| 7875746271 | Bantu Migration | The migration south of Bantu speaking people in Africa | | 0 |
| 7875746272 | Paleolithic | The Old Stone Age, an era of nomadic and egalitarian pre-civilization that was between 2,500,000 B.C.E.-10,000 B.C.E. | | 1 |
| 7876099923 | Egalitarian Society | A society where all humans are considered equal and there are no social hierarchies. | | 2 |
| 7876099924 | Pastoralism | A part of agriculture that has to do with domesticating animals/livestock | | 3 |
| 7876099925 | Fertile Crescent | An area in the Middle East that contained a wide variety of domesticable plants/animals. | | 4 |
| 7876099926 | "Secondary Products" | Technological innovations for the new uses of domesticated animals such as churning butter, plows, carts, etc. | | 5 |
| 7876099927 | Chiefdoms | Small societies ruled by chiefs | | 6 |
| 7876099928 | Catal Huyuk | One of the first human civilizations that was located in modern day Turkey | | 7 |
| 7876099929 | Diffusion | Spread of techniques/culture without major migration of the people whom held said techniques/culture | | 8 |
| 7876099930 | Irrigation agriculture | The use of water to grow crops | | 9 |
| 7876099931 | Urban Centers | a large and densely populated urban area that were common elements of the river valley civilizations | | 10 |
| 7876099932 | Hierarchy | Social class ladder | | 11 |
| 7876099933 | Code of Hammurabi | A set of laws created by King Hammurabi of Babylon that was based on social classes | | 12 |
| 7876099934 | Patriarchy | A hierarchal system in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by men whom are considered more valuable and important that females. | | 13 |
| 7876099935 | State | organized system of power and authority in society | | 14 |
| 7876213139 | Pyramids/Egypt | A powerful Civilization in Northeast Africa that was known for its writing and pyramids (Egypt). Tombs made for pharaohs for their transition into the the afterlife (Pyramids). | | 15 |
| 7876213140 | city-states (Sumerian) | political structures which were ruled by a king who claimed divine authority (theocracy). | | 16 |
| 7876213141 | Hebrews | A society of people whom were greatly influenced by Mesopotamia and adapted Sumerian cuneiform and deities. | | 17 |
| 7876360669 | Nubia | A civilization to the south of Egypt in the Nile Valley known for their skilled archers and distinct culture. | | 18 |
| 7876360670 | Hegemonic Empire | An empire based in absolute power of the monarchy. | | 19 |
| 7876360671 | Satraps | Persian governors whom ruled Persia's 23 provinces based on their ethnicity and culture. | | 20 |
| 7876360672 | Bureaucracy | A system of government where decisions are made by delegated officials | | 21 |
| 7876360673 | Republic | A system in which both the wealthy and the poor have a say in government affairs. In Rome, republic values of "rule of law, the rights of citizens, the absence of pretension, upright moral behavior, and keeping ones word" (Rome 130) were very important. | | 22 |
| 7877497516 | Athenian Democracy | The system of citizenship; equality and say in matters of affairs of state. Origin of democracy! | | 23 |
| 7877497517 | infrastructure | Systems of an empire such as a royal road, equal taxation, bureaucracy, etc. | | 24 |
| 7877497518 | Greco-Persian Wars | Wars that spawned from Ionian revolts; Athens vs. Persia. | | 25 |
| 7877497519 | Hellenistic Era | A time in which Alexander the Great spread the Macedonian Empire whilst also spreading Greek/Eastern culture. | | 26 |
| 7877497520 | Han Dynasty | the dynasty that ruled China from about 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E., the period following the Qin dynasty. Adopted Confucianism as the ruling philosophy. | | 27 |
| 7877497521 | Pax Romana | A period of relative peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180. (Augustus's Rule) | | 28 |
| 7877497522 | Ashoka | Indian Emperor of the Mauryan Empire that converted India to Buddhism. | | 29 |
| 7877497523 | Legalism | A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments. Belief in importance of a strong leader and that the law was supreme. | | 30 |
| 7877497524 | Confucianism | A Chinese philosophy created by Confucius that emphasizes proper behavior, respect, leading by example, and filial piety. | | 31 |
| 7877497525 | Daoism | A Chinese philosophy created by Laozi that teaches people to give up earthly desires in favor of harmony with nature. Education was not important, but there was a belief of truth and goodness everywhere. | | 32 |
| 7877497526 | filial piety | A Confucian ideal in which children were to be loyal and respectful to their elders and ancestors, but also in which women were to respect males (father, brother, husband). | | 33 |
| 7877497527 | Vedas | Early sacred scriptures of Hinduism that were recognized by the Indian people and was a common factor that connected them. | | 34 |
| 7877497528 | Karma | The Hindu and Buddhist belief/concept that actions in this life, whether good or bad, will decide your place in the next life. | | 35 |
| 7877497529 | Siddhartha Guatama | An prince who founded Buddhism, and gave up his power to become enlightened. He later became viewed as a deity to followers of Buddhism. | | 36 |
| 7877497530 | Zoroastrianism | a monotheistic pre-Islamic religion of ancient Persia founded by Zoroaster in the 6th century BC. The single deity was Ahura Mazda, and values held by followers were of peace, goodness, and truth. | | 37 |
| 7877497531 | Judaism | A monotheistic religion from the Middle East whose followers believed in God. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. | | 38 |
| 7877497532 | Rationalism | A belief that was popular among the Greeks in which knowledge comes from logic and reasoning. | | 39 |
| 7877497533 | Socrates | A great ancient Greek philosopher who taught by asking his students thought-provoking questions. He was from Athens and practiced rationalism. | | 40 |
| 7877497534 | Ionia | A Greek city-state that was under Persian rule before revolting with Athens to spark the Greco-Persian Wars. | | 41 |
| 7877497535 | Helots | Peasants in Spartan society forced to stay on the land and work it as slaves. | | 42 |
| 7877497536 | Aristotle | A Greek Philosopher whom greatly effected education and the ideas of mindfulness. He taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, and studied with Plato. He was opposed to Rationalism! | | 43 |
| 7877497537 | China's scholar-gentry class | China's elite class that was made up of wealthy government officials and scholars. All civil servants had great knowledge of Confucianism. | | 44 |
| 7877497538 | caste as varna and jati | A caste system in India in which varna separated the classes up based on birth and jati were based on occupations. | | 45 |
| 7877497539 | Greek and Roman slavery | Slavery systems in Greece and Rome in which slaves were not slaves because of racial discrimination, but were slaves because they were prisoners of war, orphans, traded, kid napped by pirates, or just people of natural reproduction. | | 46 |
| 7877497540 | Empress Wu | Empress of China during the Tang dynasty, she ruled ruthlessly and brought prosperity to China. She was the first and last Empress of China that ruled on her own. | | 47 |
| 7877497541 | Yellow Turban Rebellion | A major Chinese peasant revolt that began in 184 C.E. and helped cause the fall of the Han dynasty. There were as many as 360,000 peasants in the revolt. | | 48 |
| 7877497542 | Teotihuacan | "The Americas' Greatest City" with 100,000-200,000 people whom lived in the city in 580 C.E. It was not a civilization but was the 6th largest city in the world at it's time. It was very prosperous and influential, a major foundation for Aztec beliefs and culture. | | 49 |
| 7877497543 | Terracing | The process of carving small, flat plots of land from hillsides to use for farming purposes. This process helped foundation agriculture for the Mayans. | | 50 |
| 7877497544 | Glyphs | An advanced writing system that was made up of symbolic pictures that were used for carving messages in stone and such. | | 51 |
| 7877497545 | imperial overstretch | theory that powerful nations tend to over-expand and weaken | | 52 |
| 7877497546 | Axum | An ancient African kingdom centered in Ethiopia that became an early and lasting center of Coptic Christianity. The first city in Africa to create/establish currency! Used theocracy! | | 53 |
| 7877497547 | Niger Valley Civilization | A civilization from about 300 C.E. to 900 C.E. in the floodplain of the middle the Niger River that was very urbanized, used metallurgy ,and occupational castes. | | 54 |
| 7877497548 | Maya Civilization | An ancient mesoamerican civilization that specialized in astronomy, an advanced writing system, and mathematics. The civilization collapsed in 840 because of overpopulation, depletion of sources, and droughts. Created an actual 365 day calendar and discovered the use of 0 in math! | | 55 |
| 7877497549 | Bantu expansion | Bantu-speaking migration from homeland into most of Southern Africa. | | 56 |
| 7877497551 | Bubonic Plague | A disease in Byzantine that spread to other regions through Silk Road trade. The breakout across Europe/Asia was called the Black Death, which ended the lives of 1/3 of the people in said areas. The disease was also used for chemical warfare by the Mongols. | | 57 |
| 7877497552 | Angkor Wat | A monument that was originally built for Hindu monks, but was transformed into a Buddhist temple during the 12th century. Built to symbolize power and culture and is located in modern day Cambodia. | | 58 |
| 7877497553 | Swahili language | The Arabic language and Bantu language mixed together to form a combined language. Brought to Africa from Arab traders and merchants! | | 59 |
| 7877497554 | Mansa Musa | An African Muslim king of Mali in the 1300s who was well known for the amount of gold he had and spent on his journey to Mecca. Made Mali prosperous through trans-Saharan trade. | | 60 |
| 7877497555 | Pochteca | Special merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items. "Land pirates" that helped contribute wealth and innovations to the Aztecs. | | 61 |
| 7877497556 | Trans-Saharan Trade Routes | Trade routes that stretched across the Sahara, predominantly involve trade of gold, salt, and ivory. Caravan used camels to transport goods across the Sahara Desert. Spread political structure, religion, and goods throughout Africa. | | 62 |
| 7877497558 | Silk Roads | Routes across Eurasia in which religion, trade, disease, and technological innovations were shared. Lasted from 300 B.C.E-1450s. Began by interactions between pastorals from Inner Eurasia and people from Outer Eurasia. | | 63 |
| 7880564841 | Indian Ocean Trade Routes | Sea based exchange routes that connected Africa, the Middle East, India, and Southeast Asia. Helped spread technological innovations, cultures, political systems, and religion throughout said areas! | | 64 |
| 7880564842 | Ghana, Mali, Songhay | West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade and became very economically strong and urban due to said trade. Were Muslim and incorporated Islam into African culture | | 65 |
| 7880695360 | Grand Canal | An inland waterway more than 1000 miles long in eastern China that was completed during the Sui Dynasty. | | 66 |
| 7880695361 | Hangzhou | China's capital during the Song dynasty, with a population of more than a million people. Was connected to the Grand Canal. | | 67 |
| 7880695362 | tribute system | A method China used to deal with neighboring nomadic and foreign lands to ensure subordination of said lands. Required payment or tribute to Chinese Emperor. | | 68 |
| 7880695363 | Sinification | Extensive adoption of Chinese culture in other regions; Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. | | 69 |
| 7880695364 | Bushido | "the way of the warrior" for Japanese samurai. A set of values that were very focused on honor, courage, loyalty, self discipline, etc. | | 70 |
| 7880695365 | Tang Dynasty | A Chinese Dynasty that ruled 618-906 C.E. and replaced the Sui Dynasty. Known as the Golden Age of foreign relations w/ other countries. Perfected civil service exam and reinstated importance of culture, religion, and technological innovations. | | 71 |
| 7880695366 | Song Dynasty | The imperial dynasty of China from 960 to 1279; noted for art and literature and philosophy. It popularized foot binding, brought upon Neo-Confucianism, and created many new innovations. Consisted of major patriarchy unlike the Tang Dynasty and created the first paper currency. | | 72 |
| 7877497559 | Silla Dynasty | The first ruling dynasty to bring a measure of political unity to the Korean peninsula (688-900). The dynasty rallied to stop Chinese domination, however they built a capital to be the exact replica of the Tang Dynasty's capital. | | 73 |
| 7877497564 | Hangul/Chu Nom | The Korean alphabet created in the 15th century that was influenced by Chinese. A Vietnamese independent national literature in which Chinese influence was foundational. | | 74 |
| 7924486417 | Ulama | A group of Islamic scholars who served as judges, interpreters, administrators, prayer leaders, reciters, and teachers of the Quran. They also preserved and taught the sharia, a guideline of Islamic laws and concepts. | | 75 |
| 7925121418 | Quran | A book of revelations received by Muhammad Ibn Abdullah from Allah (singular and all powerful creator; God). He received his first revelations from the angel Gabriel in 610 C.E. Contained 114 Surahs (chapters) that are written in Arabic that Muslim society views as words straight from Allah (God) that they should abide by and live life by. | | 76 |
| 7925121419 | Umma | The just and moral society of Islam, a community of believers/followers of Islam whom were no longer classified by their ethnicities, races, or tribes. | | 77 |
| 7925121420 | Pillars of Islam | The five acts of worship and guiding principles of Islam: Shahada, Salat, Zakat, Sawm, Hajj (Testimony of Faith, Prayer (5 times a day), Alms Giving, Fasting during Ramadan, and the Pilgrimage to Mecca). | | 78 |
| 7925121421 | Hijra | The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Yathrib (Medina) in C.E. 622, marking the founding of Islam. | | 79 |
| 7925121422 | Jizya | Poll tax that non-Islamic believers had to pay when living within a Muslim empire. | | 80 |
| 7925121423 | Umayyad Caliphate | The first Muslim dynasty that expanded the Arab Empire greatly. The capital of Medina was moved to Damascus (a flashy and cosmopolitan city) during this time. It was a Hegemonic Empire in which the monarchs lived luxuriously and the non Arab-Muslims lived as second class citizens. Resentment of this system led to the overthrow of the Umayyads in 750 C.E. | | 81 |
| 7925121424 | Abbasid Caliphate | The caliphate that followed the Umayyad caliphate when it was overthrown. Ruled from 750-1258 C.E. and temporarily united the caliphate politically by making the non-Arab Muslims a crucial part of Islamic Civilization. Was the Golden Age of Islam and moved the capital to Baghdad. Fully developed sharia in result of political division from military commanders and governors self ruling their regions and creating "sultanates". Downfall was when the mongols destroyed much of it. | | 82 |
| 7925121425 | Sikhism | A monotheistic religion founded in Punjab in the 15th century by Guru Nanak that mixed together Islamic and Hindu beliefs and values, but worships God. | | 83 |
| 7925121426 | Sufism | "Islamic Mysticism", a practice in which one should aim to find direct intimacy and experience with God through mediation/ritual. Did not believe it was necessary to follow Sharia law. "Trying to speak to God who they can feel inside of their soul" -Liberty Estrella | | 84 |
| 7925349779 | Dhimmis | A term meaning "protected peoples"; they included Jews, Christians, and later Zoroastrians and Hindu. | | 85 |
| 8152248868 | Caesaropapism | A system in which the secular ruler/ruler of state is also the of the Church/religious matters (examp. Byzantine Empire) | | 86 |
| 8301146076 | Feudalism | A system in Europe which land was owned by kings or lords but held by vassals in return for their loyalty. Peasants provided food to the knights who protected them, but were loyal to the lords. The lords gave land to the knights, but were loyal to the king. The king gave land to the lords in return for their loyalty. | | 87 |
| 8301146077 | Ethiopian Christianity | A form of Christianity that retained both traditional African and Christian beliefs and was unique because of how it was isolated from Islam. | | 88 |
| 8301146078 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565 whom protected his eastern empire from the Persians/Islamic spread. | | 89 |
| 8301146079 | Icons | religious images used by eastern christians to aid their devotions. | | 90 |
| 8301146080 | Eastern Orthodox Christianity | A Christian religion that developed out of early Christianity in the Byzantine Empire | | 91 |
| 8301229765 | Kievan Rus | A powerful East Slavic state located in present day Russia that was greatly influenced by the Byzantine Empire and Christianity. | | 92 |
| 8301335207 | Holy Roman Empire | a loosely organized political entity that combined the authority of church and state. Centralized around present day Germany and founded by Charlemagne in 800 C.E. | | 93 |
| 8301335208 | Western Christendom | A Christian group/Christianity that formed where the former Western Roman Empire was originally. European feudalism was laced into society and the Catholic Church was extremely powerful. | | 94 |
| 8301335209 | Crusades | Holy and religious wars between Muslim/Christians to secure and hold sites holy/important to each monotheism. | | 95 |
| 8301434043 | Xiongnu | The nomadic people of the central Asian grasslands. Expert horsemen and archers. Greatest threat to the Han Dynasty | | 96 |
| 8301672153 | Turks (Seljuk?) | Nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader; they governed strictly. | | 97 |
| 8301672154 | Yuan Dynasty | A dynasty established in China by the Mongol invader Kublai Khan. It lasted from 1271 to 1368. | | 98 |
| 8301672155 | Black Death/Bubonic Plague | A plague spread by fleas on rats from Asia; killed every 1 in 3 people. Killed 25 million people in Europe (1/3 of the population). | | 99 |
| 8301672156 | Temujin/Chinggis Khan | Birth name of the Mongol leader better known as Chinggis Khan (1162-1227). Original supreme leader of the Mongol Empire. Came to leadership through successful battle/rescuing his wife. His father was poisoned by a rival tribe and died when Temujin was young, and his mother was kidnapped by a rival tribe as well. | | 100 |
| 8301767628 | Kipchak Khanate/Golden Horde | the name of the conquered lands of current-day Russia and the Mongol group who captured and conquered parts of Western Europe.(yeah?) | | 101 |
| 8304088354 | Pax Mongolica | The period of approximately 150 years of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire. | | 102 |
| 8304088355 | Igbo | People east of the Niger River who rejected kingship and central statehood. | | 103 |
| 8304088356 | Ming Dynasty | A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. Made China prosperous again after mongol rule subsided through restoring past successful traditions/ways (Confucianism, civil service exam, etc.) | | 104 |
| 8304088357 | European Renaissance | The era that is marked by the revival of Greek and Roman art, architecture, and thought. Originated in Italy and used texts that were stored and saved by the Islams. | | 105 |
| 8304088358 | Zheng He | a Chinese admiral and diplomat who voyaged overseas to promote trade and collect tribute. Sailed ships as large as a football field and had 27,000 men in his fleet. | | 106 |
| 8304088359 | Seizure (or fall) of Constantinople | Constantinople falling to the Ottoman Empire; end of Christian Byzantium in 1453. | | 107 |
| 8304088360 | Safavid Empire | Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled Persia between 16th and 18th centuries (were Shia muslims). | | 108 |
| 8304088361 | Songhay Empire | Major Islamic state of West Africa that formed in the second half of the fifteenth century, controlled Timbuktu. | | 109 |
| 8304088362 | Aztec Empire | A polytheistic ancient people who built astonishing cities and temples in modern day central Mexico. Their capital was Tenchtitlán, a city built over a body of water. | | 110 |
| 8304088363 | Pochteca | Special merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items. "Land pirates" that helped contribute wealth and innovations to the Aztecs. | | 111 |
| 8304088364 | Inca Empire | A large empire in Peru, they ruled over many different tribes in South America. Were defeated by the Spanish later. | | 112 |
| 8301919594 | Pax Mongolica | The period of approximately 150 years of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire. | | 113 |
| 8301919595 | Igbo | | | 114 |
| 8673709175 | Cortés | Hernán Cortés: Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico for the Spanish Empire. Impersonated Aztec god and tried to forcibly convert the natives to Christianity. (1485-1547) | | 115 |
| 8673709176 | Columbian Exchange | The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas. Said foods include tobacco, potatoes, corn, cotton, etc. | | 116 |
| 8673709177 | Peninsulares | Iberian Aristocrats/Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest tier of the Encomienda social class. | | 117 |
| 8673709178 | Creoles | Descendants of peninsulares, were ranked second in the Encomienda Class System | | 118 |
| 8673709179 | Mestizo | A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry, were after the Creoles in the Encomienda Class System. | | 119 |
| 8673709180 | Mulattoes | People with both African and European ancestry, same rank in the Encomienda Class System as Mestizos. | | 120 |
| 8673709181 | Qing Dynasty | The last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries. | | 121 |
| 8767060312 | Akbar | Mughal ruler with a genius for cultural blending, military conquest, and art. Tried to unite Islam and Hindu and abolish jizya, added new lands and united India under his rule. | | 122 |
| 8767060313 | Mughal Empire | A period of Muslim rule of India from the 1500s to the 1700s. Asian Empire that was located in Central Asia, early on tried to unite Islamic and Hindu people and ways, but in the end caused Hindu and Islamic hate between one another. | | 123 |
| 8767060314 | Ottoman Empire | a Turkish sultanate of southwestern Asia and northeastern Africa and southeastern Europe that lasted from the 1300s-1922. Preserved Islam after the end of the Golden Age of Islam and utilized secularism. Replaced the Byzantine Empire as a strong Mediterranean power. Did not absorb European Enlightenment, followed strictly the Qur'an. | | 124 |
| 8767060315 | Shia | a branch of Islam that regards Muhammad's son-in-law Ali and the imams as his rightful successors and the true rulers of the Islamic World. | | 125 |
| 8767060316 | Janissaries | Highly trained guards of the Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's guard between the 14th and 19th centuries. Originally organized by Sultan Murad I, conscripted from Christian families and converted to Islam. | | 126 |
| 8767060317 | Triangular Trade | A system in which goods and slaves were traded among the Americas, Europe, and Africa. Colonizers from the Americas would send tobacco, sugar, potatoes, and maize to Europe. Europe would send guns and alcohol to Africa, and Africa would exchange slaves to the Europeans. | | 127 |
| 8767060318 | Olaudah Equiano | An antislavery activist who wrote a famous account of his enslavement. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano. | | 128 |
| 8767060319 | Potosí | the largest silver mine at the time; in the Andes mountains in Bolivia. | | 129 |
| 8767060320 | African Diaspora | Diaspora means to scatter, a forced removal of Africans from their homeland to serve as slaves in the Americas, scattered throughout the Atlantic and such due to this purpose. | | 130 |
| 8767060321 | Tokugawa Shogunate | also known as Edo, last feudal Japanese military government which existed between 1603 and 1867. The last of the three Japanese Shogunates, tried to isolate Japan from foreign influence. | | 131 |
| 8767060322 | British/Dutch East India Companies | Companies from Britain, Netherlands, and India who aimed to monopolize the spice trade. Made Taiwan become ethically Chinese, and purchased slaves. | | 132 |
| 8767060323 | Protestant Reformation | a religious movement begun by Martin Luther and others in 1517 to reform the Catholic Church. Promoted interpretation of the Bible and ability to enter heaven due to belief and faith only. | | 133 |
| 8767060324 | Catholic Counter Reformation | The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation in which Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (Charles V) tried to reform it. Council of Trent (1545-1563). | | 134 |
| 8767060325 | Sikhism | a monotheistic religion founded in Punjab in the 15th century by Guru Nanak that mixed together Islamic and Hindu beliefs and values, but worships God. | | 135 |
| 8767060326 | Jesuits (Society of Jesus) | religious organization that became the "spiritual arm" for the Counter-Reformation that was established by Loyola. Created in 1540, 3 goals: reform church through education, preach Gospel to pagan peoples, fight Protestantism. Was the arms of the Church and would target and eliminate heretics for the Church. | | 136 |
| 8767060327 | Isaac Newton | A mathematician and scientist who argued that there were uniform laws of nature and that all motions could be measured mathematically. Created laws and was able to prove through math that the laws of gravity applied to Earth and beyond, challenging a classic belief the church taught. | | 137 |
| 8767060328 | Nicolaus Copernicus | an astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system in which all planets revolve around the sun. Was prosecuted by the Church for Heresy. | | 138 |
| 8767060329 | Voltaire | A French philosopher who fought for freedom of speech. He wrote to protect equality and justice. Criticized government through his writings. | | 139 |
| 8767060330 | European Enlightenment | an intellectual movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. Brought upon a separate way of thinking beyond the lessons taught by the church. | | 140 |
| 8879459435 | French Revolution | a French social revolution of the poor (bourgeoisie) taking action against the clergy & nobility due to system in which the rich lived lavish lives/did not work, but they instead reaped the hard work of the poor (The rich became richer and the poor became poorer). Inspired by the American Revolution, however more directed towards creating a socially equal society where people would be safe no matter of their skin color. Did not last due to the Reign of Terror and the mass public executions that were contrasting to revolution values and striked paranoia in the people. | | 141 |
| 8879459436 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | A fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights written by the National Assembly on August 27, 1789. Stated that all men were born equal and remain equal in rights, and listed what the French would want in their ideal government/society. | | 142 |
| 8879459437 | Napoleon Bonaparte | A French military general who ended the French Revolution and self-proclaimed himself emperor of France afterwards (1769-1821). Kept the system of equality in place, but got rid of liberty. Ended feudalism and proclaimed religious tolerance, but also lead to nationalist resentment of French. | | 143 |
| 8879459438 | Haitian Revolution | A slave uprising on the island of Saint Domingue against the French gran blancs for freedom and social rights. Was considered successful as France lost control of the inner groups of Haiti (which became its own republic) however the French were displeased and threatened the people of Haiti that they would attack them if they did not pay the French. | | 144 |
| 8911129117 | Spanish American Revolution | An uprising of the locals and slaves of South America against Spain and Portugal due to creoles and African slaves resentment of Spanish rule. Simón Bolívar united and lead the americanos against the Spanish to gain independence. Due to South America's size, the rebellion was unorganized and divided about ideal and plans after the revolution. Caused for new economic structure, free labor due to capitalism and industrialism, and Protestant/moral opposition. | | 145 |
| 8973029682 | Abolitionist Movement | The movement to end the practice of slavery within the entirety of the United States. | | 146 |
| 8973029683 | Vindication of the Rights of Women | A book written by Mary Wollstonecraft that stated that men and women should have equal rights. | | 147 |
| 8973029684 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | An American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early woman's movement. Organized the Seneca Falls Convention, the first women's rights convention. | | 148 |
| 8973029685 | Nationalism | A sense of national pride to such an extent of exalting one nation above all others. The feeling of being a citizen of a nation. Popularized through the European Enlightenment and seen within the French Revolution where "the people" belong to "the nation of France". | | 149 |
| 9115391385 | Industrialization | the development of industries that support machine production of goods in a country or region on a wide scale. | | 150 |
| 9115391386 | Steam Engine | an engine that uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power, performs mechanical work and fuels factories. | | 151 |
| 9115391387 | Russian Revolution of 1905 | A massive procession of Russian people who journeyed to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg on January 22, 1905 to speak with Tsar Nicholas to give more freedom, liberty, and power to the people of Russia. However, the Tsar was not present at the Winter Palace, and the military shot the group. Word of this spread around Russia, and outrage due to these actions caused great and rapid spread of the revolution. | | 152 |
| 9115391388 | Proletariat | Karl Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production, the working class. | | 153 |
| 9115391389 | Karl Marx | Wrote the Communist Manifesto, a German king who was well known for his philosophy and ideas about capitalism and communism, founded Marxism. | | 154 |
| 9115391390 | Mexican Revolution | A period of armed rebellion from 1910-1920 in which Mexican people fought for political and social reform. 1 million casualties occurred, revolution led to 1917 Constitution. No real impact outside of Mexico. | | 155 |
| 9115391391 | Labour Party | Created in 1906 to represent the rights of the newly-enfranchised working man, supported nationalized industrialization and surpassed the Liberal party in opposing the Conservative party | | 156 |
| 9115391392 | Dependent Development | Referring to Latin American dependence on Europe and a bit of the US due to unstable economy, government, and non advancements. | | 157 |
| 9216492993 | Crimean War | a war that broke out when Russia invaded Ottoman lands along the Danube to gain control of the Black Sea; ended in Russian defeat by French and British forces. | | 158 |
| 9277378201 | Social Darwinism | The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. European interpretation of Darwin's theory of evolution in which they were the biologically/scientifically superior race and imperialism of others was natural due to the strong empires weeding out the weaker non advanced empires to make way for growth. | | 159 |
| 9441406195 | Scramble for Africa | When many European countries all rushed into Africa in an attempt to gain lands for themselves. Mass imperialistic colonization of tribes of Africa. Was quick due to the technological advantages and urban advances Europe had over Africa. | | 160 |
| 9441406196 | Suez Canal | A human-made waterway, which was opened in 1869, connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Important to Europeans due to how it provided access to Asian and African ports (and interior rivers). | | 161 |
| 9441406197 | Sepoy Rebellion | The revolt of Indian soldiers (called sepoys) in 1857 against certain British practices that violated religious customs. This occurred due to how forces of new cartridges were smeared with animal fat from cows and pigs. In Hinduism cows were generated and in Islam pigs were seen as unclean and unholy. The two religious groups also viewed said innovation of cartridges as a plot by the Europeans to convert them to Christianity. | | 162 |
| 9441406198 | Congo Free State/Leopold II | Governed and ruled individually by King Leopold II of Belgium. Known for the cruelty and terror against villagers, men, women, and children alike. Private companies in the Congo forced labor upon the villagers to collect rubber (a material valuable at the time for the creation tires). Villagers were executed, shot, and had many parts of their bodies severed due to "insufficient" work. This became an outrage when the world found out and forced the Belgian government to take control of the Congo in 1908, ending the control of Leopold. | | 163 |
| 9530656743 | Indian Rebellion, 1857-1858 | The revolt of Indian soldiers (called sepoys) in 1857 against certain British practices that violated religious customs. This occurred due to how forces of new cartridges were smeared with animal fat from cows and pigs. In Hinduism cows were generated and in Islam pigs were seen as unclean and unholy. The two religious groups also viewed said innovation of cartridges as a plot by the Europeans to convert them to Christianity. Expanded racial diversity and made the country a full fledged colony of not the British East India Company any longer, but the British Empire in its entirety. | | 164 |
| 9530656744 | cash-crop agriculture | The system of developing valued crops for the sole purpose of sales on the market. Was great for the local farmers, and urged on my imperialist authorities. | | 165 |
| 9530656745 | Taiping Rebellion | a mid-19th century peasant rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan (1814-1864. Proclaimed himself the brother of Jesus), in which the rebellion leaders rejected Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism, however they placed their ideals heavily into a unique form of Christianity. Started due to the unsustainable population growth that lacked the agriculture to supply it, the economic state, and the central state's loss of power. Rebellion looked for a revolutionary change instead of one back to the glory days. | | 166 |
| 9540224828 | Opium Wars | War between Great Britain and China as a conflict over the opium trade in which Britain had been smuggling opium into China to deplete it of its silver, power, and function ability. | | 167 |
| 9540224829 | Unequal Treaties | Trade treaties that China signed under pressure of invasion after the Opium Wars; gave Western powers massive trade benefits and also allowed for them to trade Opium in China | | 168 |
| 9540224830 | Self Strengthening Movement | A movement to change Chinese Infrastructure during the Qing Dynasty (1860-1895) to blend Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial technology and to counter European dominance of China's affairs. Occurred after losses in Opium Wars and unequal treaties. | | 169 |
| 9541563106 | Boxer Uprising | Anti-foreign movement in China during the late 19th century (1898-1901) led by militia organizations that called themselves the Society of Righteousness and Harmonious Fists. Numerous Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed and foreign embassies were sieged in Beijing. Ended in rebellion being crushed by Western powers and Japan, and punishment being inflicted on China. | | 170 |
| 9542114536 | Chinese Revolution of 1911 | The overthrow of the ancient imperial system (by organized revolutionaries who were against Western imperialists, the Qing dynasty, and aspects of China's traditional culture) that had ruled/governed China for so long. | | 171 |
| 9542114537 | Tanzimat | Reforms of Ottoman "reorganization" several decades after 1839 to provide and ensure economic, social, and legal needs by accepting some Western knowledge and bits of industrialization for benefit of the newly recentralized state. | | 172 |
| 9542114538 | Young Ottomans | A new class born from the Tanzimat that consisted of lower level officials, military officers, writers, poets, and journalists whom majority received Western style education. Sought major changes in the Ottoman political system and favored Western secularism and other aspects. | | 173 |
| 9544768486 | Young Turks | Secular Military and Civilian elites who wanted to modernize the Ottoman Empire as a Turkish national state. Were nationalists who pushed for secular modernization. | | 174 |
| 9544768487 | Tokugawa Japan | Era in which Japan was governed by a Shogun (military leader) from the Tokugawa who acted in the name of the powerless yet revered emperor who lived outside of the capital. Due to military and political skill, allowed Japan a time of internal peace (1600-1850) which allowed the economy to boom and for society to focus on urbanize. | | 175 |
| 9544768488 | Meiji Restoration | Started by political takeover of the government by a group of young samurai who claimed to give power back to the emperor. Their goal was to save Japan from European domination through embracing Western culture without materialism, this allowed for Japan to successfully modernize unlike it's other Asian counterparts. | | 176 |
| 9544768489 | Treaty of Versailles | A treaty that ended World War 1 in 1919 that forced the responsibility for the war and damages on to Germany. The treaty also set a limit on the German military and navy, and forced Germany to pay $30 billion in reparations to France. Benefited the U.S., Britain and, France. | | 177 |
| 9704794303 | Woodrow Wilson/Fourteen Points | An American statesman and scholar who served as the 28th president of the United States and created the Fourteen Points (a list of fourteen principles that were to be used in peace negotiations and were used as the basis for American peace negotiations at the Treaty of Versailles. | | 178 |
| 9704794304 | Mussolini/Facism | Benito Mussolini, an Italian politician and former socialist journalist who is credited with the creation and uprising of facism. Created the facist party in which citizens were to be dedicated to the betterment of the state and hold the state above their own importance. | | 179 |
| 9704794305 | Nazi Germany/Hitler | Adolf Hitler, the leader of the Nazi Party who put in place facism and anti-semitism while promising the German people economic stability and growth and German prosperity. | | 180 |
| 9704794306 | Total War | An all out war that was first seen in World War 1 in which not only the military was involved in the war, but the common people/civilians themselves were as well. | | 181 |
| 9704794307 | Holocaust | The genocide of about 6 million Jewish people directed by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party. involved the Hunger Plan and then transferred over to the Jewish extermination camps such as Auschwitz. | | 182 |
| 9704794308 | Marshall Plan | An American initiative to aid the recovery of Europe after World War II. $13 billion were transferred to Europe between 1948-1951 that allowed European confidence in their economies, but also promoted capitalism. | | 183 |
| 9704794309 | NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) | A 1949 defense alliance initiated by the US, Canada, and 10 Western European nations. Was formed to counter the spread of communism and promote democratic capitalist governments. | | 184 |
| 9704794310 | Russian Revolution (1917) | The overthrow of the imperial government (Tsar and Romanov family) and the initiation of the Bolsheviks. | | 185 |
| 9704794311 | Bolsheviks/Lenin | A communist (Marxist & Socialist) party led by Vladimir Lenin that came to power in 1917. Lenin established a Communist state made up of a Soviet government and Bolshevik leaders. | | 186 |
| 9704794312 | Mao Zedong | A charismatic Chinese communist leader whom formed the Republic of China and was the chairman of the Chinese Communist Party. Known for his Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution. | | 187 |
| 9704794313 | CCP (Chinese Communist Party) | A Communist political party and revolutionary movement that has governed the People's Republic of China since 1949. | | 188 |
| 9704794314 | Collectivization | A system in which private farms are redistributed to peasants who farm food for the state. | | 189 |
| 9704794315 | Great Leap Forward | a program that Mao Zedong began in China in 1958 to resolve industrial and agricultural problems. Was the result of the failure of the Soviet model of Industrialization in China. However, the plan failed and resulted in the breakdown of the Chinese economy and 20 million casualties due to starvation. | | 190 |
| 9704794316 | Joseph Stalin | Leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Vladimir Lenin, known for his brutal rule by terror and for transforming the Soviet Union into an industrial and military power. Established collectivization and executed any potential enemy. A major power during the Cold War who ended alliances with the U.S. and Great Britain after WWII. | | 191 |
| 9704794317 | Great Purges/Terror | Stalin's mass murder of millions to install fear and to rid himself of any potential enemies within the Soviet Union. | | 192 |
| 9704794318 | Warsaw Pact | A Communist military alliance, formed in 1955, of the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite nations. Those under it were dubbed part of the 2nd world. | | 193 |
| 9713340391 | Cuban Missile Crisis | 13 Day period in October 1962 when the Soviet Union planted nuclear missiles in Cuba, which due to the close proximity towards the United States, caused a tense conflict in which the U.S. and Soviet Union both were on the verge of erupting the world into nuclear warfare and global destruction. | | 194 |
| 9713340392 | perestroika/glasnost | Policy reforms made by the Soviet Leader Mikhail Gorbachev during the 1980s-1991. The Perestroika ("restructuring") concept was intended to bring the Soviet Union's economy up to the same level as 1st world countries (Germany, Japan, and the U.S.) by allowing limited private businesses and decentralizing government control over the economy. The Glasnost ("openness") promoted free speech, gave the media more freedom, and loosened strict social control. | | 195 |
| 9713340393 | Decolonization | In which colonies become their own independent state and break away from their colonial rulers. | | 196 |
| 9713340394 | Indian National Congress | An Indian nationalist party formed in 1885 that's beginning intention was to simply have a greater Indian presence in the government. Made up of the wealthy upperclass. | | 197 |
| 9713340395 | Mahatma Gandhi/satyagraha | October 2, 1869-January 30, 1948. A leader of the movement against British rule in India and South Africa. Used and coined satyagraha ("holding onto truth"), a form of peaceful protest against evil. | | 198 |
| 9713340396 | African National Congress (ANC) | A South African nationalist party that opposed apartheid and the segregating Boer and Afrikaner government. Was led by Nelson Mandela. | | 199 |
| 9713340397 | Nelson Mandela | a South African political activist and lawyer who led the ANC and was arrested later during apartheid when the ANC was banned. Later became the first president of South Africa when an election was allowed due to pressure from the people and other nations. | | 200 |
| 9713340398 | Apartheid | The former policy of racial segregation against black South Africans initiated by Boer and Afrikaner government. Fell apart and was largely abandoned due to internal and external pressures against the discrimination that occurred. | | 201 |
| 9713340400 | Mustafa Kemal Ataturk | The founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey who modernized the new country with western secularism and policies on the practice of religions. | | 202 |
| 9713979554 | Ayotollah Khomeini | An Iranian Shia scholar & politician as well as an Islamic fundamentalist who led the Iranian Revolution that overthrew the Shah that supported Westernization and secularism. Reintegrated Islam into the government, politics, and law (sharia) and was appointed leader of Iran for life. | | 203 |
| 9715485339 | Trans-National Corporations | Huge global businesses that produce goods in multiple countries at simultaneously. | | 204 |
| 9715485340 | North/South gap | A growing economic divide among countries in the North vs. South that in seen through globalization. | | 205 |
| 9715485341 | World Trade Organization | An international organ that represents 149 nations and negotiates the rules for global commerce and promotes free trade. | | 206 |
| 9717543152 | International Monetary Fund | An international organization founded in 1945 to regulate global economy, prevent another situation like the Great Depression, and promote economic growth globally (especially in poorer and developing nations). | | 207 |
| 9717543153 | Fundamentalism | Conservative belief that everything in a holy source of a religion (The Bible & Qur'an) should be taken literally and followed strictly. Rejects secular modernization, | | 208 |
| 9717543154 | Al-Qaeda | A radical international Islamic fundamentalist terror organization created by Osama bin Laden that's original purpose was to gather fighters and funds for the Afghan resistance, however after U.S. troops were stationed in Islam's holy land with permission and fought in a war against Iraq in 1991, Laden and the Al-Qaeda attacked the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. | | 209 |
| 9717543155 | Environmentalism | A social movement that began in the 19th century as a reaction to Industrialization and its affects on the environment. Against the contamination of the environment by pollution, chemicals, nuclear energy, and supports the overall health and natural support systems for humans, plants, and animals. | | 210 |
