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Ap Psychology Cognition Flashcards

Some very useful vocabulary for chapter 9 on DAVID G. MYERS

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5317935268MemoryThe persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.0
5317935269Flashbulb MemoryA clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.1
5317935270EncodingThe process of putting information to the memory system.2
5317935271StorageThe retention of encoded information over time.3
5317935272RetrievalThe process of getting the information of the memory storage.4
5317935273Sensory MemoryA type of short term memory that has a very short duration, but stores massive amount of information.5
5317935274Short Term MemoryA working memory that last less than 18 seconds before forgotten. The capacity is very limited. 7 +/- 2.6
5317935275Long Term MemoryA relatively permanent storage of memory with unlimited capacity. It's subdivided into explicit memory and implicit memory.7
5317935276Automatic ProcessingAn unconscious encoding of information about space, time and frequency that occurs without interfering with our thinking.8
5317935277Effortful ProcessingAn encoding that requires our attention and conscious effort.9
5317935278RehearsalA conscious repetition of information to either maintain information in the short term memory or to encode it for storage.10
5317935279Spacing EffectThe tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through mass study.11
5317935280Serial Position EffectA better recall for information that comes at the beginning (primary effect) and at the end of a list of words (recency effect).12
5317935281Visual EncodingThe encoding of picture images.13
5317935283Semantic EncodingAssociated with the deep processing, emphasizes the meaning of the verbal input.14
5317935285MnemonicsA memory aid, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.15
5317935286ChunkingOrganizing items into familiar manageable units; often occurs automatically.16
5317935287Iconic MemoryA momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; capacity is seemingly immense while duration is rather short at a few tenths of a second17
5317935288Echoic memoryStores the sounds we have heard for about 3 to 4 seconds.18
5317935289Long Term PotentiationAn increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. These neurons fire more readily.19
5317935290AmnesiaLoss of memory.20
5317935291Implicit memoryRetention without conscious recollection.21
5317935292Explicit memorymemory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.22
5317935293Recalla measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier. Type of retrieval.23
5317935294RecognitionA measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned.24
5317935296Primingthe activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.25
5317935297Déjà vuthe eerie sense that "I've experienced this before" caused by retrieval cues activating memory of a previous experience.26
5317935298Mood-congruent Memorythe tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.27
5317935299Proactive InterferenceThe process by which old memories prevent the retrieval of newer memories.28
5317935300Retroactive InterferenceThe process by which new memories prevent the retrieval of older memories.29
5317935301RepressionThe tendency to forget unpleasant or traumatic memories hidden in the unconscious mind according to Freud.30
5317935302Misinformation EffectIncorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.31
5317935303State Dependent MemoryThe impact of a physiological state such as being on drugs has on recall.32
5317935304CognitionAll the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing and remembering.33
5317935305ConceptsMental representations of related things.34
5317935306PrototypesThe most typical examples of a concept.35
5317935308AlgorithmProblem-solving strategy that involves a step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution to certain types of problems.36
5317935309HeuristicA problem-solving strategy used as a mental shortcut to quickly simplify and solve a problem, but that does not guarantee a correct solution.37
5317935310InsightsA sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.38
5317935313Representativeness HeuristicTendency to judge the likelihood of things according to how they relate to a prototype.39
5317935314Availability HeuristicTendency to estimate the probability of certain events in terms of how readily they come to mind.40
5317935316Confirmation BiasTendency to notice or seek information that already supports our preconceptions and ignore information that refutes our ideas.41
5317935317FixationThe inability to see a problem from a new perspective.42
5317935318Mental SetA tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially a way that has been successful in the past43
5317935319Functional FixednessThe tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions44
5317935321Tip of The Tongue (TOT) phenomenonthe phenomenon of failing to retrieve a word from memory, combined with partial recall and the feeling that retrieval is imminent.45
5317935322Antergrade AmnesiaA condition in which events that occurred after the onset of amnesia cannot be recalled and new memories cannot be formed.46
5317935323Retrograde Amnesiaa loss of memory-access to events that occurred, or information that was learned, before an injury or the onset of a disease.47
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AP Vokabeln 1-1 Flashcards

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7224759429die Zeittime0
7224759430die Tätigkeit,-enactivity1
7224759431die Zeitdauerduration (of time)2
7224759432die Pause,-en/ die Ruhezeit,-enbreak3
7224759433zeitgleichat the same time4
7224759434zeitgenössischcontemporary5
7224759435zeitweilig, vorübergehendtemporarily6
7224759436zeitgemäßcontemporary7
7224759437die Beschäftigung,-enoccupation8
7224759438der Druckpressure9
7224759439das Vergnügenpleasure, enjoyment10
7224759440die Einteilungclassification11
7224759441die Freizeitfree time12
7224759442die Zeitverschwendung,-enwaste of time13
7224759443der Zeitmangellack of time14
7224759444verschwenden, er verschwendet, er hat verschwendet, er verschwendeteto waste15
7224759445die Zeitspanne,-ntime span16
7224759446die Geduldpatience17
7224759447die Zeit ist noch nicht reif.18
7224759448Kommt Zeit, kommt Rat.19
7224759449die Zeit heilt alle Wunden.20
7224759450Morgenstund hat Gold im Mund.21
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AP Psychology Module 20 Flashcards

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5337850631Auditionthe sense or act of hearing0
5337850632Frequencythe number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second)1
5337850633Pitcha tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency2
5337850634Middle Earthe chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window3
5337850635Cochleaa coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses4
5337850636Inner Earthe innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs5
5337850637Sensorineural Hearing Losshearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves. (Also called nerve deafness.)6
5337850638Conduction Hearing Losshearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea.7
5337850639Cochlear Implanta device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea8
5337850640Place Theoryin hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated9
5337850641Frequency Theoryin hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch10
5337858441Volley principleAlternating frequencies combine to form pitch11
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Ap psy unit three Flashcards

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7900037611Action PotentialOccurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body. Caused when different ions cross the neuron membrane. A stimulus first causes sodium chemicals to open.0
7900040870Adrenal glandsThey are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol. They are found above the kidneys. Each gland has an outer cortex which produces steroid hormones and an inner medulla.1
7923311923Sensory neuronFunction: Nerve cells within the nervous system responsible for converting external stimuli from the organism's environment into internal electrical impulses. Location: The cell bodies of the sensory neurons leading to the spinal cord are located in clusters, the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), next to the spinal cord.2
7923317296AgonistsA substance that binds to a specific receptor and triggers a response in the cell.3
7923317297All-or-noneHow your nerve cells function. they either respond to a stimulus completely or not at all; there is no in between.4
7923330428AmygdalaThere are two amygdalae per person normally, with one amygdala on each side of the brain. They are thought to be a part of the limbic system within the brain, which is responsible for emotions, survival instincts, and memory.5
7923333385AntagonistsAttach to the receptors in the brain and block the effect of agonists which are chemicals that stimulate receptors and cause a response.6
7923335492Association areasAn area of the cerebral cortex that functions in linking and coordinating the sensory and motor areas.7
7923344167ADHDIs a neurobehavioral disorder characterized by a combination of inattentiveness, distractibility, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior.8
7923346905Autonomic nervous systemRegulates a variety of body process that take place without conscious effort. Purpose: responsible for regulating involuntary body functions such as heartbeat, blood flow, breathing and digestion.9
7923350924AxonIs to transmit information to different neurons, muscles, and glands.10
7923360076BrainstemControls the flow of messages between the brain and the rest of the body, and it also controls basic body functions such as breathing, swallowing, heart rate, blood pressure, consciousness, and whether one is awake or sleepy.11
7923363812Broca's aphasiaThe inability to understand speech or to produce fluent and coherent speech. Broca's aphasia, also known as motor aphasia, is a specific speech and language problem. It is characterized by the inability to form complete sentences.12
7923367219Central nervous systemThe comprised of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS receives sensory information from the nervous system and controls the body's responses.13
7923367220CerebellumReceives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity.14
7923370373CerebrumThe large rounded structure of the brain occupying most of the cranial cavity, divided into two cerebral hemispheres that are joined at the bottom by the corpus callosum. It controls and integrates motor, sensory, and higher mental functions, such as thought, reason, emotion, and memory.15
7923395208Corpus callosumLocated near the center of the brain, this structure is the largest bundle of nerve fibers that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres, much like a bridge.16
7923395209CortexThe cerebral cortex is the most important part of our brain because it is what makes us human. The cerebral cortex sometimes referred to as called "gray matter".17
7923406868DendritesThe structure on the neuron that receives electrical messages. These messages come into two basic forms: excitatory and inhibitory.18
7923406869Dopaminea chemical released by neurons (nerve cells) to send signals to other nerve cells. The brain includes several distinct dopamine pathways, one of which plays a major role in reward-motivated behavior.19
7923412043Motor neuronA neuron whose cell body is located in the spinal cord and whose fiber (axon) projects outside the spinal cord to directly or indirectly control effector organs, mainly muscles and glands.20
7923414167Endocrine glandsGlands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct.21
7923416252EndorphinAmong the brain chemicals known as neurotransmitters, which function to transmit electrical signals within the nervous system. ... Endorphins interact with the opiate receptors in the brain to reduce our perception of pain and act similarly to drugs22
7924364425Excitatory synapseAn action potential in a presynaptic neuron increases the probability of an action potential occurring in a postsynaptic cell.23
7924379362Frontal lobesInvolved in motor function, problem solving, spontaneity, memory, language, initiation, judgement, impulse control, and social and sexual behavior.24
7924381657Glial cellsTo surround neurons and hold them in place. To supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons. To insulate one neuron from another.25
7924381658GonadsThe function of the gonads is to produce gametes for reproduction and secrete sex hormones. Males have: testes and women's have ovaries.26
7924387489HippocampusIs a part of the limbic system. The hippocampus itself is highly involved with our memories.27
7924391967HormonesAre chemical substances that affect the activity of another part of the body the target site. In essence, hormones serve as messengers, controlling and coordinating activities throughout the body.28
7924400331HypothalmusA small portion of the brain, located just above the brainstem. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland and also regulates homeostasis thunger, thirst, body temperature, and the like.29
7924403190Inhibitory synapseA kind of synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential.30
7924406716InterneuronThe communication between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system. They have been found to function in reflexes, neuronal oscillations, and neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain.31
7924410549LesioningDamage to body tissue any tissue in your body. When lesions occur in the brain they can cause serious problems or changes to brain functioning.32
7924416286Limbic systemA set of brain structures located at the border of the cortex and responsible for a variety of functions. One of the chief responsibilities for the limbic system is survival and another is memory and storage.33
7924416287MedullaHelps regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing. This part of the brain is a center for respiration and circulation. Sensory and motor neurons from the forebrain and midbrain travel through the medulla.34
7924419900MRIMagnetic resonance imaging. A medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body in both health and disease35
7924419901MyelinTo increase the speed at which impulses propagate along the myelinated fiber.36
7924423269NervesOne or more bundles of fibers forming part of a system that conveys impulses of sensation, motion, between the brain or spinal cord and other parts of the body.37
7924423270Nervous systemComprised of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS receives sensory information from the nervous system and controls the body's responses.38
7924428008NeuronsThe specialized cell in the nervous system system that receives and sends messages within the system.39
7924432594NeuronplasticityThe brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life.40
7924438182NeuroscienceA branch of the life science that deals with the structure and functioning of the brain and the neurons, nerves, nervous tissue.41
7924442049NeurotransmitterA Neuron is a specialized nerve cell that receives, processes, and transmits information to other cells in the body.42
7924445689Occipital lobesThe visual processing center of the mammalian brain containing most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex.43
7924445690OvariesHave two main reproductive functions in the body. They produce oocytes eggs for fertilisation and they produce the reproductive hormones.44
7924449019PancreasAn organ located in the abdomen. It plays an essential role in converting the food we eat into fuel for the body's cells. The pancreas has two main functions: an exocrine function that helps in digestion and an endocrine function that regulates blood sugar.45
7924459725Parasympathetic divisionA useful acronym to summarize the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system is SLUDD salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, and defecation.46
7925056017Parietal lobesDivided into two functional regions. One involves sensation and perception and the other is concerned with integrating sensory input, primarily with the visual system. The first function integrates sensory information to form a single perception cognition.47
7925060269Peripheral nervous systemTo connect the CNS to the limbs and organs, essentially serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body.48
7925060334Pineal glandProduces and secretes the hormone melatonin, which is a hormone that helps regulate biological rhythms such as sleep and wake cycles. The secretion of melatonin is inhibited by light and triggered by darkness.49
7925063538PonsConsists of nerve fibers that connect the cerebrum and the cerebellum, and bridges sensory information between the left and right hemispheres of the brain50
7925066572Receptor sitesThe part of a nerve that receives and reads chemical signals neurotransmitters from other nerves to transmit the electrical signals that transfer information through the brain and nervous system.51
7925068795Reflex arcThe nerve pathway involved in a reflex action including at its simplest a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse between.52
7925070587Resting potentialThe polarization of cellular fluid within a neuron that provides the potential to produce an action53
7925073175ReuptakeThe reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neurotransmitter transporter of a presynaptic neuron after it has performed its function of transmitting a neural impulse54
7925073176SomaContains the nucleus. Contains the dendrites.55
7925117239Somatic nervous systemInclude voluntary movement of the muscles and organs and reflex movements. In the process of voluntary movement, sensory neurons carry impulses to the brain and the spinal cord.56
7925120433Spinal cordCarries out two main functions: It connects a large part of the peripheral nervous system to the brain. Information nerve impulses reaching the spinal cord through sensory neurons are transmitted up into the brain.57
7925120434Stem cellEither become new stem cells self-renewal or become specialized cells differentiation with a more specific function, such as blood cells, brain cells, heart muscle or bone. No other cell in the body has the natural ability to generate new cell types.58
7925128645Sympathetic divisionRegulate the body's unconscious actions.59
7925131736SynapseTransfer electric activity information from one cell to another. The transfer can be from nerve to nerve, or nerve to muscle (neuro-myo). The region between the pre- and postsynaptic membrane is very narrow, only 30-50 nm.60
7925133780Synaptic gapWhen the electrical signal reaches the presynaptic ending, it is translated into a chemical message that then diffuses across the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic cell.61
7925137286Temporal lobesInvolved in primary auditory perception, such as hearing, and holds the primary auditory cortex. The primary auditory cortex receives sensory information from the ears and secondary areas process the information into meaningful units such as speech and words.62
7925142960TestesThe most essential organs of the male reproductive system. They are the glands where sperm and testosterone are produced.63
7925148306ThalamusA ismall structure within the brain located just above the brainstem between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain and has extensive nerve connections to both. The main function of the thalamus is to relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex.64
7925150329Thyroid glandA vitally important hormonal gland that plays a major role in the metabolism, growth and maturation of the human body. It helps to regulate many body functions by constantly releasing a steady amount of hormones into the bloodstream.65
7925165517Wernicke's aphasiaA type of aphasia in which individuals are unable to understand language in its written or spoken form.66
7925394935Psychoactive DrugsA chemical substance that acts primarily upon the central nervous system where it alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness and behavior.67
7925397964ToleranceUsed simply to refer to a drug's decreased potency in affecting a specified behavior after repeated or continuous exposure to the drug.68
7925399957AddictionA condition that results when a person ingests a substance.69
7925429073WithdrawalFeatures that follow the abrupt discontinuation of a drug that has the capability of producing physical dependence.70
7925433576AlcoholA colorless volatile flammable liquid that is produced by the natural fermentation of sugars and is the intoxicating constituent of wine, beer, spirits, and other drinks, and is also used as an industrial solvent and as fuel.71
7925439343BarbituatesAny of a class of sedative and sleep-inducing drugs derived from barbituric acid.72
7925442930OpiatesDrugs are narcotic sedatives that depress activity of the central nervous system, reduce pain, and induce sleep.73
7925448107NicotineA remarkably addictive drug; only about seven percent of people who try to quit smoking on their own last at least one year.74
7925533690CocaineAn addictive drug derived from coca or prepared synthetically, used as an illegal stimulant and sometimes medicinally as a local anesthetic.75
7925537039MethamphetamineA synthetic drug with more rapid and lasting effects than amphetamine, used illegally as a stimulant and as a prescription drug to treat narcolepsy and maintain blood pressure.76
7925540349Ecstasy (MDMA)A derivative of amphetamine77
7925540350LSDA synthetic crystalline compound, lysergic acid diethylamide, that is a potent hallucinogenic drug.78
7925543886MarijuanaCannabis, especially as smoked in cigarettes. (weed)79
7925546709StimulantA substance that raises levels of physiological or nervous activity in the body.80
7925549262DepressantReducing functional or nervous activity.81
7925549335HallucinogenA drug that causes hallucinations, such as LSD.82
7925559148NarcoticsA drug or other substance affecting mood or behavior and sold for nonmedical purposes, especially an illegal one.83
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Chapter 2- AP Biology Flashcards

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4899453047ammoniaA small and very toxic nitrogenous waste produced by metabolism0
4899453068anionA negatively charged ion1
4899454946atomThe smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element2
4899454947atomic masstotal atomic mass, or mass in grams of one mole of an atom3
4899456839atomic nucleusan atom's central core containing protons and neutrons4
4899456840atomic numberThe number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol5
4899458662cationAn ion with a positive charge, produced by the loss of one or more electrons6
4899458663chemical bondAn attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell elctrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms; the bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells7
4899461322chemical equilibriumIn a reversible chemical reaction, the point at which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction8
4899463309chemical reactionA process leading to chemical changes in matter; involves the making and/or breaking of chemical bonds9
4899463310compoundA chemical combination, in a fixed ratio, of two or more elements10
4899465440covalent bondA chemical bond formed as a result of the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons11
4899465441daltonThe atomic mass unit; a measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles12
4899465442double bonda type of covalent bond in which two atoms share share two pairs of electrons13
4899467534electronA particle with a single negative charge; one or more electrons orbit the nucleus of the atom14
4899467535electron shellAn energy level at which an electron orbits the nucleus of an atom15
4899470494electronegativityThe tendency for an atom to pull electrons toward itself16
4899470495elementAny substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance17
4899470496energythe capacity to do work18
4899472911hydrogen bondA type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule19
4899472912ionAn atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge20
4899472913ionic bondA chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions21
4899476144ionic compoundcompound resulting from the formation of ionic bonds, also called salts22
4899476145isotopeOne of several atomic forms of an element, each containing a different number of neutrons and thus differing in atomic mass23
4899476146mass numberThe sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus24
4899478828matterAnything that takes up space and has mass25
4899478829molecular formulaA type of molecular notation indicating only the quantity of the constituent atoms26
4899478830moleculeTwo or more atoms held together by covalent bonds27
4899481370neutronAn electrically neutral particle (a particle having no electrical charge), found in the atom28
4899481371nonpolar covalent bondA type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity29
4899486668nucleus(1) An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. (3) A cluster of neurons30
4899486669orbitalIn the current model of atomic structure, the volume of space surrounding the atomic nucleus in which an electron will be found 90 percent of the time31
4899488834polar covalent bondA type of covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive32
4899488835potential energyThe energy stored by matter as a result of its location or spatial arrangement33
4899490690productAn ending material in a chemical reaction34
4899490691protonA subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of the atom35
4899490692radioactive isotopeA method paleontologists use for determining the ages of rocks and fossils on a scale of absolute time, based on the half-life of radioactive isotopes36
4899493390reactantA starting material in a chemical reaction37
4899493391saltCompounds resulting from the formation of ionic bonds, also called an ionic compound38
4899493392single bondA single covalent bond; the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms39
4899496147structural formulaa type of molecular notation in which the constituent atoms are joined by lines representing covalent bonds40
4899496148theoryA generalization based on many observations and experiments; a verified hypothesis41
4899496149trace elementAn element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts42
4899498042valenceThe bonding capacity of a given atom generally equal to the number of unpaired electrons in the atom's outermost shell43
4899498043valence electronthe electrons in the outermost electron shell44
4899498044valence shellThe outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom45
4899501911van der Waals interactionWeak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that are brought about by localized charge fluctuations46
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AP Microeconomics- Acronyms Flashcards

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5729401848average fixed costAFC (fixed costs divided by the quantity)0
5729401849average revenueAR (revenue divided by the quantity)1
5729401850average total costATC (total costs divided by the quantity)2
5729401851average variable costAVC (variable costs divided by the quantity)3
5729401852changea triangle4
5729401853consumer price indexCPI (the price of a fixed collection of goods and services each year compared to a base year)5
5729401854consumer surplusCS (difference between what a consumer would pay, say $16, and what he does pay, say $10; the CS= $6)6
5729401855deadweight lossDWL (the loss in an economy due to inefficiency; market equilibrium (Me) is not being achieved)7
5729401856decreasedown arrow8
5729401857demandD (describes the behavior of consumers in the market)9
5729401858elasticityE (a measure of how sensitive one variable is to another)10
5729401859equilibrium pricePe (when supply (S) and demand (D) intersect and create market equilibrium (Me), the Ep is the price (P) that exists at that time)11
5729401860equilibrium quantityQe (when supply (S) and demand (D) intersect and create market equilibrium (Me), the Eq is the quantity (Q) that exists at that time)12
5729401861equilibrium wageWe (the wage for workers that equates demand and supply; the wage that produces neither an excess supply of workers nor an excess demand of workers in the labor market)13
5729401862fixed costsFC (a firm's costs that cannot be changed in the short-run, like rent)14
5729401863gross domestic productGDP (the value of a country's overall output of goods and services during a specific period of time. GDP includes all newly made goods, such as cars, trucks, houses, etc.; it also includes services, such as education, health-care, and government)15
5729401864income elasticity of demandYED (the quantity (Q) consumers are willing to buy because of a change in their income) YED = the % change in quantity demanded (Qd) divided by the % change in income16
5729401865increaseup arrow17
5729401866long-run average total costLRATC18
5729401867market equilibriumMe (when the market price (P) equals the equilibrium price (Pe) and the quantity (Q) bought and sold equals the equilibrium quantity (Qe)19
5729401868marginal benefitMB (the increase in benefit from, or the willingness to pay for, one more unit of a good)20
5729401869marginal costMC (the increase in total costs (TC) associated with an additional unit of production)21
5729401870marginal social benefitMSB (the true benefit to society)22
5729401871marginal social costMSC (the buyer's cost with externality costs factored in; the sum of the firm's marginal private cost and the increase in external costs to society as more is produced)23
5729401872marginal private benefitMPB (the marginal benefit (MB) as perceived by the consumer)24
5729401873marginal private costMCP (the seller's cost with no externality costs factored in)25
5729401874marginal product of laborMPL (the increase in production that comes from an additional unit of labor, either hours or workers)26
5729401875marginal revenueMR (the extra revenue (R) that results from producing and selling one more unit of output)27
5729401876marginal revenue costMRC (the cost to increase your labor force to produce one more unit)28
5729401877marginal revenue product of laborMRPL (the amount of revenue gained from adding more labor)29
5729401878percentage%30
5729401879priceP (the cost of an item purchased)31
5729401880price elasticity of demandPED (a measure of the sensitivity of the quantity demanded (Qd) of a good to the price (P) of the good) PED = the % change in quantity demanded (Qd) divided by the % change in price (P)32
5729401881price elasticity of supplyPES (a measure of the sensitivity of the quantity supplied (Qs) of a good to the price (P) of the good) PES = the % change in quantity supplied (Qs) divided by the % change in price (P)33
5729401882producer surplusPS (the difference between the price (P) and the marginal cost (MC) of every unit sold)34
5729401883variable costsVC (a firm's costs that can be changed in the short-run, like the number or hours of workers)35
5729401884quantityQ (amount)36
5729401885quantity demandedQd (the quantity (Q) of a product a consumer wants depending on the price (P)37
5729401886quantity suppliedQs (how much firms/producers are willing to produce depending on the price (P)38
5729401887supplyS (describes the behavior of firms in the market)39
5729401888total costsTC (what a firm has to incur in order to produce their product(s); fixed costs (FC) + variable costs (VC)40
5729401889total revenueTR (the amount of revenue earned (price (P) times the quantity (Q)) before total costs (TC) are paid)41
5729401890wageW (the money earned for work)42
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AP Lang Quiz 4 Flashcards

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5357264203hyperboleNoun. A figure of speech, which involves an exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis. It is a device that we employ in our day-to-day speech. For instance, when you meet a friend after a long time, you say, "Ages have passed since I last saw you". You may not have met him for three or four hours or a day, but the use of the word "ages" exaggerates this statement to add emphasis to your wait. Therefore, this device is an unreal exaggeration to emphasize the real situation.0
5357264204clichéNoun. A phrase or expression that has been used so often that it is no longer original or interesting. It can also refer to something that is so commonly used in books, stories, etc., that it is no longer effective1
5357266598inductionNoun - A conclusion reached through reasoning. An inductive statement is derived using facts and instances which lead to the formation of a general opinion. Though all the facts upon which the conclusion is based are true, there is still a chance of the conclusion reached being false. This type of reasoning goes from specific facts to a general statement. Here is an example. "Phil gets hives after eating ice cream. His mouth swells up when he eats cheese. Yogurt triggers his asthma." An inductive statement that you could make is that "dairy products make Phil sick."2
5357268281archetypeNoun. In literature, it is a typical character, an action or a situation that seems to represent such universal patterns of human nature. Some examples in regard to character include the hero, the mother figure, the innocent youth, the mentor, the scapegoat, the villain. Some examples in regard to situations include the journey, the initiation, good v evil, and the fall. The purpose of using these is that it gives a literary work a universal acceptance, as readers identify the characters and situations in their social and cultural context.3
5357270818inferenceNoun - In regard to how it is used in writing, it is making a conclusion about something in the text, even though it was not specifically stated in the text. Example: "The silence in the classroom was broken by the clearly audible roar of Phil's belly. Bill handed him a Snickers bar and everyone laughed." An inference that can be made here is that Phil is hungry. It is an inference because it is never specifically stated that Phil is hungry. We inferred it.4
5357272733punNoun - A form of word play that suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple meanings of words, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect. Apart from being witty and humorous, puns add profound meanings to texts and shape the way in which the text is interpreted by the readers. Example: "Gun advocates believe in the right to bear arms. Phil is such a passionate supporter of gun rights that he thinks we should even arm bears."5
5357274550asyndetonNoun - It is a stylistic device used in literature and poetry to intentionally eliminate conjunctions between the phrases and in the sentence, yet maintain the grammatical accuracy. Example: "I came, I saw, I conquered." Syndeton and asyndeton are opposite to each other. Syndeton includes addition of multiple conjunctions such as in "He eats and sleeps and drinks." On the other hand, asyndeton is the elimination or leaving out of conjunctions such as in "He eats, sleeps, drinks."6
5357275775chagrinNoun. Distress or embarrassment at having failed or been humiliated7
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AP Psychology Unit 7 Flashcards

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5763101900MemoryThe persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information0
5763101901Encodingprocessing of getting information *into* the memory system1
5763101902Storage*Maintaining* encoded information in memory over time.2
5763101903Retrievalprocess by which stored information is *recovered* from long term memory3
5763101904Atkinson and ShiffrinInformation Processing Model -- to encode, store and retrieve4
5763101906Sensory MemoryThe first stop for external events. A split second holding tank for incoming sensory information.5
5763101907Short Term MemoryThe stage of memory where information is stored for up to 30 seconds prior to either being forgotten or transferred to long term memory.6
5763101908Long Term MemoryRelatively permanent and limitless storage of memory.7
5763101909Baddeleya psychologist who introduced a newer understanding of short term memory that provided evidence for four components of working memory (phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, the central executive, and the episodic buffer)8
5763101910Working Memorytaking in new information, processing it, and matching it to previous memories in order to make sense of it all9
5763101911Phonological LoopAn area of working memory that stores a limited number of sounds received from the echoic memory for up to two seconds unless information is rehearsed.10
5763101914Explicit MemorySome information that we encode is put there purposefully. We are actively engaged and want to remember it11
5763101915Implicit MemorySome information that we encode happens without much effort and enters into storage almost automatically12
5763101916Non Declarative Memoryprocedural memory, classical conditioning, priming13
5763101917Declarative MemoryIt refers to memories which can be consciously recalled such as facts and events.14
5763101918Semantic MemoryA subdivision of declarative memory that stores general knowledge, including the meanings of words and concepts.15
5763101920Procedural Memorymemory for skills, including perceptual, motor, and cognitive skills required to complete tasks16
5763101921Primersthe activation of particular associations in memory, by a keyword or some other type of sensory input17
5763101922Parallel Processingprocessing multiple types of information at the same time18
5763101923Automatic Processingunconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meaning19
5763101924Effortful / Deep Processingencoding that requires attention and conscious effort; (ex. studying - what you're doing right now)20
5763101925Shallow Processingencoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words21
5763101927Recallmemory is the ability to retrieve exact information learned at an earlier time22
5763101926Elaborate RehearsalRepetition that creates associations between the new memory and the existing memory23
5763101928Recognitiona measure of memory in which a person only needs to identify items previously learned24
5763101929Relearningthe principle that if you've learned something and forgot it, you probably will learn the material more easily the second time25
5763101931Spacing Effectrehearsal of information with spaced breaks between sessions26
5763101932EbbinhausThe course of forgetting is initially rapid, that levels off with time27
5763101933Iconic MemoryThe visual information that we are working with temporarily28
5763101934Acoustic MemoryThe processing and encoding of sounds , words and other auditory input29
5763101935ChunkingOrganizing items into smaller, more familiar and manageable units30
5763101936Mnemonicslearning aids, strategies, and devices that improve recall through the use of retrieval cues31
5763101937AcronymMaking a word from the first letters of the words that we are to remember32
5763101938Amygdala (Episodic Memory)Emotional Memory- triggers stress hormones that influence memory formation33
5763101919Episodic MemoryA type of explicit or declarative memory that consists of personal experiences and events tied to particular times and places.34
5763101939CerebellumProcesses conditioned behaviors35
5763101940Hippocampus (Semantic Memory)Processes mostly factual information, names, images and spatial imagery, and verbal information36
5763101941Long Term Potentiationan increase in a neuron's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory37
5763101942Eric Kandelestablished that learning produces changes at the neuronal level, in turn facilitated by alterations in gene expression38
5763101943Engramphysical trace or etching of memory in the brain39
5763101945Frontal Lobekey for working memory and stores explicits memories for facts and information40
5763101946Flashbulb Memoriesdetailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events41
5763101947Eidetic Memoryphotographic memory42
5763101950State Dependent Theorywhat we learn in one emotional or physical state is sometimes more easily recalled when we are again in that same emotional state43
5763101951Mood Congruencyour current moods may bias our past memories44
5763101952Serial Position EffectWith rehearsal, be aware of your tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list45
5763101953Primacy EffectRecall is strongest for items at the beginning of a list.46
5763101954Recency Effectthe more accurate recall of items presented at the end of a series47
5763101955Anterograde Amnesiaan inability to form new memories damage to the Hippocampus48
5763101956Henry MollisonHe had complete anterograde amnesia, some retrograde, could still implicitly learn. Hippocampus removed for seizures.49
5763101957Retrograde AmnesiaAn inability to retrieve information from one's past.50
5763101959Daniel SchacterHarvard Psychologist thatspecified seven ways in which our memories fail us (three sins of omission(forgetting), three sins of commission(distortion), one sin of intrusion.51
5763101960Transienceforgetting over time (Ebbinhaus)52
5763101961Absent Mindednessinattention to detail leads to poor encoding, trivial storage, and often failed retrieval53
5763101962BlockingA failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it54
5763101963Retroactive Interferenceoccurs when new information makes it harder to recall something you learned earlier55
5763101964Proactive Interferenceoccurs when something you learned earlier (an old memory) disrupts your ability to create a new memory56
5763101965PORNProactive - old info prevents you from remembering new Retroactive - new int prevents you from remembering old info57
5763101966MisattributionA memory fault that occurs when memories are retrieved but are associated with the wrong time, place, or person.58
5763101967Source Amnesiaoccurs when you attribute memories to things that you think you experienced, but in reality you incorporated things from others sources, like books or films59
5763101968Suggestibilityeffects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories60
5763101971Deja Vuthe eerie sense that"I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience61
5763101972Elizabeth Loftusshowed how easily memories could be changed and falsely created by techniques such as leading questions and illustrating the inaccuracy in eyewitness testimony62
5763144433Echoic MemoryTemporary auditory information63
5763165089Rehearsalthe conscious repetition of information64
5763177815Testing EffectPracticing retrieval multiple times while encoding new material65
5763192437Acoustic MneumonicAcoustical encoding may also enhance the processing of other information by applying rhyme schemes, stories, songs, etc. to the information66
5763220383Visual Mneumonic (Method of Loci)Visual encoding may also enhance the processing of other information67
5763245382Basal Ganglia (Procedural Memory)Processes physical movements related to procedural skills68
5763275280Retrospective Memoryretrieving information from the past69
5763278455Prospective Memoryremembering to do something in the future70
5763315387Context Effectsthe tendency to remember information better and more accurately when you are in a physical setting that is similar to the one that you learned the information in the first place71
5763330592Age and Decay TheoryThe older we get, the less responsive the brain areas associated with encoding and retaining memory are.72
5763355962Repressiona basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories73
5767602755Misinformation Effecta person's existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information or questions74
5767634743Amnesiasevere memory loss75
5767637473Alzheimersas plaques build in the brain and interfere with neural transmissions, memories cannot be formed or retrieved76
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AP Government Review Terms Flashcards

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6507857488Ex post factoA law that applies to crimes or events that took place before its passage. The Constitution fobids the passage of these laws on the principle that it is wrong to punish an act that was not illegal when committed0
6507857489Due Process of Law/Equal protection of lawThe second part of the fourteenth amendment - everyone has the right to fair and equal treatement under the law. Important because it was the first time an amendment was incorporated into the states1
6507857490Bill of AttainderA legislative act that singles out an individual or group for punishment without a trial2
6507857491Defense of Marriage ActDefines marriage as a legal union between one man and one woman - states need not recognize a marriage from another state if it is between persons of the same sex (1996)3
6507857525HyperpluralismA group theory characterized by many interest group vying for control resulting in a government that is gridlocked4
6507857526Linkage institutionThe means by which individuals can express preferences regarding the development of public policy5
6507857527Loose constructionA liberal interpretation of the Constitution6
6507857528PluralismA group theory that involves different groups all vying for control of the policy agenda. No single group emerges forcing all groups to compromise7
6507857529Policy agendaAgenda that results from the interaction fo linkage institutions8
6507857530Representative democracyForm of government that relies on the consent of the people and is often called a republican government9
6507857531Strict constructionistsIndividuals who believe in a conservative interpretation of the Constitution10
6507857532Unitary system of governmentType of government that centralizes all the powers of government into one central authority11
6507857533Anti-FederalistsLed by THOMAS JEFFERSON - one of the first political parties urging the rejection of the Constitution. Its members were farmers and represented the interest of the common people12
6507857534Articles of ConfederationThe first adopted written constitution of the newly independent United States. Because of its weakness, the period of time it governed (1781-1789) became known as the critical period13
6507857535Connecticut CompromiseOffered at the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia - created a bicameral legislature where one house is represented by population and the other is represented by states14
6507857536Democratic-RepublicansLed by Thomas Jefferson - party of the common man - limited role of the central government15
6507857537Federalist PapersWritten by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison under the pen name Publius. They argued for estabishing a government that could deal with "the tyranny fo the majority" by creating 3 branches of government having distinctive but separate powers16
6507857538Federalist 10Addresses the quesiton of how to guard against factions. Argued that a larger powerful government would better protect against small groups who's interests are contrary to the majority17
6507857540Federalist PartyLed by Alexander Hamilton - made up of the upper class, supported stron national government and set up a policy agenda that would solve the nation's economic problems18
6507857541New Jersey PlanOffered at the Constitutional convention - legislature based on equal representation by the states19
6507857543Shay's RebellionFailed attempt by a farmer who lost his property to revolt against the state government. Exposed the weakness of the Articles of Confederation20
6507857544Three-Fifths CompromiseOffered by the Constitutional Convestion - counted every 5 slaves as 3 people for representation and tax purposes21
6507857545Virginia PlanOffered at the Constitutional Convention - legislature based on population of each state22
6507857546Elastic ClauseArticle 1 section 8 of the Constitution - gives Congress power to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out all other defined powers of Congress23
6507857547Enumerated powerDefined powers of Congress - power to collect taxes, pay debts, provide for the common defense and general welware, regulate commerce between states, coin money, declare war24
6507857548Executive privilegeThe ability of the president to protect personal material25
6507857549Full faith and creditArticle IV section 1 - US will respect laws, public records, and judicial decisions made by states26
6507857550Judicial ReviewComes from Marbury v Madison - gives the Supreme Court the power to interpret the Constitution and specify acts of Congress, the president and the states27
6507857551Privileges and immunitiesThe guarantees that the rights of a citizen in one state will be respected in another. Also a clause in the 14 amendment28
6507857552Reserved Power AmendmentFound in 10th amendment - gives states powers that are not given to national government29
6507857553Separation of powersDeveloped by Montesquieu in The Spirit of Natural Laws and James Madison in Federalist No. 48. Establishes three separate branches of gov with distinct powers30
6507857554Supremacy ClauseArticle VI Clause 2 - Constitution is "the supreme law of the land"31
6507857555Block GrantsFiscal federalism where federal aid is given to the states with few strings attached32
6507857556Categorical grantsIncludes project and formula grants and aim at assisting the states in areas such as health, and income security, and education33
6507857557Cooperative federalismDeveloped during the New Deal it is characterized by the federal government's becoming more intrusive in what were traditionally state powers34
6507857558Dual federalismA relationship between the federal government and states where the federal government's powers were defined as delegated and the state government's powers were reserved35
6507857559Fiscal federalismA concept of federalism where funding is appropriated by the federal government to the states with specific conditions attached - legislation can be in the form of mandates36
6507857560Layer cake federalsimNational government excercises its power independently from states37
6507857561Marble cake federalismAKA cooperative federalism -38
6507857562Unfunded mandatesThose regulations passed by Congress or issues by regulatory agencies to states without the federal funds to support them39
6507857563Double jeopardyYou cannot be charged twice for the same crime40
6507857564Establishment ClausePart of the 1st amendment to the Constitution - defines the right of citizens to practice their religions without government interference. Also puts a restriction on government creating a "wall of separation" between church and state41
6507857565Exclusionary ruleResulted from Mapp v Ohio - evidence obtained illegally cannot be used in court42
6507857566Incorporation of the Fourteenth AmendmentMade the Bill of Rights apply to the states as a result of Supreme Court decision - started taking place in the 1920s, reached its peak during the Warren Court in the 50s and 60s43
6507857567IndictmentA formal list of charges made by a grand jury - guaranteed by the 5th amendment44
6507857568Americans with Diabilities Act (1991)Act that required employers, schools, and public buildings to reasonably accomodate the physical needs of the handicapped45
6507857569Seneca Falls Convention (1848)Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton - meeting about political sufferage for women46
6507857571Executive office of the presidentNational Security Council, Council of Economic Advisors, Office of Management and Budget, Office of National Drug Control Policy47
6507857573National Security CouncilChaired by the pres - lead advisory board in national/international security48
6507857574Pocket vetoRejection of legislature that occures if the president does not sign a bill within 10 days and Congress also adjourns49
6507857576Senatorial courtesyWhen senators are notified by the president about pending judicial nominations - does not apply to Supreme Court nominations50
6507857577Trial ballonsSelective leaks aimed at testing political waters51
6507857578ClotureThe process in which it takes 60 senators to cut off a filibuster - aimed at protecting minority interests52
6507857579Conference committeeA committee consisting of senators and representatives that meets to resolve differences in legislation53
6507857580Congressional oversightProcess used by Congress to gather information useful for the formation of legislation, review the operations and budgets of ecevutivve departments and independent regulatory agencies, etc...54
6507857581LogrollingA tactic used in Congress - "you vote for mine, I'll vote for your's"55
6507857582Pork Barrel legislationThe practice of legislatiors obtaining funds through legislation that favors their home district - re-election technique56
6507857583President pro temporeTemporary presiding officer of the Senate (the VP)57
6507857584ReapportionmentThe process in which a state legislature redraws congressional districts based on population increases/decreases58
6507857585Select committeesspecially created congressional committees that conduct investigations59
6507857586Speaker of the HouseThe representative from the majority party in the House who presides over House meetings, recognizes speekers, refers bills to committees, answers procedural questions, and declares the outcome of votes60
6507857587Standing committeesCommittees that deal with proposed bills and also act as an oversight function. They are permanent ex: House Ways and Means and Senate Appropriation61
6507857588WhipsAKA assistant floor leaders - inform the majority leader of the status and feelings of membership regarding issues to be voted on62
6507857589Amicus curiae"friend of the court" - brief that may be sent to support one side of a court case. Has to be allowed by both parties63
6507857590Civil LawDeals with contract issues and tort cases such as negligence and slander and defines the legal rights of individuals64
6507857591Judicial activismA philosophy of judicial review that results in decisions that overturn precedent65
6507857592Judicial restraintA court that maintains the status quo or mirrors what the other branches of government have as established as current policy66
6507857593Judiciary committeeKey Senate committtee that is responsible for recommending presidential judicial appointments to the full Senate for approval67
6507857594Marshall Courtoversaw Marbury v Madison, McCulloch v Maryland, Gibbons v Ogden68
6507857595Original jurisdictionCases heard by the Supreme Court that do not come on appeal - "affect ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party"69
6507857596Stare decisis"let the decision stand" refers to either a precedent or a decision made by a lower court70
6507857597Writ of certiorari"To be made more certain" - the process in which the SC accepts written briefs on appeal based on the "rule of four" justices voting to hear the case71
6507857598Government corporationSuch as the Tennessee Valley Authority, created during the New Deal - having specific responsibilities that facilitate a specific oporation of the government72
6507857599Hatch Act (1939)Law that places restrictions on the kind of political activity a federal employee may participate in73
6507857600Independent regulatory agenciesAgencies that are quasi legislative and quasi judicial in nature and operation. Ex: Food and Drug Admin and Enviromental Protection Agency74
6507857601Iron TriangleBureaucracies, interest groups, and the public. Also establishes a pattern of relationships among an agency in the executive branch and one or more outside clients of that agency75
6507857602Pendleton ActAKA Civil Service Act of 1883 - merit was now criterion for hiring, promoting, and firing federal employees76
6507857605McGovern-Fraiser CommissionBrough significant representation changes to the party - made future conventions more democratic by including more minority representations77
6507857606National committeeGoverning body of a political party made up of state and national party leaders78
6507857607Party dealignmentA shift away from the major political parties to a more neurtral independent ideological view of party identification79
6507857609Party machineParty organization that exists on the local level and uses patronage as the means to keep the party members in line80
6507857610Party platformVoted on by the delegates attending the National Convention - the ideological point of view of a political party81
6507857611Party realignmentThe signaling resulting from a national election or a major shift in the political spectrum and characterized by the start of a party era82
6507857613Religious RightAn evangelical conglomeration of ultraconservative political activists many of whom support the Republican Party83
6507857614SuperdelegatesDemocratic party leaders and elected party officials who automatically are selected as delegates to the National Convention84
6507857615Third PartiesPolitical parties that can be described as ideological, single-issue oriented, economically motivated, and personality driven85
6507857616CaucusParty regulars meeting in small groups asking questions, discussing qualifications regarding the candidate, and voting on whether or not to endorse a particular candidate - First is in Iowa86
6507857617Convention bumpAn increase reflected in presidential preference polls immediatly following a party's nominating convention87
6507857618Direct primaryVoters, including cross-over voters from other political parties can express a preference for candidates88
6507857620Gender GapThe significant deviation between the way men and women vote89
6507857621Keynote addressKey speech at the national nominating convention that outlines the themes of the campaign90
6507857622Matching FundsLimited federal funds given to presidential candidates that match private donations raised during the campaign91
6507857623Party caucusAKA party conference - a means for each party to develope a strategy or position on a particular issus92
6507857624Party regularsEnrolled party members who are usually active in the organization of a political party and support party positions and nominated candidates93
6507857625Political Action CommitteesAKA PACs - they raise money from the special interest constituents and make contributions on behalf of the special interest group94
6507857626Presidential primaryElections held in individual states to determine the preference of the voters and to allocate the number of delegates to the party's national convention95
6507857627Super TuesdayThe Tuesday on which a number of primary votes take place with a heavy concentration of Southern states voting96
6507857629Civil Rights Act of 1964Act that prohibited the use of any registraition requirement that resulted in discrimination and paved the way for the involvement of the federal government to enforce the law97
6507857632Mass mediaConsisting of television, radio, newspapers, and magazines, they reach a large segment of the population - considered one of the linkage institutions98
6507857633Moter Voter Act of 1993Signed into law by Clinton - meant to ease the process of registering to vote - allows people to register at motor vehible departments99
6507857634Political socializationthe factors that determine voting behavior such as family, religion, and ethnic background100
6507857635Poll TaxIllegal by the 24th amendment - tax institution mainly by southern states as a condition to vote in order to prevent African Americans from voting101
6507857636Simpson-Mazzoli Act 1987Act that resulted in more than 2 million illegal aliens who were living in this country since 1982 being allowed to apply for legal status, immigration would be based on family reunification102
6507857638Voting Rights Act of 1965Act that finally made the Fifteenth Amendment a reality. As a result of this act, any state not eliminating the poll tax and literacy reqirements would be directed to do so by the federal government - also resulted in racial gerrymandering103
6507857639Campaign finance reformlegislation aimed at placing limits on political candidates accepting money and gifts from individuals and special interest groups104
6507857640Elite and Class theoryA group theory that revolves around and economic strata of society controlling the policy agenda105
6507857641Freedom of Information Act (1974)Act that incorporates sunshine laws; opened up the government's meetings of record to the public and media106
6507857642HyperpluralismA group theory characterized by many interests groups bying for control resulting in a government that is tied up in gridlock107
6507857643Interest groupA public or private organization that has as a goal the dissemination of its membership's viewpoint108
6507857644LobbyistsThe primary instruments of fostering a special interests group's goals to the policy makers - term comes from people who literally wait in the lobbies of legislative bodies for senators, house members, etc...109
6507857645Federal Reserve SystemFederal body that regulates the money supply by controlling open-market operations110
6507857646Fiscal policyPolicy that determines how the economy is managed as a result of government spending and borrowing and the amount of money collected from taxes111
6507857647Gross domestic policyCurrently the key economic measures that analyze an upward or downward economic rend of the monetary value of all goods and services produced within the nation on a quarterly basis112
6507857648Gross National ProductThe total of all goods and services produced in a year113
6507857649Laissez FaireAn economic philosophy of non-governmental intervention in economic matters such as regulation of buisness or establishing tariffs114
6507857650Regulatory policyPolicy that results in government control over individuals and buisnesses. Examples of regulatory that include protection of the enviroment and consumer protection115
6507857651Balanced budgetPublic policy that advocates that the federal budget spend as much as it recieves - attempt made to pass a constitutional amendment mandating this failed116
6507857652Congresssional Budget OfficeSet up by the Congress this office evaluates the cost of legislative proposals117
6507857653Continuing resolutionEmergency spending legislation that prevents the shutdown of any department simply because its budget has not been enacted118
6507857654Deficit spendingThe government's meeting budgetary ecpenses by borrowing more money than it can pay back119
6507857655Office of Management and BudgetThe director who is appointed with consent of Senate is responsible for the preparation of the massive federal budget which must be sumitted to the Congress in January each year. Also oversees congressional appropriations120
6507857656Block grantsA form of fiscal federalism where federal aid is given to states with few strings attached121
6507857657EntitlementsThose benefits guaranteed by law paid to individuals by the federal government, such as social security122
6507857658Flat taxAn alternative to the progressive income tax where indiciduals pay the same percentage regardless of how much they earn123
6507857660MedicaidA shared program between teh federal and local governments that covers hospital and nursing home costs of low-income people124
6507857661MedicareProgram that covers hospital and medical costs of people 65 years and older as wel as disabled individuals recieving Social Security125
6507857662Poverty lineReferences the point at which an individual is considered living in a "culture of poverty"126
6507857663Progressive taxA tax based upon the amount of money an individual earned, such as an income tax. Became legal as a result of the ratification of the 16th amendment to the Constitution127
6507857664Regressive taxA tax that is imposed on indibiduals regardless of how much they own - such as sales tax128
6507857665Safety netA minimum government guarantee that ensures that individuals living in poverty will recieve support in the form of social welfare programs129
6507857666Social welfareEntitlement programs such as Social Security and programs such as Aid to Dependent Children paid for by the federal government130
6507857667Clean Air Act of 1970Law that established national standards for states, strict auto emissions guidelines, and reguulations, which set air pollution standards for private industries131
6507857668Enviromental Protection AgencyRegulates air and water pollutions, pesticides, radiation, soil waste, etc... The main enviromental regulatory agency132
6507857669Cold WarAn era of American foreign policy lasting from the end of WWII to the collapse of the Soviet Union where American policy was defined by containment133
6507857670IsolationismUS foreign policy between WWI and WWII. Resulted in US staying out of foreign affairs. Ex: Refusal to join the League of Nations and rejection of the treaty of Versailles134
6507857672North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)Agreement that called for dramatic reductions of tariffs among the US, Canada, and Mexico135
6507857673New Federalismdevolution but the name that Reagan gave it136
6507857675PlatformA list of principles and positions designed to attract most and offend least - important in choosing a candidate137
6507857676Split ticketA ballot cast by a voter without regard for party. An independent is most likely to do this. Ex: voting for a democratic pres. but a republican governor138
6507857677Balanced ticketA slate of candidates nominated so as to appeal to as many voter groups as possible. Typical considerations in this is the nominees geographic origin, race or religion, level and type of experience, position on specific issues139
6507857680FilibusterA technique to prevent the passage of a bill. Usually a prolonged speech140
6507857681Lame duckAn officeholder whose power is diminished because he is soon to leave office141
6507857682DevolutionA transfer of power from a central government to a region or locality142
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