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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

9801914361	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9801914362	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9801914363	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9801914364	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9801914365	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9801914366	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9801914367	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9801914368	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9801914369	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9801914370	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9801914371	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9801914372	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9801914373	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9801914374	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9801914375	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9801914376	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9801914377	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9801914378	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9801914379	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9801914380	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9801914381	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9801914382	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9801914383	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9801914384	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9801914385	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9801914386	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9801914387	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9801914388	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9801914389	theory	general idea being tested	28
9801914390	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9801914391	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9801914392	mode	appears the most	31
9801914393	mean	average	32
9801914394	median	middle	33
9801914395	range	highest - lowest	34
9801914396	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9801914397	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9801914398	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9801914399	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9801914400	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9801914401	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9801914402	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9801914403	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9801914596	neuron		43
9801914404	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9801914405	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9801914406	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9801914407	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9801914408	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9801914409	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9801914410	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9801914411	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9801914412	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9801914413	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9801914414	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9801914415	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9801914416	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9801914417	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9801914418	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9801914419	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9801914420	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9801914421	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9801914422	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9801914423	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9801914424	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9801914425	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9801914426	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9801914427	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9801914428	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9801914429	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9801914430	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9801914431	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9801914432	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9801914433	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9801914434	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9801914435	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9801914436	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9801914437	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9801914438	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9801914439	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9801914440	occipital lobe	vision	80
9801914441	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9801914442	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9801914443	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9801914444	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9801914445	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9801914446	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9801914447	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9801914448	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9801914449	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9801914450	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9801914451	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9801914452	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9801914453	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9801914454	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9801914455	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9801914456	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9801914457	rods	night time	97
9801914458	cones	color	98
9801914459	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9801914460	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9801914461	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9801914462	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9801914463	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9801914464	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9801914465	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9801914466	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9801914467	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9801914468	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9801914469	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9801914470	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9801914471	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9801914472	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9801914473	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9801914474	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9801914475	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9801914476	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9801914477	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9801914478	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9801914479	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9801914480	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9801914481	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9801914482	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9801914483	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9801914484	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9801914485	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9801914486	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9801914487	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9801914488	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9801914489	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9801914490	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9801914491	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9801914492	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9801914493	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9801914494	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9801914495	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9801914496	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9801914497	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9801914498	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9801914499	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9801914500	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9801914501	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9801914502	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9801914503	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9801914504	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9801914505	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9801914506	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9801914507	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9801914508	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9801914509	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9801914510	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9801914511	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9801914512	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9801914513	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9801914514	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9801914515	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9801914516	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9801914517	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9801914518	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9801914519	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9801914520	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9801914521	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9801914522	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9801914523	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9801914524	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9801914525	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9801914526	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9801914527	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9801914528	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9801914529	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9801914530	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9801914531	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9801914532	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9801914533	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9801914534	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9801914535	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9801914536	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9801914537	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9801914538	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9801914539	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9801914540	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9801914541	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9801914542	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9801914543	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9801914544	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9801914545	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9801914546	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9801914547	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9801914548	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9801914549	encoding	information going in	189
9801914550	storage	keeping information in	190
9801914551	retrieval	taking information out	191
9801914552	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9801914553	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9801914554	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9801914555	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9801914556	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9801914557	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9801914558	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9801914559	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9801914560	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9801914561	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9801914562	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9801914563	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9801914564	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9801914565	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9801914566	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9801914567	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9801914568	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9801914569	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9801914570	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9801914571	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9801914572	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9801914573	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9801914574	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9801914575	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9801914576	context	environment helps with memory	216
9801914577	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9801914578	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9801914579	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9801914580	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9801914581	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9801914582	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9801914583	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9801914584	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9801914585	prototypes	generalize	225
9801914586	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9801914587	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9801914588	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9801914589	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9801914590	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9801914591	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9801914592	grammar is _________	universal	232
9801914593	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9801914594	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9803330077	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9803330078	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9803330079	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9803330080	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9803330081	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9803330082	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9803330083	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9803330084	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9803330085	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9803330086	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9803330087	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9803330088	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9803330089	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9803330090	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9803330091	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9803330092	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9803330093	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9803330094	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9803330095	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9803330096	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9803330097	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9803330098	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9803330099	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9803330100	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9803330101	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9803330102	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9803330103	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9803330104	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9803330105	theory	general idea being tested	28
9803330106	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9803330107	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9803330108	mode	appears the most	31
9803330109	mean	average	32
9803330110	median	middle	33
9803330111	range	highest - lowest	34
9803330112	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9803330113	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9803330114	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9803330115	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9803330116	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9803330117	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9803330118	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9803330119	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9803330311	neuron		43
9803330120	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9803330121	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9803330122	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9803330123	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9803330124	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9803330125	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9803330126	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9803330127	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9803330128	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9803330129	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9803330130	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9803330131	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9803330132	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9803330133	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9803330134	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9803330135	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9803330136	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9803330137	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9803330138	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9803330139	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9803330140	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9803330141	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9803330142	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9803330143	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9803330144	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9803330145	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9803330146	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9803330147	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9803330148	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9803330149	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9803330150	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9803330151	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9803330152	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9803330153	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9803330154	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9803330155	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9803330156	occipital lobe	vision	80
9803330157	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9803330158	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9803330159	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9803330160	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9803330161	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9803330162	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9803330163	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9803330164	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9803330165	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9803330166	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9803330167	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9803330168	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9803330169	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9803330170	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9803330171	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9803330172	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9803330173	rods	night time	97
9803330174	cones	color	98
9803330175	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9803330176	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9803330177	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9803330178	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9803330179	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9803330180	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9803330181	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9803330182	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9803330183	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9803330184	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9803330185	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9803330186	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9803330187	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9803330188	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9803330189	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9803330190	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9803330191	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9803330192	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9803330193	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9803330194	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9803330195	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9803330196	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9803330197	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9803330198	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9803330199	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9803330200	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9803330201	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9803330202	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9803330203	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9803330204	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9803330205	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9803330206	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9803330207	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9803330208	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9803330209	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9803330210	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9803330211	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9803330212	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9803330213	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9803330214	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9803330215	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9803330216	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9803330217	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9803330218	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9803330219	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9803330220	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9803330221	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9803330222	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9803330223	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9803330224	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9803330225	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9803330226	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9803330227	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9803330228	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9803330229	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9803330230	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9803330231	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9803330232	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9803330233	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9803330234	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9803330235	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9803330236	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9803330237	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9803330238	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9803330239	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9803330240	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9803330241	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9803330242	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9803330243	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9803330244	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9803330245	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9803330246	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9803330247	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9803330248	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9803330249	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9803330250	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9803330251	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9803330252	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9803330253	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9803330254	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9803330255	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9803330256	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9803330257	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9803330258	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9803330259	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9803330260	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9803330261	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9803330262	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9803330263	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9803330264	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9803330265	encoding	information going in	189
9803330266	storage	keeping information in	190
9803330267	retrieval	taking information out	191
9803330268	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9803330269	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9803330270	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9803330271	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9803330272	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9803330273	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9803330274	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9803330275	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9803330276	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9803330277	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9803330278	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9803330279	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9803330280	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9803330281	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9803330282	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9803330283	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9803330284	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9803330285	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9803330286	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9803330287	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9803330288	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9803330289	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9803330290	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9803330291	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9803330292	context	environment helps with memory	216
9803330293	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9803330294	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9803330295	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9803330296	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9803330297	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9803330298	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9803330299	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9803330300	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9803330301	prototypes	generalize	225
9803330302	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9803330303	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9803330304	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9803330305	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9803330306	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9803330307	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9803330308	grammar is _________	universal	232
9803330309	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9803330310	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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Ap Biology Cell Organelles Flashcards

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8740757309	Chloroplast	Site of photosynthesis Converts solar energy into potential energy in the glucose molecule plant cells only	0
8740757310	Contractile Vacuole	Osmoregulation Takes water from cell then pushes the water out through cell membrane or wall Protists and algae	1
8740757311	Cell Membrane	Protects cell from surroundings Allows certain substances in, keeps others out Phospholipid bilayer with proteins plant and animal	2
8740757312	Nucleus	Contains the DNA in a eukaryote cell.	3
8740757313	Nucleolus	Non-membranus structure involved in production of ribosomes; located in the nucleus plant and animal	4
8740757314	Centrioles	Helps organize microtubules during cell division Animal only	5
8740757315	Ribosomes	Site of translation (protein synthesis); made from proteins and rRNA	6
8740757316	Golgi Apparatus	organelle active in modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products	7
8740757317	Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum	network of membranous sacs and tubes that makes and stores lipids	8
8740757318	Mitochondria	organelle where cellular resperation occurs and most ATP is generated	9
8740757319	Lysosomes	digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed (broken down); autophagy; apoptosis animal only	10
8740757320	Cytoskeleton	reinforces cell's shape;functions in cell movement; components are made of microfilaments	11
8740757321	Central Vacuole	Largest organelle in plant cell; maintains turgor pressure because it stores water plant only	12
8740757322	Cell Wall	outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects from damage made of cellulose and other polysachrides, and proteins Plant only	13
8740757324	Flagellum	located on the outside of a cell; used for locomotion whip like structure made of microtubles	14
8740757326	Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum	network of membranous sacs and tubes that has ribosomes attached. Proteins are modified, tagged and sent to other parts of the cell.	15

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AP Flashcards

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4822068190	Africa	Technological and Enviromental transformations (8,000-600)	0
4822068191	The Americas	Organization and reorganization of human societies (600BCE-600)	1
4822068192	Europe	Regional and interregional interactions (600-1450)	2
4822068193	Asia	Global interactions(1450-1750)	3
4822068194	Oceania	Industrialization and Global Integration	4

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Ap Flashcards

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5267800814	Effective communication	Reading, writing, listening, speaking, thinking, analyzing	0
5267800815	Suffix	-ar	1
5267800816	When analyzing the word cardiology you find	Combining form and suffix	2
5267800817	To analyze a medical word start with	The suffix	3
5267800818	The prefix that means below	Hypo-	4
5267800819	Hipaa	Health Insurance Portability Accountability Act/ privacy	5
5267800820	Abbreviation for diagnosis	DX	6
5267800821	Prefixes and suffixes modify the meaning of the combining form	True	7
5267800822	Analyze a medical word by finding the prefix	False	8
5267800823	Gastrointestinal has two prefixes and one suffix	False	9
5267800824	An informed consent is a document that describes the purpose of surgery and risks	True	10
5267800825	-ic-al-ar-ous	All mean pertaining to	11
5267800826	Degulutition	Swallowing	12
5267800827	The portion of the biliary tree that transports bile from gall bladder to common bile duct	Cystic duct	13
5267800828	Steatorrhea is a symptom of	Pancreatitis	14
5267800829	Single hernia in the muscular wall of the colon	Diverticulum	15
5267800830	Physician palates the abdomen and documents No hepatomegaly means there is no	Liver enlargement	16
5267800831	Characteristics of a hepatoma	Metastatic	17

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AP Biology - Chapter 15 Flashcards

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5379698922	Radiometric dating	A method that uses the decay of radioactive isotopes to determine the age of fossils and rock	0
5379698923	Continental drift	The idea that all land on Earth was once one great mass but then broke up into continents and drifted into their places now	1
5379698924	Pangaea	The name of the original supercontinent	2
5379698925	Plate tectonics	Describes the forces involved in the movement of Earth's plates tectonics and the geologic processes that result	3
5379698926	Phylogeny	The evolutionary history of a group of organisms	4
5379698927	Convergent evolution	Species from different evolutionary branches may come to resemble one another if they live in very similar environments	5
5379698928	Analogy	Similarity due to convergence (aka analogous structures)	6
5379698929	Binomial	The two-part Latin name assigned to organism, created by Linnaeus	7
5379698930	Genus	The first part of the binomial which is the species the organism belongs to	8
5379698931	Classification of organisms	Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species	9
5379698932	Phylogenetic trees	What biologists traditionally use to depict hypotheses about the evolutionary relationships/history of species	10
5379698933	Cladistics	The identification of clades	11
5379698934	Clades	Evolutionary branches that consist of an ancestral species and all its descendants	12
5379698935	Cladogram	A diagram depicting the pattern of shared characteristics	13
5379698936	Ingroup	Is the group of taxa actually being analyzed	14
5379698937	Outgroup	Closely related to ingroup but not a part of it	15
5379698938	Parsimony	The quest for the simplest (and thus most likely) explanation for observed phenomena	16
5379698939	Molecular systematics	Comparing nucleic acids or other molecules to infer relatedness	17
5379698940	Molecular clock	To show that a gene has a reliable average rate of change, this is calibrated in actual time by graphing the nucleotide differences against the dates of evolutionary branch points	18
5379698941	Five-kingdom system	Whittaker argued for five kingdoms: Mnera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia instead of original three kindgom scene	19

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AP Flashcards

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6686518974	climate	climate has been a major factor in determining where people started. People settled in areas that had climates that would accomadate agriculture and livestock	0
6686518975	Paleolithic Age	about 12,000 BC -during this time people were nomadic	1
6686518976	Neolithic Age	refers to age from about 12,000 BC to 8000 BC. During this time, people settled in communities and civilizations began to emerge	2
6686518977	River Valley Civilizations	refers to about 3500 to 1500 BC (Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, Shang China, and Meso and South America)	3
6686518978	Classical Civilizations	refers to about 1000 BC to 600 CE/major civilization that emerged were Zhou and Han China, Greece and Rome, and the Gupta Empire	4
6686518979	All early River-Valley Civilizations shared some common characteristics:	-complex irrigation systems -legal codes -money -art and written literature -scientific knowledge, numbering systems, and calendars -intensification of social inequality	5
6686518980	common features of classical civilizations	-patriarchal family structures -agricultural-based economies -complex governments -expanding trade base	6
6686518981	Mesopotamia Culture(developed by 3500 BCE)	-cuneiform -extensive trade with Egypt and the Indus Valley -Bronze tools -advanced astronomy -Pessimistic view of world -flooding of the rivers -Polytheism: gods powerful and often cruel -Kings powerful, but not divine	7
6686518982	Mesopotamia Political Organization	-city states and warrior kings -Hammurabis code -competition among city states as well as frequent invasions led to less political stability than Egypt	8
6686606883	Mesopotamia Social Structure	-Job Specialization: farmers, metallurgist, merchants, craftsmen, political administrators, priests; -social classes -Marriage contracts, veils for women; women of upper class less equal than lower class counterparts	9
6686606884	Egypt (developed by 3000 BCE) CULTURE	-concerned w/ decorative arts, shipbuilding, some medical knowledge -less advanced in math and astronomy than Mesopotamians -Less extensive trade(especially in earlier eras) -Polytheism (with pharaoh as god) -Optimistic view of life -Strong belief in afterlife -Book of Dead -Hieroglyphics	10
6686606885	Egypt Political Organization	-Divine Kingship-the pharaoh;highly centralized, authoritarian government -Generally stable gov throughout the 3 kingdoms -Extensive bureaucracy; the pharaohs power channeled through regional governors	11
6686606886	Egypt Social Structure	-Smaller Nobility than Mesopotamia; fewer merchants -Some social nobility through the bureaucracy -Priests have high status(only ones who understand hieroglyphic written language) -Women probably has higher status in Mesopotamia ***-FEMALE PHARAOH: Hatshepsut -Influential wife of pharaoh: Nefertiti	12
6686661692	Indus Valley***		13
6686661693	Agricultural societies- Cultivate crops (8000 BCE)	Technology developed in this time: -domestication of plants and animals -iron tools -writing systems -constant development Main geographic locations: -river valleys in Mesopotamia, Nile River Valley, India, China, Mesoamerica, Andes	14
6686661694	Pastoral societies-domesticated animals (8,000 BCE)	domestication of horses and camels geographic locations: steppes, grasslands, deserts, mountain ranges	15
6686661695	Foraging societies- hunting and gathering (35,000 BCE)	baskets for gathering and storing and hunting tools geographic locations: everywhere	16
6686697894	The Sil****		17
6687014300	Polytheism	belief in a number of deities that can be anthromorphic or related to the non-human world *major areas: everywhere	18
6687014301	Confucianism	-five relationships -mandate of heaven major areas: east asia	19
6687014302	Daoism	Yin-Yang, Dualism in Nature, People part of the balance in Nature major areas: East Asia	20
6687014303	Hellenism	-Greek philosophy, trade and common culture throughout Mediterranean -science and technology developments at Alexandria--Library major areas: Mediterranean	21
6687014304	Hinduism	-caste system -multiple expressions of deities -emphasis on ritual prayer -sacred texts major areas: South and Southeast Asia	22
6687014305	Buddhism	-Four Noble Truths -Eight-Fold Path major areas: South Asia, Central Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia	23
6687014306	Judaism	-Monotheistic -emphasis on daily prayer and sacred text->TORAH major areas: Mediterranean world	24
6687014307	Christianity	-monotheistic -Jesus Christ as savior -Gospels, emphasis on saints major areas: Mediterranean world and then expansion into Latin West, areas controlled by Byzantines, Ethiopia, India	25
6687014308	Islam	-monotheistic -Mohammad as prophet -Qu'ran, Sufi emphasis on saints -Sunni/Shia spilt major areas: Arabian Peninsula, Mediterranean world then expansion into Islamic Spain, Persia, India, North Africa, Sudanic Africa	26

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AP Flashcards

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6781134179	Relocation diffusion		0
6781134180	Contagious diffusion		1
6781136618	Hierarchical diffusion		2
6781136619	Stimulus diffusion		3
6781138581	Colonialism		4
6781138582	Imperialism		5
6781140118	Universalizing religions	Christianity, Islam, Buddhism	6
6781141615	Amalgamation		7
6781143611	Lingua Franca		8
6781143612	Acculturation		9
6781143613	Assimilation		10
6781145909	Folk culture		11
6781145910	Popular culture		12
6781148264	Borchert's Epochs on urban growth		13
6781148265	Migration		14
6781148266	Urban hierarchy		15
6781149845	Periphery		16
6781149846	Semi periphery		17
6781149847	Megacities		18
6781152186	Rank size rule		19
6781152187	Primate city		20
6781154584	Christaller's central place theory		21
6781156075	Burgess Concentric Zone model		22
6781157985	Hoyt Sector model		23
6781159429	Harris-Ullman multiple nuclei model		24
6781159430	Galactic city model		25
6781164108	Latin american, asian, and african models		26
6781164109	Sustainable design		27
6781164110	New Urbanism		28
6781165545	Greenbelts		29
6781169216	Slow growth cities		30
6781169217	Quantitative v Qualitative data		31
6781171159	Disamenity zones		32
6781171160	Gentrification		33
6781172809	Suburban sprawl		34
6781175001	Remediation and redevelopment of brown fleilds		35

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AP GOV Chapter 14 Flashcards

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9532036697	twenty second amendment	ratified in 1951, this amendment limits its presidents to two terms of office	0
9532041694	twenty fifth amendment	ratified in 1967, this amendment permits the vice president to become actin president if the cice president and the cabinet determine that the president is diabled, and it outlines how a recuperated president can reclaim his job.	1
9532055811	impeachment	the political equivalent of indictment in criminal law, prescribed by the constitution. the HOR may impeach the president by a majority vote for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors"	2
9532082876	watergate	the events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the democratic national committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of the white house involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of Nixon under the threat of impeachment.	3
9532100388	executive orders	regulations originating with the executive branch. executive orders are one method presidents can use the control the bureaucracy.	4
9532119328	cabinet	a group of presidential advisers not mentioned in the constitution, although every president has had one. today the cabinet is composed of 14 secretaries, the attourney general, and others designated by the president.	5
9532134508	national security council	the committee that links the president;s foreign and military policy advisers. its formal members are the president, vice president, secretary of state, and secretary of defense, and it is managed by the presidents national security assistant.	6
9532146871	council of economic advisers	the three-member body appointed y the president to advise the president on economic policy.	7
9532154028	office of management and budget	an office that prepares the presidents budget and also advises presidents on proposals from departments and agencies and helps review their proposed regulations.	8
9532174108	veto	the constitutional power of the president to send a bill back to congress with reson for rejecting it. a two thirds vote in each house can override a veto.	9
9532181632	pocket veto	a type of veto occurig when congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president and the president c=simply lets the bill die by neither signing nor vetoeing it.	10
9532194282	presidential coattails	these occur when voters cast their ballots for congressional candidates of the presidents party because they a support the president. recent studies show that few races are won this way.	11
9532205551	war powers resolution	a law passed in 1973 in reaction to the american fighting in vietnam and cambodia, the requires the president to consult with congress when ever possible prior to using military force and to withdraw forces after 60 days unless congress declares war or grants and extension. however, presidents have viewed the reolution as constitutional.	12
9532252632	legislative veto	a vote in congress to override a presidential decision. although the war powers resolution asserts this authority, there is reason to believed that, if challenged, the S.C. would find the legislative veto in violation of the doctrine of separations of powers.	13
9532265117	crisis	a sudden, upredictable, and potentially dangerous event requiring the president to play a role of crisis manager.	14
9549611573	obama won what award	nobel peace prize	15
9549624276	What does the text list as the main reason why presidents have trouble getting things done	the policy-makers that presidents deal with have their own agendas	16
9549633801	the offices of the president and vice president have the disticntion of being ____________	the only elected positions voted upon by the entire nation	17
9549672829	what statement reflects the two minds of americans regarding their president	he/she should posses both great power and strong limitations on that power.	18
9549680338	ammendment that limits pres to 2 terms	22nd	19
9549686307	ammendment that created means for selecting new vice president	25	20
9549690467	two routes for becoming president:	1. election 2. succession	21
9549698967	which presidents wife became the virtual acting pres during her husbands serious illness	edith wilson (WILSON!!!!!)	22
9549710432	the process of impeachment, according to the text is roughly equivalent to:	indiCtment in criminal law	23
9549715759	what are the reasons for impeachment:	high crime and misdemeanors, bribery, treason or if you are trump	24
9549728466	2 impeached presidents =	andrew johnson and bill clinton	25
9549824881	agreement of 4 points regardign impeachment	1. impeachment behavior doesn't need t be a crime 2. the offense should be grave. 3. a mattter of policy agreement is not grounds for impeachment 4. impeachment is an inherently political process.	26
9549846387	which of the following is not a constitutional power of the president	head of his or her political party	27
9549855541	which of the following book titles, written by arthur schlesinger, reflects the idea that the power in the presidency is growing?	the imperial presidency	28
9549885655	these orders carry the force of law and are used to implement statutes, treaties, and provisions of the constitution.	executive orders	29
9549890212	the constitution does not mention this group of presidential advisers, but the text does, and every president has had one	crabnet	30
9549895689	which of the following is not a department administered by the executive branch	federalism	31
9557285082	what are the three major policy making bodies house in the executive office	1. national secuity council 2. council of economic advisers 3. office of management and budget	32
9557366934	the white house include ____ people	600	33
9557372511	what staff member is the pres not likeley to see daily	chairman of the joint chiefs staff	34
9557386211	who has no official government positions, yet is often at the center of national attention	first lady	35
9557389693	slippage =	when party members do not support the presidents position	36
9557430576	what is the term the text uses to decribe the phenomenon of coters casting their cotes for those candidates supported by, and supportive of, the president?	presidential coattails	37
9557437288	during which election period does the president tend to loose seats in congress	midterm elections	38
9557454666	according to the text, which statement is most true about the presidetial power?	the mre popular the president, the more actual power he has	39
9557464698	what is not a power of the president listed by the text	power to declare war (congress' power)	40
9557474389	term for the perception that voters strongly support the president and his policies	electoral mandate	41
9557488800	according to the war powers resolution, the president may send troops into hostilities for ____ days before seeking congressional approval	60	42
9557497414	t/f congress can at any time pass a resolution that the president cannot veto ending american participation in hostilities	true	43
9557511266	t/f according to the text elenor roosevelt attained the most responsible and visible leadership position ever held by first lady?	false	44
9557520065	which of the following policymaking bodies links the president's key foreign and military policy advisors	the national security council	45
9557530891	which of the following policymaking bodies is primarily responsible for preparing the presidents budget?	the office of management and budget	46
9557542303	which of the following policymaking bodies help the president make policy on inflation, unenployement, and other economic matters?	the council of economic advisors	47
9557555170	president with most vetos overridden	ford	48
9557578649	which president is arguably the first modern president	franklin delano roosevelt	49
9557587052	what is an example of the rally around the flag effect?	bush's popularity was supported was boosted following 9/11	50
9557607636	what roles does the president play duting a national holiday	chief of state/head of state	51
9557621207	presidents with high level of _______ have an esier time influencing congress, while those with low levels find influecing congress more difficult	public approval	52
9559189709	which statement about the news is generally true	the news is usually framed in themes	53
9559196459	how might presidnets use thier powers of persuasion in the legislative process?	in leading public opinion to support their policy agendas	54
9559203067	which of the following leadership abilities is critical to presidential success?	the ability to persuade members of congress and the american public	55
9559211680	how might a rally event affect presidential politics?	rallying events rtend to temporarilly increase presidential aproval ratings, providing windows of opportunity to press action on their agendas	56
9559247578	most presidents following lyndon johnson ________	opposed government growth	57
9559259225	t/f wheras the president can check congress thorugh veto, the judicial system can check the president through judicial review	t	58
9559269841	t/f a divided government is when the president and the majority in one or both chambers of congress belong to different parties?	t	59
9559302998	t/f research concludes that news media is biased systematically toward a particular person or party as measured in the amount of favorability of coverage	f	60
9587233263	presidents must rely on	persuasion	61
9587241431	most difficult task of president is to ____	live up to expectations	62
9587246438	central themes of american thought	opposition to power and suspicion of government	63
9587256838	people generally agree that ____ was the worst president	warren g harding	64
9587330152	how many president have served 2 terms	13	65
9587402497	for more than _______ of american history an individual has served as president that was not elected		66
9587442201	how have presiidetns increased their power ?	technology, weapon developments (nuke), and the image of presidents as a global leader hasveincreased the power	67
9587454666	what decages favored a strong presidency	1950-60's	68
9587476502	a tool presidents have in congress	recommend agency budgets	69
9587554521	principle types of offices in the white house	political offices support services policy offices	70
9587586336	wheel and spokes system	many people have same status and are balanced against each other	71
9587625922	who held the most responsible and visible leadership as first lady	hil clinton	72
9587635761	3 things a pres can do to a bill	1. sign it 2. veto 3. let it become law after 10 days	73
9587650625	congress have overrideen ______ of vetoed bills	4%	74
9587652008	line-item veto	veto of a particular line (not in US GOV)	75
9587679474	reps are more likely to vote aligned with their ______	constituencies	76
9587709884	president have a hard time stopping reps from opposing the gov if they want to because parties are	decentralized	77
9587723002	presidential polls may indicate	the presidents ability to mobalize public opinion	78
9587744594	congress has a central role in _______	national security policy	79
9587770224	primary determinate of presidential approval =	party identification	80
9587778221	"bully pit" means ______	presidents can mobalize people if they are good persuaders.	81
9587788619	constitution was written in	1787	82
9587790888	legislative branch is describes in article ___	2	83
9587791844	main duty of executive branch is to _________	enforce the laws	84
9587795159	an individual may serve no more than _________ full terms or ______ year	2, 10	85
9587797319	electors are proportional to the number of	reps in house and senate	86
9587798178	qualifications for pres =	nat born citizen, reside in us, and atleast 35 yers old	87
9587803874	order of sucession of pres =	vice pres (pence) , speaker of house (paul ryan) , pres pro temp (orrin hatch) , sec of state (mike pompeo).	88
9587809508	2 stages of new vice pres =	1. pres elects 2. congress approves	89
9587812498	special power of pres include:	1. commander in chief of armed forces 2. grant pardons and reprieves in fed cases 3. state of union address 4. call special sessions of congress 5. appoint fed officials	90
9587827207	the ______ impeaches and the ________ tries and the _______ adjudicates	house, senate, chief justice.	91
9587842942	roles of president	1. chief executiv officer 2. chief of state 3. chief administrater 4. chief diplomat 5. commander in chief 6. chief legislature de facto 7. party chief 8. chief citizen	92
9587851369	describe chief executive officer	- pres = responsible for overseeing executive branch - in charge of domestic affairs	93
9587853769	describe chief of state	- ceremonial head of gov - the pres symbolizes the US - the pres rules and reigns	94
9587856435	describe chief administrator	- in charge of administrating fed beauacracy	95
9587857995	describe chief diplomat	- main architect of foreign policy - spoeksperson to the world	96
9587859886	describe commmander in chief	- head of military - most important role - has direct control of nukes - may send troops	97
9587863473	describe chief legislature	- main architect of public policy - sets overall shape of congress agenda	98
9587868326	describe party chief	- leader of political party - can be without a party	99
9587870074	describe chief citizen	- nations first citizen - symbolic but does hold power	100
9606350005	proclamation	executive orders that are ceremonial or symbolic	101
9606376986	national security directives	executive orders that deal with national security	102

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AP Statistics Flashcards

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8210808678	5 number summary	The minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and maximum value for a data set. These five values give a summary of the shape of the distribution and are used to make box plots. The five numbers that help describe the center, spread and shape of data	0
8210808679	z score	a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from the norm (average or mean) -Number of standard deviations a score is above or below the mean (positive above, negative below	1
8210808680	standard deviation	A statistical measure of how far away each value is, on average, from the mean. A measure of spread. Specifically, the typical distance the data points are from the mean.	2
8210808681	population	(statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which samples can be drawn What the sample in an experiment or study usually reperesents	3
8210808682	categorical data	Data that can be placed into categories . For example "gender" is a categorical data and the categories are "male" and "female". Labels or names used to identify categories of like items If you asked people in which month they were born or what their favorite class is, they would answer with names, which would be categorical data. However, if you asked them how many siblings they have, they would answer with numbers, not categories Labels or names used to identify categories of like items	4
8210808683	quantitative data	Data associated with mathematical models and statistical techniques used to analyze spatial location and association. numerical information describing how much, how little, how big, how tall, how fast, etc. age is quantitative	5
8210808684	bar graph	a type of graph in which the lengths of bars are used to represent and compare data in categories A graph that uses horizontal or vertical bars to represent data.	6
8210808685	parameter	(n) a determining or characteristic element; a factor that shapes the total outcome; a limit, boundary a characteristic or constant factor something that determines the limits of certain data values	7
8210808686	sample	A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a survey so as to be representative of the whole. a small part of a population that represents the whole A survey in star city representing the entire state of arkansas	8
8210808687	random	Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. Assigning subjects to expenrimental groups based on chance. pulling names or numbers out of a hat	9
8210808688	bias	Any systematic failure of a sampling method to represent its population Any way that tampers with the accuracy of the sample	10
8210808689	Undercoverage	A sampling scheme that biases the sample in a way that gives a part of the population less representation than it has in the population. When some groups in the population are left out of the process of choosing the sample	11
8210808690	nonresponse	bias introduced to a sample when a large fraction of those sampled fails to respond When many people of a sample do not respond	12
8210808691	voluntary response bias	Bias introduced to a sample when individuals can choose on their own whether to participate in the sample.	13
8210808692	statistic	Application of mathematics to describing and analyzing data	14
8210808693	independent	(statistics) a variable whose values are independent of changes in the values of other variables	15
8210808694	historgram	graphical representation of a frequency distribution using vertical bars but bars touch each other to indicate variables are related	16
8210808695	box plot	A dsiplay that shows the distribution of values in a data set seperated into four equal-sized groups. A box plot is constructed from the five number summary of the data.	17
8210808696	scatterplot	A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation).	18
8210808697	correlation	A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. The correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1	19
8210808698	skewness	The extent to which cases are clustered more at one or the other end of the distribution of a quantitative variable rather than in a symmetric pattern around its center	20
8210808699	varience	commons measure of spread about the mean as center	21
8210808700	statistical significance	A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance/The condition that exists when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low	22
8210808701	P-value	A measure of statistical significance. The lower, the more likely the results of an experiment did not occur simply chance.	23
8210808702	empirical rule	The rules gives the approximate % of observations w/in 1 standard deviation (68%), 2 standard deviations (95%) and 3 standard deviations (99.7%) of the mean when the histogram is well approx. by a normal curve	24
8210808703	lurking variable	A variable that has an important effect on the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied	25
8210808704	null hypothesis	Hypothesis that predicts NO relationship between variables. The aim of research is to reject this hypothesis	26
8210808705	alternate hypothesis	, is the hypothesis to be considered as an alternative to the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis will be rejected in favor of the Ha only if the sample data strongly indicate that the null hypothesis is false.	27
8210808706	quota sample	A sample deliberately constructed to reflect several of the major characteristics of a given population	28
8210808707	probability	A number with a value from 0 to 1 that describes the likelihood that an event will occur. example, if a bag contains a red marble, a white marble and a blue marble then the probability of selecting a red marble is 1/3.	29
8210808708	descriptive statistics	Mathematical procedures for organizing collections of data, such as determining the mean, the median, the range, the variance, and the correlation coefficient	30
8210808709	mean	A measure of center in a set of numerical data, computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing by the number of values in the list.	31
8210808710	median	A measure of center in a set of numerical data. The median of a list of values is the value appearing at the center of a sorted version of the list - or the mean of the two central values if the list contains an even number of values.	32
8210808711	mode	Measure of central tendency that uses most frequently occurring score.	33
8210808712	range	Distance between highest and lowest scores in a set of data.	34
8210808713	data	Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis	35
8210808714	Q1	A location measure of the data such that has one fourth or 25% of the data is smaller than it. Found by dividing the ordered data set in half (excluding the middle observation if n is odd) and finding the median of the lower half of the data.	36
8210808715	Q3	A location to measeure when counting data to such as the median where instead of counting 50% it is 75% from the beginning of the sorted data	37
8210808716	minimum	(n.) the smallest possible amount; (adj.) the lowest permissible or possible	38
8210808717	outlier	A value much greater or much less than the others in a data set	39
8210808718	margin of error	In statistical research, the range of outcomes we expect for a population, given the data revealed by a sample drawn from that population	40
8210808719	statistical normal	scoring the middle of the bell-curve; low, moderate, or high scoring	41
8210808720	simple random sample	A sample selected in such a way that every element in the population or sampling frame has an equal probability of being chosen. Equivalently, all samples of size n have an equal chance of being selected. A sample of size n selected from the population in such a way that each possible sample of size n has an equal chance of being selected.	42
8210808721	sampling distribution	Distribution of sample proportions from sample to sample. A sampling distribution of a sample statistic for a fixed sample size n is the distribution of that statistic derived from every possible sample of size n for a given population. A distribution of statistics obtained by selecting all the possible samples of a specific size from a population	43
8210808722	stratified random sample	A method of sampling that involves dividing your population into homogeneous subgroups and taking a simple random sample in each subgroup. a sampling design in which the population is divided into several groups, and random samples are then drawn from each stratum	44
8210808723	systematic sample	A sample drawn by selecting individuals systematically from a sampling frame A sample drawn by selecting individuals systematically from a sampling frame. When there is no relationship between the order of the sampling frame and the variables of interest, a systematic sample can be representative.	45
8210808724	cluster sample	Is obtained by selecting all individuals within a randomly selected collection or group of individuals.	46
8210808725	10% rule	a sample has to be lass than 10% of the whole population	47
8210808726	Interpolation	The estimation of an unknown number between known numbers. Interpolation is a way of approximating price or yield using bond tables that do not give the net yield on every amount invested at every rate of interest and for every maturity.	48
8210808727	Qualitative	Data in the form of recorded descriptions rather than numerical measurements.	49
8210808728	theoretical probability	A probability obtained by analyzing a situation. If all of the outcomes are equally likely, you can find the theoretical probability of an event by listing all of the possible outcomes and then finding the ratio of the number of outcomes producing the desired event to the total number of outcomes. For example, there are 36 possible equally likely outcomes (number pairs) when two fair number cubes are rolled. of these six have a sum of 7, so the probability of rolling a sum of 7 is 6/36 or 1/6	50
8210808729	experimental probability		51
8210808730	block design	The subjects in an experiment are first divided into groups (called 'blocks') based on some common characteristic (such as gender) that is hypothesised to have an effect on the response. Randomization of treatments then happens within each block (each block is like its own mini-experiment)."	52
8210808731	blinding	The practice of concealing group assignment from study subjects, investigators, and/or those who assess subject outcomes, typically in the context of a randomized controlled trial. For ex, study subjects may receive capsules with identical appearance and taste; however, the treatment group receives the active drug, whereas the control group receives the placebo.	53
8210808732	double blind	An experiment in which neither the subjects nor the people who work with them know which treatment each subject is receiving Neither the subjects nor the people who have contact with them know which treatment a subject received	54
8210808733	placebo	A fake treatment. A chemically inert substance that produces real medical benefits because the patient believes it will help her	55
8210808734	least squares regression line	the line with the smallest sum of squared residuals	56
8210808735	type I error	An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had an effect on the dependent variable, when no such relation exists; a "false positive	57
8210808736	type II error	An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had no effect on the dependent variable, when in truth it did; a "false negative	58
8210808737	joint frequency		59
8210808738	matched pairs	an observational technique that involves matching each participant in the experimental group with a specific participant in the control group in order to eliminate the possibility that a third variable (and not the independent variable) caused changes in the dependent variable	60
8210808739	conditional prabability	probability given that something else has already occurred	61
8210808740	sample space	Set of all possible outcomes of an experiment	62
8210808741	confounded variable	A variable whose effect on the response variable cannot be separated from the effect of the explanatory variable on the response variable. (Note: Usually confounded variables are lurking variables but only a few lurking variables are also confounded.)	63
8210808742	marginal frequency	A set of intervals, usually adjacent and of equal width, into which the range of a statistical distribution is divided, each associated with a frequency indicating the number of measurements in that interval.	64
8210808743	coefficient of determination	The statistic or number determined by squaring the correlation coefficient. Represents the amount of variance accounted for by that correlation. Statistic that represents amount of variance accounted for by a correlation.	65
8210808744	binomial	A two-name naming system.	66
8210808745	unimodal	having one mode; this is a useful term for describing the shape of a histogram when it's generally mound-shaped a data set with one mode such a normal distribution usually has only one mode	67
8210808746	bimodal	A type of distribution, where there is two or more categories with an equal count or cases and with more cases than the other categories. A distribution with two modes	68
8210808747	experiment	A kind of research in which the researcher controls all the conditions and directly manipulates the conditions, including the independent variable. Testing the hypothesis	69
8210808748	law of large numbers	(statistics) law stating that a large number of items taken at random from a population will (on the average) have the population statistics	70
8210808749	extrapolation	calculation of the value of a function outside the range of known values	71
8210808750	snowball	Huyen wanted to conduct market research to find out why students were unhappy with Marketing 431, probably the finest course ever to be offered by a university. In order to do this she needed to find people who were unhappy with the course. Figuring that these people would talk to each other, she used a sampling technique where she found one person who was unhappy with the course and, after asking her research questions, asked this person for the name of another person who was unhappy with the course.	72
8210808751	IQR	A measure of variability, based on dividing a data set into quartiles Difference between upper and lower quartile of a boxplot	73
8210808752	Confidence interval	A range of values for a variable of interest; the specified probability is called the confidence level and the end points of the confidence interval are called the confidence limits A range of numbers in which most of the data values are likely to fall. we are 95% confident that etc.	74
8210808753	Standard Error	A statistic providing an estimate of the possible magnitude to error. The larger the standard error of measurement, the less reliable the score. Standard deviation of sampling distribution	75
8210808754	Residual		76
8210808755	Convenience sample	Whenever a sample is taken it gives an improper results because the sample was taken from a very convenient area instead of representing a population	77
8210808756	simulation	A representation of a situation or problem with a similar but simpler model or a more easily manipulated model in order to determine experimental results.	78
8210808757	degrees of freedom	The number of individual scores that can vary without changing the sample mean. Statistically written as 'N-1' where N represents the number of subjects.	79
8210808758	two way table	A table containing counts for two categorical variables. It has r rows and c columns. describes to categorical variables with row variable and column variable	80
8210808759	spread	The visible variation in a sample distribution	81
8210808760	center	The measure of the distance the mode is from the center of a distribution	82
8210808761	shape		83
8210808762	discrete random variable		84
8210808763	central limit theorem		85
8210808764	standardized value		86
8210808765	mutually exclusive		87
8210808766	wording bias	Whenever a bias is created in a sample by the way the survey is worded to favor one question	88
8210808767	causation		89
8210808768	z test		90
8210808769	t test		91
8210808770	chi squared goodness of fit	tests how well close the observes data is to what would be expected under the model. If a sign diff is found b/w the two then ob. data has not been generated by chance. nominal data Determine if scores from one variable match expectations for that distribution a gambler placed $1,000 into a game of greed in which he lost. He hopes to catch his opponent and bust him for loading the dice. He does this by choosing one dice to roll 36 times. He knows that the each side has an equal chance of landing face up. He hopes to get an outcome abnormal to this. Given the data below, can we prove that the dice are loaded	92
8210808771	frequency table	A grouping of qualitative data into mutually exclusive classes showing the number of observations in each class. A chart showing the number of times a specific event happens.	93
8210808772	area principle	the area occupied by a part of the graph should correspond to the magnitude of the value it represents	94
8210808773	simpsons paradox		95
8210808774	contingency table	displays counts, and, sometimes, percentages of individuals falling into named categories on two or more variables. The table categorizes the individuals on all variables at once, to reveal possible patterns in one variable that may be contingent on the category of the other. A two-variable table with cross-tabulated data.	96
8210808775	stem and leaf display	A multiple column table depicting the individual digits of the scores. A score of 95 would have a stem of 9 and a leaf of 5, a score of 62 would have a stem of 6 and a leaf of 2. If a particular stem has more than one leaf, such as the scores 54, 58, and 51, the stem of 5 has three leaves, in this case 458. . It shows the range of values of the variable	97
8210808776	multimodal	Describes a graph of quantitative data with more than two clear peaks. A distribution with more than two modes	98
8210808777	uniform	A histogram doesn't appear to have any mode and in which all the bars are approximately the same height Evenly spaced	99
8210808778	symetric	When in a normal distribution both sides are identical	100
8210808779	time plot	Displays data that change over time. Often, successive values are connected with lines to show trends more clearly. Sometimes a smooth curve is added to the plot to help show long-term patterns and trends. Displays data that change over time.	101
8210808780	se	standard deviation of residuals	102
8210808781	r2	overall measure of how successful the regression is in linearlly relating to y and x	103
8210808782	leverage		104
8210808783	influential point	a point when omitted will give very different results	105
8210808784	census	When a survey has no sample but instead test or surveys the entire population	106
8210808785	multistage samole		107
8210808786	pilot	small trial run of a survey to see if questions are clear	108
8210808787	convenience sample	Choosing a sample because it is convenient. failing to get a proper representation of the population because If you survey everyone on your soccer team who attends tonight's practice, you are surveying a convenience sample.	109
8210808788	response bias	Anything in a survey design that influences responses falls under the heading of response bias. One typical response bias arises from the wording of questions, which may suggest a favored response. Voters, for example, are more likely to express support of "the president" than support of the particular person holding that office at the moment. Anything that changes the response in a survey A police officer asking teenagers about drug use	110
8210808789	observational study	A study based on data in which no manipulation of factors has been employed. A study that observes characteristics of an existing population. usually a survey	111
8210808790	retrospective study	What study examines whether a past association exists between an exposure of interest and development of a present condition? data are collected from the past by going back in time	112
8210808791	prospective study	an observational study in which subjects are followed to observe future outcomes	113
8210808792	statistic factor	A multifactor model in which statistical methods are applied ot a set of historical returns to determine portfolios that best explain either historical return covariances or variances.	114
8210808793	control group	In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.	115
8210808794	blinding	The practice of concealing group assignment from study subjects, investigators, and/or those who assess subject outcomes, typically in the context of a randomized controlled trial. For ex, study subjects may receive capsules with identical appearance and taste; however, the treatment group receives the active drug, whereas the control group receives the placebo.	116
8210808795	placebo effect	Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent.	117
8210808796	trial	A performed experiment based upon the hypothesis you made.	118
8210808797	maximum	(n.) the greatest possible amount or degree in a data sample the largest value in a set of data	119