| 5657952029 | 95 Theses | list of propositions written in 1517 by Martin Luther. They advance Luther's positions against what he saw as abusive practices by preachers selling plenary indulgences in the Roman Catholic Church. | | 0 |
| 5657980261 | Absolutism | the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters. | | 1 |
| 6058452569 | Absolute monarch | a monarch, usually a king or a queen — whose actions are restricted neither by written law nor by custom | | 2 |
| 6058455821 | Anglican church | The Church of England, founded by Henry VIII. One of the many branches of the Protestant following, it allowed divorces between married couples. | | 3 |
| 6058477074 | Tycho Brahe | a Danish nobleman and astronomer, and he was one of the individuals whose work helped overturn that belief in favor of a heliocentric model of the universe, with the Sun at the center. Followed Copernicus' model. | | 4 |
| 6058496886 | John Calvin | an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism |  | 5 |
| 6058526450 | Capitalism | an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. there is little to no government involvement. | | 6 |
| 6058587575 | Catholic Reformation | the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent (1545-1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' Year | | 7 |
| 6058629276 | Miguel de Cervantes | a Spanish writer who is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language and one of the world's pre-eminent novelists. Hailing from the Northern Renaissance and wrote Don Quijote. |  | 8 |
| 6058641518 | Nicholas (Nicolaus) Copernicus | a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe |  | 9 |
| 6058659562 | Deism | belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe. The term is used chiefly of an intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries that accepted the existence of a creator on the basis of reason but rejected belief in a supernatural deity who interacts with humankind. | | 10 |
| 6058671382 | Divine right | a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God. | | 11 |
| 6058677761 | Early modern period | the period of European history between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, roughly the late 15th century to the late 18th century. | | 12 |
| 6058679491 | Edict of Nantes | granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time. | | 13 |
| 6058684574 | Empirical evidence | knowledge or source of knowledge acquired by means of the senses, particularly by observation and experimentation | | 14 |
| 6058688564 | English Civil War | a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists over, principally, the manner of England's government. | | 15 |
| 6058803020 | Enlightenment | a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. | | 16 |
| 6058841517 | Galileo Galilei | an Italian polymath: astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician. He is responsible for discovering Jupiter's four moons, advancing telescope technology and declaring that the Earth revolves around the sun. | | 17 |
| 6058859868 | Gunpowder empires | Muslim empires of Mughal, Safavid, and Ottoman | | 18 |
| 6058861404 | Johann Gutenberg | a German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe. Most notable for the Gutenberg Bible and movable printing press. | | 19 |
| 6058868014 | Habsburg family | held the title of Holy Roman Emperor after Charles' death in 1558, as well as the Kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary. The senior Spanish branch ruled over Spain, its Italian possessions and its colonial empire, the Netherlands, and, for a time (1580-1640), Portugal. Originated from Austria. | | 20 |
| 6058877691 | Humanism | an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters | | 21 |
| 6058880995 | Indulgences | the forgiveness of sin in exchange for penance (money to the Catholic church) | | 22 |
| 6058895748 | Jesuits | a Roman Catholic order of priests founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, St. Francis Xavier, and others in 1534, to do missionary work. | | 23 |
| 6058899143 | Joint-stock companies | companies whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders | | 24 |
| 6058901309 | Johannes Kepler | is best known for his laws of planetary motion, based on his outlawed works that were considered to be against official church doctrine. These works also provided one of the foundations for Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation. | | 25 |
| 6058924563 | Leonardo da Vinci | a Northern Renaissance Italian polymath whose areas of interest included invention, painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music, etc. |  | 26 |
| 6058945633 | Atahualpa | the last ruler of the Inca Empire before the Spanish conquest in 1533. | | 27 |
| 6058950738 | Caravel | a small, fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship of the 15th-17th centurie |  | 28 |
| 6058952078 | Cash crops | a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower. | | 29 |
| 6058958384 | Castas | system of colonial Spain determined a persons social importance in old Mexico. | | 30 |
| 6058967349 | Columbian exchange | the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries | | 31 |
| 6058972866 | Christopher Columbus | an Italian explorer, navigator, colonizer, and citizen of the Republic of Genoa. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean. |  | 32 |
| 6058978054 | Conquistador | a conqueror, especially one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century. | | 33 |
| 6058979388 | Hernan Cortes | a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire | | 34 |
| 6058987946 | Creoles | people born in the New World, coming from Spanish parents. Second in the Spanish Social Triangle. | | 35 |
| 6058991225 | Vasco de Gama | a Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea | | 36 |
| 6059000317 | Bartolomeu Dias | a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer. He sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, reaching the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic, the first European known to have done so. | | 37 |
| 6059010508 | Encomienda | a grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area. | | 38 |
| 6059011856 | Atlantic Circuit | a clockwise network of sea routes. It began in Europe, went south to Africa, ran west through the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas, and then returned back to Europe. Each branch of the journey provided the sailors and merchants traveling it great profit (most notably slaves.) |  | 39 |
| 6059034018 | Henry the Navigator | A Portuguese prince that initiated the beginnings of Portuguese exploration. He was particularly interested in West Africa, where no one has sailed before. |  | 40 |
| 6059035774 | Indentured servitude | where men and women who signed a contract by which they agreed to work for a certain number of years in exchange for transportation to the New World and, once they arrived, food, clothing, and shelter. | | 41 |
| 6059056838 | Bartolome de las casas | a 16th-century Spanish historian, social reformer and Dominican friar. He became the first resident Bishop of Chiapas, and the first officially appointed "Protector of the Indians". |  | 42 |
| 6059059963 | Ferdinand Magellan | a Portuguese explorer who organized the Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth | | 43 |
| 6059073587 | Manila galleons | Spanish trading ships which made round-trip voyages once or twice per year across the Pacific Ocean from the port of Acapulco to Manila in the Philippines which were both part of New Spain. | | 44 |
| 6059091495 | Mestizos | people of mixed race, especially the offspring of a Spaniard and an American Indian. | | 45 |
| 6059093125 | Middle passage | the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. | | 46 |
| 6059108907 | Mit'a | mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire | | 47 |
| 6059133954 | Moctezuma | The first contact between indigenous civilizations of Mesoamerica and Europeans took place during his reign, and he was killed during the initial stages of the Spanish conquest of Mexico, when conquistador Hernán Cortés and his men fought to escape from the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan. | | 48 |
| 6059160848 | Mulattos | a person of mixed white and black ancestry, especially a person with one white and one black parent. | | 49 |
| 6059171526 | Peninsulares | a Spanish-born Spaniard residing in the New World or the Spanish East Indies. Top of the Spanish Social Triangle. | | 50 |
| 6059176659 | Francisco Pizarro | a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that conquered the Inca Empire. He captured and killed Incan emperor Atahualpa and claimed the lands for Spain. | | 51 |
| 6059192302 | Protestant work ethic | a concept in theology, sociology, economics and history which emphasizes that hard work, discipline and frugality are a result of a person's subscription to the values espoused by the Protestant faith, particularly Calvinism. | | 52 |
| 6059233652 | Treaty of Tordesillas | an agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers. | | 53 |
| 6059243900 | Viceroy | a regal official who runs a country, colony, city, province, or sub-national state, in the name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory | | 54 |
