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AP Biology Evolution Flashcards

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9746962299Carolus Linnaeus-physician and botanist who sought to classify life's diversity -binomial nomenclature (Homo sapien) -nested classification system, placing similar species into general characters0
9746962300Fossils-darwin drew from these (the remains or traces of organisms from the past)1
9746962301Strata-new layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them into layers of rock called strata -strata reveal the pattern of evolution that a species may take2
9746962302Paleontology-study of fossils, developed by Georges Cuvier 0noted that the older the stratum the more dissimilar fossils were to current life-forms -from one layer to the next, new species appeared while others disappeared -each boundary represented a sudden catastrophic event3
9746962303Charles Lyell-incorporated Hutton's thinking into his proposal that the same geologic processes are operating today as in the past, and at the same rate4
9746962304Jean-Baptiste Lamarck-found several lines of descent, a chronological series of older to younger fossils leading to a living species -use and disuse (giraffes' neck)5
9746962305Wallace-writes a paper with a similar hypothesis to Darwin based on the Malay archipelago6
9746962306Darwin-HMS beagle, interested in species in the galapagos (turtles, finches)7
9746962307Artificial Selection-modification of other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits8
9746962308Darwin's 2 Inferenences-All species and produce more offspring than their enviorment can support and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce -This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations9
9746962309Homology-similarity resulting from common ancestry10
9746962310Homologous Structures-represent variations on a structural theme that was present in a common ancestor11
9746962311Vestigal Structures-remnants of features that served a function in the organism's ancestors12
9746962312Convergent Evolution-independent evolution of similar features in different lineages -ex: marsupials and sugar glider (same environment) -can occur when similar environmental pressures and natural selection exists13
9746962313Analogous-species share features b/c of convergent evolution, share similar function but not common ancestry (different structure)14
9746962314Biogeography-scientific study of the geographic distributions of species15
9746962315Phylogeny-evolutionary history of a species or group of species16
9746962316Systematics-discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary realationships17
9746962317Taxonomy-study of how organisms are named and classifed18
9746962318Order of ClassificationDomain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genius, Species19
9746962319Sister Taxa-groups of organism that share an immediate common ancestor20
9746962320Rooted-branch point within the tree21
9746962321Polytomy-branch point from which more than two descendant groups emerge22
9746962322Analogy-similarity due to convergent evolution23
9746962323Homoplasies-analogous structures that arose independently24
9746962324Cladistic-common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms25
9746962325Clades-each of which includes an ancestral species of all its descendants26
9746962326Monophyletic-signifying that it consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants27
9746962327Paraphyletic-consists of an ancestral species and some of its descendants28
9746962328Polyphyletic-some of its members have different ancestors29
9746962329Shared Ancestral Character-character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon30
9746962330Shared Derived Character-evolutionary novelty unique to a clade31
9746962331Outgroup-species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage including the species32
9746962332Maximum Parsimony-we should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts33
9746962333Molecular Clock-an approach for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some gens and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates34
9746962334Microevolution-a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations35
9746962335Genetic Variation-differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA sequences36
9746962336Population-group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed creating fertile offspring37
9746962337Gene Pool-all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population38
9746962338Hardy-Weinberg Conditions-no mutations -random mating -no natural selection -very large population size -no gene flow39
9746962339Genetic Drift-chance events can alter allele allele frequencies to fluctuate from one generation to another (especially in one generation to another)40
9746962340Founder Effect-when few individuals become isolated from a larger population this smaller group may make a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population41
9746962341Bottleneck Effect-a severe drop in population results in the over or under representation of certain alleles.42
9746962342Gene Flow-transfer of allele into or out of a population from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes43
9746962343Effects of Genetic Drift-Genetic Drift is significant in small populations -Genetic drift can cause allele frequencies to change at random -Genetic drift can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations -Genetic drift can cause harmful alleles to become fixed44
9746962344Adaptive Evolution-NS increases the frequency of allele that provide an advantage and reproduce more45
9746962345Relative Fitness-contribution an individual makes to the gene pool relative to the contributions of indivdauls46
9746962346Directional Selection-conditions father shifting traits to one extreme47
9746962347Disruptive Selection-conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range48
9746962348Stabilizing Selection-reduces variation and gets rid of extreme phenotypes in the population49
9746962349Sexual Selection-form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than others to obtain maits50
9746962350Sexual Dismorphism-difference in secondary sexual characteristics between males and females of the same species51
9746962351Intersexual Selection-individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting mates52
9746962352Neutral Variation-differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage53
9746962353Balancing Selection-occurs when natural selection amintains two or more forms in a population54
9746962354Heterozygote Selection-individuals who are heterozygotes at a particular locus have a greater fitness than both kinds of homozygotes55
9746962355Frequency Dependent Selection-fitness of a phenotype depends on how commen it is56
9746962356Natural Selection Constraints1. Selection can only act on existing variation 2. Evolution is limited by historical constraints 3. Adaptations are often compromises 4. Chance, NS and the environment interact57
9746962357Species (according to the biological species concept)-group of population whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and have the potential to produce viable, fertile offspring but do not58
9746962358Macroevolution-broad pattern of evolution above the species level59
9746962359Reproductive Isolation-existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring60
9746962360Hybrid-offspring from an interspecific mating61
9746962361Prezygotic Barriers-block fertilization from occuring62
9746962362Postzygotic Barriers-contribute to reproductive isolation after the hybrid zygote is formed63
9746962363Prezygotic Barrier Examples1. Habtitat Isolation 2. Temporal Isolation (nocturnal) 3. Behavior Isolation (courtship rituals) 4. Mechanical Isolation (snail shells) 5. Genetic Isolation (sperm can't survive in reproductive tract) HTBMG64
9746962364Postzygotic Barrier Examples1. Reduced Hybrid Viability (hybrid survivabilty is reduced) 2. Reduced Hybrid Fertility (mule) 3. Hybrid Breakdown (one hybrids mate with one another offspring of the next generation are feeble/sterile) VFB65
9746962365Morphological Species Concept-characterization of a species by body shape and other structural features66
9746962366Ecological Species Concept-species in terms of its ecological niche, the sum of how members interact with living and nonliving members of their enviorments67
9746962367Phylogenetic Species Concept-species is the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor68
9746962368Allopatric Speciation + Evidence-gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations -ex: snapping shrimp 30 species off the isthmus of panama69
9746962369Sympatric Speciation-speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area70
9746962370Polyploidy-species may originate from an accident during cell divison resulting in extra chromsomes71
9746962371Autopolypoid-individual that has more than two chromosome sets that are all derived from the same species72
9746962372Allopolyploid-various mechanisms can change a sterile hybrid into a fertile polyploid. They can only mate with other allopolyploids not parents73
9746962373Hybrid Zone-region in which members of different species meet and mate, producing at least some offspring of mixed ancestry74
9746962374Fusion of Hybrid Zone-the two species fuse75
9746962375Stability of Hybrid Zone-continued production of a hybrid individual76
9746962376Reinforcement of Hybrid Zone-strengthening or reproductive barriers--hybrids cease to be made77
9746962377Punctuated Equilibria-Eldrege and Gould coined this to descibed these patterns in the fossil record: perioids of apparent stastis (moment of stability) punctuated by suddenc hange78
9746962378Radiometric Dating-based on the decay or radioactive isotopes -radioactive "parent" isotopes decay to "daughter" isotopes at a characteristic rate called a HALF LIFE79
9746962379Geologic Record-a standard time scale that divides the Earth's history into four eons and further subdivisions EON: Phanerozo(Mesozoic & Jurassic), Proterozoic, Archean, Hadean80
9746962380Mass Extinction-large numbers of a species become extinct world wide, caused by disruptive changes to the global enviroment81
9746962381Adaptive Radiations-periods of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles or niches in their communities82
9746962382Heterochromy-evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events (Fetus-->Adult Skull)83
9746962383Homeotic Genes-master regulatory genes -determine basic features like the location of wings and legs on a bird -Hox genes provide information as to the positional information in an embryo84
9746962384Hypothesis for creation of Earth's First Life1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules, monomers 2. Joining of these small molecules into macromolecules like proteins and nucleic acids, polymers 3. Packaging of these molecules into protobiont cells- droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemsitry different than their surrondings 4. Origin of self-replicating molecules that made inheritance possible85
9746962385Ribozyme-RNA can perform many enzyme like, catalytic functions86
9746962386EndosymbiosisA process in which a unicellular organism (the "host") engulfs another cell, which lives within the host cell and ultimately becomes an organelle in the host cell; also refers to the hypothesis that mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells.87
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AP Psychology Flashcards

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7608842467Neurons- the bodys information system is built from billions of interconnected cells - basic unit of the brain - travel along neurotransmitters - help control our moves and muscles0
7608912679dendrites- receives messages from other cells; the sting like looking structure coming off the cell body - branching extensions at the cell body - the answering machine for a telephone almost because it receives messages1
7608931946axon-passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands - long single extension of a neuron covered with the mullein sheath - ax, an ax is cutting a tree like pushing the tree over so pushing messages away from the cell body like pushing the tree away from its roots (cell body)2
7608955202myelin sheath- covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses - insulate and speed up messaging - sheath is like a shield so it shields the axon3
7609036124action potential- a neural impulse. A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon and is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axons membrane - ions being sent in and out of the axon - the transporter/manufacturer of the axon4
7609250362depolorization- when positive ions enter the neuron making it more prone to firing an action potential - de polar so the opposite of bipolar which is constantly changing moods from happy to sad, instead always stays happy which results in positive ions5
7609265238hyperpolarization- when there are too many negative ions enter the neuron making it less likely to fire an action potential - hyper >> being hyperactive like a sugar hye which is bad for your body so its negative and negative ions6
7609189157refractory period- after a neuron fires an action potential it pauses for a short period to recharge itself to fire again - the refresh button on your computer, the neuron needs a short period of time to refresh itself because it cant keep on firing and firing nonstop7
7609399139Sodium-Potassium Pumps- pump positive ions out form the inside of the neuron, making them ready for another action potential - cleans the ions like sending soap into the ions to clean them up and make them ready for another action potential8
7609189158threshold- each neuron receives depolarizing and hyper-polarizing currents from many neurons - the amount of positive axons that a neurons needs to fire - a threshold might be 1000 positive ions, if, 1001 enter the neuron than an action potential will happen - the amount needed for a fire>>>>so the amount of gunpowder needed to fire a bullet9
7609192950all-or-none response- when the depolarizing current exceeds the threshold, a neuron will fire - if the depolarizing current fails to exceed the threshold, a neuron will not fire -neurons cant halfway fire, they either fire or they don't >>>> taking a test and putting the wrong answer (its not going to be halfway correct if you put the wrong answer on there)10
7609195635***synapse- a junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron (the synaptic gap or cleft) -11
7609485068intensity- an action potential remains the same throughout the length of the axon - when your walking you are giving the same amount of force so the neuron will fire at the same intensity12
7609548729***neurotransmitters- chemicals released from the sending neuron, travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing it to generate an action potential - every neurotransmitter has a different function - in a dishawasher you have soap that transmit throughout the washer, the transmitter act as little particles of soap that transfer from the dispenser to landing on the dishes13
7610853422***Acetylcholine- neurotransmitter ACh, found in the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous system - responsible for stimulation in muscles (gastro-intestinal system) -found in the sensory neurons and in the autonomic nervous system, schedules REM sleep14
7610920064***dopamine- neurotransmitter -helps control the brain's reward and pleasure centers - regulate movement and emotional responses - enables us not only to see rewards - can lead to Parkinson disease if exposure to too much dopamine - too much can lead to addiction15
7610975665Serotonin- neurotransmitter - serotonin is thought to control mood and social behavior, appetite and digestion, sleep, memory and sexual desire - a small amount of serotonin can lead to depression - a person with a scarce amount of serotonin can develop depression that can be a result of poor appetite, sleep, memory, and sexual desire; all effects of serotonin16
7609602634reputake- neurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed into the sending neurons - brakes on the neurotransmitter action -some of the neurotransmitters are absorbed by the dendrites of the other neuron while others are reabsorbed; recycled17
7611847346Norepinephrine- neurotransmitter - stress hormone - fight or flight hormone - blood pressure - if someone is really stressed out; my dad, with high levels of stress and and high blood pressure they can result with an increase of norepinephrine18
7609655685agonist- mimics the effects of the neurotransmitter, effects the receiving neuron - chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response - agonist is the one producing the action that will be then opposed by the antagonist in the action that is being done -the cause - if we have an UNDER supply of serotonin we take medicine that supply for an agonist19
7610794664antagonist- the antagonists blocks a neurotransmitters action, but not similar enough to stimulate the receptor - if there is an OVER supply of dopamine, we would take a medication that would act as an antagonist that blocks the antagonists20
7611905891Central Nervous system- brain and spinal chord - brain is in the center of our head so CENTRal and spinal chord is in the center of our body so again CENTRal21
7611942571brain- including hemispheres, lobes, and parts of the brain -the gooey mush inside of our head that contains everything we need to know22
7611951343spinal chord- where information travels to and from the brain - not just a spinal chord that helps structure our body to stand up right; its like a big telephone chord that carry information across the line23
7611908581peripheral nervous system- everything else on our body is a part of this system - peripheral vision is on the sides of our eyes so PERIPHERAL nervous system is like everything else on the sides on central nervous system24
7611988545Somatic nervous system- voluntary movements of our skeletal muscles - stick shift car, our ability for our hand to move the stick shift25
7612003021autonomic nervous system (2 parts)- controls automatic functioning like digesting, heartbeat, blinking, glands, pupils, etc - automatic car; our car will just move, we don't have to tell ourselves to digest or to blink, they happen automatically26
7612033348sympathetic nervous system- arousal - increase in heartbeat, inhibits digestion, dilates pupils, relaxes bladder - anytime we are excited are scared - you have stage fright and are on stage performing the school play, you are going to have butterflies and this is due to the sympathetic because you are aroused27
7612059134parasympathetic nervous system- decrease heartbeat, allows digestions, contracts pupils - you are now behind the stage and no longer in front of everyone and no longer scared you are able to calm down now28
7614100276sensory neurons- neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal chord - carry messages from the body tissue and sensory receptors inward to the brain and spinal chord for processing -so your senses are incoming feels so sensory neurons are messages incoming from your sensory neurons29
7614139530motor neurons- neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal chord to the muscles and glands - motor of a car is outputting fumes like motor neurons outgoing information to the muscles and glands30
7614159807interneurons- neurons within the brain and spinal chord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory outputs and motor outputs - inner - brain so internal and inner are e concept31
7614181663reflex- a simple automatic response to a sensory stimulus such as the knee jerk response - reflex to something being thrown at you, to block it or catch it32
7614194963endocrine system- a chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream - basically just send off hormones into the bloodstream33
7614223644adrenal glands- a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in time of stress - arousal, fight or flight - deals with adrenaline and non adrenaline -if there is an emergency and by the time it passes the feelings of excitement linger for a while34
7614253222pituitary glad- the endocrine system's most influential gland - regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands - hypothalamus is almost like its dad and it just helps it help the body grow - secretes many different hormones ex: sex hormones35
7614301653neural networks ***36
7614316922Electroencephalogram (EEG)- an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain's surface. these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp - a recording of brain waves of electrical activity in the brain37
7614324546lesion- tissue destruction - a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue - damage that has been caused to the brain tissue38
7614359110CT (computed tomography scan) CAT scan- a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation or a slice of the brains structure - the CAT scan can reveal brain damage through X-ray images39
7614389422PET (positron emission tomography) scan- a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task -''hot spots'' on a radar is like the Pet scan where you can see which parts of the brain are highly used the most, you can see where one does mathematical calculations, looks at images of faces, or daydreams40
7614421302MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)- a technique that uses magnetic fields aand radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue - show brain anatomy41
7614445188fMRI (functional MRI)- a technique for revealing blood flow and therefore brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans - show brain function and structure - shows wherever the brain is active where the blood goes42
7614466690brainstem- central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal chord swells as it enters the skull - responsible for automatic survival functions - the spinal chord of the brain, the beginning structure and part43
7614487561medulla- the base of the brain stem - controls heartbeat and breathing - medul UH >> duh you need to be able to breathe and have a heartbeat44
7614503011thalamus- the brains sensory control center - located on top of the brain stem - direct messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla - everyone sense is dm ing the thalamus except the smell45
7614591704recticular formation- a nerve network that travels through the brain stem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal - between your ears / extends from the spinal chord right up through the thalamus - serves as a filter and relays important information to other brain areas - mailman in the mail room that sorts through everything; filtering46
7614623607cerebellum- baseball sized "little brain" - sensory input - coordinating movements output and balance - nonverbal learning and memory - when someone is sick and they use a bell to get someones attention, this alerts someones senses and moves them closer to the bell47
7614657374limbic system- neural system including (hippo campus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) - emotions and drives - "border" between the 2 halves of the brain48
7614692461amygdala- 2 lima bean sized neural clustersss in the limbic system - emotion / anger and fear - oh my god im scared49
7614704354hypothalamus- neural structure lying below the thalamus - directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temp) - emotion and rewards - governor of body maintenance - hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sexual behavior50
7614738251hippo campus- linked to memory - do you remember when we went to the zoo and saw that hippo51
7614958420Cerebral cortex- the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres - the bodys ulttimate control and information processing center - bark on a tree52
7614981182Occipital lobes- portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back off the head - includes areas that receive info about visual fields -occular >>> seeing eyes53
7614990624frontal lobes- portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead FRONT - speaking and muscle movement - making plans and judgments - you judge people based on their FRONT appearance, whispering about them54
7615006836pariteal lobes- portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head BEHIND THE FRONTAL LOBES - receives sensory input for touch and body position - parental >> they are the only ones that can touch your body55
7615022369temporal lobes- portion of the cerebral cortex that is BENEATH BOTH FRONTAL AND PARIETAL LOBES -hearing - tempo>>>hearing56
7615035555motor cortexx- an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movement - like a backseat driver that tells you what you can do movement wise57
7615061498Somatosensory/sensory cortex- area at the front of the pariteal lobes that register and processes body touch and movement sensations - william ad soma are sensations and you can touch everything in the store58
7615112606plasticity***- the brains ability to change especially during childhood by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience59
7615125750brocas area- controls language expression - frontal lobe / left hemisphere - directs muscle movements involved in speech - broca , your word can make you broke based on how you talk at work getting you fired60
7615144354aphasia- impairment of language usually caused by left hemisphere damage to either broca area or to wernickes area - since both broca and wernickes is different there are differences between them61
7615159293wernickes area- controls language reception - llanguage comprehension - left temporal lobe - how one receives language, how they hear it62
7615183089Corpus callosum- large band of neuraal fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them - axon fibers connecting two hemispheres - connectors63
7615204620split brains- a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them - a literal split brain - the split of the two hemispheres64
7615248759left brain-responsible for controlling the right side of the body. It also performs tasks that have to do with logic, such as in science and mathematics. - more logical - math65
7615271442right brain- coordinates the left side of the body, and performs tasks that have do with creativity and the arts. - artistic - creative66
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AP ******** Flashcards

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7514521377PaleolithicEarly phase of the Stone Age, lasting about 2.5 million years0
7514521378NeolithicThe later part of the stone age1
7514521379Venus figurinesAny upoer paleolithic statuette potraying a woman2
7514521380AboriginalInhabiting or existing in a land from the earliest times or from before the arrival of colonists; indegenous3
7514521381Bering straitA strait between alaska and the russian federation in asia connecting the bering sea and the arctic ocean4
7514521382Agricultural RevolutionA period of technological improvement and increased crop productivity that occurred during the 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe5
7514521383DomesticationThe process of taming an animal and keeping it as a pet or on a farm6
7514521384Fertile CrescentA creacent shaped region containing the comparitively moist and fertile land of otherwise aris and semi-arid western asia7
7514521385ChiefdomA form of hierachal political organization in nonindustrial societies usually based on kinship, formal leaders, and senior members of select families and houses8
7514521386ShamansSpiritually adept men and women who communicated with the unseen world9
7514521387DreamtimeThe golden age of australia when the first ancestors were created10
7514521388Norte chicoSociety in peru11
7514521389OlmecMesoamerica, mexico12
7514521390Epic of GilgameshAn epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing.13
7514521391PatriarchyA system of sociwty or government in which the father or eldest male is head of the family and descent is traced through the make line14
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AP Flashcards

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8106055553The French Revolution causes1789-1799, spread of enlightenment Inequality in social classes Unfair tax system Bankrupt government0
8106055554The 3 estatesElections where held in France to select delegates And each group had a right to vote which 3rd thought unfair and eventually the 3rd left meeting to protest1
8106055555Estates GeneralA government body where all three estates were represented2
8106055556National Assembly3rd estate declaration that it was the only true govt. in france3
8106055557Tennis Court OathPromise to write a new constitution for France4
8106055558The BastilleA prison in France, became a symbol of the French Revolution where people stormed and fighting broke out all over Europe5
8106055559The declaration of the rights of menWritten in August 1789 abolished the privileges of the 1st and 2nd estate, men have natural rights and all male citizens are equal under law6
8106055560Constitution of 1791written by the National Assembly which set up frances new govt: a limited monarchy, Louie the XVI would reign7
8106055561UnicameralOne-house legislature8
8106055562Limited Monarchya monarchy that is limited by laws and a constitution, frances new government9
8106055563regicideExecution of king and queen, Louis the XVI and wife because many didn't trust the king because he began as a divine right ruler10
8106055564DirectoryWhat the Power shifted back to a after the government created the committee of public safety11
8106055565Coup d'etatA sudden overthrow of the government by a small group that contained Napoleon Bonaparte12
8106055566Continental SystemNapoleon tried a European self sufficiency to defeat England but failed13
8106055567Napoleonic Codelaw code that embodied Enlightenment ideas, promoted social equality, religious toleration and trial by jury14
8106055568NationalismPeople in conquered territories looked at Napoleon and his army as foreign oppressors, people in Europe revolted against French rules15
8106055569Scorched Earth PolicyBurning crops and villages as they retreated , left French troops hungry and cold16
8106055570Battle at WaterlooNapoleon is defeated by the British and Prussians for the final time17
8106055571Louis XIVking of France from 1643 to 171518
81060555723rd estatecommoners19
8106055573Jacobin PartyRadicals who wanted political change, social change, and cultural change20
8106055574Maximilien RobespierreLeader of the Jacobins21
8106055575Committee of Public SafetyThis was the group that carried out the Reign of Terror to save revolution from invasion22
8106055576Napoleon BonaparteFrench general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)23
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AP Flashcards

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7437983736anatomy0
7438333274physiology1
7438350473molecules2
7438350474organelles3
7438350475cells4
7438355400atommolecule5
7438358449organellecell6
7438358450tissueorgan7
7438363226organ systemhuman organism8
7438371793tissueGroups of similar cells that have a common function.9
7438374599What are the levels of organization?Atom Molecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism10
7438513740Parsasagittal plane11
7438519361Frontal (Coronal) plane Transverse (Horizontal) plane12
7438533001Transverse section13
7438543778organ14
7438546629organ system15
7438600677homeostasis16
7438605499negative feedback17
7438610020anatomical position18
7438615262superior19
7438615263inferior20
7438621333anterior/ventral21
7438627152Dorsal (Posterior)22
7438627153medial23
7438629628lateral24
7438629629intermediate25
7438632800proximal26
7438635080distal27
7438638606superficial/external28
7438641568deep/internal29
7438644515sagittal plane30
7438651261Frontal (Coronal) plane31
7438655034Oblique sections32
7438655035Dorsal body cavity33
74386593361. Cranial cavity 2. Vertebral (Spinal) cavity34
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AP Environmental Science Biomes Flashcards

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5460688701Temperate Deciduous Forest-Cool Winters, Warm Summers (Seasonal Variation) -Precipitation is relatively evenly spread throughout the year -Deciduous Trees (Oak, Beech) -Europe, China, Eastern North America -Northern Hemisphere -Good Soils0
5460688702Temperate Grassland-Cool Winters, Warm Summers (seasonal variation is more extreme than temperate deciduous forests) -Limited amount of precipitation -Frequent fires (no trees) -Also called prairie or steppe -Northern Hemisphere -North America, Middle East, Europe, Asia -Very fertile soils (used for agriculture)1
5460688703Temperate Rainforest-Cool Winters, Warm Summers (Seasonal Variation) -Large amount of precipitation (Less rain in winters) -Coniferous Trees -Provide lumber and paper -Northern Hemisphere -East coast of North America and Canada -Fertile soils that are susceptible to land slides and erosion if forests are cleared2
5460688704Tropical Rainforest-Warm all year round -Very high amount of precipitation (300-500 mm per month) -Southern Hemisphere -Central America, Africa, South America, Southeast Asia -Great Biodiversity -Poor, thin soils3
5460688705Tropical Dry Forest/Tropical Deciduous Forest-Warm all year round -Extreme wet and dry seasons -Wet summer (October to April) and dry winter (May, June, July, August, September) -Southern Hemisphere -India, Africa, South America, northern Australia -Erosion-prone soils4
5460688706Savanna (Tropical Grasslands)-Slight seasonal variation (warmer in summer) -Extreme wet and dry seasons -Wet Summer (not as wet as tropical dry forest) -Southern Hemisphere -Isolated Trees -Africa, South America, India, Australia -Zebras, Giraffes, Gazelles5
5460688707Desert-Driest Biome -Barely an rainfall -Slight seasonal variation -Saline soils -Little Vegetation -Temperatures drop at night -Northern Hemisphere -Africa, Mexico, Middle East, Asia6
5460688708Tundra-Coldest Biome -Warmer in summers, but still cold (5 degrees celsius) -Freezing in winters (-20 degrees celsius) -Northern Hemisphere -Dry -Slightly wet summers -Soil is permanently frozen (permafrost) -Also occurs as alpine tundra at the tops of mountains -Northern Europe, Northern Canada, Northern Asia, Greenland7
5460688709Boreal Forest/Taiga/Coniferous Forest-Largest Biome -Northern Hemisphere -Coniferous Trees (Pinecones) -Cold. Cooler in summers (never above 20 degrees Celsius) -Moderate Precipitation -More wet in summer than winter -Poor soils -Moose, Wolves, Lynx, Bears -Northern Europe, Canada, Northern Asia8
5460688710Chaparral-Densely thicketed -Highly seasonal -Cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers -Induced by oceanic influences -Northern Hemisphere -California, Chile, Australia -Frequent fires9
5460688711Polar grasslandAnother name for the tundra10
5460688712DeerAnimal common in the temperate deciduous forest11
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AP Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8131926888Tiberius at GaiusMagkapatid na Gracchus0
8131926889GaulDating pangalan ng "france"1
8131926890CiceroIsang senador na roman na may akda ng mga talumpati at aklat sa retorika2
8131926891Edukasyonpribado ang pag-aaral ng mamamayang roman3
8131926892Jupiterdiyos ng kalangitan4
8131926893Junoasawa ni Jupiter5
8131926894Gladiatorkaraniwang alipin o bilanggo6
8131926895Circus Maximusdito isinasagawa ang karera ng chariot7
8131926896ColosseumIsinasagawa ang mga labanan ng gladiator8
8131926897Augustus Caesarpinakadakilang emperador9
8131926898Caligulamay mahinang pag-iisip10
8131926899Tiberiuskinakatakutan dahil sa kaniyang kalupitan11
8131926900Claudiusmahina at matatakutin12
8131926901NeroMalupit na pinuno at walang katinuan13
8131926902Diocletiansiya ang nag patupad Edict of Prices14
8131926903Constantineunang kristyanong emperador ng rome15
8131926904Barbarohindi sibilisado16
8131926905Hunpangkat ng taong lagalag mula sa Gitnang Asya17
8131926906Messiahtagapagligtas18
8131926907Karpinterodating pamumuhay ni Hesus19
8131926908Pontius Pilatedumakip at naglitis kay Hesus20
8131926909Paulsiya ay isang Gentile o hindi jew21
8131926910Peteray isa sa 12 apostol ni Hesus22
8131926911Obisporehiyonal na pinuno ng simbahan23
8131926912Papapinakamataas na opisyal ng simbahang Katoliko24
8131926913Edict of Milanna nagpahintulot sa mga mamamayang pumili ng kanilang relihiyon25
8131926914in hoc signo vinces"Gamit ang simbolong ito,makakamit mo ang tagumpay"26
8131926915Ama ng Simbahanna nag akda tungkol sa Kristyanismo27
8131926916Marcus Aureliuspilosopong stoic28
8131926917Antoninus Piusnagpanatili ng kasaganaan at kapayapaan sa imperyo29
8131926918Limang Mahuhusay na EmperadorNerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, at Marcus Aurelius30
8131926919FlavianIsang pamilyang nakamit ang pamamahala sa imperyo31
8131926920Vespasian, Titus, at DomitianSila ang pamilyang Flavian32
8131926921Aqueductestrukturang nagdadala ng tubig mula sa ilog patungo sa lungsod33
8131926922Appian Waykalsadang nag-ugnay sa Rome sa timog-silangang Italy34
8131926923Pantheontemplo na ipinatayo ni Hadrian35
8131926924NeptuneDiyos ng karagatan36
8131926925Minervadiyosa ng karunungan37
8131926926Venusdiyosa ng pag-ibig38
8131926927Marsdiyos ng digmaan39
8131926928Tacitusisang historyador na tumuligsa sa paniniil ng mga Julian emperor40
8131926929Pax Romana"kapayapaang Roman"41
8131926930Augustusnangangahulugang "ang dakila"42
8131926931OctavianAmpon ni Caesar43
8131926932Rubicon Riverdito tumawid si Caesar patungo sa rome44
8131926933veni, vidi, viciI came, I saw, I conquered45
8131926934Mark Anthony, Octavian, Lepidustatlong tagasuporta ni Caesar ng Ikalawang Triumvirate46
8131926935Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus at Gnaeus Pompeius MagnusUnang Triumvirate47
8131953013Surpent of the NileCleopatra o?48
8131953014Odoacerunang haring barbaro49
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AP Flashcards

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8132448933brain drainmalakihang pandarayuhan ng mga manggagawang propesyonal tungong ibang bansa upang doon magtrabaho o manirahan0
8132448934lakas-paggawapangkat ng yamang-tao na nasa edad 15 hanggang 64 at may kakayahan at gustong maghanapbuhay1
8132448935literacy rateantas ng marunong bumasa at sumulat2
8132448936produktibidadkakayahang makalikha at makapagbahagi sa produksiyon3
8132448937remittanceang pagpapadala ng mga ofw ng pera sa kanilang pamilya sa pilipinas na idinaan sa pagbabangko4
8132448938underemployedmga manggagawang namamasukan sa gawain o hanapbuhay na hindi akma o higit na mababa para sa kanilang kakayahan5
8132448939foreign exchangeang palitan ng iba't-ibang pananalapi batay sa halaga ng mga ito sa salapi ng isang bansa6
8132448940yamang-pinansiyalito ang tumutustos sa mga pangunahing pangangailangan ng isang bansa7
8132448941dolyarito amg ginagamit na salapi sa pakikipagkalakalan sa pandaigdigang merkado8
8132448942alokasyonwastong paghahati-hati at pamamahala sa mga pinagkukunang-yaman ng bansa9
8132448943badyetplano ng mga gastusin at pangangailangan upang makamit ang hangad na kasiyahan sa limitadong pinagkukunang-yaman10
8132448944glasnostpagiging bukas ng pamahalaan sa pagbabago11
8132448945perestroikamuling pagtatayo ng kabuhayan ng isang bansa12
8132448946sistemang pangkabuhayanpamamaraan ng alokasyon ng mga bansa batay sa pinaniniwalaang prinsipyo at ideolohiya13
8132448947totalitaryopamahalaang kontrolado ng iisang tao o partido14
8132448948kapitalismoang sistemang pangkabuhayan na tumutukoy sa pagmamay-ari ng mga pinagkukunang-yaman ng mamamayan15
8132448949kapitalismopribadong pag-aari16
8132448950kapitalismokalayaang ekonomiko17
8132448951kapitalismomalayang kalakalan at pagnenegosyo18
8132448952kapitalismomay motibong kumita ang pribadong indibidwal19
8132448953adam smithsa kaniya nagsimula ang kapitalismo20
8132448954laissez fairesa patakarang ito, may maliit o walang pakialam ang pamahalaan sa galaw ng ekonomiya21
8132448955komunismoisang sistemang pangkabuhayan na itinuturing ang lahat ng tao na pantay-pantay sa lipunan22
8132448956komunismopublikong pag-aari23
8132448957komunismowalang kalayaang ekonomiko24
8132448958komunismodiktadong kalakalan25
8132448959komunismoang kita ay sa estado26
8132448960karl marxang komunismo ay isang kaisipang tugon ni ____27
8132448961sosyalismoang sistemang pangkabuhayan at pampolitika sa bansa ay nag-aalis din sa tao ng pribadong pag-aari at itinataguyod lamang ang publikong pag-aari ng mga salik ng produksiyon28
8132448962sosyalismomalakihang negosyo → pagmamay-ari ng gobyerno maliit na negosyo → pagmamay-ari ng pribadong indibiwdwal29
8132448963sosyalismomay kalayaang ekonomiko ngunit may limitasyon30
8132448964sosyalismomay malayang kalakalan ngunit may limitasyon31
8132448965sosyalismokumikita ang gobyerno at ang pribadong indibidwal32
8132448966mikhail gorbachevnagpasimula ng sosyalismo33
8132448967eminent domainpagtalaga ng pagmamay-ari ng isang kinauukulan na kadalasan ay pamahalaan34
8132448968kagandahang loobpagbibigay nang walang hinihintay na kapalit35
8132448969manapagsasalin ng pagmamay-ari sa isang indibidwal bunsod ng pagkamatay ng isang kamag-anak o minamahal36
8132448970mekanismong alokasyonmga paraan upang maitama ang pagbibigay ng karampatang pangangailangan sa lipunan37
8132448971paghaliliisang paraan ng pagbibigay kung saan may kapalit na pabor ang nagbigay upang maisakatuparan ang isang kahilingan38
8132448972pagnanakawilegal na pagkuha ng isang produkto o bagay mula sa may-ari nito39
8132448973pagtustospamamaraan ng mga tao upang mabuhay ng matiwasay at sapat40
8132448974pakikisalamuhaparaan upang makipag-komunikasyon sa ibang tao upang umani ng respeto at tiwala nito41
8132448975palitanpamamaraang ginagamit sa komersiyo upang makakuha ng iba pang pribadong kagamitan kapalit ng isa pang pribadong kagamitan42
8132448976property rightsitinakdang karapatan ng pagmamay-ari ng isang produkto o serbisyo43
8132448977konsumerismoisang samahan ng pagkilos upang mabigyan ng proteksiyon at kamulatan ang mga mamimili sa kanilang karapatan44
8132448978maaksayang pagkonsumopagkonsumong nagdudulot ng pag-aaksaya at kawalan ng kapakinabangan sa tao45
8132448979mapanganib na pagkonsumopagkonsumong nagdudulot ng panganib sa tao46
8132448980pagkonsumoparaan ng pagbili at paggamit ng isang produkto o serbisyo47
8132448981produktibong pagkonsumopagkonsumo na nakalilikha o nakabubuo pa ng ibang produkto o serbisyo48
8132448982tuwirang pagkonsumopagkonsumong daglian o agarang nakakamit ang kasiyahan49
8132448908republic act 71 o price tag lawitinatadhana ng batas na ito ang paglalagay ng tamang presyo sa mga paninda upang malaman ng mamimili ang halaga ng bibilhin niyang produkto50
8132448909republic act 3740ay ang pagbabawal sa pag-aanunsiyo at pagbebenta ng mga pekeng produkto51
8132448910executive order bilang 16isinasaad dito na dapat lagyan ng label ang produkto kung hanggang kailan ang itatagal nito52
8132448911sustainable consumptionisang antas ng pamumuhay na nagdudulot ng pagkonsumo ng mga bagay-bagay upang magdulot ng kaginahawaan sa buhay53
8132448912utilityiba't ibang paggasta na ginugugolsa bagay, koryente, tubig, telepono, at iba pa54
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Ap Flashcards

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990351082010th AmendmentPowers Reserved to the States0
9903510821John LockeEnglish philosopher who argued that people have natural rights1
9903510822Shay's RebellionDestroyed the Articles of Confederation.2
9903510823Can the Supreme Court declare a law unconstitutional?No3
9903510824Devolutionthe transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states4
9903510825categorical grantsFederal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport5
9903510826block grantsfederal grants-in-aid that allow states considerable discretion in how the funds are spent6
9903510827mandatean authoritative command7
9903510828primary responsibility of constitutionProtect private property8
9903510829Federalist 10Argued the latent causes of faction are sown in the nature of man9
9903510830Are political parties listed in the Constitution?no10
9903510831interest groupa group of people with common goals who organize to influence government11
9903510832linkage institutionsmedia, political parties, elections, interest groups12
9903510833Political Action Committee (PAC)an interest group that raises funds and donates to election campaigns13
9903510834ticket splittingvoting with one party for one office and with another party for other offices14
9903510835Do most Americans vote in elections?No15
9903510836iron trianglesrelationship between a bureaucracy, an interest group, and a congressional committee16
9903510837franking privilegeBenefit allowing members of Congress to mail letters and other materials postage-free17
9903510838pork barrelthe use of government funds for projects designed to please voters or legislators and win votes18
9903510839Are committees more significant in house or senate?House (more people)19
9903510840standing committeea permanent committee in Congress that oversees bills that deal with certain kinds of issues20
9903510841conference committeespecial joint committee created to reconcile differences in bills passed by the House and Senate21
9903510842Rules Committee (House)establishes rule on floor22
9903510843closed rulesconditions placed on a legislative debate by the house of rules prohibiting amendments to a bill and makes a set time23
9903510844SubcommitteeDivision of existing committee that is formed to address specific issues24
9903510845Ways and Means CommitteeHouse committee that handles tax bills25
9903510846ClotureA procedure for terminating debate, especially filibusters, in the Senate.26
9903510847TrusteeAfter listening to constiutents, elected representatives vote based on their own opinions27
9903510848delegateA person appointed or elected to represent others28
990351084922nd AmendmentAmendment that created a 2 term limit on presidents.29
9903510850pocket vetoindirect veto of legislation by refusing to sign it30
9903510851Can the president use a line item veto?No governors can31
9903510852Most cases end in a?Please bargain32
9903510853district courtsthe lowest federal courts; federal trials can be held only here33
9903510854amicus curiaea brief submitted by a "friend of the court"34
9903510855appellate courtA court having jurisdiction to review cases and issues that were originally tried in lower courts.35
9903510856incorporation doctrinethe process by which the Bill of Rights was extended to the states and localities36
9903510857writ of certiorariA formal writ used to bring a case before the Supreme Court.37
9903510858judicial restrainta theory of judicial interpretation that encourages judges to limit the exercise of their own power38
9903510859judicial activismview that the courts should be lawmaking, policymaking bodies39
9903510860Judicial ReviewAllows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws (Marbury v Madison)40
9903510861Mculloch v. Maryland(1819) case that said federal law trumps state law41
9903510862Warren CourtBecame famous for landmark decisions such as Brown v. Board, Miranda v. Arizona, etc.42
9903510863Griswold v. ConnecticutEstablished that there is an implied right to privacy in the U.S. Constitution43
9903510864Baker v. CarrOne man, one vote44
9903510865New York Times v. SullivanTo libel a public figure, there must be "actual malice"45
9903510866Largest portion of uncontrollable spendingEntitlements46
99035108675th AmendmentThe Right to Remain Silent/Double Jeopardy, right to due process47
990351086814th AmendmentRights of Citizens, equal protection48
9903510869Office of Management and Budgetthe executive agency that advises the President on the federal budget49
9903510870BureaucracyGovernment agencies50
990351087115th AmendmentStates cannot deny any person the right to vote because of race.51
990351087224th AmendmentAbolishes poll taxes52
990351087326th AmendmentLowered the voting age from 21 to 1853
9903510874War Powers ActLimits the ability of the president to commit troops to combat.54
9903510875Civil Rights vs. Civil LibertiesCivil Rights are protection from discrimination while liberties protect from government55
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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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5393871957psychologythe study of behavior and mental processes0
5393871960biological approachgenetics, close-relatives, body functions1
5393871961evolutionary approachspecies - helped with survival (ancestors)2
5393871962psychodynamic approach(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes3
5393871963behavioral approachlearning (classical and operant) observed4
5393871964cognitive approachthinking affects behavior5
5393871965humanistic approachbecoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)6
5393871968types of research methodsdescriptive, correlational, and experimental7
5393871970case studystudies one person in depth may not be typical of population8
5393871971surveystudies lots of people not in depth9
5393871972naturalistic observationobserve + write facts without interference10
5393871973correlational methodshows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research11
5393871975experimental methoddoes show cause and effect12
5393871977sampleactual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)13
5393871978random assignmentchance selection between experimental and control groups14
5393871979control groupnot receiving experimental treatment receives placebo15
5393871980experimental groupreceiving treatment/drug16
5393871981independent variabledrug/procedure/treatment17
5393871982dependent variableoutcome of using the drug/treatment18
5393871983confounding variablecan affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control19
5393871984scientific methodtheory hypothesis operational definition revision20
5393871985theorygeneral idea being tested21
5393871986hypothesismeasurable/specific22
5393871997sensory neuronstravel from sensory receptors to brain23
5393871998motor neuronstravel from brain to "motor" workings24
5393871999interneurons(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons25
5393872000neuron26
5393872004neurotransmitterschemical messengers27
5393872006excitatory charge"Let's do it!"28
5393872007inhibitory charge"Let's not do it!"29
5393872008central nervous systembrain and spinal cord30
5393872009peripheral nervous systemsomatic nervous system autonomic nervous system31
5393872010somatic nervous systemvoluntary movements32
5393872011autonomic nervous systeminvoluntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)33
5393872012sympathetic nervous systemarousing34
5393872013parasympathetic nervous systemcalming35
5393872016endocrine systemslow uses hormones in the blood system36
5393872017master glandpituitary gland37
5393872034frontal lobejudgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)38
5393872035parietal lobemath and spatial reasoning39
5393872036temporal lobeaudition and recognizing faces40
5393872037occipital lobevision41
5393872038corpus callosumsplit in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)42
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