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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

9688631135	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9688631136	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9688631137	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9688631138	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9688631139	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9688631140	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9688631141	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9688631142	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9688631143	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9688631144	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9688631145	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9688631146	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9688631147	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9688631148	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9688631149	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9688631150	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9688631151	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9688631152	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9688631153	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9688631154	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9688631155	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9688631156	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9688631157	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9688631158	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9688631159	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9688631160	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9688631161	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9688631162	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9688631163	theory	general idea being tested	28
9688631164	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9688631165	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9688631166	mode	appears the most	31
9688631167	mean	average	32
9688631168	median	middle	33
9688631169	range	highest - lowest	34
9688631170	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9688631171	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9688631172	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9688631173	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9688631174	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9688631175	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9688631176	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9688631177	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9688631370	neuron		43
9688631178	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9688631179	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9688631180	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9688631181	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9688631182	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9688631183	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9688631184	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9688631185	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9688631186	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9688631187	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9688631188	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9688631189	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9688631190	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9688631191	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9688631192	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9688631193	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9688631194	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9688631195	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9688631196	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9688631197	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9688631198	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9688631199	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9688631200	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9688631201	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9688631202	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9688631203	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9688631204	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9688631205	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9688631206	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9688631207	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9688631208	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9688631209	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9688631210	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9688631211	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9688631212	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9688631213	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9688631214	occipital lobe	vision	80
9688631215	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9688631216	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9688631217	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9688631218	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9688631219	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9688631220	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9688631221	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9688631222	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9688631223	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9688631224	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9688631225	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9688631226	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9688631227	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9688631228	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9688631229	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9688631230	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9688631231	rods	night time	97
9688631232	cones	color	98
9688631233	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9688631234	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9688631235	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9688631236	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9688631237	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9688631238	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9688631239	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9688631240	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9688631241	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9688631242	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9688631243	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9688631244	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9688631245	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9688631246	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9688631247	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9688631248	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9688631249	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9688631250	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9688631251	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9688631252	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9688631253	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9688631254	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9688631255	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9688631256	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9688631257	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9688631258	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9688631259	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9688631260	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9688631261	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9688631262	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9688631263	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9688631264	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9688631265	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9688631266	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9688631267	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9688631268	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9688631269	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9688631270	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9688631271	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9688631272	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9688631273	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9688631274	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9688631275	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9688631276	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9688631277	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9688631278	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9688631279	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9688631280	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9688631281	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9688631282	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9688631283	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9688631284	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9688631285	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9688631286	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9688631287	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9688631288	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9688631289	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9688631290	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9688631291	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9688631292	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9688631293	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9688631294	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9688631295	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9688631296	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9688631297	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9688631298	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9688631299	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9688631300	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9688631301	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9688631302	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9688631303	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9688631304	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9688631305	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9688631306	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9688631307	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9688631308	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9688631309	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9688631310	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9688631311	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9688631312	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9688631313	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9688631314	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9688631315	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9688631316	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9688631317	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9688631318	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9688631319	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9688631320	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9688631321	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9688631322	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9688631323	encoding	information going in	189
9688631324	storage	keeping information in	190
9688631325	retrieval	taking information out	191
9688631326	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9688631327	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9688631328	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9688631329	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9688631330	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9688631331	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9688631332	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9688631333	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9688631334	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9688631335	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9688631336	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9688631337	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9688631338	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9688631339	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9688631340	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9688631341	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9688631342	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9688631343	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9688631344	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9688631345	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9688631346	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9688631347	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9688631348	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9688631349	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9688631350	context	environment helps with memory	216
9688631351	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9688631352	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9688631353	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9688631354	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9688631355	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9688631356	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9688631357	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9688631358	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9688631359	prototypes	generalize	225
9688631360	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9688631361	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9688631362	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9688631363	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9688631364	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9688631365	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9688631366	grammar is _________	universal	232
9688631367	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9688631368	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9692301181	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9692301182	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9692301183	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9692301184	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9692301185	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9692301186	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9692301187	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9692301188	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9692301189	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9692301190	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9692301191	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9692301192	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9692301193	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9692301194	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9692301195	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9692301196	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9692301197	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9692301198	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9692301199	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9692301200	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9692301201	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9692301202	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9692301203	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9692301204	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9692301205	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9692301206	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9692301207	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9692301208	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9692301209	theory	general idea being tested	28
9692301210	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9692301211	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9692301212	mode	appears the most	31
9692301213	mean	average	32
9692301214	median	middle	33
9692301215	range	highest - lowest	34
9692301216	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9692301217	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9692301218	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9692301219	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9692301220	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9692301221	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9692301222	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9692301223	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9692301417	neuron		43
9692301224	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9692301225	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9692301226	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9692301227	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9692301228	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9692301229	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9692301230	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9692301231	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9692301232	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9692301233	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9692301234	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9692301235	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9692301236	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9692301237	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9692301238	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9692301239	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9692301240	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9692301241	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9692301242	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9692301243	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9692301244	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9692301245	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9692301246	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9692301247	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9692301248	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9692301249	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9692301250	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9692301251	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9692301252	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9692301253	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9692301254	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9692301255	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9692301256	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9692301257	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9692301258	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9692301259	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9692301260	occipital lobe	vision	80
9692301261	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9692301262	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9692301263	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9692301264	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9692301265	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9692301266	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9692301267	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9692301268	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9692301269	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9692301270	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9692301271	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9692301272	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9692301273	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9692301274	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9692301275	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9692301276	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9692301277	rods	night time	97
9692301278	cones	color	98
9692301279	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9692301280	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9692301281	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9692301282	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9692301283	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9692301284	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9692301285	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9692301286	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9692301287	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9692301288	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9692301289	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9692301290	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9692301291	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9692301292	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9692301293	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9692301294	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9692301295	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9692301296	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9692301297	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9692301298	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9692301299	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9692301300	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9692301301	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9692301302	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9692301303	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9692301304	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9692301305	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9692301306	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9692301307	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9692301308	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9692301309	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9692301310	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9692301311	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9692301312	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9692301313	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9692301314	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9692301315	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9692301316	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9692301317	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9692301318	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9692301319	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9692301320	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9692301321	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9692301322	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9692301323	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9692301324	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9692301325	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9692301326	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9692301327	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9692301328	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9692301329	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9692301330	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9692301331	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9692301332	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9692301333	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9692301334	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9692301335	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9692301336	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9692301337	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9692301338	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9692301339	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9692301340	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9692301341	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9692301342	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9692301343	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9692301344	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9692301345	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9692301346	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9692301347	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9692301348	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9692301349	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9692301350	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9692301351	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9692301352	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9692301353	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9692301354	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9692301355	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9692301356	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9692301357	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9692301358	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9692301359	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9692301360	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9692301361	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9692301362	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9692301363	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9692301364	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9692301365	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9692301366	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9692301367	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9692301368	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9692301369	encoding	information going in	189
9692301370	storage	keeping information in	190
9692301371	retrieval	taking information out	191
9692301372	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9692301373	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9692301374	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9692301375	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9692301376	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9692301377	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9692301378	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9692301379	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9692301380	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9692301381	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9692301382	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9692301383	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9692301384	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9692301385	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9692301386	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9692301387	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9692301388	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9692301389	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9692301390	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9692301391	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9692301392	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9692301393	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9692301394	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9692301395	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9692301396	context	environment helps with memory	216
9692301397	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9692301398	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9692301399	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9692301400	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9692301401	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9692301402	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9692301403	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9692301404	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9692301405	prototypes	generalize	225
9692301406	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9692301407	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9692301408	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9692301409	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9692301410	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9692301411	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9692301412	grammar is _________	universal	232
9692301413	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9692301414	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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9462381541	optic nerve	0
9462382557	optic chiasm	1
9462383064	optic tract	2
9462384415	lateral geniculate nucleus	3
9462385330	optic radiation	4
9462386769	visual cortex	5

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9711344778	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9711344779	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9711344780	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9711344781	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9711344782	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9711344783	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9711344784	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9711344785	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9711344786	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9711344787	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9711344788	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9711344789	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9711344790	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9711344791	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9711344792	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9711344793	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9711344794	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9711344795	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9711344796	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9711344797	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9711344798	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9711344799	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9711344800	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9711344801	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9711344802	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9711344803	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9711344804	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9711344805	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9711344806	theory	general idea being tested	28
9711344807	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9711344808	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9711344809	mode	appears the most	31
9711344810	mean	average	32
9711344811	median	middle	33
9711344812	range	highest - lowest	34
9711344813	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9711344814	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9711344815	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9711344816	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9711344817	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9711344818	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9711344819	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9711344820	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9711345013	neuron		43
9711344821	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9711344822	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9711344823	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9711344824	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9711344825	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9711344826	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9711344827	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9711344828	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9711344829	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9711344830	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9711344831	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9711344832	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9711344833	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9711344834	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9711344835	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9711344836	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9711344837	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9711344838	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9711344839	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9711344840	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9711344841	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9711344842	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9711344843	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9711344844	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9711344845	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9711344846	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9711344847	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9711344848	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9711344849	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9711344850	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9711344851	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9711344852	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9711344853	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9711344854	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9711344855	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9711344856	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9711344857	occipital lobe	vision	80
9711344858	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9711344859	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9711344860	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9711344861	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9711344862	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9711344863	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9711344864	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9711344865	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9711344866	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9711344867	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9711344868	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9711344869	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9711344870	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9711344871	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9711344872	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9711344873	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9711344874	rods	night time	97
9711344875	cones	color	98
9711344876	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9711344877	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9711344878	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9711344879	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9711344880	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9711344881	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9711344882	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9711344883	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9711344884	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9711344885	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9711344886	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9711344887	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9711344888	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9711344889	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9711344890	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9711344891	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9711344892	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9711344893	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9711344894	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9711344895	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9711344896	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9711344897	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9711344898	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9711344899	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9711344900	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9711344901	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9711344902	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9711344903	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9711344904	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9711344905	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9711344906	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9711344907	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9711344908	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9711344909	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9711344910	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9711344911	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9711344912	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9711344913	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9711344914	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9711344915	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9711344916	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9711344917	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9711344918	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9711344919	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9711344920	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9711344921	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9711344922	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9711344923	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9711344924	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9711344925	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9711344926	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9711344927	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9711344928	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9711344929	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9711344930	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9711344931	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9711344932	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9711344933	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9711344934	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9711344935	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9711344936	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9711344937	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9711344938	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9711344939	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9711344940	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9711344941	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9711344942	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9711344943	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9711344944	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9711344945	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9711344946	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9711344947	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9711344948	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9711344949	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9711344950	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9711344951	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9711344952	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9711344953	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9711344954	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9711344955	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9711344956	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9711344957	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9711344958	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9711344959	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9711344960	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9711344961	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9711344962	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9711344963	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9711344964	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9711344965	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9711344966	encoding	information going in	189
9711344967	storage	keeping information in	190
9711344968	retrieval	taking information out	191
9711344969	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9711344970	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9711344971	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9711344972	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9711344973	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9711344974	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9711344975	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9711344976	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9711344977	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9711344978	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9711344979	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9711344980	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9711344981	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9711344982	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9711344983	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9711344984	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9711344985	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9711344986	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9711344987	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9711344988	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9711344989	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9711344990	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9711344991	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9711344992	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9711344993	context	environment helps with memory	216
9711344994	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9711344995	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9711344996	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9711344997	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9711344998	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9711344999	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9711345000	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9711345001	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9711345002	prototypes	generalize	225
9711345003	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9711345004	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9711345005	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9711345006	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9711345007	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9711345008	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9711345009	grammar is _________	universal	232
9711345010	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9711345011	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Flashcards

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4765749086	c. 600BCE	Technological and Environmental Transformations	0
4765754233	c. 600Bce to 600CE	Organization and Re-organization of Human Societies	1
4765756244	600CE to 1450CE	Regional and Transregional Interactions	2
4765757093	1450CE to 1750CE	Global Interactions	3
4765758870	1750CE to 1900CE	Industrialization and Global Interactions	4
4765760554	1900CE to present	Accelerating Change and Global Integration	5
4765792626	Interaction between humans and the environment	demography, disease, migration, patterns of settlement, technology	6
4765794309	Development and Interaction of Cultures	religions, belief systems, philosophies, ideologies, science, technology, arts, and architectures	7
4765796743	State-building, Expansion, and Conflict	political structures, forms of governance, empires, nations, nationalism, revolts. revolutions, regional, transregional, global structures, and organizations	8
4765800961	Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems	agricultural and pastoral production, trade, commerce, labor systems, industrialization, capitalism, socialism	9
4765803443	Development and transformation of social structures	gender roles and relations, family and kinship, racial and ethnic constructions, social and economic classes	10

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Ap Flashcards

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6680575491	Max Planck	Discovered that light and energy flow in small units	0
6680575492	New Economic Plan	Lenin's policy allowed some private ownership and foreign investments	1
6680575493	Collectivization	Small farms	2
6680575494	Purges	Stalin's policy of exiling	3
6680575495	Albert Einstein	German physicst theory of relativity	4
6680575496	Sigmund Freud	Explained new theories of workings of human mind	5
6680575497	Louis Pasteur	germ theory of disease	6
6680575498	Fascism	Extreme nationalism	7
6680575499	Great Depression	severe worldwide economic downturn	8
6680575500	Tsar Nicolas 11	Last russian tsar before russian rev	9

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9726528079	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9726528080	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9726528081	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9726528082	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9726528083	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9726528084	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9726528085	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9726528086	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9726528087	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9726528088	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9726528089	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9726528090	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9726528091	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9726528092	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9726528093	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9726528094	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9726528095	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9726528096	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9726528097	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9726528098	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9726528099	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9726528100	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9726528101	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9726528102	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9726528103	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9726528104	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9726528105	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9726528106	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9726528107	theory	general idea being tested	28
9726528108	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9726528109	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9726528110	mode	appears the most	31
9726528111	mean	average	32
9726528112	median	middle	33
9726528113	range	highest - lowest	34
9726528114	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9726528115	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9726528116	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9726528117	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9726528118	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9726528119	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9726528120	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9726528121	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9726528314	neuron		43
9726528122	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9726528123	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9726528124	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9726528125	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9726528126	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9726528127	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9726528128	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9726528129	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9726528130	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9726528131	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9726528132	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9726528133	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9726528134	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9726528135	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9726528136	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9726528137	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9726528138	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9726528139	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9726528140	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9726528141	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9726528142	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9726528143	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9726528144	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9726528145	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9726528146	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9726528147	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9726528148	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9726528149	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9726528150	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9726528151	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9726528152	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9726528153	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9726528154	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9726528155	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9726528156	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9726528157	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9726528158	occipital lobe	vision	80
9726528159	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9726528160	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9726528161	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9726528162	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9726528163	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9726528164	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9726528165	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9726528166	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9726528167	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9726528168	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9726528169	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9726528170	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9726528171	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9726528172	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9726528173	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9726528174	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9726528175	rods	night time	97
9726528176	cones	color	98
9726528177	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9726528178	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9726528179	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9726528180	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9726528181	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9726528182	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9726528183	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9726528184	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9726528185	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9726528186	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9726528187	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9726528188	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9726528189	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9726528190	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9726528191	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9726528192	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9726528193	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9726528194	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9726528195	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9726528196	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9726528197	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9726528198	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9726528199	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9726528200	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9726528201	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9726528202	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9726528203	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9726528204	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9726528205	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9726528206	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9726528207	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9726528208	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9726528209	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9726528210	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9726528211	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9726528212	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9726528213	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9726528214	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9726528215	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9726528216	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9726528217	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9726528218	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9726528219	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9726528220	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9726528221	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9726528222	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9726528223	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9726528224	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9726528225	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9726528226	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9726528227	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9726528228	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9726528229	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9726528230	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9726528231	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9726528232	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9726528233	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9726528234	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9726528235	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9726528236	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9726528237	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9726528238	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9726528239	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9726528240	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9726528241	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9726528242	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9726528243	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9726528244	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9726528245	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9726528246	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9726528247	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9726528248	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9726528249	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9726528250	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9726528251	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9726528252	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9726528253	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9726528254	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9726528255	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9726528256	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9726528257	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9726528258	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9726528259	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9726528260	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9726528261	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9726528262	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9726528263	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9726528264	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9726528265	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9726528266	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9726528267	encoding	information going in	189
9726528268	storage	keeping information in	190
9726528269	retrieval	taking information out	191
9726528270	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9726528271	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9726528272	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9726528273	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9726528274	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9726528275	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9726528276	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9726528277	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9726528278	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9726528279	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9726528280	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9726528281	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9726528282	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9726528283	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9726528284	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9726528285	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9726528286	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9726528287	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9726528288	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9726528289	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9726528290	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9726528291	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9726528292	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9726528293	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9726528294	context	environment helps with memory	216
9726528295	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9726528296	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9726528297	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9726528298	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9726528299	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9726528300	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9726528301	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9726528302	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9726528303	prototypes	generalize	225
9726528304	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9726528305	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9726528306	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9726528307	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9726528308	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9726528309	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9726528310	grammar is _________	universal	232
9726528311	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9726528312	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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Maps (AP Human Geography) Flashcards

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4798431292	Map Scale	distance on a map relative to the distance on Earth	0
4798432610	Large Scale Maps	show small areas in greater detail	1
4798434099	Small Scale Maps	Show large areas is less detail	2
4798440679	Reference Maps	show locations of places as well as human and natural geographic features.	3
4798795769	Physical Maps	highlight naturally occurring features	4
4798796469	Political Maps	highlight man-made features	5
4798797209	Thematic Maps	show one theme	6
4798797564	Chloropeth Maps	uses shading to show different levels of data	7
4798803501	Dot/Pin Dot Maps	each dot represents a number of occurrences -the closer the dots are together, the higher the occurrence	8
4798829380	Graduated Symbol Maps	uses a symbol to show frequency or intensity of variable	9
4798829973	Isoline Maps	connects points of equal value to make lines on a map	10
4798829974	Cartograms	show size using data other than area	11
4798830536	Flow Line Maps	shows movement with arrows of different size	12
4798830537	Statistical Maps	Thematic maps that show different levels of variation	13
4798831799	Mental/perceptual Maps	Images of places we form based on our experiences and perceptions What would your mental map be of: -Austin -Buddhism -Mars	14
4798891320	Equal Area Maps	a map projection in which quadrilaterals formed by meridians and parallels have an area on the map proportional to their area on the globe	15
4798892532	Conformal Maps	a map that preserves the size of local angles in the representation; also called biholomorphic map	16
4798893452	Time Zone Maps	A map that shows time zones	17
4798920185	Lines of Latitude/parallels	measure north-south position between the poles.	18
4798920858	Lines of Longitude/meridians	run between the North and South Poles. They measure east-west position	19
4798921391	North Pole/South Pole	either of the two locations on the surface of the earth (or of a celestial object) that are the northern and southern ends of the axis of rotation.	20
4798922150	Tropic of Cancer/Tropic of Capricorn	the parallel of latitude 23°26ʹ north tropic of Cancer or south tropic of Capricorn of the equator. ASTRONOMY each of two corresponding circles on the celestial sphere where the sun appears to turn after reaching its greatest declination, marking the northern and southern limits of the ecliptic. the region between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.	21
4798928190	Arctic Circle	an imaginary line drawn parallel to the equator, at 23°28prime; S of the North Pole: between the North Frigid Zone and the North Temperate Zone.	22
4798928692	Antarctic Circle	an imaginary line drawn parallel to the equator, at 23° 28prime; N of the South Pole: between the South Frigid Zone and the South Temperate Zone.	23
4798929560	Equator	an imaginary line drawn around the earth equally distant from both poles, dividing the earth into northern and southern hemispheres and constituting the parallel of latitude 0°.	24
4798929850	Prime Meridian	the meridian running through Greenwich, England, from which longitude east and west is reckoned.	25
4798933726	International Date Line	an imaginary line that goes north and south through the Pacific Ocean, one day is on the east side of the line and the following day is on the west side.	26
4798935108	Map Projections	Put Earth's 3 dimensional shape onto a two-dimensional surface. All flat maps have some distortion in their representation of distance, shape, area, or direction.	27
4798939044	Distortion	Every flat map has this. They result from making A two dimensional representation of a 3 dimensional sphere. In these, the shape, size, distance, and direction is slightly wrong.	28
4798945284	Cylindrical/Mercator Projection	The globe is projected onto a cylinder of paper which is then flattened out. In this type of map, lines of latitude and longitude cross at 90 degree angles, and true compass directions are kept intact, but areas are distorted. for example, polar areas look much larger than they really are. these maps are useful for nautical navigation.	29
4798949761	Conic Projection	the globe is projected onto a cone which is flattened out.it is shaped kind of like a u. In this type of map, longitude lines are straight but latitude lines are curved. These are used for national or regional maps of mid-latitude areas. The shape in these maps are distorted but the size is shown correctly	30
4798951162	Plane/polar/azimuthal Projection	the details of the globe are projected onto a flat surface. These types of maps are accurate at the point the projection touches the map, but they have lots of distortion towards the edges. These are mostly used for circle routes, because the circle routes appear as straight lines	31
4798951532	Peters Projection	Like a Mercator map, this type of map also has latitude and longitude lines meeting at right angles. But the landmasses are more distorted than those on a Mercator map.in fact, the landmasses are so distorted, that this map is known as a politically incorrect map.	32
4819770448	Location	Absolute Location: exact location on the Earth using coordinate points. Relative Location: The location of a place by comparing it to another -Cardinal location -distance -time -landmarks	33
4819790057	Place	The human and physical characteristics you see. Physical -climate -vegetation -wildlife -topography Human -agriculture -architecture -religion -economics	34
4819804109	Region	Formal/Uniform Region: an area defined by a limited number of related characteristics Functional/Nodal Region: areas created by movement around a central hub or node. *must have movement Perceptual/Vernacular Region: how people perceive a region -exist in someone's mind -based on how individuals perceive a region -boundaries and characteristics are different based on an individual's beliefs	35
4819856829	Wilbur Zelinsky	A cultural geographer that used names of people and businesses in the phone book to map perceptual regions of the USA	36
4819892974	Human-Environment Interaction	How people relate to the physical world -depend -adapt -modify	37
4819897631	Movement	How people, goods, and ideas move	38

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4770565349	commencer	To start	0
4770565350	Effacer	To erase	1
4770565351	Renoncer	To give up	2
4770565352	Bouger	To move	3
4770565353	Déménager	To move out	4
4770565354	Déranger	To disturb	5
4770565355	Plonger	To dive	6
4770565356	Ranger	To put away	7
4770565357	Songer	To think about	8
4770565358	Voyager	To travel	9
4770565359	Avoir envie de	To want	10
4770565360	(Se) moquer de	To make fun of	11
4770565361	(Se) embêter	To annoy or to get bored	12
4770565362	(Se) mettre en colère	To get angry	13
4770565363	(Se) rappeler	To remember	14
4770565364	Rigoler	To laugh	15
4770565365	Remarquer	To notice	16
4770565366	Voler	To steal	17
4770565367	Poursuivre	To follow	18
4770565368	Raconter	To tell a story	19
4770565369	Obtenir	To obtain	20
4770565370	(Se) casser	To break	21
4770565371	Ramper	To scummy	22
4770565372	Sonner	To ring	23
4770565373	Couler	To sink	24
4770565374	(Se) renseigner	To inquire	25
4770565375	Avoir du mal à	To have difficulty	26
4770565376	(Se) décider à	To make up your mind	27
4770565377	(Se) apprêter	To get ready for	28
4770565378	(Se) rendre	To realize	29
4770565379	Laisser	To leave something	30
4770565380	Brûler	To burn	31
4770565381	Doubler	To pass	32
4770565382	Garer	To park	33
4770565383	(Se) mettre à	To start to	34
4770565384	Décoller	To take off	35
4770565385	Faire un séjour	To take a trip	36
4770565386	Louer	To rent	37
4770565387	(Se) diriger	To head towards	38
4770565388	Tomber en panne	To break down	39
4770565389	Faire de l'autostop	Hitchhike	40
4770565390	Amener	To bring	41
4770565391	Avoir le mal du pays	To be homesick	42
4770565392	Gâter	To spoil	43
4770565393	(Se) réunir	To get together	44
4770565394	Donner les étrennes	To give money gifts	45
4770565395	Avoir des rapports cordiaux	To have a good relationship	46
4770565396	(Se) servir	To use	47
4770565397	Falloir	To be necessary	48
4770565398	(Se) marier	To marry	49
4770565399	Avoir lieu	To take place	50
4770565400	Porter un toast	To make toast	51
4770565401	(Se) frapper	To hit	52
4770565402	(Se) énerver	To get upset	53

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6912668438	Alimentary canal and accessory digestive tract	Two groups of the digestive system	0
6912668439	Gastrointestinal tract, GI tract, and the digestive tract	Alimentary canal	1
6912668440	To digest food, to breakdown food into absorbable units, and rid the body of waste	Functions of the alimentary canal	2
6912668441	Buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and large intestine	Organs of the alimentary canal	3
6912668442	Throat and muscular cavity	Pharynx	4
6912668443	Oral cavity and mouth	Buccal cavity	5
6912668444	Collapsing tube	Esophagus	6
6912668445	Colon	Large intestine	7
6912668446	Teeth, tongue, gallbladder, digestive glands, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas	Organs of accessory digestive tract	8
6912668447	Deglutition	Swallowing	9
6912668448	Monomers	Chemical building blocks	10
6912735553	serosa	visceral peritoneum	11
6912738858	peritonitis	inflammation of the peritoneum	12
6912746741	greater omentum	greater curvature	13
6912751178	lesser omentum	lesser curvature	14
6912759324	mucosa layer	mucous membrane	15
6912764221	layer	tunic	16
6912773029	mucosa, sub mucosa, muscularis, serosa	layers of the GI tract	17
6912786263	lips	labia	18
6912791451	bolus	compact mass of food	19
6912807315	help clean teeth, dissolve food chemicals for taste, moisten the food, contains enzymes that start the chemical digestion of starch	saliva functions	20
6912810135	mumps	common childhood disease	21
6912821411	parotid salivary gland, sub mandibular glands, sublingual glands	salivary glands	22
6912832889	teeth	dentitions	23
6912837583	primary teeth, milk teeth, and baby teeth	deciduous teeth	24
6912851982	permanent teeth	2nd set of teeth	25
6912857182	wisdom teeth or molars	impacted tooth	26
6912861006	canines	eye teeth	27
6912863149	premolars	bicuspids	28
6912877879	gingiva	gums	29
6912883867	dental caries	dental cavities	30
6912907154	Streptococcus mutants	most common bacteria in the mouth	31
6912920240	calculus	tarter	32
6912923683	gingivitis	red, swelling, bleeding gums	33
6912950149	periodontitis, periodontal disease	pyorrhea	34
6912965470	oropharynx, laryngopharynx, and nasopharynx	divisions of the pharnyx	35
6912971222	esophagus	gullet	36
6912977327	hiatel hernia	stomach protrusion into the diaphram	37
6913013498	Mechanical breakdown of food and chemically breakdown food	functions of the stomach	38
6930242895	cardiac region	cardia	39
6930242896	pyloris	pyloric region	40
6930242897	cardiac, fundus, body, and pyloris,	regions of the stomach	41
6930242898	gastric ulcer	erosion of the stomach wall	42
6930242899	duodenum, jejunum, and ilium	parts of the small intestine	43
6930242900	store and concentrate bile	function of the gallbladder	44
6930242901	liver	largest gland in the body	45
6930242902	lobes of the liver	right, left, caudate, and quadrate	46
6930242903	produce bile, picks up excess nutrients and stores it as glycogen, stores fat solubles, and detoxification	functions of the liver	47
6930242904	hepatitis	inflammation of the liver	48
6930242905	cirrhosis	diffuse and progressively chronic inflammation of the liver	49
6930242906	insulin and glycogen	hormones of the pancreas	50
6930242907	chyme	waste in the large intestine	51
6930242908			52
6930242909			53
6930242910			54
6930242911			55

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