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APES Friedland Ch 1 Flashcards

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8738714502environmentThe sum of all the conditions surrounding us that influence life0
8738714503environmental scienceThe field of study that looks at interactions among human systems and those found in nature1
8738714504systemAny set of interacting components that infludence one another by exchanging energy or materials2
8738714505ecosystema partiular location on Earth distinguished by its mix of interacting biotic and abiotic components3
8738714506bioticliving4
8738714507abioticnonliving5
8738714508environmentalistA person who participates in environmentalism, a social movement that seeks to protect the environment through lobbying, activism, and education6
8738714509environmental studiesThe field of study that includes environmental science, environmental policy, economics, literature, and ethics among others7
8738714510ecosystem servicesThe process by which natural environments provide life-supporting resources8
8738714511environmental indicatorsSomething that describes the current state of an environmental system9
8738714512sustainabilityLiving on Earth in a way that allows humans to use its resources without depriving future generations of those resources10
8738714513biodiversityThe diversity of life forms in an environment11
8738714514speciesA group of organisms that is distinct from other groups in its morphology, behavior, or biochemical properties12
8738714515speciationThe evolution of a new species13
8738714516background extinction rateThe average rate at which species become extinct over the long term14
8738714517greenhouse gasesa gas in Earth's atmosphere that traps heat near the surface15
8738714518anthropogenicDerived from human activities16
8738714519developmentImprovement in human well-being through economic advancement17
8738714520sustainable developmentDevelopment that balances current human well-being and economic advancement with resource management for the benefit of guture generation18
8738714521biophiliaAn appreciaton of life19
8738714522ecological footprintA measure of how much an individual consumes, expressed in area of land20
8738714523scientific methodAn objective way to explore the natural world, draw inferences for it, and predict the outcome of certain events, processes, or changes21
8738714524hypothesisA testable theory or supposition about how something works22
8738714525null hypothesisA statement or idea that can be falsified, or proven wrong23
8738714526replicationThe data collection procedure of taking repeated measurements24
8738714527sample sizeThe number of times a measurement is replicated in the data collection process25
8738714528accuracyHow close a measured value is to the actual or true value26
8738714529precisionHow close the repeated measurements of a sample are to one another27
8738714530uncertaintyAn estimate of how much a measured or calculated vallue differs from a true value28
8738714531inductive reasoningThe process of making general statements from specific fats or examples29
8738714532deductive reasoningThe process of applying a general satement to specific facts or situations30
8738714533critical thinkingThe process of questioning the soure of information, considering the methods used to obtain the information, and drawing conclusions; essential to all scientific endevors31
8738714534theoryA hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested and confirmed by multiple groups of researchers and has reached wide acceptance32
8738714535control groupA set that experiences exactly the same conditions as the experimental group, except for the single variable under study33
8738714536natural experimentA natural event that acts an an experimental treatment in an ecosystem34
8738714537environmental justiceA social movement and field of study that focuses on equal enforcement of environmental laws and eliminating disparities in the exposure of environmental harm to different ethnic and socioeconomic groups within a society35
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AP Environmental Science Biomes Flashcards

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5027167973Temperate Deciduous Forest-Cool Winters, Warm Summers (Seasonal Variation) -Precipitation is relatively evenly spread throughout the year -Deciduous Trees (Oak, Beech) -Europe, China, Eastern North America -Northern Hemisphere -Good Soils0
5027167974Temperate Grassland-Cool Winters, Warm Summers (seasonal variation is more extreme than temperate deciduous forests) -Limited amount of precipitation -Frequent fires (no trees) -Also called prairie or steppe -Northern Hemisphere -North America, Middle East, Europe, Asia -Very fertile soils (used for agriculture)1
5027167975Temperate Rainforest-Cool Winters, Warm Summers (Seasonal Variation) -Large amount of precipitation (Less rain in winters) -Coniferous Trees -Provide lumber and paper -Northern Hemisphere -East coast of North America and Canada -Fertile soils that are susceptible to land slides and erosion if forests are cleared2
5027167976Tropical Rainforest-Warm all year round -Very high amount of precipitation (300-500 mm per month) -Southern Hemisphere -Central America, Africa, South America, Southeast Asia -Great Biodiversity -Poor, thin soils3
5027167977Tropical Dry Forest/Tropical Deciduous Forest-Warm all year round -Extreme wet and dry seasons -Wet summer (October to April) and dry winter (May, June, July, August, September) -Southern Hemisphere -India, Africa, South America, northern Australia -Erosion-prone soils4
5027167978Savanna (Tropical Grasslands)-Slight seasonal variation (warmer in summer) -Extreme wet and dry seasons -Wet Summer (not as wet as tropical dry forest) -Southern Hemisphere -Isolated Trees -Africa, South America, India, Australia -Zebras, Giraffes, Gazelles5
5027167979Desert-Driest Biome -Barely an rainfall -Slight seasonal variation -Saline soils -Little Vegetation -Temperatures drop at night -Northern Hemisphere -Africa, Mexico, Middle East, Asia6
5027167980Tundra-Coldest Biome -Warmer in summers, but still cold (5 degrees celsius) -Freezing in winters (-20 degrees celsius) -Northern Hemisphere -Dry -Slightly wet summers -Soil is permanently frozen (permafrost) -Also occurs as alpine tundra at the tops of mountains -Northern Europe, Northern Canada, Northern Asia, Greenland7
5027167981Boreal Forest/Taiga/Coniferous Forest-Largest Biome -Northern Hemisphere -Coniferous Trees (Pinecones) -Cold. Cooler in summers (never above 20 degrees Celsius) -Moderate Precipitation -More wet in summer than winter -Poor soils -Moose, Wolves, Lynx, Bears -Northern Europe, Canada, Northern Asia8
5027167982Chaparral-Densely thicketed -Highly seasonal -Cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers -Induced by oceanic influences -Northern Hemisphere -California, Chile, Australia -Frequent fires9
5027407392Polar grasslandAnother name for the tundra10
5027418501DeerAnimal common in the temperate deciduous forest11
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AP Tone Descriptors 2 Flashcards

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7360270082apatheticuncaring0
7360270083ambivalenthaving mixed feelings, could go either way1
7360270085Bellicoseinclined or eager to fight2
7360270087condescendingwith an air of superiority, talking down to3
7360270088contemptuouslacking respect, derisive4
7360270089causticharshly sarcastic5
7360270090cautionaryprudent forethought6
7360270093cynicaldistrustful (like Grant R.)7
7360270097didacticintending to instruct8
7360270098derisiveinsulting and condescending9
7360270103empatheticsensitivity, relating to another's emotions10
7360270104eruditescholarly11
7360270106fatuousfoolish or insane12
7360270107forthrightdirect and outspoken13
7360270116jejunevapid, uninteresting, nugatory; childish, immature, puerile14
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AP Spanish Adjective Vocabulary Flashcards

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9554477159Absurdo/aabsurd0
9554477160Agrio/asour1
9554477161Agudo/aclever/acute/sharp2
9554477162Amargo/abitter3
9554477163Analfabeto/ailliterate4
9554477164Angustiado/aanguished5
9554477165Apaciblepeaceful6
9554477166Asqueroso/agross7
9554477167Asustado/ascared8
9554477168Baboso/aslimy9
9554477169Borracho/adrunk10
9554477170Cabezón/astubborn11
9554477171Capazcapable12
9554477172Caprichoso/abratty13
9554477173Cariñoso/acaring14
9554477174Celoso/ajealous15
9554477175Ciego/ablind16
9554477176Cilíndrico/acylindrical17
9554477177Cochino/afilthy18
9554477178Comestibleedible19
9554477179Corajudocorageous20
9554477180Cortés/acourteous21
9554477181Cotidianodaily22
9554477182Crudocrude23
9554477183Chiflado/acrazy24
9554477184Chueco/acrooked25
9554477185Chulo/acocky26
9554477186Débilweak27
9554477187Embarazadapregnant28
9554477188Enamorado/ain love29
9554477189Enfadado/enojado/aangry30
9554477190Enfadoso/aannoying/tedious31
9554477191Evitableavoidable32
9554477192Ferozferocious33
9554477193Grueso/afat34
9554477194Gruñón/agrumpy35
9554477195Hermoso/abeautiful36
9554477196Hinchado/aswollen/bloated37
9554477197Ignoranteignorant38
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AP Bio Lipids Flashcards

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7347724087*lipids*macromolecule made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (CHO) that is mostly nonpolar not soluble in water;0
7397639390Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO)*elements that makeup both Carbohydrates and Lipids1
7355828106fats, oils, steroids, phospholipidsthe most important lipids2
7347782788Angelina Jolie's LIPS are filled with fat--fatty acidshow to remember fats are a kind of lipid3
7347756695*fatty acid*monomer of a lipid made of a hydrocarbon chain and a carboxyl group4
7347770088the reason why a fatty acid is amphipathicthe hydrocarbon chain is nonpolar, while the carboxyl group is polar5
7347772155*amphipathic*having both hydrophobic and hydrophilc parts6
7347765612lots of energyhow much energy a hydrocarbon chain stores7
7347796686*dehydration synthesis*the removal of a water molecule to join fatty acids to other molecules (like glycerol)8
7347751703*triglyceride*lipid made of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol9
7347882054glycerolthree carbon alcohol that is hydrophilic10
7347808932*functions of lipids*long-term energy storage, insulation, part of the cell membrane, chemical messenger, waterproofing11
7347816083*saturated fatty acid*fatty acid that consists of all single-covalent bonds between each pair of carbon atoms; each carbon has two hydrogens bonded to it (saturated with hydrogens);12
7347841101food made of saturated fatty acidanimal fats and butter; bad fats13
7347847726unsaturated fatty acidsfatty acid that has one or more double covalent bonds between each pair of carbon atoms;14
7347857594food made of unsaturated fatty acidsplant & fish fats, vegetable oils; good fats15
7347829600*monounsaturated fatty acid*kind of unsaturated fat that consists only has one double covalent bond (the rest are single) between each pair of carbon atoms16
7347833552*polyunsaturated fatty acid*kind of unsaturated fat that has two or more double covalent bonds between each pair of carbon atoms17
7347866975cis vs. trans fatty acidsif the hydrogen atoms of an unsaturated fat are found on the same side of the double bond, they are known as as cis-isomer. These are nature's lipids. If the hydrogen atoms of an unsaturated fat are found on different sides of the double bond, they are known as as trans-isomer. These are rare in nature.18
7347890016*phospholipid*amphipathic lipid made of two hydrocarbon chains, glycerol, and a phosphate group19
7358068956hydrophobic tailanother name for the hydrocarbon chain in a phospholipid20
7358071036hydrophobic headanother name for the phosphate group in a phospholipid21
7347902700*the reason a phospholipid is amphipathic*the hydrocarbon chains (tails) are nonpolar, while the glycerol and phosphate group (head) is polar22
7347914796*phospholipid bilayer*the main structure of the cell membrane, made of phospholipids that are arranged with the fatty acid tails packed together and the glycerol and phosphate heads facing water in an aqueous solution23
7347923212micelleterm used to describe the "bubble" formed by phospholipds when placed in an aqueous solution24
7347949930van der walls interactionsweak interaction between nonpolar molecules; holds the hydrophobic fatty acid tails of a phospholipid together25
7347958901reason the phospholipid bilayer is stablevan der waals interactions hold the fatty acid tails together while hydrogen bonding binds the hydrophilic heads with water; also cholesterol is between the fatty acid tails26
7347930049*steroid*lipid made of four linked carbon rings attached to different functional groups (look like chicken wire fencing)27
7347937046examples of steroidscholesterol, sex hormones28
7358044292sex hormonestestosterone, progesterone, estrogen29
7347941951cholesterolthe most common steroid; is a component of the cell membrane as well as the precursor to all other steroids30
7358055340cholesterol vs. testosteronethe tail of cholesterol is replaced with a hydroxyl group31
7380811734many biologically important molecules are NOT soluble in a lipid, so cell membranes can be selectively permeablewhy are lipids good barriers in living organisms?32
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AP World History Chapter 19 vocab Flashcards

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8520800181Sultan Abd al-Hamid IIOttoman sultan, 1876-1909, who accepted a reform constitution but then quickly suppressed it, ruling as a reactionary autocrat for the rest of his long regime.0
8520800182Balance of TradeDifference between how much a country imports and how much it exports.1
8520800183Boxer UprisingRising of Chinese militia organizations from 1898 to 1901 in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed.2
8520800184Chinese Revolution of 1911The collapse of China's imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the government for the previous past century.3
8520800185DaimyoFeudal lords of Japan who retained substantial autonomy under the Tokugawa Shogunate and only lost their social preeminence in the Meiji restoration.4
8520800186ExtraterritorialityRight of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation.5
8520800187Hong XiuquanChinese religious leader, 1814- 1864, the who sparked Taiping Uprising and won millions to his unique form of Christianity, according to which he himself was the younger brother of Jesus, sent to establish a "heavenly kingdom of great peace" on earth.6
8520800188Informal EmpireTerm commonly used to describe areas that were dominated by Western powers in the nineteenth century but that retained their own governments and a measure of independence ( Latin America & China ).7
8520800189Commissioner Lin Xexu1785-1850, Royal official charged with ending the opium trade in Canton, his concerted efforts to seize and destroy opium imports provoked the Opium Wars.8
8520800190Meiji RestorationThe overthrow of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power at long last to the emperor Meiji and establishing a new government committed to saving Japan from foreign domination by drawing upon what the modern West had to offer to transform Japanese society.9
8520800191MercantilismPolicy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its supply of gold and silver.10
8520800192Matthew PerryU.S. navy commodore who in 1853 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open itself to more normal relations with the outside world.11
8520800193Opium WarsTwo wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods, especially opium; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions.12
8520800194Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905.13
8520800195SamuraiArmed retainers of the Japanese feudal lords, famed for their martial skills and loyalty; in the Tokugawa Shogunate, the samurai gradually became an administrative elite, but they did not lose their special privileges until the Meiji restoration.14
8520800196Self-Strengthening MovementChina's program of internal reform in the 1860s, and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West.15
8520800197Selim IIIOttoman sultan, 1789-1807, who attempted significant reforms of his empire, including the implementation of new military and administrative structures.16
8520800198"Sick Man of Europe"Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultan's inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious efforts in Ottoman state during this period.17
8520800199Spheres of InfluenceArea in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges.18
8520800200Taiping UprisingMassive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan.19
8520800201Tanzimat ReformsImportant reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term "Tanzimat" means "reorganization".20
8520800202Trade DeficitSituation in which a country imports more than it exports.21
8520800203Tokugawa JapanPeaceful Japan as governed by a shogun from the Tokugawa family from 1600-1868.22
8520800204Unequal TreatiesSeries of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made major concessions to Western powers.23
8520800205Young OttomansGroup of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed in 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire.24
8520800206Young TurksMovement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed in 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire.25
8531023835Treaty of Nanking1842 treaty that ended the Opium War, extended the old Canton trading port rights of foreigners to four more Chinese ports. British citizens granted extraterritoriality, Hong Kong became a British colony.26
8531031705Open Door PolicyU.S. Secretary of State John Hay asked foreign powers to agree to equal trading rights in China.27
8531036738Sun Yet-senChina's first republic leader in 1911, wrote The Three People's Principles: democracy, nationalism, and livelihood.28
8531045991Emperor MutsuhitoJapanese Emperor, interested in abolishing feudalism and reorganizing Japan into prefectures, districts administered by the central government rather than provinces ruled by daimyos, nobles now had supported the shogun.29
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AP World History Midterm Flashcards

AP World History Fall Midterm

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8659062252women85% of condemned witches during the 1500s were these0
8659062253Yuanthis Chinese dynasty was replaced by the Ming Dynasty in 13681
8659062254Versailesthe palace of Louis XIV of France2
8659062255Americanthis revolution was revolved around the slogan 'no taxation without representation'3
8659062256Britishafter the 7 Years War, this power raised taxes and control on the colonists, increasing their frustration4
8659062257ConservatismEdmund Burke was a 19th C philosopher of this ideology5
8659062258LockeThis Enlightenment thinker's ideas of the 'consent of the governed' has been found in the US Declaration of Independence6
8659062259EnlightenmentThese thinkers did not focus development on equality between men and women7
8659062260Australiathis continent was initially used by Britain as a prisoner colony8
8659062261IndulgencesLuther's draft of the 95 Theses was initially a protest against this practice9
8659062262Theodore Herzlfounder of the Zionism ideology10
8659062263Songhaithese African leaders were all Muslims11
8659062264Waterloothis was the place of Napoleon's final defeat12
8659062265Islamthis religion was most popular in the commercial centers of West sub-Saharan Africa and the Swahili city-states of East sub-Saharan Africa13
8659062266Tokugawathis leader set up a military government in China with himself as Shogun14
8659062267RussiaNapoleon's downfall began in 1812 with the invasion of this country15
8659062268Slavesthese had the only successful rebellion in world history at Saint-Domingue (today Haiti)16
8659062269Fulanithis group attempted to instill a strict form of Islam in West Africa through conquest17
8659062270French RevolutionWith this revolution, its leaders wanted a complete reorganization of the country's structure overall18
8659062271Simon BolivarThis Latin American revolutionary leader wanted to form a confederation similar to that of the United States19
8659062272Ancien RegimeThe old order in France that revolutionary leaders sought to replace20
8659062273ChristianityAlfonso I of the Kongo converted to this religion and encouraged his subjects to follow him21
8659062274PrinciplesThe guiding ___________ of the French Revolution were found in the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen22
8659062275Otto Von BismarkGerman nationalist leader credited with the phrase 'Blood and Iron'23
8659062276Creolesthese revolutionary leaders in Latin America displaced the peninsulares class and retained their position in society24
8659062277Mestizoindividuals of European and indigenous parents in Latin America25
8659062278PeninsularesLatin Americans who were born in Spain26
8659062279Robspierrethe most radical of the French Rebellion leaders27
8659062280Louverturethe leader of the rebellion at Saint Domingue28
8659062281Footbindingthis practice represented the continuing domination of women in China during the Qing Dynasty29
8659062282SloganLiberty Equality and Fraternity was this of the French Revolution30
8659062283FirearmsEuropeans exchanged slaves for these during the Triangular Trade period31
8659062284OttomanThis Islamic empire was placed on the boarder of the European Christian world32
8659062285Napoleonhis Civil Code affirmed the legal and political equality for men33
8659062286Louis XIVFrench monarch who said "L'etat, c'est moi' or I am the State34
8659062287ConstitutionalEngland and the Netherlands developed these monarch in the 1600s35
8659062288Revolutionarythese events in the 18th and 19th centuries spread Enlightenment ideas and encouraged consolidation of nation-states36
8659062289Treaty of Tordesillasthis treaty split Central and South America between Spain and Portugal37
8659062290Englandthe civil war in this European country began with the trial and decapitation of Charles I38
8659062291Captivesthroughout history, the majority of slaves were also these from war39
8659062292Thirdthe members of this Estate broke from the Estates General in 178940
8659062293AurangzhebMughal leader who reversed prior religious tolerance toward Hindus41
8659062294Klemens von Metternichleader of the Congress of Vienna and formed a diplomatic order based on a balance of power42
8659062295divorceHenry VIIII's involvement in the Reformation started with his desire to get this43
8659062296IslamicOttoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires were formed on these values and principles44
8659062297Timbuktuthis West African city was a center of Islamic learning45
8659062298Japanthis Asian state strictly limited trade and exposure with Europeans46
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