AP World History Unit 2 pg2 Flashcards
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| 5319281146 | Compare the origins, principal beliefs, and practices of the major world religions and belief systems discussed in this unit. | Rome: at first, copied Greece and were polytheistic: different Gods for different aspects of nature. Later, they were exposed to Christianity through trade w/ Middle East. Christianity: Jesus preached devotion to God and love. When he died his followers put his preachings together into the New Testament India: Buddhism and Hinduism Buddhism: Ashoka: became Buddhist and gave rewards to Buddhists. Buddhism: nirvana, Eightfold Path, and Four Noble Truths: bodhisattvas Hinduism: influenced caste system. Chandragupta was a Hindu and gave land grants to Hindus. Hinduism: karma, dharma, moksha, samsara, Brahman. Vedas and Upanishads Persia: Zoroastrianism: good and evil, Zarathustra changed the ideologies of the polytheistic Middle East to monotheism: Ahura Mazda almighty god China: Confucianism: benevolence in rulers leads to unified China. Five Key Relationships, education, filial piety, and yang/yin (Wu Di/Han) Daoism: encouraged females, withdrawal into nature Legalism: high reward high punishment (Shihuangdi) Greece: polytheism- Gods for different aspects of nature and different city-states Maya/Mesoamerica: ritual sacrifice and divine rulers | 0 | |
| 5319281147 | Explain how religious belief systems developed and spread as a result of expanding communication and exchange networks (that is, trade). | Axum and Rome exposed to Christianity through trade. Afro-Eurasia was filled with trade routes where missionaries would spread their religions. | 1 | |
| 5319281148 | Analyze the ways in which religious and secular belief systems affected political, economic, and social institutions. | Religious: Political: China: religion was the solution to the warring states period. Confucianism (benevolence) Daoism: (withdrawal into nature), Legalism (high reward/punishment) Economic: Chinese economy influenced by Daoism and, thus, surrounded agriculture and domestication Social: Caste System India: revolved around Hinduism and the God Purusha. Women and the poor were unable to read the Vedas, so the Upanishads were created. Secular: Persia was a very successful secular empire. Their thoughts on religious tolerance made more people come to their empire, which allowed them to conquer and expand. | 2 | |
| 5319281149 | Explain and compare how teachings and social practices of different religious and secular belief systems affected gender roles and family structures. | Secular: Confucianism- Five Key Relationships (wife inferior to husband), yang/yin: yang=superior, male, Heaven, rationality, strength-- yin= inferior, female, Earth, emotion, weakness-- filial piety= respect and reverence for elders Religious: Hinduism women were unable to practice and read the Vedas. This established the fact that women were inferior to men. Also, the poor couldn't afford to practice the Vedas, so the Upanishads were created. Religious: Daoism: urged female virtues, deities, and priests/nuns- the adoption of Daoism led to more of a loosened patriarchy in China | 3 | |
| 5319281150 | Assess how and why internal conflicts, such as revolts and revolutions, have influenced the process of state building, expansion, and dissolution. | EX.3. Peloponnesian Wars: Sparta gains more power and influence across the world | 4 | |
| 5319281151 | Assess the impact that different ideologies, philosophies, and religions had on social hierarchies. | China: Confucianism-- great impact on social hierarchies because of the value of education. Confucius' value of education reformed Chinese society. By passing civil service exams, people were able to move up in the social order (merit system). The scholar-gentry was the top social class | 5 | |
| 5319281152 | Analyze ways in which religious beliefs and practices have sustained or challenged class, gender, and racial ideologies | Class: China/Confucianism Confucianism challenged class ideologies. Education was the deciding factor in the social order, and people who were educated and could pass tests were able to move up in the social order. Normally, classes were determined by wealth and religion. Gender: Buddhism and Christianity challenged gender ideologies in their lack of discrimination against women. Women were able to reach nirvana and go to Heaven. In contrast, Hinduism did not allow women to read/practice the sacred text of the Vedas. | 6 | |
| 5319281153 | Explain and compare how the societies discussed in this unit adapted to and affected their environments over time. | Adaptation: In Africa (Meroë), their economy was dependent on the rainfall-based agriculture. This made the civilization less dependent on irrigation due to the constant rainfall. Different agricultural techniques were developed to adapt to different environments. In Jenne-Jeno, the different economic villages would produce different products due to their geography, whether it be rice cultivation or ironworking. Trade was also an adaptation because it was a way to get needed resources. Effect: environmental degradation, soil erosion, soil exhaustion, deforestation, lesser animal population | 7 | |
| 5319281154 | Explain how major philosophies and ideologies developed and spread as a result of expanding communication and exchange networks. | different sects of Buddhism and Christianity arose as they spread across the world (ex. Roman v. Egyptian Christianity). | 8 | |
| 5319281155 | Explain the relationship between expanding exchange networks and the emergence of various forms of transregional culture, including music, literature, and visual art. | In Greece, the term Hellenistic meant the spread of Greek culture. Greek culture spread greatly throughout Afro-Eurasia via trade, and influenced many societies such as Persia and Rome. Rome was influenced by Greek religion and art (and Persia) In Africa, the Bantu expansion/migration led to the spread of Bantu culture (music and art). Some societies "became Bantu" and adopted Bantu culture | 9 | |
| 5319281156 | Analyze the relationship between belief systems and economic systems. | China: economy dependent on agriculture and domestication (Daoism) to spread their religions, missionaries needed roads and routes that spread across the continent. This would improve the civilization's infrastructure and their economy because of these new trade routes. | 10 | |
| 5319281157 | Analyze the development of continuities and changes in gender hierarchies, including patriarchy. | continuities: in both Paleolithic and Neolithic era, women and men's jobs were separate. However, in Paleolithic era, they were separate but equal. In Bantu culture and some other less developed societies, gender roles were separate but equal. changes: as society became more developed and there was more job specialization, some jobs came out on top of others. Most manual jobs were valued because they held together society. Women were seen solely as caretakers and child bearers. | 11 | |
| 5319281158 | Analyze how the functions and institutions of governments have changed over time. | as society grew and became more complex, governments became more complex as well. Different types of governments other than monarchies developed. Bureaucracies, democracies, oligarchies, and many more types of governments arose. Each society had different beliefs about the functions and duties of a government, which led to these many different types of governments. Some societies didn't even have a government, such as Jenne-Jeno and Chavin. | 12 | |
| 5319281159 | Assess the degree to which the functions of cities within states or empires have changed over time. | as trade grew and expanded, cities became more important as the center of commerce in a civilization | 13 | |
| 5319281160 | Assess the demographic causes and effects of the spread of new foods and agricultural techniques. | in the eastern woodlands of North America, the initial population was very small because of the "domestication of small plants" and hunter-gathering lifestyle. this amount of food would not allow for a growing population. However, when corn-based agriculture developed and spread, population grew immensely. When new and more efficient methods of obtaining food arise, population grows because babies are able to survive with the food surplus. | 14 | |
| 5319281161 | Explain and compare how social, cultural, and environmental factors influenced state formation, expansion, and dissolution. | environmental: environmental factors often led to the dissolution of empires. In the Americas, environmental factors such as deforestation, soil exhaustion, and depletion of resources led to the downfall of Maya- can't sustain life anymore social: internal warfare in Greece between Athens and Sparta led to the downfall of Greece in the Peloponnesian Wars. also, when civilizations were near rivers, they had more success, and allowed for expansion and formation | 15 | |
| 5319281162 | Assess the relationships between states with centralized governments and those with decentralized governments. | centralized states are typically more organized and unified (Persia). Decentralized states are more chaotic and fragmented (Greece). Centralized states have a great advantage over decentralized states because they have a larger army and can defeat the army of a small city state. This is why Athens' defeat of imperial Persia was perhaps the most shocking win in history. | 16 | |
| 5319281163 | Assess how and why external conflicts and alliances have influenced the process of state building, expansion, and dissolution. | External conflicts such as the Greco-Persian wars influenced the process of state building, expansion, and dissolution. When Athens won the Greco-Persian wars, Greece entered a period of great expansion and prosperity. People were afraid of Athens' might, and Alexander the Great conquered many new places for Greece. Persia, on the other hand, collapsed after the Greco-Persian wars because Greece conquered them. | 17 | |
| 5319281164 | Assess how and why commercial exchanges have influenced the processes of state building, expansion, and dissolution. | trade can lead to state expansion because trade establishes alliances that will benefit in war. Trade strengthens an economy, and civilizations that partner in trade will protect each other in war and expansion. On the other hand, trading with other civilizations leads to vulnerability and subjection to conquering. Trade allows for the spread of diseases and epidemics. In Rome, China and the Americas, the spread of diseases though contributed to the downfall of these societies. Also, innovations in maritime technologies allowed for the increase in maritime trade, which establishes strong alliances. | 18 | |
| 5319281165 | Analyze the political and economic interactions between states and non-state actors. | Political: fighting and wars usually over land and resources Economic: typical/usual trading EX. jenne-jeno had no political structure but traded via the Niger to get resources state actors: work for the government (bureaucrat) non-state actors: do not work for government (landlords) affects how much money they have | 19 | |
| 5319281166 | Analyze the economic role of cities as centers of production and commerce. | in Axum, cities were a major part of the economy because their city was in the center of a trade route. They were able to place taxes on trade and thus creating major revenues | 20 | |
| 5319281167 | Assess the economic strategies of different types of states and empires. | Greece: huge maritime trade industry- Mediterranean linked societies and increased trade India: inns along trade routes, trade via Silk Road Rome: trade across Middle East and Meditteranean- 60,000 miles of road and great infrastructure- dependent on slaves China: agriculture and domestication as well as trade via the Silk Road. Bureaucracy via merit system Persia: great infrastructure- Royal Road trade | 21 | |
| 5319281168 | Explain and compare forms of labor organization. | China: few slaves (because more independent), more dependent on agriculture Rome: extremely dependent on slaves for agriculture, architecture, etc. | 22 | |
| 5319281169 | Explain and compare the causes and effects of different forms of coerced labor systems (that is, slavery). | causes: use of POWs to carry out manual labor- easier way to exert power and get work done (EX. Greece: helots, Rome: slaves) effects: further established social hierarchies slave rebellions improved economy | 23 | |
| 5319281170 | Assess how the development of specialized labor systems interacted with the development of social hierarchies. | most social hierarchies were based on occupation- India, China, Rome, etc. India: jatis were a subsection of the varnas and further separated the social order based on occupation and duties China: merchants were disliked in China for being unskilled and useless- they were at the bottom of the social order | 24 | |
| 5319281171 | Analyze ways in which legal systems have sustained or challenged class, gender, and racial ideologies. | class: Rome: gave rights to the plebeians which was different than most places Athens: democracy and rule by the people was virtually unheard of at that time Bantu culture: women and men were separate but equal | 25 | |
| 5319281172 | Explain how environmental factors influenced human migrations and settlements. | people migrated to the Niger River Valley in search for a sustainable water source after a drought | 26 | |
| 5319281173 | Explain how human migrations affected the environment. | technologically advanced societies such as Greece and Rome greatly affected the environment the invention of ironworking and iron smelting led to deforestation and air pollution depletion of resources, soil exhaustion | 27 | |
| 5319281174 | Analyze how state formation and expansion were influenced by various forms of economic organization, such as agrarian, pastoral, mercantile, and industrial production. | agrarian: produce great trade items, which allows for a strong economy and expansion pastoral: no government because nomadic mercantile: trade leads to significant expansion-- and state formation (Axum) industrial: great economy allows for focus on social and political formation | 28 | |
| 5319281175 | Explain the environmental advantages and disadvantages of major migration, communication, and exchange networks. | pros: fertilization of new lands, abandonment of old ones- growth of new plants, depletion of dangerous species cons: soil exhaustion, deforestation, etc. | 29 | |
| 5319281176 | Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technologies and scientific knowledge. | as people trade and exchange ideas, scientific knowledge diffuses as well | 30 | |
| 5319281177 | Evaluate how and to what extent networks of exchange have expanded, contracted, or changed over time. | as trade became more necessary for the survival of civilization, many societies built new roads and expanded trade networks switch to more maritime trade | 31 | |
| 5319281178 | Explain the advantages and disadvantages of major migration, communication, and exchange networks. | PRO: -new technologies, religion, scientific knowledge -settlement in new places CON: -environmental depletion -spread of diseases | 32 | |
| 5319281179 | Assess the causes and effects of the spread of epidemic diseases over time. | causes: trade and migration cramped living spaces and overpopulation effects: collapse of civilizations immunity to some diseases after exposed | 33 | |
| 5319281180 | Causes for Bantu Migration | drought, famine, other reasons explanation of Bantu Migration: moved very slowly, several families at a time culture AND people spread and migrated | 34 |
