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AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

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8718717651	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
8718717652	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	1
8718717653	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	2
8718717654	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	3
8718717655	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	4
8718717656	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	5
8718717657	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	6
8718717658	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	7
8718717659	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	8
8718717660	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	9
8718717661	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	10
8718717662	Jihad	Islamic holy war	11
8718717663	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	12
8718717664	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	13
8718717665	Mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam	14
8718717666	Dhimmis	"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus	15
8718717667	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	16
8718717668	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	17
8718717669	Wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids	18
8718717670	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	19
8718717671	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	20
8718717672	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	21
8718717673	Ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking	22
8718717674	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	23
8718717675	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	24
8718717676	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	25
8718717677	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves	26
8718717678	Arabic numerals	Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West	27
8718717679	Shrivijaya	trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam	28
8718717680	Malacca	flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya	29
8718717681	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	30
8718717682	Mansa	title of the ruler of Mali	31
8718717683	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	32
8718717684	Sundiata	created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260	33
8718717685	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	34
8718717686	East African trading ports	urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar	35
8718717687	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa	36
8718717688	Greek Fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople	37
8718717689	Icons	images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians	38
8718717690	Iconoclasm	the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	39
8718717691	Manzikert	Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory	40
8718717692	Cyril and Methodius	Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic	41
8718717693	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c	42
8718717694	Rurik	legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855	43
8718717695	Vladmir I	ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity	44
8718717696	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	45
8718717697	Tatars	Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact	46
8718717698	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	47
8718717699	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	48
8718717700	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	49
8718717701	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	50
8718717702	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	51
8718717703	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	52
8718717704	Clovis	King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496	53
8718717705	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	54
8718717706	Charles Martel	first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732	55
8718717707	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	56
8718717708	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	57
8718717709	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	58
8718717710	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	59
8718717711	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	60
8718717712	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	61
8718717713	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects	62
8718717714	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.	63
8718717715	Pope Urban II	organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	64
8718717716	Investiture	the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV	65
8718717717	Gregory VII	11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops	66
8718717718	Thomas Aquinas	creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	67
8718717719	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	68
8718717720	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	69
8718717721	Guilds	associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities	70
8718717722	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	71
8718717723	Period of the Six Dynasties	era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han	72
8718717724	Jinshi	title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office	73
8718717725	Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia	74
8718717726	Wuzong	Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism	75
8718717727	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.	76
8718717728	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	77
8718717729	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	78
8718717730	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	79
8718717731	Footbinding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.	80
8718717732	Taika reforms	attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army	81
8718717733	Fujiwara	mid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power	82
8718717734	Bushi	regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies	83
8718717735	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	84
8718717736	Seppuku	ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor	85
8718717737	Gempei wars	Waged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age	86
8718717738	Bakufu	military government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai	87
8718717739	Shoguns	military leaders of the bakufu	88
8718717740	Daimyos	warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states	89
8718717741	Sinification	extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions	90
8718717742	Yi	dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence	91
8718717743	Trung Sisters	leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society	92
8718717744	Khmers and Chams	Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi	93
8718717745	Nguyen	southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi	94
8718717746	Chinggis Khan	born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227	95
8718717747	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits	96
8718717748	Batu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236	97
8718717749	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	98
8718717750	Ilkhan khanate	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire	99
8718717751	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad	100
8718717752	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260	101
8718717753	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	102
8718717754	White Lotus Society	secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty	103
8718717755	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	104
8718717756	Ming Dynasty	replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China	105
8718717757	Ethnocentrism	judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history	106
8718717768	Muhammad's primary historical achievement	spread of Islam	107
8718717769	Silk Road Trade system		108
8718717770	Kingdom of Mali		109
8718717771	Inca and Rome both had	extensive road systems	110
8718717772	Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450	land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place	111
8718717773	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	112
8718717774	Diasporic communities	merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas	113
8718717775	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	114
8718717776	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	115
8718717777	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	116
8718717778	Black Death	plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.	117
8718717779	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		118
8718717780	Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade	Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu	119
8718717781	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	120
8718717782	New forms of monetization	Checks, Bills of Exchange	121
8718717783	Bantu Migrations		122
8718717784	footbinding	began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming	123
8718717785	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	124

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AP World History: Ancient World Flashcards

First set of words in the AP World History book by the Princeton Review.

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5314692927	Agriculture	The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.	0
5314692928	Agrarian	pertaining to land or its cultivation; Ex. agrarian reform, agrarian society	1
5314692929	Bands/ Clans	extended family groups that generally lived together	2
5314692930	Barbarian	without civilizing influences	3
5314692931	Bureaucracy	system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials (not elected)	4
5314692932	Civilization	a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)	5
5314692933	City-States	different sections of land owned by the same country but ruled by different rulers (e.g. Greece)	6
5314692934	Classical	of or characteristic of a form or system felt to be of first significance before modern times	7
5314692935	Domestication	process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans	8
5314692936	Economy	system by which goods and services are produced and distributed to meet people's needs	9
5314692937	Egalitarian	a person who believes in the equality of all people	10
5314692938	Emperor	supreme ruler of an empire	11
5314692939	Empire	many territories, countries, or peoples controlled by one government (also just any territory ruled by an emperor)	12
5314692940	Feudalism	a political system and a social system where by a powerful lord would offer "protection" in return for "service"	13
5314692941	Foraging	the process of scavenging for food	14
5314692942	Hierarchy	a series of ordered groupings of people or things within a system	15
5314692943	Hierarchical	Of, relating to, or arranged in a hierarchy	16
5314692944	Hunter-Gatherer	A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild, foraging and hunting without significant recourse to the domestication of either plants nor animals	17
5314692945	Irrigation	supplying dry land with water by means of ditches, sprinklers, etc.	18
5314692946	Monarchy	a government in which power is in the hands of a single person who usually inherits their power	19
5314692947	Monotheism	belief in a single God	20
5314692948	Neolithic	The New Stone Age from circa 8500 to 4500 BCE: The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution(s)	21
5314692949	Nomadic	(of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently	22
5314692950	Pastoral	relating to shepherds or herdsmen or devoted to raising sheep or cattle (e.g. pastoral peoples)	23
5314692951	Paleolithic	The Old Stone Age from circa 750,00 to 500,000 years BCE to 8,500 years BCE: The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans and the development of minor tools	24
5314692952	Philosophy	the rational investigation of questions about existence, knowledge, and ethics	25
5314692953	Polytheism	belief in multiple Gods	26
5314692954	River Valley	the fertile land surrounding a river- the first civilizations arose near them	27
5314692955	Sedentary	remaining in one place	28
5314692956	Settlement	the act of colonizing or a small group of people in a sedentary position	29
5314692957	Subsistence	the necessities of life, the resources of survival	30
5314692958	Surplus	a quantity much larger than is needed	31
5314692959	Sustenance	the act of sustaining life by food or providing a means of subsistence	32
5314692960	Theocracy	government run by religious leaders	33
5314692961	Traditional	consisting of or derived from tradition; customary practices	34
5314692962	Urbanization	the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban	35
5314692963	Vassals	lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity	36
5314692964	Alexander the Great	king of Macedon, conqueror of Greece, Egypt, and Persia; founder of Alexandria (356-323 BC)	37
5314692965	Analects of Confucius	"something that is repeated" - a collection of Confucius' famous sayings	38
5314692966	Bronze Age	a period between the Stone and Iron ages, characterized by the manufacture and use of bronze tools and weapons	39
5314692967	Calendar	a system of timekeeping that defines the beginning and length and divisions of the year	40
5314692968	Code of Hammurabi	the set of laws drawn up by Babylonian king Hammurabi dating to the 18th century BC, the earliest legal code known in its entirety	41
5314692969	Cuneiform	One of the first written languages known: A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia.	42
5314692970	Democracy	a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them	43
5314692971	Eight Fold Path	Eight steps to end suffering and attain enlightenment according to Buddhist tradition.	44
5314692972	Four Noble Truths	as taught by the Buddha, the four basic beliefs that form the foundation of Buddhism	45
5314692973	Gothic Migrations	The Migration period, also called the Barbarian Invasions or German: Völkerwanderung (wandering of the peoples), was a period of human migration that occurred roughly between the years 300 to 700 CE in Europe, marking the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. These movements were catalyzed by profound changes within both the Roman Empire and the so-called 'barbarian frontier'. Migrating peoples during this period included the Goths, Vandals, Bulgars, Alans, Suebi, Frisians, and Franks, among other Germanic and Slavic tribes.	46
5314692974	Great Wall	a fortification 1,500 miles long built across northern China in the 3rd century BC	47
5314692975	Han Dynasty	imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy	48
5314692976	Hellenism	The ideals and principles that spread from Greece through much of the ancient world. Much of its influence such as philosophy, athletics, and architecture penetrated the Middle East.	49
5314692977	The Huns	Fierce warriors from Central Asia- First invaded southeastern Europe and then launched raids on nearby kingdoms	50
5314692978	Indian Ocean Trade	connected to Europe, Africa, and China.; worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid Muslim expansion.	51
5314692979	Iron Age	the period following the Bronze Age; characterized by rapid spread of iron tools and weapons	52
5314692980	Jewish Diaspora	A "scattering" of the Jewish people	53
5314692981	Legalism	In Chinese history, Legalism was one of the main philosophic currents during the Warring States Period- A philosophy of focusing on the text of written law to the exclusion of the intent of law, elevating strict adherence to law over justice, mercy and common sense	54
5314692982	Pax Romana	A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.	55
5314692983	Pyramids	Huge stone tombs with four triangle-shaped walls that met in a point on top	56
5314692984	Roman Republic	The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate.	57
5314692985	Roman Senate	a council of wealthy and powerful Romans that advised the city's leaders	58
5314692986	Shang Civilization	China's first dynasty almost 2000 BCE	59
5314692987	Shi Huang Di	harsh ruler who united China for the first time and used legalism in ruling (Qin China)	60
5314692988	Siddhartha Gautama	founder of Buddhism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha	61
5314692989	Silk Road Trade	The most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the Chinese, Indian, Persian, and Mediterranean civilizations; transmitted goods and ideas among civilization.	62
5314692990	The Torah	the most sacred text of Judaism	63
5314692991	The Vedas of Hinduism	Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E.	64
5314692992	Ziggurats	a temple or tomb of the ancient Assyrians, Sumerians, or Babylonians, having the form of a terraced pyramid of successively receding stories	65
5314692993	Christianity	Monotheistic religion born out of Judaism, preached by Jesus of Nazareth and later codified by his disciples. Persecuted by Romans early on; however, gained support under Constantine in the Rome.	66
5314692994	Buddhism	originally preached by Siddhartha and codified by his disciples into the sutras. Rejected Vedic rituals and the caste system. Spread throughout SE Asia and China and split into Mahayana(Buddha as a God, local gods tacked on as Bodhisativas) and Theravada(original, strict non-theistic version).	67
5314692995	Asoka	Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.	68
5314692996	Hinduism	Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. It has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices.	69
5314692997	Trans Saharan	route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading	70
5314692998	Monsoons	Major winds in the Indian Ocean that blew into India for half the year, and blew away from India for the other half. Helped facilitate trade in the Indian Ocean.	71
5314692999	Sumerians	people who dominated Southern Mesopotamia through the end of the 3rd Millennium BCE. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.	72
5314693000	Indo-Europeans	Groups of people who came from the area north of the Caucasus mountains, which are between the Black and Caspian seas. Herded multiple animals. Rode into battle on chariots. The Indo-European language of Sanskrit, by the Aryans, are the basis of many languages today. Often accepted and adapted aspects of technology, religions, and social order of those with whom they came in contact.	73
5314693001	Before agriculture, men and women are believed to have a greater degree of equality. But after the rise of agriculture, most human societies became ________ as a result of greater male strength.	Patriarchal	74
5314693002	caste system	a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society, there was virtually no social mobility	75
5314693003	Paleolithic	(Old Stone Age) a long period of human development before the development of agriculture	76
5314693004	Carthage	This city has existed for nearly 3,000 years, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC into the capital of the Carthaginian Empire. Controlled commerce in the Mediterranean prior to the rise of Roman Power. The expanding Roman Republic took control of many of its outposts after the two Punic Wars.	77
5314693005	Hellenization	The spread of Greek language and culture (Hellenism) throughout the Mediterranean, starting with t he conquests of Alexander the Great. Upon Alexander's death at the age of thirty-three (323 B.C.E.), his realm was divided among his leading generals. During their reigns and those of their successors, Hellenism (i.e., Greek culture) continued to flourish in major urban centers around the eastern Mediterranean (less so in rural areas). People traveling to different areas could communicate with people of other kingdoms through Greek. More than at any time in previous history, the eastern Mediterranean that emerged in Alexander's wake experienced a form of cultural unity and cosmopolitanism (a "cosmopolite" is a "citizen of the world," as opposed to a person who belongs to only one locality). The Roman Empire arose in the context of the Hellenistic world and took full advantage of its unity, promoting the use of Greek language, accepting aspects of Greek culture, and even taking over features of the Greek religion, to the point that the Greek and Roman gods came to be thought of as the same, only with different names. This complex unity achieved culturally through Hellenization and politically through the conquests of Rome is summed up by the term Greco-Roman world.	78
5314693006	Daoism	Chinese religion that believes the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from 'the way' or 'path' of nature.	79
5314693007	Bureaucrat	government official	80

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Post Classical China- AP World History Flashcards

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8202217996	After the fall of the Han	-3 kingdoms for 200 years -spread of religion at times of unrest -Confucian decline, rise of Buddhism -trade decline, cities declined	0
8202235801	Traditional systems of control by Chinese dynasties	-centralized bureaucracy -divine authority -civil service test -Confucian based system -legalism -census, taxes, conscriptive labor	1
8202277294	Sui Dynasty	-581 to 618 -Ended civil war era and regained control	2
8202300690	Yang Jian (Wendi)	-set up bureaucracy -anti-Confucian -lowered taxes -used Buddhism to unite kingdom -gave land to poor, established granaries -favored elites of the bureaucracy	3
8202328261	Yangdi	-son of Wendi -established legal code -restored Confucian education and the examination system to establish a professional bureaucracy -built capital at Luoyang -began to rebuild Great Wall -construction of the Grand Canal -seen as a tyrant -assassinated by close advisors	4
8202364924	Collapse of the Sui	-forced labor -failed attempt to expand into Korea -increased taxes on poor -rebellion by peasants	5
8202384488	Tang Dynasty	-618 to 907 -"Golden Age" -Li Yuan led after the death of Yangdi -time of stability and prosperity	6
8202551391	Tang Taizong	-built a new capital at Chang'an -Ruled using Confucian principles (in government) -Sponsored Buddhism	7
8202594005	Tang Bureaucracy	-based on merit/ability -reached all levels of government -examination system	8
8202647743	Equal Field System	-all land owned by government, assigned to individual families to farm based on ability to supply labor -was abolished and replaced by double tax	9
8202687409	Double Tax	-levied taxes twice a based on land ownership instead of head tax -increased government revenue -helped solve momentary crisis in government revenue and stabilized the empire	10
8202800792	Song Dynasty	-960 to 1279 -more control for government -vastly expanded the bureaucracy	11
8202843634	Zhao Kuangyin	-(Emperor Song Taizu) -restores order during revolt -centralizes authority	12
8202872868	Sui Dynasty		13
8202904410	Tang Dynasty		14
8202911986	Song Dynasty		15

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AP World History Period 1 Flashcards

From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins
Original from MrsBHatchTEACHER

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7217585495	hunting and gathering	Means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization	0
7217585496	civilization	Societies with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups	1
7217585497	neolithic	The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished	2
7217585498	nomadic societies	livestock hearding societies that do not have a permanent settlement. normally found on the fringes of civilized (urban) societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies	3
7217585499	culture	Combination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction	4
7217585500	agrarian revolution	Occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture	5
7217585501	pastoralism	A nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies	6
7217585502	Catal Huyuk	Early urban culture/civiization based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification	7
7217585503	Bronze Age	From 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing	8
7217585504	Mesopotamia	Literally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys	9
7217585505	potter's wheel	A technological advance in pottery making; invented circa 6000 B.C.E.; encouraged faster and higher-quality ceramic pottery products	10
7217585506	Sumerians	People who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states	11
7217585507	cuneiform	A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets	12
7217585508	city-state	A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king	13
7217585509	ziggurat	a massive tower building usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections	14
7217585510	Babylonian Empire	Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.	15
7217585511	Hammurabi	The most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law	16
7217585512	Pharaoh	The term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; the term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs	17
7217585513	pyramids	Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs	18
7217585514	hieroglyphs	Form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform	19
7217585515	Kush	African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries	20
7217585516	monotheism	The exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization	21
7217585517	Phoenicians	Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean	22
7217585518	Harappa and Mohenjo Daro	Major urban complexes of Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern	23
7217585519	Aryans	Indo-European nomadic, warlike, pastorialists who replaced Harappan civilization	24
7217585520	Huanghe (Yellow) River Basin	Site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China	25
7217585521	Shang	1st Chinese dynasty (after the legendary Xia)	26
7217585522	Oracles	Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpreting animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing	27
7217585523	ideographic writing	Pictograph characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing	28
7217585524	Big Geography	A term that draws attention to the global nature of world history.	29
7217585525	Paleolithic	The period that ended about 3,000 years after the end of the last Ice Age, it lasted until about 10,000 years ago. (Old Stone Age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.	30
7217585526	Human migration during Paleolithic era	movement of humans from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas	31
7217585527	eglitarian	equality among people (no social levels)	32
7217585528	tools	Humans developed a wider range of ____ specially adapted to different environments from tropics to tundra	33
7217585529	Neolithic Revolution	period of change from hunter-gatherer lifesyle to agricultural lifestyles associated with domestication, farming, and settlement	34
7217585530	patriarchy	father based/male dominated society	35
7217585531	climatic change	Permanent agricultural villages emerged first in the lands of the eastern Mediterranean, possibly as a response to what?	36
7217585532	weapons	Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of of ____ and forms of transportation that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations	37
7217585533	horses	name one mode of new transportation by the pastoralists	38
7217585534	art	Elites, both political and religious, promoted ____.	39
7217585535	record-keeping systems	___ arose independently in all early civilization sand subsequently were diffused	40
7217585536	Nile River	This river flooded regularly.	41
7217585537	Tigris River	This river's floods were unpredictable.	42
7217585538	Mesopotamian	Unpredictable weather patterns affected the development of the _____ civilization.	43
7217585539	Egyptian	_______art demonstrated little change for nearly 1000 years.	44
7217585540	Nubia and Kush	Kingdoms upriver from Egypt.	45
7217585541	Standard of Ur		46
7217585542	Harappan King or Priest Figure		47
7217585543	Jericho	One of the earliest cities: located in modern Israel.	48
7217585544	Catal-Hyouk	One of the earliest cities: located in modern Turkey.	49
7217585545			50