| CourseNotes

Flashcards

ap Flashcards

5778739904	concentration	the spread of something over a given area	0
5778743507	density	the frequency with which something exists within a givin unit of area	1
5778752981	hearth		2
5778754029	projection		3
5778754030	scale		4
5778755251	toponym		5
5778756339	arithmatic density		6
5778756340	site		7
5778756341	situation		8
5778758067	forms of expantion diffusion		9
5778758674	purpose of cloropleth maps		10

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

7334479058	Axillary	Armpit	0
7334480844	Femoral	Thigh region	1
7334484110	Gluteal	Buttock area	2
7334485839	Umbilical	"Belly Button" area	3
7334489107	Pubic	Genital Area	4
7334492528	Antecubital	Anterior aspect of elbow	5
7334497772	Occipital	Posterior aspect of head	6
7334499543	Inguinal	Area where trunk meets thigh	7
7334505320	Lumbar	Back area from ribs to hips	8
7334507229	Buccal	Pertaining to the cheek	9

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psychology: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

8454695648	Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory	The theory that we have three sets of cones: blue, red, and green that form various combinations to create color vision. Does not account for the afterimage effect and color blindness.	0
8454695649	Monochromatic	One set of cones	1
8454695650	Dichromatic	Two sets of cones	2
8454695651	Trichromatic	Three sets of cones	3
8454695652	Opponent-Process Theory	The theory that sensory receptors in the retina come in pairs: red/green, yellow/blue, and black/white and that when one sensor is inhibited, the other sensor of the pair is inhibited. It explained afterimages and color blindness.	4
8454695653	Perceptual Organization	An organized whole formed by integrating information. Highly stressed by Gestalt psychologists.	5
8454695654	Synesthesia	The condition in which one sense is simultaneously perceived by one or more additional senses	6
8454695655	Sensation	Method of representing and receiving stimuli that is gathered by using sensory receptors and the nervous system	7
8454695656	Cornea	Protects the eye and bends light to provide focus	8
8454695657	Pupil	Adjustable opening in the center of the eye where light enters	9
8454695658	Iris	Colored ring of muscle around the pupil that controls how much the pupil opens	10
8454695659	Lens	Transparent structure behind the pupil that focuses images for the retina	11
8454695660	Retina	Light sensitive inner surface of the eye that processes visual information	12
8454695661	Accomodation	Process by which the lens changes shape to focus on near or far objects	13
8454695662	Rods	Respond to gray, black, and white. There are more of them than there are cones.	14
8454695663	Cones	Responds to color	15
8454695664	Optic Nerve	Receives visual impulses from ganglion cells, which receive them from bipolar cells, which receive them from the rods and cones	16
8454695665	Blind Spot	Where the optic nerve leaves the eye; void of receptor cells	17
8454695666	Fovea	Central focal point of retina where cones cluster	18
8454695667	Audition	Hearing	19
8454695668	Amplitude of Sound Waves	Strength of a wave; determines loudness	20
8454695669	Frequency of Sound Waves	Length of a wave; determines pitch	21
8454695670	Decibel	How sound is measured; every ten decibels is a tenfold increase	22
8454695671	Outer Ear	Where sound waves are "collected"	23
8454695672	Auditory Canal	The area that sound waves pass through to reach the eardrum	24
8454695673	Eardrum	A thin membrane that marks the beginning of the middle ear; sound waves cause it to vibrate	25
8454695674	Middle Ear	The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones known as the hammer, anvil, and stirrup. They amplify sound waves.	26
8454695675	Cochlea	A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses	27
8454695676	Inner Ear	The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs	28
8454695677	Auditory Nerve	Carries nerve impulses from the cochlea to the brain. Also called the Cochlear Nerve.	29
8454695678	Semicircular Canals	Passages in the inner ear associated with maintaining equilibrium	30
8454695679	Vestibular Sacs	Organs of the inner ear that contain receptors thought to be primarily responsible for balance	31
8454695680	Conduction Hearing Loss	Damage to the parts of the ear that conduct sound waves to the cochlea (middle ear, eardrum, etc.)	32
8454695681	Sensorineural Hearing Loss	Damage to the cochlea's receptors or auditory nerve	33
8454695682	Cochlear Implant	A technological replacement for damaged cochleas and auditory nerves	34
8454695683	Kinesthesis	System that senses the movement and position of individual body parts	35
8454695684	Vestibular Sense	Sense of body movement and position	36
8454695685	Balance	A result of the semicircular canals and vestibular sacs	37
8454695686	Touch	The act of skin recepetors responding to pressure	38
8454695687	Nociceptors	Sensory pain receptors	39
8454695688	Taste	The act of taste buds responding to stimuli to indicate something	40
8454695689	Smell	The act of inhaling to trigger olfactory (smell) nerves in the nose. It is linked to recognition and memory.	41
8454695690	Farsighted	Being able to only see clearly from a far distance while close up objects are blurry	42
8454695691	Nearsighted	Being able to see clearly close up whie objects far away are blurry	43
8454695692	Cataract	Clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye	44
8454695693	Glaucoma	Damage to the optic nerve due to pressure caused by extra fluid in the front of your eye	45
8454720414	Perception	Process of organizing and interpreting sensory information that causes recognition	46
8454720415	Bottom-Up Processing	Analysis beginning with the sensory receptors and then to the brain, where sensory information is integrated	47
8454720416	Top-Down Processing	Analysis of sensory information using higher-level mental processes to create perception	48
8454720417	Psychophysics	Study of the psychological effects of physical stimuli	49
8454720418	Absolute Threshold	The minimum amount of stimulation to detect the stimuli 50% of the time	50
8454720419	Signal Detection Theory	Theory that experience and other factors affects how and when we detect faint stimuli amongst other stimuli	51
8454720420	Subliminal	Below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness (usually has no influence)	52
8454720421	Priming	An unconscious activation of an association	53
8454720422	Difference Threshold	Minimum difference between two stimuli to detect the just noticeable difference (jnd) 50% of the time	54
8454720423	Weber's Law	States that the just noticeable difference is a percentage and not an amount	55
8454720424	Sensory Adaptation	Decreased responsiveness to a stimuli due to over stimulation	56
8454720425	Feature Detectors	Specific brain cells/areas that respond to specific stimuli	57
8454720426	Parallel Processing	Processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; leads to recognition	58
8454720427	Figure-Ground	Organization of the visual field to differentiate objects and their surroundings	59
8454720428	Grouping	Tendency to group stumuli together because of proximity, similarity, continuity, connectness, and closure	60
8454720429	Depth Perception	Ability to perceive 3d images despite the retina only receiving 2d images	61
8454720430	Visual Cliff	Lab test of depth perception in small animals and infants that resulted in the conclusion that deptch perception grows with age and occurs by the time an infant or animal is mobile	62
8454720431	Binocular Cues	Cues that depend on both eyes	63
8454720432	Retinal Disparity	The greater the difference between the two images perceived by the two eyes, the closer the object; binocular cue	64
8454720433	Monocular Cues	Depth cues available to each eye by itself	65
8454720434	Horizontal-Vertical Illusion	Perception of vertical dimensions being greater than horizontal ones; monocular cue	66
8454720435	Light-And-Shadow Effect	Figures with less light seem farther away; monocular cue	67
8454720436	Relative Height	Objects that are higher in our field of vision are perceived as farther away; monocular cue	68
8454720437	Relative Size	The smaller the object, the farther away we perceive it; monocular cue	69
8454720438	Interposition	If one object blocks another, we perceive it as closer; monocular cue	70
8454720439	Linear Perspective	As parallel lines converge, they appear farther away; monocular cue	71
8454720440	Relative Motion	When moving, figures in front of a fixation point seem to be moving backwards and figures behind it seem to move with us, getting faster the farther they are; monocular cue	72
8454720441	Stroboscopic Movement	A rapid series of slightly different images are perceived as a continuous motion	73
8454720442	Phi Phenomenon	An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession	74
8454720443	Perceptual Constancy	The ability to recognize figures despite changes in size, shape, brightness, or color	75
8454720444	Shape Constancy	The ability to recognize a figure despite a change in our angle of view	76
8454720445	Size Constancy	The perception of a specific object having a set size despite changes in distance	77
8454720446	Lightness Constancy	Perception of an object of having a constant lightness despite changes in illumination	78
8454720447	Relative Luminance	The principle that with an increased amount of illumination around a figure, the figure will appear darker and vice versa	79
8454720448	Color Constancy	Perception of a figure to have a constant color despite changes in illumination	80
8454720449	Perceptual Adaptation	The ability to adjust to changes in the visual field	81
8454720450	Perceptual Set	The tendency to perceive something one way because of past experiences	82
8454720451	Human Factors Psychology	The branch of psychology studying how machines and people interact and how machines and environments can be made safe and easier to move	83
8454720452	Place Theory	Theory that the place where the cochlea is stimulated determines the pitch	84
8454720453	Frequency Theory	Theory that the frequency of a sound wave determines pitch as opposed to the place theory	85
8454720454	Phantom Limb Sensation	The misinterpretation of signals as belonging to a phantom limb	86
8454720455	Sensory Interaction	The principle that senses influence one another with vision usually being dominant	87
8454865334	Transduction	The transformation of signals into neural impulses	88
8454873808	Cocktail-party Phenomenon	The ability to focus in on one auditory stimulus while filtering out a range of other	89
8454929733	Energy Senses	Vision (light), hearing (sound waves), and touch (pressure).	90
8454929954	Chemical Senses	Smell and taste	91
8454933625	Vision	Sight	92
8454933819	Occipital Lobe	The region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information	93
8454942802	Visible Light	Electromagnetic radiation that can be seen with the unaided eye	94
8454942803	Afterimages	The image seen when looking at a blank space after looking at an image extensively.	95
8454947715	Color Blindness	The inability to perceive some shades, usually in pairs (the same pairs proposed by the opponent-process theory)	96
8454949883	Sound Waves	Vibrations in the air that are collected by the outer ear	97
8454953992	Gate-Control Theory	Theory that high priority pain signals open a "gate" that lets pain signals travel to the brain while low priority pain signals close it up	98
8464204967	Sensory Habituation	How our perception of stimuli is affected by how focused we are on them	99
8465466558	Sweet	Form of taste that indicates the energy source	100
8465466559	Salty	Form of taste that indicates the sodium content	101
8465466560	Sour	Form of taste that indicates the amount of toxic acid	102
8465469011	Bitter	Form of taste that indicates poisonous content	103
8465469012	Unami	Form of taste that indicates protein content	104

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Biology Nervous System Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9790061698	neuron	main cell of the nervous system	0
9790061699	glial cells	cells that support neurons (ex: Schwann cells)	1
9790061700	cell body	contains nucleus of the neuron	2
9790061701	dendrite	receive stimuli; highly branched extensions	3
9790061702	axon	conduct and propagate impulses	4
9790061703	Schwann cell	creates the myelin sheath	5
9790061704	node of Ranvier	gap between myelin sheaths that expose the axon, help accelerate impulses	6
9790061705	sensory neuron	pick up stimuli from the environment and send to the brain	7
9790061706	motor neuron	sends impulses to muscles to create movement	8
9790061707	interneuron	neurons in the CNS that communicate internally and connect sensory to motor neurons; are responsible for reflexes	9
9790061708	resting potential	membrane potential of a neuron that is not firing, -70 mV	10
9790061709	sodium-potassium pump	protein that uses active transport to move 3 Na out of the membrane and 2 K in, which resets the neuron to resting potential	11
9790061710	action potential	rapid change in the voltage between the membrane of a neuron in response to a stimulus	12
9790061711	threshold	the voltage needed to open the voltage gated Na channels and start the unstoppable flow of Na into the cell, -55 mV	13
9790061712	depolarization	the massive influx of Na causes the cell's voltage to become less negative, all the way up to 35 mV	14
9790061713	repolarization	Na channels close and K channels open, which allows K out of cell so the cell is more negative	15
9790061714	hyperpolarization	because K channels are slow to close, the voltage reaches -80 mV, and causes the Na/K pump to reset the neuron	16
9790061715	refractory period	period where the neuron resets using the Na/K pump before a neuron can be fired again	17
9790061716	synapse	transmission of information is from one neuron to the next	18
9790061717	neurotransmitter	molecule that neurons use in synaptic transmission	19
9790061718	synaptic vesicle	hold the neurotransmitters in the presynaptic neuron	20
9790061719	postsynaptic receptor	receive neurotransmitters and open Na gated ion channels to start another action potential	21
9790061720	synaptic cleft	space between the pre and postsynaptic neurons	22
9790061721	myelin sheath	insulates the axon and speeds transmission of the impulse	23
9790061722	afferent pathway	signal received from outside your nervous system and conducted toward it	24
9790061723	efferent pathway	carry signals away from the central nervous system toward muscle cells or glandular cells	25
9790061724	dopamine	neurotransmitter that controls the brain's reward and pleasure center	26
9790061725	serotonin	neurotransmitter responsible for maintaining mood balance	27
9790061726	GABA	neurotransmitter that inhibits nerve impulse from being transmitted	28
9790061727	ion-gated channels	proteins responsible for allowing sodium or potassium to diffuse into or out of the axon	29
9790061728	sodium	ion responsible for depolarization	30
9790061729	potassium	ion responsible for repolarization	31
9790061730	calcium	ion that signals vesicles to release neurotransmitters	32

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

Ap Flashcards

African currencies

Terms : Hide Images

7359943098	Algeria	Dinar	0
7359943099	Angola	Kwanza	1
7359943100	Ascension island	Pound	2
7359943101	Benin	Franc	3
7359943102	Botswana	Pula	4
7359943103	Burkina faso	Franc	5
7359943104	Burundi	Franc	6
7359943105	Cabo verde	Escudo	7
7359943106	Cameroon	Franc	8
7359943107	Central African Republic	Franc	9
7359943108	Chad	Franc	10
7359943109	Comoros	Franc	11
7359943110	Congo	Franc	12
7359943111	Cote d' Ivoire	Franc	13
7359943112	Djibouti	Franc	14
7359943113	Egypt	Pound	15
7359943114	Equatorial Guinea	Franc	16
7359943115	Eritrea	Nakfa	17
7359943116	Ethiopia	Birr	18
7359943117	Gabon	Franc	19
7359943118	Gambia	Dalasi	20
7359943119	Ghana	Cedi	21
7359943120	Guinea	Franc	22
7359943121	Guinea Bissau	Franc	23
7359943122	Kenya	Shilling	24
7359943123	Lesotho	Loti	25
7359943124	Liberia	Dollar	26
7359943125	Libya	Dinar	27
7359943126	Madagascar	Ariary	28
7359943127	Malawai	Kwacha	29
7359943128	Mali	Franc	30
7359943129	Mauritania	Ouguiya	31
7359943130	Mauritius	Rupee	32
7359943131	Mayotte	Euro	33
7359943132	Morocco	Dirham	34
7359943133	Mozambique	Metical	35
7359943134	Namibia	Dollar	36
7359943135	Niger	Franc	37
7359943136	Nigeria	Naira	38
7359943137	Reunion	Euro	39
7359943138	Rwanda	Franc	40
7359943139	Saint helena	Pound	41
7359943140	Sao tome and principe	Dobra	42
7359943141	Senegal	Franc	43
7359943142	Seychelles	Rupee	44
7359943143	Sierra Leone	Leone	45
7359943144	Somalia	Shilling	46
7359943145	South Africa	Rand	47
7359943146	South Sudan	Pound	48
7359943147	Sudan	Pound	49
7359943148	Swaziland	Lilangeni	50
7359943149	Tanzania	Shilling	51
7359943150	Togo	Franc	52
7359943151	Tristan da cunha	Sterling	53
7359943152	Tunisia	Dinar	54
7359943153	Uganda	Shilling	55
7359943154	Zambia	Kwacha	56
7359943155	Zimbabwe	Dollar	57

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

7366654923	hunting foraging bands	These nomatic people known as Hunter and gatherers collected wild or undomesticated plants for foods. Some technology that they used were bows, arrows, and spears. This technology was very advanced for their time.	0
7366734054	Neolithic revolutions	This is the time period where they started agriculture. The people settled in a place with a steady water supply with good soil from planting crops for food. Because of a surplus in food, population increased by a lot. Also animals such as dogs and cats were domesticated to aid with hunting.	1
7366868211	River valley civilizations	This is were people settled near rivers. They were the first places where neolithic revolutions occurred.For example the Nile Valley in North Africa is one of them. These people built buildings made of stone and brick which later developed into cities.	2
7366904028	Pastoralism	These people raise domesticated animals but did not develop agriculture, so they always remained on the move. While moving place to place they spread information about other groups and developments in technology. They are often called "agents of change"	3
7366954530	Urbanization	The River Valley Civilizations often grew much bigger and turned into cities. These cities were the center for government, trade, and religion. Many new jobs also developed from this which increased population.	4

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Government Civil Rights Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9800952386	Civil Rights	Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals.	0
9800952387	14th Amendment	Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens & are guaranteed equal protection of the laws; citizenship by birth & naturalization; prohibited state gov. from infringing on equal rights; gave black Americans citizenship & legal equality; still allowed the North to prohibit black suffrage.	1
9800952388	Equal Protection of the laws	a standard of equal treatment that must be observed by the government- 14th amendment	2
9800952389	Scott vs. Sanford	1857 supreme court case ruling that a slave that has escaped to a free state enjoyed no rights as a citizen and congress had no authority to ban slavery in the territory.	3
9800952390	13th Amendment	Abolished slavery. First of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after Civil War (1865-70)	4
9800952391	Plessy vs. Ferguson	(1896) Supreme Court decision that created the "separate but equal" doctrine. As a result many states across the South had "Jim Crow Laws." Separate water fountains, restrooms, entrances, segregated seating at movie theatres, etc. Most importantly, segregated schools.	5
9800952392	Brown vs. Board of Education	1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	6
9800952393	Civil Rights Act of 1964	law making racial discrimination in hotels, motels, and restaurants illegal and forbid many forms of job discrimination. Public discrimination	7
9800952394	Suffrage	Legal right to vote blacks-15th amendment women-19th amendment 18 year old- 26th amendment	8
9800952395	15th amendement	African-American males received the right to vote	9
9800952396	Poll Taxes	Small taxes levied on the right to vote that often fell due at a time of year when poor African-American sharecroppers had the least cash on hand. This method was used by most Southern states to exclude African Americans from voting. Poll taxes were declared void by the Twenty-fourth Amendment in 1964.	10
9800952397	White primary	the practice of keeping blacks from voting in the southern states' primaries through arbitrary use of registration requirements and intimidation. Declared unconstitutional in 1944.	11
9800952398	24th Amendment	Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll taxes to vote in national elections.	12
9800952399	Voting Rights Act of 1965	A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically.	13
9800952400	Hernandez vs. Texas	ended the exclusion of Mexican Americans from juries in Texas.	14
9800952401	Korematsu vs. US	1944- Supreme Court ruled that internment of Japanese Americans was justified as the country's need for protection against espionage outweighed individual rights	15
9800952402	19th Amendment	Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.	16
9800952403	Equal Rights Amendment	A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures.	17
9800952404	Reed vs. Reed	1971 outlawed sexual discrimination	18
9800952405	Craig vs. Boren	1976 Supreme Court ruling that est "medium scrutiny" standard for determining gender discrimination	19
9800952406	Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990	Passed by Congress in 1990, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commercial buildings.	20
9800952407	Affirmative Action	A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities	21
9800952408	Regents of the University of California vs. Bakke	A 1978 Supreme Court decision holding that a state university could weigh race or ethnic background as an element of admitting, but couldn't set aside places for members of particular racial groups.	22
9800952409	Adarand Constructors vs. Pena	A 1995 Supreme Court decision holding that federal programs that classify people by race, even for an ostensibly benign purpose such as expanding opportunities for minorities, should be presumed to be unconstitutional.	23