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AP Flashcards

9278689471	nucleus	most important organelle within the cell, it controls the activities of cells and the division of them as well.	0
9278702558	cytoplasm	is a sticky semifluid found between the nucleus and the cell membrane. Chemical analysis of this shows that it consists of water, salt, carbohydrates, proteins, lips and minerals. -Membranous organelles -Nonmembranous organelles	1
9278723028	plasma membrane	a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins which forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole and regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm.	2
9280310071	facilitated diffusion	transport substances down a concentration gradient, energy required comes from the collision energy of solute (from a higher to lower concentration )	3
9280340301	facilitated diffusion ( channel mediated passive transport)	they only allow one type of solute to pass through -gated channels allow membranes to be selectively - aquaporins are water channels that permit rapid osmosis	4
9280401241	facilitated diffusion ( carrier mediated passive)	carriers attract&bind to the solute . change shape & release the solute out the other side of carrier. carriers are usually reversible	5
9280430599	passive transport	move substances down their concentration gradients, (homeostatic)	6
9280440909	types of passive trasport	simple and facilitates	7
9280445474	active transport	require the expenditure of metabolic energy by the cell, transport by pumps, pumps are membrane transporters that move substance against its concentration -opposite of diffusion	8
9280471141	calcium pumps and sodium pumps	active transport	9
9280488985	ATP	energy from the cell	10
9280512134	endocytosis	plasma membrane "traps" some extracellular material & brings it into the cell vesicle	11
9280542487	exocytosis	inside of the cell vesicle to taking it out of the cell large molecules are enclosed in membranous vesicles	12
9280571281	2 endocytosis - phagocytosis -pinocytosis	large particles taken over by plasma membrane&enter the cell vesicles, (cell eating)	13
9280589365	active transport	requires energy use by membrane	14
9280594786	role of enzymes	chemical catalysts that reduce the activation energy needed for a reaction, regulate cell metabolism - proteins of a complex shape, active site where the enzyme molecule fits the substrate molecule (locks it in )	15
9280629475	catabolism	breakdown of cells - cellular respiration is important to this - ( three pathways), glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport systems (ETS)	16
9280638936	enzymes	regulate cell function by regulating metabolic pathways	17
9280658632	allosteric effectors	affect enzyme action by changing the shape of the enzyme molecule	18
9280701132	enzymes general function	most catalyze a chemical reactions in both directions, ( they stand around and wait) constantly being destroyed and replaced.	19
9280729601	glycolysis	path where glucose is broken apart ( pyruvic acid	20
9280747256	citric acid( krebs cycle)	citric acid cycle is a repeating sequence of reactions that occurs	21
9280767542	electron transport sys	protons flow back into the inner chamber throu pump molecules in the cristae & their energy is transferred to AtP	22
9280786551	anabolism	protein synthesis is a central anabolic pathway	23
9280823922	cell reproduction	ensures that genetic information is passed from one generation to the next	24
9280833832	protein synthesis	central anabloic pathway in cells - DNA is a double helix polymer that functions to transfer info, encoded genes, to direct synthesis of proteins	25
9280879528	RNA	messenger RNA which is a transcript of a code for one polypeptide - mRNA - transcription is inside the nucleus and transport outside of it	26
9289934103	• Gamete		27

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La technologia AP Spanish Flashcards

Spanish

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5440396501	El archivo	File	0
5440396502	El buzón	Mailbox	1
5440396503	La carpeta	Folder	2
5440396505	La contraseña	Password	3
5440396506	El correro electrónico	Email	4
5440396507	La desventaja	Disadvantages	5
5440396508	La dirección	Address	6
5440396509	La edad	Age	7
5440396510	El enchufe	Electrical outlet	8
5440396511	El fallo	Virus	9
5440396512	La impresora	Printer	10
5440396513	La herramienta	Tool	11
5440396514	El lápiz de memoria	Flashdrive	12
5440396515	La llave	Key	13
5440396516	El mensaje	Message	14
5440396517	El móvil	Cell phone	15
5440396518	El mundo	World	16
5440396519	El ordenador	Computer	17
5440396520	La pentalla	Screen, monitor	18
5440396521	El perfil	Profile	19
5440396522	La pila	Battery	20
5440396523	El porcentaje	Percentage	21
5440396524	El portátil	Laptop	22
5440396525	El propósito	Purpose	23
5440396526	El provecho	Benefit	24
5440396527	El ratón	Mouse	25
5440396528	La red	Internet	26
5440396529	La red inalámbrica	Wireless network	27
5440396530	La red social	Social media	28
5440396531	Los seguidores	Followers	29
5440396532	El teclado	Keyboard	30
5440396533	La tinta	Ink	31
5440396535	El usuario	Username	32
5440396536	La ventaja	Advantage	33
5440396537	Advertir	To warn	34
5440396538	Apagar	To turn off	35
5440396539	Aprovechar	To make the most of	36
5440396540	Borrar	To erase	37
5440396541	Convivir	To live with	38
5440396542	Descargar	To download	39
5440396543	Enchufar	To plug in	40
5440396544	Engancharse	To get addicted	41
5440396545	Enviar	To send	42
5440396546	Grabar	To record	43
5440396547	Guardar	To save	44
5440396548	Hallar	To find	45
5440396549	Imprimir	To print	46
5440396550	Mandar	To send	47
5440396551	Mostrar	To show	48
5440396552	Movilizar	To mobilize	49
5440396554	Respaldar	To back up	50
5440396555	Teclar	To type	51
5440396557	Sobrevivir	To survive	52
5440396558	Asimismo	Likewise, also	53
5440396559	Actualmente	Nowadays	54
5440396560	A diario	Daily	55
5440396562	A menudo	Often	56
5440396563	Acabar de + inf	To finish	57
5440396565	Claro que sí	Of course	58
5440396566	Como siempre	As usual	59
5440396567	Darse cuenta (de)	To realize/notice	60
5440396569	Disposible	Available	61
5440396570	Eficaz	Efficient	62
5440396571	En broma	In fun/ jockingly	63
5440396572	Escaso/a	Not enough, scarce	64
5440396573	Genial	Brilliant	65
5440396575	Gratuito	Free	66
5440396576	Hacer clic	To click	67
5440396577	Imprescindible	Essential	68
5440396578	Pasar un rato	To spend a while	69
5440396579	Quiźas	Maybe, perhaps	70
5440396580	Tal vez	Maybe, perhaps	71

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Prueba Vocabulario 2 AP. Flashcards

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4796317711	naivety	la ingenuidad	0
4796317712	experiences	las vivencias	1
4796322458	betrayal	la traición	2
4796322459	home	el hogar	3
4796323045	hut	la choza	4
4796323445	hobby	el pasatiempo	5
4796323046	retirement	la jubilación	6
4796323724	similarity	la semejanza	7
4796323992	border	la frontera	8
4796325023	behavior	el comportamiento	9
4796325024	contribution	el aporte	10
4796325292	defeat	la derrota	11
4796325293	failure	el fracaso	12
4796325624	to be successful	tener éxito	13
4796325625	to achieve, to obtain	lograr	14
4796326076	to blame someone	echarle la culpa a alguien	15
4796326500	to take charge of	hacerse cargo de	16
4796326501	to liven up	animarse	17
4796326803	feasible	factible	18
4796326804	premature	precoz	19
4796327332	to retire	jubilarse	20
4796327333	to confide in	confiar	21
4796327657	to hide	esconder(se)	22
4796328143	to check, to verify	comprobar	23
4796328144	downcast/dejected	cabizbajo(a)	24
4796328417	loyal	leal	25
4796328418	faithful	fiel	26
4796328679	brave	valiente	27
4796328680	realiable/trustworthy	confiable	28
4796328917	bitter	amargo(a)	29

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AP Biology Flashcards

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7664667657	Carolus Linnaeus	grouped similar species into increasingly general categories reflecting what he believed to be the pattern of their creation, developed taxonomy and binomial nomenclature	0
7664677759	taxonomy	branch of biology dedicated to the naming and classification of all forms of life	1
7664688170	binomial nomenclature	two-part naming system that includes organism's genus and species	2
7664700454	Georges Cuvier	French geologist opposed to the idea of evolution and was influential in the way that he said that catastrophic/world changing events happened suddenly and this explains boundaries	3
7664708944	Charles Lyell	English geologist who was homies with Charles Darwin, realized that the earth must be VERY old	4
7664722051	Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck	developed early theory of evolution based on principles of use and disuse and inheritance of acquired characteristics	5
7664737347	use and disuse	the idea that parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger, while those that are not used deteriorate	6
7664744204	inheritance of acquired characteristics	assumes that characteristics acquired during an organism's lifetime could be passed on to the next generation	7
7664757019	Charles Darwin	traveled on HMS Beagle which led to his theory of evolution by natural selection	8
7664764284	natural selection	-individuals in a pop. vary in traits, many of which are heritable -a pop. can produce way more offspring than can survive in the environment -individuals w/ inherited traits that are better suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce -evolution occurs when unequal reproductive success of individuals lead to adaptations to their environment, and over time, the organisms become better suited to their environment	9
7664801087	adaptations	heritable characteristics that enhance organisms' ability to survive and reproduce in specific environments	10
7664812960	artificial selection	process by which species are modified by humans	11
7664819427	homology	characteristics in related species have an underlying similarity even though they have very different functions	12
7664828708	homologous structures	anatomical signs of evolution	13
7664833009	embryonic homologies	comparison of early stages of animal development reveals many anatomical homologies in embryos that are not visible in adult organisms	14
7664851385	vestigial organs	structures of marginal, if any, importance to the organism (basically remnants of structures that were important to organisms' ancestors)	15
7664863029	molecular homologies	shared characteristics on the molecular level	16
7664868670	convergent evolution	when two organisms develop similarities as they adapt to similar environmental conditions	17
7664887150	The Fossil Record	fossils show that evolutionary changes have occurred over time and the origin of major new groups of organisms	18
7664894972	biogeography	the geographic distribution of species	19
7724449157	continental drift (and the breakup of Pangaea)	can explain the similarity of species on continents that are distant today	20
7664901624	endemic species	species found at a certain geographic location and nowhere else	21
7664913308	mutations	random changes in the DNA, the only source of new genes and new alleles	22
7664919502	point mutations	changes in the nucleotide base in a gene, can have a significant impact on phenotype	23
7664931367	chromosomal mutations	delete, disrupt, duplicate, or rearrange many loci at once, usually harmful but not always	24
7724477433	3 mechanisms for shuffling alleles in sexual reproduction	-crossing over -independent assortment -fertilization	25
7664943762	population genetics	study of how populations change genetically over time	26
7664951154	population	a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring	27
7664962855	gene pool	all of the alleles at all loci in all the members of a population	28
7664971785	Hardy-Weinberg principle	describes a population that is not evolving	29
7664978968	five conditions for H-W Equilibrium	-no change in allelic frequency due to mutation -random mating -no natural selection -the pop. size must be extremely large (no genetic drift) -no gene flow (emigration, immigration, transfer of pollen, etc.)	30
7724491627	Hardy-Weinburg equation	p² + 2pq + q² = 1 p + q = 1 p = frequency of A (dominant allele) q = frequency of a (recessive allele) p² = frequency of AA (homozygous dominant) 2pq = frequency of Aa (heterozygous) q² = frequency of aa (homozygous recessive)	31
7721835873	the three major factors that alter allele frequencies and bring about the most evolutionary change	-natural selection -genetic drift -gene flow	32
7721842768	genetic drift	unpredictable fluctuation in allele frequencies from one generation to the next. The smaller the pop., the greater likelihood of drift	33
7721852292	founder effect	a few individuals become isolated from a larger pop. and establish a new population whose gene pool is not reflective of source population	34
7722848352	bottleneck effect	a sudden change in the environment drastically reduces the size of a population	35
7722854675	gene flow	a population gains or loses alleles by genetic additions or subtractions from the population	36
7722862696	relative fitness	the contribution an organism makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other members, measured only by reproductive success	37
7722882183	directional selection	shifts the overall makeup of the population by favoring variants that are at one extreme of the distribution	38
7722891038	disruptive selection	favors variants at both ends of the distribution	39
7722894630	stabilizing selection	removes extreme variants from the population and preserves intermediate types	40
7722929596	diploidy	because most eukaryotes are diploid, they are capable of hiding genetic variation (recessive alleles) from selection	41
7722900016	sexual selection	individuals w/ certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates, can result in sexual dimorphism	42
7722908240	sexual dimorphism	a difference between the two sexes in secondary sexual characteristics such as differences in size, color, ornamentation, and behavior	43
7722920146	heterozygote advantage	individuals who are heterozygous at a certain locus have an advantage for survival	44
7724543111	why natural selection can't produce perfect organisms	-selection can only edit existing variations -evolution is limited by historical constraints -adaptations are often compromises -chance, natural selection, and the environment interact	45
7722935224	speciation	process by which new species arise	46
7725336101	prezygotic barriers	prevent mating or hinder fertilization if mating has occurred. Ex/ habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation	47
7724564646	prezygotic and postzygotic	2 types of barriers that prevent members of different species from producing offspring that can also successfully reproduce examples of prezygotic barriers: -habitat isolation -behavioral isolation -temporal isolation -mechanical isolation -gametic isolation examples of postzygotic barriers: -reduced hybrid viability -reduced hybrid fertility -hybrid breakdown	48
7725341921	habitat isolation	two species live in different habitats so they won't encounter each other and mate	49
7725424957	behavioral isolation	species don't respond to mating signals/behaviors used by other species	50
7725446664	temporal isolation	species may breed at different times of the day/year and this prevents them from mating	51
7725455336	mechanical isolation	species may be anatomically incompatible	52
7725462365	gametic isolation	gametes from two species might be unable to fuse to form a zygote	53
7722937622	microevolution	the change in genetic makeup of a pop. from generation to generation	54
7722945025	macroevolution	the broad pattern of evolutionary change above the species level, used to define higher taxa	55
7722957784	biological species concept	defines a species as a group of pops. whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring but are unable to produce viable, fertile offspring w/ other groups	56
7722966765	reproductive isolation	the existence of biological barriers that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile offspring	57
7724639757	habitat isolation	2 species can live in the sam geographic area but not in the same habitat - prevents them from mating because they will not encounter each other	58
7724655937	behavioral isolation	some species use certain signals or types of behavior to attract mates & these signals are unique to their species - members of other species do not respond to the signals so mating does not occur	59
7724704103	temporal isolation	species may breed at different times of da, different seasons, or different years, and this can prevent them from mating	60
7724721296	mechanical isolation	species may be anatomically incompatible	61
7724725410	gametic isolation	even if the gametes of 2 species do meet, they may be unable to fuse to form a zygote	62
7724751233	reduced hybrid viability	when a zygote if formed, genetic incompatibility may cause development to cease	63
7724762001	reduced hybrid fertility	even if the 2 species produce a viable offspring, reproductive isolation is still occurring if the offspring is sterile and can't reproduce	64
7724777699	hybrid breakdown	sometimes 2 species mate and produce viable, fertile hybrids - however, when the hybrids mate, their offspring are weak or sterile	65
7724792938	allopatric speciation	a population forms a new species because it's geographically isolated from the parent population - when the population is geographically isolated gene flow is interrupted, resulting in reproductive isolation -geologic events/processes (emergence of a mountain range, formation of a land bridge, evaporation of a large lake that produces several small lakes) can fragment a population resulting in geographic isolation of new populations	66
7724879633	sympatric speciation	a small part of the population forms a new species w/o being geographically separated from the parent population -can result from part of the population switching to a new habitat, part of the population switching to a different resource (such as food), or an accident during cell division (extra set of chromosomes - polyploid)	67
7724909188	polyploid	an accident during cell division can result in an extra set of chromosomes (polyploid) - they cannot breed w/ diploid member and produce fertile offspring -mechanism that can lead to sympatric speciation -rare in animals but very common in plants	68
7724936043	adaptive radiation	occurs when many new species arise from a single common ancestor - the new species fill different ecological niches in their communities -catastrophes such as volcanoes, landslides, or mass extinctions open new niches	69
7724959497	gradualism	proposes that species descended from a common ancestor and gradually diverge more and more in morphology as they acquire unique adaptations	70
7724975574	punctuated equilibrium	term used to describe periods of parent stasis punctuated by sudden change observed in the fossil record	71
7724991818	current hypothesis about how life arose on earth	-abiotic (nonliving) synthesis of small organic molecules (amino acids & nitrogenous) -the joining of these small molecules into macromolecules (proteins & nucleic acids) -the packaging of these molecules into protocells whose internal chemistry differed from that of the external environment -the origin of self-replicating molecules that made inheritance possible	72
7725034630	protocells	membrane enclosed droplets	73
7725050105	when was the earth formed?	about 4.6 billion years ago	74
7725052456	when did life emerge on earth?	about 3.8 billion years agp	75
7725065354	Oparin & Haldane	hypothesized that the early atmosphere (thick w/ water vapor, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and hydrogen sulfide) provided w/ energy from lightning and UV radiation, could have formed organic compounds (primitive "soup" from which all life arose	76
7725101514	Miller & Urey	tested Oparin & Haldane's hypothesis and produced a variety of amino acids - Miller/Urey types experiments show that the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules is possible under various assumptions about the composition of the early atmosphere	77
7725292501	self-replicating RNA	*first genetic material plays a central role in protein synthesis & can also carry out a number of enzyme-like catalytic functions	78
7725309197	ribosomes	RNA catalysts	79
7725312605	fossil record	sequence in which fossils appear in the layers of sedimentary rock that constitute the Earth's surface	80
7725331597	paleontologists	study the fossil record	81
7725335733	relative dating	uses the order of rock strata to determine the relative age of fossils -oldest fossils are deposited in the lower strata	82
7725351784	radiometric dating	uses the decay of radioactive isotopes to determine the age of the rocks or fossils - based on the rate of decay/half-life of the isotope	83
7725377656	half-life	time necessary for 50% of the parent isotope to decay	84
7725386452	prokaryotes	earliest living organisms	85
7725400108	when did eukaryotes appear?	about 2.1 billion years ago	86
7725404939	endosymbiotic hypothesis	proposes that mitochondria & plastids (chloroplasts) were formally small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells	87
7725424970	evidence for the endosymbiotic hypothesis	-both organelles have enzymes & transport systems homologous to those found in the plasma membranes of living prokaryotes -both replicate by a splitting process similar to prokaryotes -both contain a single, circular DNA molecule, not associated w/ histone proteins -both have their own ribosomes, which can translate their DNA into proteins	88
7725459999	when did multicellular eukaryotes evolve?	about 1.2 billion years ago	89
7725474677	when did plants, fungi, and animals begin the appear on Earth (colonization of the land)?	about 500 million years ago	90
7725476763	continental drift	the movement of Earth's continents on great plates that float on the hot, underlying mantle -example: San Andreas fault (2 plates sliding past each other) -mountains uplift where plates collide -can help explain the disjunct geographic distribution of some species	91
7725504446	mass extinctions	loss of large #'s of species in a short period of time - have resulted from global environmental changes that have caused the rate of extinction to increase dramatically -can drastically alter a complex ecological community -open niches that a new species can occupy	92
7725527181	adaptive radiations	periods of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological niches -occurred after the 5 major extinctions -can occur after major evolutionary innovations	93
7725548888	evo-devo	field of study in which evolutionary biology and developmental biology converge - illuminates how slight genetic divergences can be magnified into major morphological differences between species "evo" = evolution "devo" = development	94
7725584703	exaptations	structures that evolve in one context but become co-opted for another function	95
7726554535	Heterochrony	evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events. -Ex) decreased rate in leg growth leads to loss of hind limbs in whales	96
7726591451	Homeotic genes	regulatory genes that determine location and organization of body parts	97
7726596069	Hox genes	a class of homeotic genes that have a big effect on morphology and therefor potential for evolutionary change.	98
7734506816	phylogeny	evolutionary history of a species or a group of related species -constructed using evidence from systematics	99
7734526796	systematics	discipline that focuses on classifying organisms and their evolutionary relationships -tools include: fossils, morphology, genes, & molecular evidence	100
7734562810	hierarchical classification of organisms	domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species	101
7734646975	homologous structure	similarities due to shared ancestor Ex: bones of a whale's flipper & a tiger's front limb	102
7726692945	Molecular systematics	uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships	103
7726699670	Cladogram	depicts patterns of shared characteristics and forms basis of a phylogenetic tree	104
7726709383	Clade	Within a phylogenetic tree-- a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.	105
7726751311	point mutation	change in one nucleotide base in a gene, can have significant impact on phenotype.	106
7726760942	chromosomal mutation	delete, disrupt, duplicate, or rearrange many loci at once.	107
7726771317	How is most genetic variation in a pop made?	Sexual recombination of alleles that already exist in the population.	108
7741317251	shared derived characteristics	evolutionary novelties unique to a particular clade, used to construct cladograms	109
7741321875	shared ancestral characteristics	originated in the ancestor of the taxon	110
7741327474	molecular clocks	methods used to measure the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes and other regions of the genome appear to evolve at constant rates	111
7741338276	three-domain system	Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya	112

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APES Week 17a Vocabulary Flashcards

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5757336728	Broad-spectrum pesticide	A pesticide that kills many different types of pest.	0
5757336729	Bycatch	The unintentional catch of nontarget species while fishing.	1
5757336730	CAFO	A large indoor or outdoor structure used to raise animals at very high densities.	2
5757336731	Economies of scale	The observation that average costs of production fall as output increases.	3
5757336732	Energy subsidy	The energy input per calorie of food produced.	4
5757336733	Fishery	A commercially harvestable population of fish within a particular ecological region.	5
5757336734	Fishery collapse	The decline of a fish population by 90 percent or more.	6
5757336735	Green revolution	A shift in agricultural practices in the twentieth century that included new management techniques, mechanization, fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop varieties, and resulted in increased food output.	7
5757336736	Herbicide	A pesticide that targets plant species that compete with crops.	8
5757336737	Industrial agriculture	Agriculture that applies the techniques of mechanization and standardization.	9
5757336738	Insecticide	A pesticide that targets species of insects and other invertebrates that consume crops.	10
5757336739	Monocropping	An agricultural method that utilizes large plantings of a single species or variety.	11
5757336740	Non-persistent pesticide	A pesticide that breaks down rapidly, usually in weeks or months.	12
5757336741	Organic fertilizer	Fertilizer composed of organic matter from plants and animals.	13
5757336742	Persistent pesticide	A pesticide that remains in the environment for a long time.	14
5757336743	Pesticide	A substance, either natural or synthetic, that kills or controls organisms that people consider pests.	15
5757336744	Pesticide resistance	A trait possessed by certain individuals that are exposed to a pesticide and survive.	16
5757336745	Pesticide treadmill	A cycle of pesticide development, followed by pest resistance, followed by new pesticide development.	17
5757336746	Selective pesticide	A pesticide that targets a narrow range of organisms.	18
5757336747	Soil salinization	A form of soil degradation that occurs when the small amount of salts in irrigation water becomes highly concentrated on the soil surface through evaporation.	19
5757336748	Synthetic fertilizer	Fertilizer produced commercially, normally with the use of fossil fuels.	20
5757336749	Waterlogging	A form of soil degradation that occurs when soil remains under water for prolonged periods.	21

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AP Lang Flashcards

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9624931152	Strident	Harsh, loud, grating	0
9624933119	Self Effacing	Modest, not claiming attention	1
9625165790	Ingratiating	Sycophantic, intending to gain favor, obsequious	2
9625173021	Ambivalent	Ambiguous, uncertain	3
9625188698	Defiant	Oppositional, Resistant	4
9625194027	Rejoinder	A reply, especially a sharp or witty one	5
9625224132	Innuendo	An allusive or oblique remark or hint, typically a suggestive or disbaraging one	6
9625230436	Bantering	Talk or exchange remarks in a good-humored teasing way	7
9625359462	Wry	Using or expressing dry, especially mocking humor	8
9625363430	Reproachful	Expressing disapproval or disappointment	9
9625394184	Heteroclite	Abnormal, unusual	10
9625398422	Doctrinaire	Dogmatic, rigid, uncompromising	11
9625409006	Capricious	Given to sudden and unaccountable changes of or behavior, tempramental, unpredictable	12
9625427822	Relative Clauses	Clauses beginning with who, whom, which, or that	13
9625431067	Vituperative	Bitter and abusive	14
9625434303	Chastise	Rebuke or reprimand severely	15
9625458314	Obfuscate	Render obscurer, unclear, or unintelligible, sometimes deliberately- very similar to equivocate	16
9625542936	Terse	Sparing in the use of words; abrupt.	17
9625545301	Pedantic	Ostentatious in one's learning or overly concerned with minute details or formalism, especially in teaching	18
9625559593	Circumlocution	The use of many words where fewer would do, especially in a deliberate attempt to be vague or evasive	19
9630497461	Sound of an angry mob	Strident	20
9630530933	Bringing your boss lunch every day	Ingratiating	21
9630534187	Struggling with whether to invite someone to an event because she has a positive relationship with you but not with the other attendees.	Ambivalent	22
9630578896	Someone does the exact opposite of what they're told	Defiant	23
9630591802	"Your mom"	Rejoinder	24
9630594654	"Mark has been spending a lot of time with Allison, if you know what I mean"	Innuendo	25
9630672867	"Who wants flowers when you're dead? Nobody."	Wry	26

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AP Spanish-Transition Words Flashcards

This set is to be used EVERY time we are writing an essay or presentational speaking. You need to learn how to use them correctly.

Terms : Hide Images

7283994151	Para empezar	to begin	0
7283994152	En primer lugar...	in the first place	1
7283994153	Al principio...	in the beginning	2
7283994154	Como punto de partida...	as a starting place	3
7283994155	Para continuar...	to continue	4
7283994156	Durante...	during	5
7283994157	Mientras tanto...	meanwhile	6
7283994158	Además...	in addition	7
7283994159	También...	also	8
7283994160	Luego...	then (works like second alphabetically)	9
7283994161	Después de... (verbo en infinitivo)	after	10
7283994162	Mientras...	while	11
7283994163	y	and	12
7283994164	e	and (when preceding a word starting with a vowel) Ejemplo: Amelia e Isabel fueron al parque.	13
7283994165	Entonces...	then (First alphabetically)	14
7283994166	Antes de... (verbo en infinitivo)	before	15
7283994167	Como... (no accent on this one as it is not a question)	like, as, since	16
7283994168	Sin embargo...	however	17
7283994169	A pesar de...	despite, even though	18
7283994170	Aunque...	although	19
7283994171	Pero...	but	20
7283994172	En cambio...	on the other hand	21
7283994173	Sino que...	but rather + infinitive	22
7283994174	Sino...	but rather	23
7283994175	De hecho...	in fact	24
7283994176	En realidad...	in reality	25
7283994177	Hay que tomar en cuenta...	take into account	26
7283994178	Lo importante es que...	what's important is	27
7283994179	Para ilustrar...	to illustrate	28
7283994180	Por ejemplo...	for example	29
7283994181	A causa de...	because of	30
7283994182	Al fin y al cabo...	in the end	31
7283994183	En conclusión...	in conclusion	32
7283994184	En fin...	in the end	33
7283994185	En resumen...	en summary	34
7283994186	Para concluir...	to conclude	35
7283994187	Para terminar...	to finish	36
7283994188	Por eso...	for this	37

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ap Flashcards

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7232899772	wilhelm Wundt	1832-1920. timing a human reaction. first physcologists.	0
7232904820	introspection	the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes.	1
7232913222	structuralism	the study of the elements of consciousness. Through introspection experiments, Wundt began to catalog a large number of basic conscious elements	2
7232915915	william james	James is known for the James-Lange Theory of Emotion,	3
7232923733	functionalism	considers mental life and behaviour in terms of active adaptation to the person's environment	4
7232924845	max wertheimer	argued against dividing human thought and behavior into discrete structures	5
7232933345	sigmund freud	1856-1939. the theory that unconscious motives control much behavior.psychoanalytic theory	6
7232937760	psychoanalytic theory	personality organization and the dynamics of personality development	7
7232941195	John Watson,	Early behavioris. famous for the "Little Albert" experiments on fear conditioning	8
7232950041	Ivan Pavlov	discovered classical conditioning (dogs salivate at the sound of a bell)	9
7232951650	B.F. Skinner	termed "reinforcement"; behaviorist; affiliated with Harvard college;	10
7232952308	Behaviorism	objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes	11
7232953616	Humanist Perspective	individual choice and free will; rebelled Freud and Behaviorists; emphasized current environment and importance of our needs for love, etc.	12
7232956863	psychoanalytic perspective	treat patients who have a range of mild to moderate chronic life problems.	13
7232962950	Biopsychological Perspective	studying the physical basis for animal and human behavior	14
7232968763	evolutionary perspective	explain useful mental and psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language	15
7232972296	behavioral perspective	a theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment.	16
7232973865	Cognitive perspective	mental processing; , examines how we process, store, and use information and how this information influences what we attend to, perceive, learn, remember, believe, and feel	17
7232976914	social-cultural perspective	describe awareness of circumstances surrounding individuals and how their behaviors are effected specifically by their surrounding, social and cultural factors.	18

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Memory Flashcards

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8075980187	memory	the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.	0
8075986674	Encoding	the process of getting information into the memory system.	1
8075990210	Storage	The retention of encoded information over time.	2
8075992099	Retrieval	The process of getting information out of memory storage.	3
8075998892	Effortful processing	Encoding information using attention and conscious rehearsal.	4
8076005791	Acoustic encoding	Using the sounds of things to get information into your memory.	5
8076034200	Visual encoding	Using mental pictures to get information into your memory.	6
8076034201	Semantic encoding	Using the meaning (facts, school related info.) of things to get information into your memory.	7
8076040439	Level of processing	Determines how well or how long information is stored in memory.	8
8076043570	Shallow processing	Encoding by superficial characteristics	9
8076046518	Deep processing	Encoding based on meaning	10
8076068419	Maintenance rehearsal	mechanical repetition of information in order to keep from forgetting it.	11
8076071411	Elaborative rehearsal	Remembering new information by relating it to information you already know.	12
8076080223	Short-term memory	Also known as working memory - holds information for up to 30 seconds and has room for 7 slots.	13
8076091684	Mnemonics	a memory aid that relies on reorganization of information for easy retrieval	14
8076095897	Priming	An awareness of something because of exposure to a certain event or experience.	15
8076110412	Flashbulb memories	Vivid, long lasting and highly detailed memories	16
8079448014	Mood congruent memory	If we are happy, we will remember happy events. If we are sad, we have a tendency to remember sad events.	17
8079462918	George Miller	Came up with the Magic 7. STM holds about 7 (+ or - 2) items.	18
8079470506	Chunking	Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.	19
8079482454	Explicit memories	Knowledge of facts and figures	20
8079485070	Implicit Memories	Habits and motor behaviors - knowing HOW.	21
8108995805	Decay (Trace) Theory	Memories gradually face and deteriorate over time.	22
8109000844	Ebbinghaus	Known for his "curve" of forgetting and the rate at which it happens.	23
8109023295	Spacing effect	Letting as much time pass as possible between the first and second time you study a topic.	24
8109029179	Retroactive interference	New information blocks old information	25
8109031292	Proactive interference	Old information blocks out new information	26
8109036543	Serial position effect	Tendency to recall items at the start or end of a list better than items in the middle of the list.	27
8109039871	Primacy effect	Tendency to recall items better when they are learned first	28
8109042179	Recency effect	Tendency to recall items better when they are learned last	29
8109049715	Retrieval Theory	Forgetting is the result of a failure to access stored memory	30
8109053608	Recall	You must retrieve information from your memory (no help)	31
8109055485	Recognition	You must identify the target from possible options.	32
8109061483	Retrograde amnesia	Forgetting the period leading up to an event	33
8109063131	Anterograde amnesia	Memory loss of events after the trauma	34
8109523878	Long term potentiation	Synaptic connections strengthened by repeated stimulation and neural firings.	35
8109531519	Elizabeth Loftus	Psychologist known for studying false memories and the misinformation effect.	36

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