| CourseNotes

AP Language - Brush Strokes Flashcards

8159091308	Absolute Phrase	noun + participle, (rest of sentence)	0
8159108372	Appositive	renaming a noun besides a noun	1
8159132728	Adjectives Out of Order	noun + adjective out of normal order	2
8159155208	Present Participle	verb + -ing	3
8159159036	Past Participle	verb + -ed	4
8159162261	Gerund	participle acting as a noun	5
8159165741	Active Voice	The sentence subject performs the action	6
8159179669	Passive Voice	The action is performed upon the sentence subject	7
8159246621	What is this an example of? "Air crackling, the blue bolt of lightning smashed into the ground."	Absolute Phrase	8
8159256289	What is this an example of? "My mom makes pizza, a gooey pie of zesty delight, every night."	Appositive	9
8159279279	What is this an example of? "Her homecoming dress, exotic and colorful, cost a small fortune."	Adjectives Out of Order	10
8159291281	Which participle tense is being used? "A whining sound came from the horse."	Present Participle	11
8159320306	What participle tense is being used? "The ground corn was used to make tortillas."	Past Participle	12
8159338013	Is this an example of a verb or a gerund? "Studying is hard."	Gerund	13
8159360870	Is the active or passive voice being used? "Tim is making cookies for the annual neighborhood party."	Active Voice	14
8159379686	Is the active or passive voice being used? "The cookies are being baked by Tim."	Passive Voice	15

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Language and Composition Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9114211357	Ad hominem argument	Argument appealing to personal considerations rather than logic or reason.	0
9114211358	Allegory	a work with two levels of meaning, a literal one and a symbolic one.	1
9114211359	Alliteration	The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginnings of words.	2
9114211360	Allusion	an indirect reference to a person, place, event, or literary work with which the author believes the reader will be familiar	3
9114211361	Ambiguity	A technique in which a word, phrase, or event has more than one meaning or can be interpreted in more than one way.	4
9114211362	Analogy	a point-by-point comparison between two things for the purpose of clarifying the less familiar of the two subjects	5
9114211363	Anaphora	A repetition of a word or words at the beginning of successive lines, clauses, or sentences.	6
9114211364	Anecdote	A brief story that focuses on a single episode or event in a person's life and that is used to illustrate a particular point	7
9114211365	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause that a pronoun refers to.	8
9114211366	Aphorism	A brief statement, usually one sentence long, that expresses a general principle or truth about life.	9
9114211367	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary preson or personified abstraction, such as liberty or love	10
9114211368	Assonance	The repetition of vowel sounds within words.	11
9114211369	Atmosphere	The emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work,	12
9114211370	Clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.	13
9114211371	Colloquial/Colloquialism	The use of slang or informalities in speech in writing. They give works a more conversational, familiar tone.	14
9114211372	Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects	15
9114211373	Concession	In an argument, conceding that the opposing side has some validity	16
9114211374	Connotation	The emotional response evoked by a word	17
9114211375	Denotation	Literally, the dictionary definition of a word	18
9114211376	Diction	A writer's or speaker's choice of words is called diction.	19
9114211377	Didactic	A work with the primary aim of teaching or instructing	20
9114211378	Elegy	a poem written in tribute to a person	21
9114211379	Euphemism	A more agreeable or less offensive substitute for generally unpleasant words or concepts.	22
9114211380	Extended Metaphor	a comparison between two essentially unlike things that nevertheless have something in common. It does not contain the word like or as. An extended metaphor compares two things at some length and in various ways.	23
9114211381	Figurative Language	Figurative language is language that communicates ideas beyond the literal meaning of words.	24
9114211382	Figures of Speech	A device used to produce figurative language.	25
9114211383	Generic Conventions	This term describes traditions for each genre.	26
9114211384	Genre	Genre refers to the distinct types into which literary works can be grouped.	27
9114211385	Homily	This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	28
9114211386	Hyperbole	A figure of speech in which the truth is exaggerated for emphasis or for humorous effect.	29
9114211387	Imagery	The descriptive words and phrases that a writer uses to re-create sensory experiences are called imagery.	30
9114211388	Inference/Infer	To draw reasonable conclusions from the information presented.	31
9114211389	Invective	An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.	32
9114211390	Irony/Ironic	Irony refers to a contrast between appearance and reality.	33
9114211391	Kinesthetic Imagery	Kinesthetic imagery re-creates the tension felt through muscles, tendons, or joints in the body.	34
9114211392	Loose sentence	A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses.	35
9114211393	Metaphor	A figure of speech that compares two things that have something in common. Unlike similes, metaphors do not use the words like or as, but make comparisons directly.	36
9114211394	Metonomy	A figure of speech which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.	37
9114211395	Mood	Mood is the feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader.	38
9114211396	Narrative	Any type of writing that relates to an event or a series of events.	39
9114211397	Onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words.	40
9114211398	Oxymoron	a special kind of concise paradox that brings together two contradictory terms	41
9114211399	Paradox	a statement that seems to contradict itself but may nevertheless suggest an important truth.	42
9114211400	Parallelism	the grammatical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity.	43
9114211401	Parody	Writing that imitates either the style or the subject matter of a literary work for the purpose of criticism, humorous effect, or flattering tribute.	44
9114211402	Pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish.	45
9114211403	Periodic Sentence	A sentence that presents its central meaning in the main clause at the end.	46
9114211404	Personification	Personification is a figure of speech in which an object, animal, or idea is given human characteristics.	47
9114211405	Point of View	Point of view refers to the narrative perspective from which events in a story or novel are told.	48
9114211406	Predicate Adjectives	an adjective that follows a linking verb. It is in the predicate of the sentence, and modifies or describes the subject.	49
9114211407	Predicate Nominative	a noun that renames the subject. It follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate of the sentence.	50
9114211408	Primary Sources	Materials written or created by people who were present at events are called primary sources.	51
9114211409	Prose	prose refers to all forms of written or spoken expression that are not in verse.	52
9114211410	Repetition	Repetition is a technique in which a sound, word, phrase, or line is repeated for emphasis or unity.	53
9114211411	Rhetoric	this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently and persuasively.	54
9114211412	Rhetorical Modes	This term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing.	55
9114211413	Rhetorical question	A question used for a rhetorical purpose that is not meant to be answered but the answer may be obvious	56
9114211414	Sarcasm	A type of verbal irony, refers to a critical remark expressed in a statement in which literal meaning is the opposite of actual meaning.	57
9114211415	Satire	A literary technique in which foolish ideas or customs are ridiculed for the purpose of improving society.	58
9114211416	Simile	a figure of speech that compares two things that have something in common, using a word such as like or as.	59
9114211417	Stream of Consciousness	A technique that presents the flow of a character's seemingly unconnected thoughts, responses, and sensations.	60
9114211418	Subject complement	The word or clause that follows a linking verb	61
9114211419	Syllogism	a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises—the first one called "major" and the second "minor"—that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.	62
9114211420	Symbol/Symbolism	Generally, anything that represents or stands for something else.	63
9114211421	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses and sentences.	64
9114211422	Theme	an underlying message that a writer wants the reader to understand.	65
9114211423	Thesis	Sentence that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or proposition	66
9114211424	Tone	A writer's attitude toward his or her subject.	67
9114211425	Transition	A word or phrase that links different ideas.	68
9114211426	Understatement	A technique of creating emphasis by saying less than is actually or literally true.	69
9114211427	Voice	refers to a writer's unique use of language that allows a reader to "hear" a human personality in his or her writing.	70
9114211428	Wit	intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights	71

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP English Language Semester 1 Language Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary for AP English Language

Terms : Hide Images

8703306984	Allegory	Fictional work in which the characters represent ideas or concepts(Purpose: Convey difficult idea through an in-depth metaphorical narrative)	0
8703306985	Alliteration	The repetition of consonant sounds, usually at the beginning of words	1
8703306986	Allusion	A reference, usually oblique or faint, to another thing, idea, or person(Ex: Aslan in "The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe" represents Christ)	2
8703306987	Ambiguity	Uncertain or indefinite; subject to more than one interpretation(Ex: I rode a black horse in red pajamas.)	3
8703306989	Anaphora	repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row(Ex: "This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England,This nurse, this teeming womb of royal kings [. . .]This land of such dear souls, this dear dear land,") from Act 2 Scene 1 of "Richard II"	4
8703306990	Antecedent	Every pronoun refers back to a previous noun or pronoun(Ex: The weather is great today; let's make the most of it by going to the beach.)	5
8703306992	Antithesis	An opposition or contrast of ideas that is often expressed in balanced phrases or clauses(Ex: Man proposes, God disposes.)	6
8703306993	Apostrophe	A figure of speech in which an absent person or personified object is addressed by a speaker(Ex: "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star")	7
8703412050	Cacophony	Words combining unpleasant, discordant sounds that produce the effect of harshness (Ex:"I'll look to like, if looking liking move.")	8
8703306998	Caricature	A grotesque or exaggerated likeness of striking qualities in persons and things(Ex: Purpose: Portray important political or artistic ideas)	9
8703473914	Catharsis	A purging of pity and/or terror (Ex: "JULIET: Yea, noise? then I'll be brief. O happy dagger! [Snatching ROMEO'S dagger. This is thy sheath; [Stabs herself.] there rest, and let me die.")	10
8703306999	Clause	A structural element of a sentence, consisting of a grammatical subject and a predicate(Ex: Ghost stories are a lot of fun, if you tell them late at night with the lights off.)	11
8703307001	Colloquial Language	Slang or common language that is informal(Ex: "That totally grossed me out.")	12
8703307003	Connotative	The interpretive level of a word based on associated images rather than the literal meaning(Ex: "Wall Street" = wealth and power)	13
8703307005	Diction	An author's choice of words(Purpose: Create & convey a typical mood, tone and atmosphere)	14
8703307006	Didactic	Writing which has the purpose of teaching or instructing(Ex: Religious texts(teach us about the reality of God))	15
8703626781	Digression	Use of material unrelated to the subject of the work (Ex:	16
8703307007	Euphemism	A mild or pleasant sounding expression that substitutes for a harsh, indelicate, or simply less pleasant idea(Ex: Correctional facility instead of jail)	17
8703671362	Foil	a character that provides a sharp contrast to another (Ex: Romeo and Mercutio)	18
8703307014	Hyperbole	A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used to achieve emphasis(Ex: Your suitcase weighs a ton!)	19
8703307015	Imagery	A mental picture that is conjured by specific words and associations(Purpose: Generate a vibrant presentation of a scene that appeals to as many of the reader's senses as possible)	20
8703307018	Invective	An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language(Ex: Chicken for coward)	21
8703307019	Irony	When a situation produces and outcome that is the opposite of what is expected(Ex: The name of Britain's biggest dog was "Tiny".)	22
8703307023	Metaphor	A figure of speech in which two unlike things are compared directly(Ex: My brother was boiling mad.)	23
8703307024	Metonymy	A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it(Ex: Let me give you a hand; hand means help)	24
8703307025	Mood	The prevailing or dominant feeling of a work, scene, or event(Purpose: Evoke various emotional responses in readers and ensure their emotional attachment as they read the book)	25
8703707785	Motif	An image that occurs throughout a work that is in and of itself	26
8703307026	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events(Purpose: Gain a deep insight of culture and develop some sort of understanding towards it)	27
8703307027	Onomatopoeia	An effect created by words that have sounds that reinforce their meaning(Ex: Moo!)	28
8703307028	Oxymoron	Two contradictory words in one expression(Ex: jumbo shrimp)	29
8703307029	Paradox	A seeming contradiction that in fact reveals some truth(Ex: "I can resist anything but temptation" - Oscar Wilde)	30
8703729858	Parable	A story to suggest a principal, illustrate a moral, or answer a question.	31
8703307031	Parody	An effort to ridicule or make fun of a literary work or an author by writing a comic imitation of the work(Ex: SNL)	32
8703307035	Personification	A figure of speech in which ideas or objects are described as having human qualities or personalities(Ex: The flowers danced in the gentle breeze.)	33
8703307036	Point of View	The particular perspective from which a story is told(Ex: 1st person - " I tell myself to focus while I am reading a book.")	34
8703307039	Rhetoric	The art and logic of a written or spoken argument to persuade, to analyze, or to expose(Ex: Ethos, Logos, Pathos)	35
8703307040	Ethos	Form, Manner(Purpose: Musician starring in a dog commercial)	36
8703307041	Pathos	Force, Emotion(Ex: Empathizing with a friend who lost a family member)	37
8703307042	Logos	Idea, Message(Ex:Facts, Charts, Tables used to support that abortion rates correlates with crime rates)	38
8703307044	Rhetorical Question	A question that is asked for the sake of argument(Ex: " Why not?")	39
8703307046	Satire	To ridicule or mock ideas, persons, events, or doctrines(Ex: The Daily Show)	40
8703307048	Periodic Sentence	Sentence with main clause or predicate at the end(Ex: In opening minds, instilling values, and creating opportunities, education has no equal.)	41
8703307052	Simile	A commonly used figure of speech that compares one thing with another using the words "like" or "as"(Ex: Jake is as slow as a turtle.)	42
8703827057	Symbol/Symbolism	Represents itself and stands for something else	43
8703307061	Theme	The central idea(Ex: love and friendship in "Pride and Prejudice")	44
8703307062	Thesis	The sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or proposition(Purpose: To inform audience about main idea)	45
8703307064	Tone	Attitude(Purpose: Decide how readers should read a literary piece and how they should feel while reading it)	46

Powered by Quizlet.com

2nd Quarter AP Language Literary Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5611445994	Periodic Sentence	A sentence that places the main idea or central complete thought at the end of the sentence, after all introductory elements	0
5611445995	Chiasmus	A Greek term meaning "diagonal arrangement." It is used to describe two successive clauses or sentences where the key words or phrases are repeated in both clauses, but in reverse order. For this reason,this is sometimes known as a criss-cross figure of speech.	1
5611445996	Polemic	Greek for hostile; an aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority or one opinion over all others; polemics generally do not concede that opposing opinions have any merit	2
5611445997	Polysyndeton	Syntax using (multiple) conjunctions, usually without commas, to present items in a series; instead of X, Y, and Z, polysyndeton results in X and Y and Z	3
5611445998	Post hoc, ergo propter hoc	Mistakenly inferring that because one event follows another they have a casual relation; from post hoc ergo proper hoc ("after this, therefore because of this"); also called "doubtful cause"	4
5611445999	Pun	A "play on words" based on the multiple meanings of a single word or on words that sound alike but have different meanings	5
5611446000	Qualifier	A word or phrase that changes how absolute, certain or generalized a statement is	6
5611446001	Rebuttal	An opposition to an assertion; it disproves (refutes) the opposing argument	7
5611446002	Red Herring	An irrelevant issue used to draw attention away from the real issue	8
5611446003	Refutation	When a writer musters relevant opposing arguments; an attack on an opposing view to weaken it, invalidate it, or make it less credible.	9
5611446004	Satire	A type of writing that ridicules the shortcomings of people or institutions in an attempt to bring about change	10
5611446005	Straw man	A fallacious argument that misrepresents a position in order to make it appear weaker than it actually is, refuting this misrepresentation of the position, and then concluding that the real position has been refuted	11
5611446006	Stream of consciousness	A style of writing that portrays the inner (often chaotic) workings of a character's mind	12
5611446007	Synecdoche	A figure in which a part represents the whole. "If you don't drive properly, you will lose your wheels," where wheels represents car	13
5611446008	Telegraphic sentence	a sentence shorter than five words in length	14
5611446009	Vernacular	The language spoken by the people who live in a particular locality	15
5611446010	Warrant	A general principle or assumption that establishes a connection between the evidence/ support and the claim	16
5611446011	Zeugma	A figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses (e.g., John and his license expired last week) or to two others of which it semantically suits only one (e.g., with weeping eyes and hearts.)	17

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Human Geography: Language Flashcards

Language

Terms : Hide Images

10203874870	Accent	A distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class.	0
10203874871	Dialect	A regional variation of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation, particular to a specific region or social group.	1
10203874872	Extinct Language	A language that no longer has any speakers, or that is no longer in current use.	2
10203874873	Ideogram	A written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it. Used in Mandarin (Chinese)	3
10203874874	Isogloss	A geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.	4
10203874875	Isolated Language	A natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages or language families; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. i.e A language family with only one language. (Basque)	5
10203874876	Language Branch	A Subsection of a Language Family. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families. i.e The Romance "-------" of the Indo-European language family.	6
10203874877	Language	The method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.	7
10203874878	Language Group	A Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. An individual language, including all dialects (I.e. Italian, German, English)	8
10203874879	Language Family	A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. The trunk of the language tree, from which language branches come from.	9
10203874880	Indo European language family	Largest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia. Includes the Germanic branch, Indo-Iranian branch, Balto-Slavic branch, and Romance branch.	10
10203874881	Sino-Tibetan Language Family	2nd largest language family. Includes Madarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese	11
10203874882	Lingua Franca	A Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages (currently English worldwide).	12
10203874883	Literary Tradition	A Language that is written as well as spoken.	13
10203874884	Monolingual State	A country in which only one language is spoken (i.e. Japan, Korea)	14
10203874885	Bilingual	The ability to speak two languages.	15
10203874886	Multilingual State	A country in which more than one language is in use (India, Nigeria, Belgium, Switzerland)	16
10203874887	Official Language	The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents, a language that is given special legal status.	17
10203874888	Orthography	The conventional spelling system of a language.	18
10203874889	Pidgin Language	A Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.	19
10203874890	Standard Language	The specific form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.	20
10203874891	Toponym	The name of a place, often reflecting that place's history and culture.	21
10203874892	Vernacular	Using a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language. It is usually the language of the common people.	22
10203874893	Creole	A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. Developed out of an earlier pidgin stage.	23
10203874894	Denglish	The term is used in all German-speaking countries to refer to the increasingly strong influx of English or pseudo-English vocabulary into German.	24
10203874895	Franglais	A form of French using many words and idioms borrowed from English.	25
10203874896	Ebonics	A dialect of English spoken by some African Americans.	26
10203874897	Spanglish	A hybrid language combining words and idioms from both Spanish and English, especially Spanish speech that uses many English words and expressions.	27
10203874898	Francophone	Places and countries where French is spoken around the world. (Quebec in Canada, Vietnam, Haiti, Sub-Saharan Africa, Belgium, Switzerland, France).	28
10203874899	Hankul	The system of writing Korean is written in. In this system, each letter represents a sound.	29
10203874900	Romance Branch	A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes languages that evolved from Latin (the language of the Romans). The 5 main languages include: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, and Romanian.	30
10203874901	Germanic Branch	A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch is divided into North and West Germanic. North Germanic includes Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic), which all came from Old Norse. West Germanic is further divided into High Germanic and Low Germanic subgroups. High German includes the standard German language. Low German includes English, Dutch, Flemish (Dialect of Dutch), Afrikaaans, and Frisian.	31
10203874902	Indo-Iranian Branch	The branch of the Indo-European language family with the most speakers. This branch includes more than 100 individual languages divided into an eastern group (Indic), which includes the languages of Hinid and Urdu and a western group (Iranian), which includes Farsi and Kurdish.	32
10203874903	Balto-Slavic Branch	This branch of the Indo-European language family can be broken down into four groups: East Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian), Baltic (Latvian, Lithuanian), West Slavic (Polish, Czech, and Slovak), and South Slavic (Serbo-Croatian). Russian is the most widely used language in this branch, due to the spread of the Soviet Union.	33
10203874904	Celtic Branch	A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes the languages of the British Isles before the invasion of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. This branch is divided into two language groups: Goidelic(Gaelic), which includes Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic, and Brythonic, which includes Welsh, Breton, and Cornish. These languages declined because the Celts lost most of their territory and the English colonizers forbid the use of the Celtic languages.	34
10203874905	Uralic Language Family	Language Family in Europe that includes the languages of Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian. Languages in this family originated from the Ural mountains in Russia, spreading through migration.	35
10203874906	Austronesian Language Family	Language Family spoken mostly in Indonesia. This family includes the languages of Javanese, Indonesian, Malay, and Malagasy. The most spoken language in this family is Javanese, since Java is the populous island of Indonesia. The Indonesian language is used as a lingua franca in Indonesia, due to so many different native languages (739 active languages). Malay is spoken in Malaysia, Malagasy is spoken in Madagascar.	36
10203874907	Afro-Asiatic Language Family	This language family is found in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Middle East), where Islam is the dominant religion. This family includes the languages of Arabic and Hebrew. Hebrew is spoken in Israel, a Jewish state, and Arabic is spoken throughout the region since it is the language of the Koran, the Islamic holy book.	37
10203874908	Niger-Congo Language Family	More than 95% of people in Sub-Saharan Africa speak languages from this family. This family includes Swahili, the lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages.	38
10203874909	Prehistoric Subgroup	A language that predates the current language family, before the written record. Ex: Proto-Indo-European	39
10203874910	Altaic Language Family	A language family spoken across central Asia named after the Altai Mountains. The most spoken language in this family is Turkish. The family also includes the languages spoken in the Caucasus Region and across Central Asia, previously controlled by the Soviet Union. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, newly independent countries in these regions reverted to their native languages in this family, including the countries of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia and Georgia.	40
10203874911	Kurgan Theory	Proposed by Marija Gimbutas, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by military conquest as nomadic herders on horseback (Kurgans) invaded west from the Asian Steppe ( border between Russia and Kazakhstan) around 4300 B.C in search of grasslands.	41
10203874912	Renfrew (Anatolian) Theory	Proposed by Colin renfrew, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by way of agriculktural practices from Anatolia (Turkey) in 6300 BC.	42
10203874913	British Received Pronunciation (BRP)	The dialect of English associated with upper class Britons living in the London area now considered the standard form of British speech.	43
10203874914	Language Divergence	When a lack of spatial interaction (isolation) among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages.	44
10203874915	Language Convergence	When peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one (i.e. pidgin and creole).	45
10203874916	Backward Reconstruction	When linguists track sound shifts and the hardening of consonants backward to reveal an "original" language.	46
10203874917	Sound Shift	Slight word change in language within the subfamilies and language family from present time, backward to its origin (i.e: lacte in Latin, latta in Italian).	47
10203874918	Treaty of Tordesillas	Pope Alexander VI's 1493 decision that officially split the New World into two empires, with Spain getting the West and Portugal the East.	48
10203874919	Hindi	Approximately one-third of Indians, mostly in the north, use this Indic language. This language can be spoken in many different ways, but there is only one official way to write the language, using a script called Devanagari. It serves as the lingua franca in India and is used by the government, growing into a national language in the nineteenth century when the British encouraged its use in government. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.	49
10203874920	Swahili	The lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages. This language was developed between African and Arab traders and is one for the few African languages with extensive literature. It is part of the Niger-Congo language family.	50
10203874921	Urdu	Pakistan's principal language, spoken very much like Hindi but written with the Arabic alphabet, a legacy of the fact that most Pakistanis are Muslims, and their holiest book (the Quran) is written in Arabic. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.	51
10203874922	Farsi	The principle language of Iran, a remnant of the Persian Empire. It is written with the Arabic alphabet since Iran is a Muslim country. This language is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.	52
10203874923	Mandarin	This language is the most spoken language in the world. It is spoken by approximately three-fourths of the Chinese people, and is used by the Chinese government. There is no single Chinese language. Instead of letters, Chinese languages use ideograms (characters) that mostly represent concepts rather than sounds.	53
10203874924	Arabic	This language serves as a unifying force in the Middle East (Northern Africa and Southwest Asia), typically referred to as the Arab World. This language is the language of Islam (used in the Koran),, which is predominant throughout the region. This language belongs to the Afro-Asiatic language family and is the official language in two dozen countries of North Africa and southwestern Asia, from Morocco to the Arabian Peninsula.	54
10203874925	Hebrew	This language was an extinct language that has been revived. It diminished in use in the fourth century B.C. and was thereafter retained only for Jewish religious services. When Israel was established in 1948, this language became one of the new country's two official languages, along with Arabic. This language was chosen to unify the Jews of Israel and give them a sense of nationalism, since Israel was created by Jewish refugees and migrants who spoke many different languages. Reviving this language required the creation of many new words for the modern world.	55
10203874926	Irish Gaelic	This is one of the two official languages of Ireland, along with English. This language was forbidden under English rule. When Ireland got their independence form England in 1922, this language became an important part of their cultural identity and sense of nationalism and became a compulsory course in all public schools and required for public service jobs.	56
10203874927	Basque	Also known as Euskera, this isolated language predates the Indo-European language and is not related to any other language family in Europe. Spoken in the Pyrenees Mountains (between Spain and France), the mountainous homeland created isolation, making the preservation of the language possible.	57
10203874928	Welsh	This is one of the two official languages of Wales, along with English. This language was forbidden under English rule, but has been revived in recent years. This language is a compulsory subject in all schools in Wales and knowledge of the language is now required for many jobs in Wales. Bilingual signs and television and radio programs have also been added to help preserve this language.	58
10203874929	Inuktitut	The language spoken by the Inuits (indigenous tribe) of northern Canada. It is recognized as an official language, along with English and French in Nunavut, the Inuit territory of Canada. Similar to the Celtic languages, it has declined with the forces of globalization and is undergoing a revival since it is an important part of the Inuit culture and is taught in schools and represented on bilingual signs and in the government.	59
10203874930	Globalization	The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence and operate on an international scale. Currently, America dominates the world with multinational corporations and media, which has made English the world's current lingua franca (international language of business).	60
10203874931	Quebec	This province in Canada primarily speaks French, due to its history of colonization. As a result, Canada is officially bilingual, recognizing both English and French as official languages.	61
10203874932	Vulgar Latin	This language was spoken by the Roman army at the time of occupation and is the basis of the Romance languages, which evolved out of this language overtime due to isolation.	62
10203874933	Latin America	This region of the Americas primarily speaks Romance Languages, which derived from Latin. Brazil speaks Portuguese, Haiti and French Guiana speak French, while the majority of the other countries speak Spanish, all due to the patterns of colonization.	63
10203874934	Belgium	This multilingual state in Europe, which is part of the francophone world, has experienced tensions between its two language groups. The Flemings live in the north province Flanders and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect. The Walloons live in the south province Wallonia and speak French. Brussels, the capital city if officially bilingual to create a since of unity in the country. Antagonism between the Flemings and Walloons is aggravated by economic and political differences. Historically, the Walloons dominated Belgium's economy and politics and French was the official state language.	64
10203874935	Switzerland	This multilingual state in Europe, which is part of the francophone world, remains peaceful with four official languages (German, French, Italian, and Romanish). This country has institutionalized cultural diversity by creating a form of government that places considerable power in local, small communities (Decenetralization).	65

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Literature Vocabulary Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5299582220	accent	the same as stress. a syllable given more prominence in pronunciation than its neighbors is said to be accented	0
5299587075	allegory	a narrative or description having a second meaning beneath the surface one	1
5299590573	alliteration	the repetition at close intervals of the initial consonant sounds of accented syllables or important words (ex: kill-code). Important words and accented syllables beginning with vowels are also included	2
5299602201	allusion	a reference, explicit or implicit, to something in literature or history	3
5299604926	anapest	a metrical foot consisting of two unaccented syllables followed by one accented syllable (ex: un-der-stand)	4
5299609668	anapestic meter	a meter in which a majority of the feet are anapests	5
5299613617	anaphora	repetition of an opening word or phrase in a series of lines	6
5299618024	apostrophe	a figure of speech in which someone absent or dead or something nonhuman is addressed as if it were alive and could reply	7
5299623509	approximate rhyme	(aka imperfect, near, slant or oblique) a term used for words in a rhyming pattern that have some kind of sound or correspondence but are not perfect rhymes	8
5299634080	assonance	the repetition at close intervals of the vowel sounds of accented syllables or important words	9
5299638182	aubade	a poem about dawn; a morning love song; or a poem about the parting of lovers at dawn	10
5299641318	ballad	a fairly short narrative poem written in songlike stanza form	11
5299643322	blank verse	unrhymed iambic pentameter	12
5299646210	cacophony	a harsh, discordant, unpleasant sounding choice and arrangement of sounds	13
5299648702	caesura	a speech pause occurring within a line	14
5299652241	connotation	what a word suggests beyond its basic dictionary definition	15
5299655319	consonance	the repetition at close intervals of the final consonant sounds of accented syllables of important words	16
5299658190	continuous form	the form of a poem in which the lines follow each other without formal grouping, the only breaks being dictated by units of meaning	17
5299664583	couplet	two successive lines, usually in the same meter, linked by rhyme	18
5299667834	dactyl	a metrical foot consisting of one accented syllable followed by two unaccented syllables (ex: mer-il-ly)	19
5299672855	dactylic meter	a meter in which the majority of the feet are dactyls	20
5299675150	denotation	the basic definition or dictionary meaning of a word	21
5299677031	didactic poetry	poetry having as a primary purpose to teach or preach	22
5299679724	dimeter	a metrical line containing two feet	23
5299682836	dramatic framework	the situation, whether actual or fictional, realistic or fanciful, in which an author places his or her characters in order to express the theme	24

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Language Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

10433279315	Rhetoric	the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially with the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques. (The very act of defending has itself been a central part of rhetoric).	0
10433279316	Bombastic	High sounding but with little meaning; inflated;grandiloquent.	1
10433279317	Ethos	Appeal based on the character of speaker. Meaning convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader (speaker).	2
10433279318	Logos	An appeal to logic or reason. For example scholarly documents.	3
10433279319	Pathos	Appeal on emotion. The quality that evokes pity or sadness.	4
10433279320	Capricious	Impulsive; unpredictable. Sudden and unaccountable changes of mood or behavior.	5
10433279321	Tone	Writer's attitude, mood or moral outlook toward the subject and/or the readers.	6
10433279322	Appeal	the power of arousing a sympathetic response, to arouse a sympathetic response.	7
10433279323	Argument	Discourse intended to persuade; process of reasoning; exchange of diverging/ opposite views.	8
10433279324	Colloquialism (Colloquial)	a word or phrase that is not formal or literary. It is still used in literature to provide a sense of actual conversation and the use of pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary of everyday speech.	9
10433279325	Connotation	and idea or feeling that a word evokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning. Words imply or suggest qualities, attributes, and characteristics.	10
10433279326	Apathy	lack of interest, enthusiasm or concern. No emotion	11
10433279327	Dialect	A variety of language confined to a region or group, manner or means of expressing oneself.	12
10433279328	Understatement	Statement which says less than is really meant. Opposite of hyperbole. Made smaller, worse, or less important than really is. Minimizing.	13
10433279329	Hyperbole	Deliberate and obvious exaggeration for effect.	14
10433279330	Anecdote	a short and amusing or interesting story about a real person or incident.	15
10433279331	Condescending	Having or feeling superior. patronizing or assuming superiority.	16
10433279332	Voice	An authors distinctive literary style, basic vision and general attitude toward the world. Revealed through the use of Syntax, Diction, Punctuation, Characterization, and Dialogue.	17
10433279333	Syntax	Sentence construction	18
10433279334	Diction	Author's choice of words. Distinctive vocabulary.	19
10433279335	Assertion	A confident and forceful statement of fact or belief. A declaration that's made em pathetically in an argument as it to be understood as a statement of fact.	20
10433279336	Cogent	(of an argument or case) clear, logical, and convincing.	21
10433279337	Coherent	(of an argument, theory, or policy) logical and consistent	22
10433279338	Cohesive	characterized by or causing cohesion (act or state of being uniting, cohering, or sticking together).	23
10433279339	Didactic	intended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive.	24
10433279340	Discourse	written or spoken communication or debate. (verb) speak or write authoritatively about a topic.	25
10433279341	Eloquence	fluent or persuasive speaking or writing.	26
10433279342	Fluid	able to flow easily.	27
10433279343	implication	the conclusion that can be drawn from something, although it is not explicitly stated.	28
10433279344	lucid	expressed clearly; easy to understand	29
10433279345	rhetor	a teacher of rhetoric	30
10433279346	Arbiter	a person who settles a dispute or has ultimate authority in a matter	31
10433279347	Biased	unfairly prejudiced for or against something or someone.	32
10433279348	Exculpate	show or declare that (someone) is not guilty of wrongdoing	33
10433279349	Impartial	treating all rivals or disputants equally; fair and just.	34
10433279350	Incontrovertible	not able to be denied or disputed.	35
10433279351	Integrity	the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles; moral uprightness.	36
10433279352	Objectivity	the quality of being objective; justice; neutrality	37
10433279353	Plausible	(of an argument or statement) seeming reasonable or probable.	38
10433279354	Substantiated	provide evidence to support or prove that truth of.	39
10433279355	vindicated	clear (something) of blame or suspicion.	40
10433279356	Condescending	Having or feeling superior. patronizing or assuming superiority.	41
10433279357	Contemptuous	showing contempt; scornful	42
10433279358	Despotic	of, relating to, or characteristics of a despot (ruler with total power; usually unfair)	43
10433279359	Dictatorial	of or typical of a ruler with total control	44
10433279360	Disdain	the feeling that someone or something is unworthy of one's consideration or respect; contempt.	45
10433279361	Haughty	arrogantly superior and disdainful.	46
10433279362	Imperious	assuming power or authority without justification; arrogant and domineering.	47
10433279363	Patronizing	treat with an apparent kindness that betrays a feeling of superiority.	48
10433279364	Listless	lacking energy or enthusiasm.	49
10433279365	Melancholy	a feeling of pensive sadness, typically with no obvious cause.	50
10433279366	Torpor	a state of physical or mental inactivity	51
10433279367	alliance	a relationship based on an affinity in interests, nature, or qualities.	52
10433279368	disparity	a great difference, imbalance.	53
10433279369	impinge	have an affect or impact, especially a negative one. Influence.	54
10433279370	Paradox	a state or proposition that, despite reasoning, leads to a conclusion that seems senseless, logically unacceptable, self-contradictory.	55
10433279371	allusion	an expression to call something to mind without mentioning it exactly; an indirect or passing reference.	56
10433279372	parallelism	the act of being parallel or corresponding in some way.	57
10433279373	indolent	wanting to avoid activity or exertion; lazy.	58
10433279374	insipid.	lacking flavor, vigor or interest.	59
10433279375	lament	a passionate expression or grief or sorrow.	60
10433279376	Sanction	a threatening penalty for disobeying a law or rule	61
10433279377	servile	having or showing an excessive willingness to serve or please others.	62
10433279378	suppressed	forcibly to an end to.	63
10433279379	Embellish	make (something) more attractive by the addition of decorative details or features.	64
10433279380	florid	having a red or flushed complexion	65
10433279381	opulent	ostentatiously rich and luxurious or lavish	66
10433279382	ornate	made in an intricate shape or decorated with complex patterns.	67
10433279383	ostentatious	characterized by vulgar or pretentious display; designed to impress or attract notice.	68
10433279384	poignant	evoking a keen sense or sadness or regret.	69
10433279385	Ebullience	the quality of being cheerful and full of energy; exuberance.	70
10433279386	effusive	expressing feelings of gratitude, pleasure, or approval in an unrestrained or heartfelt manner.	71
10433279387	egregious	outstandingly bad; shocking.	72
10433279388	frenetic	fast and energetic in a rather wild and uncontrolled way.	73
10433279389	gratuitous	uncalled for; lacking good reason; unwarranted	74
10433279390	flagrant	(of something considered wrong or immoral) conspicuously or obviously offensive	75
10433279391	superfluous	unnecessary, especially through being more than enough.	76
10433279392	convoluted	extremely complex and difficult to follow (especially or a story, sentence, or argument).	77
10433279393	cryptic	having a meaning that is mysterious or obscure	78
10433279394	Obscure	uncertain; not discovered or know about.	79
10433279395	futile	incapable of producing any useful result; pointless.	80
10433279396	impede	delay or prevent by obstructing them; hinder.	81
10433279397	quandary	a state of perplexity or uncertainty over what what to do in a difficult situation.	82
10433279398	alleviate	make (suffering or a problem) less severe.	83
10433279399	asylum	the protection granted by a nation to someone who has left their native country as a political refugee. ( or it can be a mental hospital).	84
10433279400	auspicious	conductive to success; favorable.	85
10433279401	benevolent	well meaning and kindly	86
10433279402	benign	gentle, kindly.	87
10433279403	Mollify	appease the anger or anxiety of (someone)	88
10433279404	reclamation	reclaiming; reformation, recovery. (or it can be land obtained from water)	89
10433279405	Sanction	Approval or permission for an action	90
10433279406	Dubious	Not to be relied upon; suspect (hesitating or doubting)	91
10433279407	Fabricated	invent or concoct (something), typically with deceitful intent	92
10433279408	Hypocrisy	the practice of claiming to have moral standards or beliefs to which one's own behavior does not conform; pretense	93
10433279409	Slander	make false and damaging statements about (someone).	94
10433279410	spurious	not being what it purports to be; false or fake	95
10433279411	Astute	having or showing an ability to accurately assess situations or people and turn this to one's advantage	96
10433279412	clandestine	operation is an intelligence or millitary operation carried out in such a way that the operation goes unnoticed by the general population	97
10433279413	disingenuous	not candid or sincere, typically by pretending that one knows less about something than one really does.	98
10433279414	ruse	an action intended to deceive someone; a trick	99
10433279415	stratagem	a plan or scheme, especially one used to outwit an opponent or achieve an end	100
10433279416	surreptitious	kept secret, especially because it would not be approved of.	101
10433279417	wary	feeling or showing caution about possible dangers or problems	102
10433279418	wily	skilled at gaining an advantage, especially deceitfully.	103
10433279419	inconsequential	not important or significant	104
10433279420	superficial	existing or occurring at or on the surface. (appearing to be true or real only until examined more closely).	105
10433279421	tenuous	very weak or slight >( small in degree).	106
10433279422	trivial	of little value or importance	107
10433279423	coup	a sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government.	108
10433279424	Ambiguous	(of language) open to more than one interpretation; having a double meaning.	109
10433279425	ambivalent	having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone.	110
10433279426	apathetic	showing or feeling no interest, enthusiasm, or concern.	111
10433279427	Arbitrary	based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system.	112
10433279428	capricious	given to sudden and unaccountable changes of mood or behavior	113
10433279429	equivocate	use ambiguous language so as to conceal the truth or avoid committing oneself.	114
10433279430	indifferent	having no particular interest or sympathy; unconcerned.	115
10433279431	whimsical	playfully quaint or fanciful, especially in an appealing and amusing way	116
10433279432	assiduous	showing great care and perseverance	117
10433279433	compelling	evoking interest, attention, or admiration in a powerfully irresistible way	118
10433279434	diligent	having or showing care and conscientiousness in one's work or duties	119
10433279435	dogged	having or showing tenacity and grim persistence.	120
10433279436	endure	suffer (something painful or difficult) patiently	121
10433279437	intrepid	fearless; adventurous (often used for rhetorical or humorous effect)	122
10433279438	maverick	an unorthodox or independent-minded person	123
10433279439	obdurate	stubbornly refusing to change one's opinion or course of action	124
10433279440	obstinate	stubbornly refusing to change one's opinion or chosen course of action, despite attempts to persuade one to do so	125
10433279441	proliferate	increase rapidly in numbers; multiply	126
10433279442	tenacity	the quality or fact of being able to grip something firmly; grip.	127
10433279443	vitality	the state of being strong and active; energy	128
10433279444	assimilation	the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group	129
10433279445	consensus	general agreement.	130
10433279446	context	the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation.	131
10433279447	derived	obtain something from (a specified source)	132
10433279448	incumbent	necessary for (someone) as a duty or responsibility.	133
10433279449	inevitable	certain to happen; unavoidable	134
10433279450	malleable	easily influenced; pliable	135
10433279451	subdue	overcome, quieten, or bring under control (a feeling or person)	136
10433279452	Inoculate	medical : to give (a person or animal) a weakened form of a disease in order to prevent infection by the disease	137
10433279453	Lurid	: causing shock or disgust : involving sex or violence in a way that is meant to be shocking : shining or glowing with a bright and unpleasant color	138
10433279454	Putrefying	to be slowly destroyed by natural processes : to rot and become putrid	139
10433279455	Somnolent	1 : of a kind likely to induce sleep 2 a : inclined to or heavy with sleep : drowsy	140
10433279456	Dour	serious and unfriendly : silent and gloomy	141
10433279457	Errant	serious and unfriendly : silent and gloomy	142
10433279458	Bewildered	1 : to cause to lose one's bearings 2 : to perplex or confuse especially by a complexity, variety, or multitude of objects or considerations	143
10433279459	Astroturfed	—used for an artificial surface that resembles grass	144
10433279460	Geriatric	An old person y	145
10433279461	Tromped	1 : tramp 1 2 : to step hard : stamp	146
10433279462	Connoisseur	: a person who knows a lot about something (such as art, wine, food, etc.) : an expert in a particular subject	147
10433279463	Attesting	to show, prove, or state that something is true or real	148
10433279464	Soporific	: causing a person to become tired and ready to fall asleep	149

Powered by Quizlet.com

ap language rhetoric terms chapter 1 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

7384373842	Occasion	The time and place a speech is given or piece is written, etc.	0
7384373843	Aristotelian triangle	A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text	1
7384373848	audience	the listener, viewer, or reader of a text	2
7384373863	concession	an acknowledgement that the opposing argument may be true or reasonable	3
7384373866	context	the circumstances, atmosphere, and events surrounding a text	4
7384373867	counterargument	an opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward	5
7384373878	ethos	speakers or writers demonstrate this to show that they are credible and trustworthy to speak on a given topic	6
7384373898	logos	speakers appeal to reason by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics or expert testimony to back them up	7
7384373913	pathos	speakers appeal to this to emotionally motivate their audience.	8
7384373915	persona	the face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience.	9
7384373917	polemic	an aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others; this generally does not concede that opposing arguments have any merit.	10
7384373920	propaganda	the spread of ideas and information to further a cause.	11
7384373922	purpose	the goal the speaker wants to achieve.	12
7384373930	rhetoric	the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of peruasion; the art of finding ways of persuading an audience.	13
7384373931	rhetorical appeals	techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling.	14
7384373938	speaker	the person or group who creates a text.	15
7384373941	subject	the topic of a text.	16
7384373947	text	any cultural product that can be read--meaning not just consumed and comprehended but also investigated.	17
7384373948	refutation	after concession, denying the validity of all or party of the opponent's argument	18

Powered by Quizlet.com

Biochemistry Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

10039912748	Carbon compounds	contain carbon, make up living things Can form 4 bonds Bonds can be with other elements or carbon Can be lots of shapes and sizes	0
10039912749	Functional groups	Special groups of atoms that usually participate in reactions Give different compounds different properties All functional groups important to life are polar	1
10039912750	Hydrophilic	Water loving	2
10039912751	Hydrophobic	Water hating	3
10039912752	Macromolecules	Gigantic molecules, thousands of atoms	4
10039912753	4 Types of Macromolecules	Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids	5
10039912754	Monomers	Individual building blocks of polymers	6
10039912755	Polymers	Chains of identical or similar molecules	7
10039912756	Carbohydrates	Main source of energy for cellular work	8
10039912757	Organic	Mostly carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H)	9
10039912758	Inorganic	Other elements, little or no C	10
10039912759	Dehydration Synthesis	Added monomers lose H or OH Release water Bond at oxygen - forms a bridge Polymer formed Building polymers/monomers together	11
10039912760	Hydrolysis Reaction	Water added to break bonds in polymers Reverse of dehydration synthesis Breaking polymers apart	12
10039912761	4 Characteristics of Carbohydrates	Made up of rings (or ring looking structure) Made up of ration CH2O End in "ose" OH (hydroxyl group)	13
10039912762	Monosaccharide	monomer Simple sugar	14
10039912763	Disaccharide	2 monosaccharides bonded Double sugar	15
10039912764	Polysaccharide	3 or more monosaccharides bonded Complex carb	16
10039912765	Function of Carbs	Short term energy Storage: polysaccharides	17
10039912766	Glycogen	How animals store excess sugar Mostly stored in liver and muscle cells When your glucose levels are low, broken down	18
10039912767	Starch	How plants store extra sugar Humans and other animals can break down Examples: potatoes, plantains, rice	19
10039912768	Cellulose	Structural Make plants rigid Cell walls Can't be broken down by humans and animals Examples: corn, legumes, lettuce	20
10039912769	Lipids	Made mostly of C and H, some O and P Mostly nonpolar Hydrophobic Common lipids: fat, oils, waxes	21
10039912770	Main Function of Lipids	Energy storage (long term)	22
10039912771	Additional functions of lipids	Cushioning and insulation	23
10039912772	Monomers that make up lipids	Glycerol and fatty acids	24
10039912773	Saturated Fat	No double bonds in the fatty acid Solid at room temperature SATURATED with hydrogens	25
10039912774	Unsaturated Fat	Double bonds in the fatty acid Liquid at room temperature	26
10039912775	Trans Fat	Really bad for you - causing cancer, diabetes, obesity, other health concerns	27
10039912776	Phospholipids	Glycerol with only two fatty acids Major component of CELL MEMBRANES Form a double layer in water	28
10039912777	Waxes	Protective coat for fruits and animals	29
10039912778	Hormones	Steroids	30
10039912779	Proteins (Function)	Structure, storage, defense, transport, and speeding up reactions Found in hair, muscles, feathers Common foods: meat, eggs, nuts	31
10039912780	Proteins (Structure)	Monomers: amino acids Amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen and R group Only 20 different R genes Polymers: polypeptides STRUCTURE = FUNCTION	32
10039912781	Protein Synthesis	Link between the C and the N: peptide bond 2 amino acids joined = dipeptide bond	33
10039912782	Primary Protein Structure	Chain of amino acids	34
10039912783	Denaturation	Unravel/altar structure of a protein DESTROY	35
10039912784	Secondary Protein Structure	Folding/coiling pattern	36
10039912785	Tertiary Structure	Overall 3D shape	37
10039912786	Quaternary Structure	Multiple polypeptide chains twisted together	38
10039912787	Nucleic Acids Function	Store and transmit genetic information Heredity/genetics	39
10039912788	Nucleic Acid monomers	Nucleotides	40
10039912789	Two types of nucleic acids	DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA - Ribonucleic Acid	41
10039912790	Nucleic Acid Structure	Made of C, H, O, N and P 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base	42