methods | | 33 |
| 8755000945 | latitude | The numbering system to indicate the location of a parallel | | 34 |
| 8754999715 | parallel | a circe drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians. | | 35 |
| 8754996348 | relative size | One area may appear larger than another on a map, but it's actually smaller | | 36 |
| 8754988646 | Wilbur Zelinsky | Created the Demographic Transition | | 37 |
| 8770427169 | abiotic | Composed of nonliving or inorganic matter | | 38 |
| 8770429186 | acid deposition | Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted by burning fossil fuels, that enter the atmosphere-where they combine with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid-and return to Earth's surface | | 39 |
| 8770439011 | acid precipitation | Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog | | 40 |
| 8770445040 | active solar energy systems | Solar energy systems that collect energy through the use of mechanical devices such as photovoltaic cells or flat-plate collectors | | 41 |
| 8770453787 | adolescent fertility rate | The number of births per 1,000 women ages 15 to 19 | | 42 |
| 8770458342 | agnosticism | Belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists | | 43 |
| 8770460245 | agribusiness | Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations | | 44 |
| 8770474526 | agricultural density | The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture | | 45 |
| 8770477638 | agriculture | The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain | | 46 |
| 8770489326 | air pollution | Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air | | 47 |
| 8770497736 | Animism | Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life | | 48 |
| 8770504148 | annexation | Legally adding land area to a city in the United States | | 49 |
| 8770506414 | anocracy | a country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic, but rather displays a mix of the two types | | 50 |
| 8770509867 | Apartheid | Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated two different faces into different geographic areas | | 51 |
| 8770517128 | apparel | an article of clothing | | 52 |
| 8770520768 | aquaculture | The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions | | 53 |
| 8770525685 | arithmetic density | the total number of people divided by the total land area | | 54 |
| 8770528094 | asylum seeker | Someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee | | 55 |
| 8770530800 | Atheism | Belief that God doesn't exist | | 56 |
| 8770533416 | atmosphere | The thin layer of gases surrounding Earth | | 57 |
| 8770536243 | autocracy | A country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the poeple | | 58 |
| 8770539145 | autonomous religion | A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally | | 59 |
| 8770544069 | balance of power | A condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries | | 60 |
| 8770554472 | balkanization | A process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities | | 61 |
| 8770556847 | balkanized | Descriptive of a small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other | | 62 |
| 8770579551 | biochemical oxygen demand | The amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution | | 63 |
| 8770582656 | biomass fuel | Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste | | 64 |
| 8770585803 | bisophere | All living organisms on Earth, including plants and animals, as well as microorganisms | | 65 |
| 8770588553 | biotic | Composed of living organisms | | 66 |
| 8770590555 | blockbusting | A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood | | 67 |
| 8770595086 | boundary | An invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory | | 68 |
| 8770597705 | branch | A large and fundamental division within a religion | | 69 |
| 8770599220 | brain drain | Large-scale emigration by talented people | | 70 |
| 8770604101 | break-of-bulk pooint | A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another | | 71 |
| 8770605733 | breeder reactor | A nuclear power plant that creates its own fuel from plutonium | | 72 |
| 8770608723 | bulk-gaining industry | An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises of a greater volume than the inputs | | 73 |
| 8770613832 | bulk-reducing industry | An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises of a lower volume than the inputs | | 74 |
| 8770618467 | business services | Services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services | | 75 |
| 8770622754 | cartography | The science of making maps/mapmaking | | 76 |
| 8770625025 | caste | The class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned, according to religious law | | 77 |
| 8770640937 | census | A complete enumeration of a population | | 78 |
| 8770658827 | census tract | An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau pf the Census for which statistics are published; in urban areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods | | 79 |
| 8770669390 | central business distict | The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered | | 80 |
| 8770684519 | central place | A market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area | | 81 |
| 8770691465 | central place theory | A theory that explains the distribution of services based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther | | 82 |
| 8770711537 | centripetal force | An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state | | 83 |
| 8770713981 | cereal grain | A grass that yields grain for food | | 84 |
| 8770716462 | chaff | Husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing | | 85 |
| 8770719701 | chain migration | Migration of a people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there | | 86 |
| 8770726078 | chlorofluorocarbon | A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers | | 87 |
| 8770729575 | circulation | Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis | | 88 |
| 8770733994 | city | An urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit | | 89 |
| 8770739159 | city-state | A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediately surrounding countryside | | 90 |
| 8770745436 | climate | The long-term average weather condition at a particular location | | 91 |
| 8770749738 | clustered rural settlement | A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other, with fields surrounding the settlement | | 92 |
| 8770757348 | colonialism | An attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory | | 93 |
| 8770768819 | colony | A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent | | 94 |
| 8770771852 | combine | A machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field | | 95 |
| 8770775226 | combined statistical area | In the United States, two or more contiguous core based statistical areas tied together by commuting patterns | | 96 |
| 8770781193 | commercial agriculture | Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the fgarm | | 97 |
| 8770783933 | compact state | A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly | | 98 |
| 8770786614 | concentration | The spread of something over a given area | | 99 |
| 8770790239 | concentric zone model | A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings | | 100 |
| 8770792925 | connection | Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space | | 101 |
| 8770794774 | conservation | The sustainable management of a natural resource | | 102 |
| 8770797227 | consumer services | Businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and education, health, and leisure services | | 103 |
| 8770800896 | contagious diffusion | The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population. (Think disease/sickness) | | 104 |
| 8770806497 | core based statistical area | In the United States, the combination of all metropolitan statistical areas and micropolitan statistical areas | | 105 |
| 8770817672 | cosmogony | A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe | | 106 |
| 8770819711 | cottage industry | Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, commonly found prior to the Industrial Revolution | | 107 |
| 8770825811 | council of government | A cooperative agency consisting of representatives of local governments in a metropolitan area in the United States | | 108 |
| 8770834633 | counterurbanization | Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries | | 109 |
| 8770841221 | creole | A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated | | 110 |
| 8770847012 | crop rotation | The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil | | 111 |
| 8770852154 | crude birth rate | The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society | | 112 |
| 8770858337 | crude death rate | The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society | | 113 |
| 8770862433 | cultural ecology | A geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships | | 114 |
| 8770866637 | cultural landscape | The fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group | | 115 |
| 8770868517 | culture | The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group's distinct tradition | | 116 |
| 8770873786 | custom | The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act | | 117 |
| 8770884217 | demand | The quantity of something that consumers are willing and able to buy | | 118 |
| 8770886164 | democracy | A country in which citizens elect leaders and can run for office | | 119 |
| 8770891029 | demographic transition | The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth rate and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population | | 120 |
| 8770900929 | demography | The scientific study of population characteristics | | 121 |
| 8770905417 | Denglish | A combination of German and English | | 122 |
| 8770908427 | denomination | A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations into a single legal and administrative body | | 123 |
| 8770913274 | density | The frequency with which something exists with a given unit of area | | 124 |
| 8770916731 | density gradient | The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery | | 125 |
| 8770920294 | dependency ratio | The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force | | 126 |
| 8770924897 | desertification | Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. Also know as semiarid land degradation | | 127 |
| 8770932461 | developed country | A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development | | 128 |
| 8770937185 | developing country | A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development | | 129 |
| 8770940509 | development | A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology | | 130 |
| 8770944465 | dialect | A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation | | 131 |
| 8770949914 | dietary energy consumption | The amount of food that an individual consumes, measured in kilocalories (Calories in the United States) | | 132 |
| 8770952571 | diffusion | The spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time | | 133 |
| 8770955469 | dispersed rural settlement | A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages | | 134 |
| 8770958180 | distance decay | The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin | | 135 |
| 8770962021 | distribution | The arrangement of something across Earth's surface | | 136 |
| 8770971300 | double cropping | Harvesting twice a year from the same field | | 137 |
| 8770973330 | doubling time | The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase | | 138 |
| 8770976552 | Ebonics | A dialect spoken by some African Americans | | 139 |
| 8770980501 | ecology | The scientific study of ecosystems | | 140 |
| 8770982301 | economic base | A community's collection of basic industries | | 141 |
| 8770984125 | ecosystem | A group of living organisms and the abiotic spheres with which they interact | | 142 |
| 8770991547 | ecumene | The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement | | 143 |
| 8770994848 | edge city | A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area | | 144 |
| 8771004266 | elderly support ratio | The number of working-age people (ages 15-64) divided by the number of persons 65 and older | | 145 |
| 8771008862 | elongated state | A state with a long, narrow shape | | 146 |
| 8771010883 | emigration | Migration from a location | | 147 |
| 8771012065 | enclosure movement | The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century | | 148 |
| 8771030495 | environmental determinism | A nineteenth- and early twentieth-century approach to the study of geography which argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities | | 149 |
| 8771048823 | epidemiologic transition | Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition | | 150 |
| 8771062985 | epidemiology | The branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality | | 151 |
| 8771070738 | ethnic cleansing | A process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region | | 152 |
| 8771077298 | ethnic religion | A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated | | 153 |
| 8771086382 | ethnicity | Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions | | 154 |
| 8771094091 | expansion diffusion | The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in an additive process | | 155 |
| 8771095941 | extinct language | A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used | | 156 |
| 8771099419 | fair trade | An alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker-owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organization, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards | | 157 |
| 8771112836 | federal state | An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of a local government | | 158 |
| 8771117913 | female labor force participation rate | The percentage of women holding full-time jobs outside the home | | 159 |
| 8771119878 | ferrous | Metals, including iron, that are utilized in the production of iron and steel | | 160 |
| 8771121876 | filtering | A process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment | | 161 |
| 8771126271 | fission | The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy | | 162 |
| 8771130036 | floodplain | The area subject to flooding during a given number of years, according to historical trends | | 163 |
| 8771133858 | folk culture | Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups | | 164 |
| 8771139561 | food desert | an area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain | | 165 |
| 8771142009 | food security | Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life | | 166 |
| 8771149112 | forced migration | Permanent movement, usually compelled by cultural factors | | 167 |
| 8771166463 | fordist production | a form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeadtedly | | 168 |
| 8771263057 | foreign direct investment | Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country | | 169 |
| 8771301568 | fossil fuel | An energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago | | 170 |
| 8771307294 | fracking | The pumping of water at high pressure to break apart rocks in order to release natural gas | | 171 |
| 8771315182 | fragmented state | A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory | | 172 |
| 8771316609 | Franglais | A term used by French for English words that have entered the French language; a combination of *francais* and *anglais*, the French words for French and English, respectively | | 173 |
| 8771329802 | frontier | A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control | | 174 |
| 8771333421 | functional region | An area organized around a node or focal point | | 175 |
| 8771335226 | fundamentalism | Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect) | | 176 |
| 8771360105 | fusion | Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium | | 177 |
| 8771366040 | gender inequality index | A measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality | | 178 |
| 8771368958 | genocide | The mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence | | 179 |
| 8771372093 | gentrification | A process of converting an urban neighborhood from predominantly low-income, renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class, owner-occupied area | | 180 |
| 8771381650 | geothermal energy | Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks | | 181 |
| 8771387300 | gerrymandering | The process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power | | 182 |
| 8771393154 | ghetto | During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure | | 183 |
| 8771398268 | globalization | Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope | | 184 |
| 8771401072 | grain | Seed of a cereal grass | | 185 |
| 8771402201 | gravity model | A model which holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service | | 186 |
| 8771406138 | Green Revolution | Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers | | 187 |
| 8771411317 | greenbelt | A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area | | 188 |
| 8771416485 | greenhouse effect | The anticipated increase in Earth's temperature caused by carbon dioxide (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface | | 189 |
| 8771421827 | gross domestic product | the value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country | | 190 |
| 8771427191 | guest worker | A term once used for a worker who migrated to the developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs | | 191 |
| 8771431202 | habit | A repetitive act performed by a particular individual | | 192 |
| 8771433032 | hearth | The region from which innovative ideas originate | | 193 |
| 8771436457 | hierarchical diffusion | The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places | | 194 |
| 8771442231 | hierarchical religion | A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control | | 195 |
| 8771447265 | horticulture | The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers mainly for human consumption | | 196 |
| 8771451465 | housing bubble | A rapid increase in the value of houses followed by a sharp decline in their value | | 197 |
| 8771454261 | hull | The outer covering of a seed | | 198 |
| 8771455835 | Human Development Index | An indicator of the level of development for each country, constructed by the United Nations, that is based on income, literacy, education, and life expectancy | | 199 |
| 8771459462 | hydroelectric power | Power generated from moving water | | 200 |
| 8771460483 | hydrosphere | All of the water on a near Earth's surface | | 201 |
| 8771462004 | immigration | Migration to a new location | | 202 |
| 8771463664 | Industrial Revolution | A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods | | 203 |
| 8771467510 | inequality-adjusted HDI | Modification of the HDI to account for inequality within a country | | 204 |
| 8771472014 | infant mortality rate | The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year of age for every 1,000 live births in a society | | 205 |
| 8771475470 | intensive subsistence agriculture | A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expand a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land | | 206 |
| 8771479443 | internal migration | Permanent movement with a particular country | | 207 |
| 8771481027 | internally displaced person | Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border | | 208 |
| 8771483929 | International Date Line | An arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross the it head east towards America, the clock moves back 24 hours. When you go west, the calendar moves ahead one day. | | 209 |
| 8771493477 | international migration | Permanent movement from one country to another | | 210 |
| 8771495553 | interregional migration | Permanent movement from one region of a country to another | | 211 |
| 8771499169 | intervening obstacle | An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration | | 212 |
| 8771500900 | intraregional migration | Permanent movement within one region of a country | | 213 |
| 8771504760 | isogloss | A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate | | 214 |
| 8771506396 | isolated language | A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family | | 215 |
| 8771511682 | just-in time delivery | Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed | | 216 |
| 8771514227 | labor-intensive industry | An industry for which labor costs comprise a large percentage of total expenses | | 217 |
| 8771517908 | landlocked state | A state that dies bit gave a direct outlet to the sea | | 218 |
| 8771519796 | language | A system of communication through the use of speech; a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning | | 219 |
| 8771522341 | language branch | A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family | | 220 |
| 8771529483 | language family | A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history | | 221 |
| 8771532531 | language group | A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in a relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary | | 222 |
| 8771535808 | life expectancy | The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live | | 223 |
| 8771541630 | lingua franca | A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages | | 224 |
| 8771544576 | literacy rate | The percentage of a country's people who can read and write | | 225 |
| 8771546107 | literary tradition | A language that is written as well as spoken | | 226 |
| 8771547716 | lithosphere | Earth's crust and a portion of upper mantle directly below the crust | | 227 |
| 8771549485 | logogram | A symbol that represents a word rather than a sound | | 228 |
| 8771552824 | map | A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth's surface or a portion of it | | 229 |
| 8771554313 | maquiladora | A factory built by a U.S. company in Mexico near the U.S. border to take advantage of the much lower labor costs in Mexico | | 230 |
| 8771560109 | market area | The area surrounding a central place from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services | | 231 |
| 8771563757 | maternal mortality ratio | The number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births | | 232 |
| 8771568963 | Medical Revolution | Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that has diffused to the poorer countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives | | 233 |
| 8771576556 | Megalopolis | A continuous urban complex in the northeastern United States | | 234 |
| 8771579104 | mental map | A representation of a portion of Earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in the place and where the place is located | | 235 |
| 8771582662 | Meridian | An arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles | | 236 |
| 8771583606 | metropolitan statistical area | In the United States, an urbanized area of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent countries meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city | | 237 |
| 8771592292 | microfinance | Provision of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries | | 238 |
| 8771596884 | micropolitan statistical area | An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city | | 239 |
| 8771599054 | microstate | A state that encompasses a very small land area | | 240 |
| 8771600250 | migration | A form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location | | 241 |
| 8771602689 | migration transition | A change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition | | 242 |
| 8771606381 | milkshed | The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied | | 243 |
| 8771609225 | Millennium Development Goals | Eight international development goals that all members of the United Nations have agreed to achieve by 2015. | | 244 |
| 8771611701 | missionary | An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion | | 245 |
| 8771614342 | mobility | All types of movement between location | | 246 |
| 8771615306 | Monotheism | The doctrine of or belief in the existence of only one God | | 247 |
| 8771616765 | multinational state | A state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determinism that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities | | 248 |
| 8771621294 | multiethnic state | A state that contains more than one ethnicity | | 249 |
| 8771623881 | multiple nuclei model | A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activites | | 250 |
| 8771627535 | nation-state | A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality | | 251 |
| 8771630059 | nationalism | Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality | | 252 |
| 9006261931 | Von Thunen model crop zones | closer = $
closer = faster perishability |  | 253 |
| 9006265791 | Von Thunen assumptions | one market, featureless plain, 1 farmer type, 1 land type | | 254 |
| 9006268964 | What was most important to Von Thunen? | Market and Crops | | 255 |
