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AP US History Period 7 (1890-1945) Flashcards

6419980509	The Great Depression	The deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world. In the United States, the Great Depression began soon after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors.	0
6419980510	Progressive Era	A period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States, from the 1890s to 1920s.	1
6419980511	Prohibition	A nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933.	2
6419980512	Women's suffrage	The women's right to vote, granted by the 19th amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920).	3
6419980513	preservationists	Those who attempt to maintain in their present condition areas of the Earth that are so far untouched by humans.	4
6419980514	conservationists	Those who advocate for the sustainable use and management of natural resources including wildlife, water, air, and earth deposits, both -- renewable and non-renewable.	5
6419980515	Welfare State	A system whereby the government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits. The foundations for the modern welfare state in the US were laid by the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.	6
6419980516	Liberalism	A viewpoint or ideology associated with free political institutions and religious toleration, as well as support for a strong role of government in regulating capitalism and constructing the welfare state.	7
6419980517	mass media	Diversified mediatechnologies that are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication.	8
6419980518	The Great Migration	The movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1910 and 1970.	9
6419980519	imperialist	A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.	10
6419980520	isolationism	A category of foreign policies institutionalized by leaders who asserted that their nations' best interests were best served by keeping the affairs of other countries at a distance.	11
6419980521	Spanish-American War	A conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor leading to American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence.	12
6419980522	Treaty of Versailles	One of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. Signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.	13
6419980523	League of Nations	An intergovernmental organization founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It lacked an armed force to enforce policy and was not joined by the United States.	14
6419980524	fascism	An authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization.	15
6419980525	totalitarianism	A political system where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible.	16
6419980526	Axis Powers	Germany, Italy, and Japan, which were allied before and during World War II.	17
6419980527	Allied Powers	U.S., Britain, France, which were allied before and during World War II.	18
6419980528	Nazi Concentration Camp	A guarded compound for the detention or imprisonment of aliens, members of ethnic minorities, political opponents. Primarily Jewish Europeans during WWII.	19
6419980529	Holocaust	A genocide in which Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany and its collaborators killed about six million Jews and members from other fringe social groups during World War II.	20
6419980530	Internment of Japanese Americans	Forced relocation and incarceration in camps in the interior of the U.S. of between 110,000 and 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry who had lived on the Pacific coast.	21
6419980531	Pacific "Island Hopping"	A military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War against Japan and the Axis powers during World War II. The idea was to bypass heavily fortified Japanese positions and instead concentrate the limited Allied resources on strategically important islands that were not well defended but capable of supporting the drive to the main islands of Japan.	22
6419980532	D-Day	The landing operations on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II.	23
6419980533	atomic bomb	A "fission" bomb dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima at the end of World War II.	24
6419980534	americanization	The process of assimilating American character, manner, ideals, culture, and so on.	25
6419980535	sphere of influence	The territory of weaker states where a powerful state exercises the dominant control.	26
6419980536	partition	In politics, the act of dividing a weaker territory or government among several more powerful states.	27
6419980537	bellicose	Disposed to fight or go to war.	28
6419980538	banana republic	A disparaging term for the small nations of Central America, with particular reference to their political instability and poor, single-crop economies.	29
6419980539	progressive	In politics, one who believes in continuing progress, improvement, or reform.	30
6419980540	exposé	A disclosure or revelation considered embarrassing to those involved.	31
6419980541	direct primary	In politics, the nomination of a party's candidates for office through a special election of that party's voters.	32
6419980542	initiative	In politics, the procedure whereby voters can, through petition, present proposed legislation directly to the electorate.	33
6419980543	referendum	The submission of a law, proposed or already in effect, to a direct vote of the electorate.	34
6419980544	recall	In politics, a procedure for removing an official from office through popular election or other means.	35
6419980545	insubordination	Deliberate disobedience to proper authority.	36
6419980546	entrepreneurship	The process whereby an individual initiates a business at some risk in order to expand it and thereby earn a profit.	37
6419980547	self-determination	In politics, the right of a people (usually based on ethnicity) to shape its own national identity and form a government, without outside coercion of influence.	38
6419980548	graduated income tax	A tax on income in which the taxation rates are progressively higher for those whit higher income.	39
6419980549	levy	A forcible tax or other imposition.	40
6419980550	enclave	A small territory surrounded by foreign or hostile territory. Enclaves were common among newly-arrived immigrant groups (e.g. "Chinatown" in San Francisco).	41
6419980551	censor	An official who examines publications, mail, literature, and so forth in order to remove or prohibit the distribution of material deemed dangerous or offensive.	42
6419980552	Northern Securities Co. v. U. S. (1904)	Re-established the authority of the federal government to fight monopolies under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.	43
6419980553	Muller v. Oregon (1908)	First case to use the "Brandeis brief"; recognized a 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on the grounds of health and community concerns.	44
6419980554	Schenck v. U. S. (1919)	Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger."	45
6419980555	Korematsu v. U. S. (1941)	The court upheld the constitutionality of detention camps for Japanese-Americans during World War 2.	46
6419980556	belligerent	(adj.) given to fighting, warlike; combative, aggressive; (n.) one at war, one engaged in war	47
6419980557	Open Door Policy	The policy that China should be open to trade with all of the major powers, and that all, including the United States, should have equal right to trade there. This was the official American position toward China as announced by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899.	48
6419980558	socialism	An economic and governmental system based on public ownership of the means of production and exchange.	49
6419980559	Eugene Debs	Prominent socialist leader (and five time presidential candidate) who founded the American Railroad Union and led the 1894 Pullman Strike	50
6419980560	Roosevelt Corollary	Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force.	51
6419980561	Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)	Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.	52
6419980562	Pure Food and Drug Act	Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.	53
6419980563	Teddy Roosevelt	Twenty-sixth president of the United States; he focused his efforts on trust busting, environment conservation, and strong foreign policy.	54
6419980564	William Taft	27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.	55
6419980565	Triangle Shirtwaist Fire	March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers	56
6419980566	segregation	Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences. Common in the South after the Civil War through the 1960s.	57
6419980567	Harlem Renaissance	Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous writers of this movement.	58
6419980568	Fourteen Points	The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.	59
6419980569	Red Scare	A social/political movement designed to prevent a socialist/communist/radical movement in this country by finding "radicals," incarcerating them, deporting them, and subverting their activities. Periods of Red Scare occurred after both World Wars in the United States.	60
6419980570	Sedition Act	A law passed by Congress in 1918 (during World War I) to make it illegal to say anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war effort in WWI. Seen as a military necessity by some for effectively fighting in WWI.	61
6419980571	Emergency Quota Act	A government legislation that limited the number of immigrants from Europe which was set at 3% of the nationality currently in the U.S. It greatly limited the number of immigrants who could move to the U.S. And it reflected the isolationist and anti-foreign feeling in America as well as the departure from traditional American ideals.	62
6419980572	Scopes Trial	Also known as the Scopes Monkey Trial; 1925 court case argued by Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan in which the issue of teaching evolution in public schools was debated. Highlighted the growing divide between rural (more conservative) and urban (more liberal) interests in the United States.	63
6419980573	Sacco and Vanzetti Trial	Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Massachusetts. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.	64
6419980574	Kellog-Briand Pact	Idealistic agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another.	65
6419980575	Herbert Hoover	Republican president at the outset of the Great Depression. As a Republican, he believed that the federal government should not interfere in economic problems; the severity of the Great Depression forced his hand to provide some federal assistance to those in need, but he mostly left these efforts to the states.	66
6419980576	Smoot-Hawley Tariff	One of Herbert Hoover's earliest efforts to protect the nation's farmers following the onset of the Great Depression. Tariff raised rates to an all-time high.	67
6419980577	Platt Amendment	This amendment to the new Cuban constitution authorized U.S. intervention in Cuba to protect its interests. Cuba pledged not to make treates with other countries that might compromise its independence, and it granted naval bases to the United States, most notable being Guantanamo Bay.	68
6419980578	Indian Reorganization Act	Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs.	69
6419980579	Zoot Suit Riots	A series of riots in 1944 during World War II that broke out in Los Angeles, California, between Anglo American sailors and Marines stationed in the city, and Latino youths, who were recognizable by the zoot suits they favored.	70
6419980580	Yalta Conference	FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War.	71
6419980581	William Jennings Bryan	United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925).	72
6419980582	Woodrow Wilson	(1856-1924) President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.	73
6419980583	United Nations	An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.	74
6419980584	communism	A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.	75
6419980585	Bolshevik Revolution	The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.	76

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AP US History Period 4 (1800-1848) Flashcards

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6979750107	Federalist	Political party created in the 1790s led by Alexander Hamilton; favored a stronger national government; supported primarily by the bankers and moneyed interests	0
6979750108	Democratic-Republicans	Political party created in the 1790's; led by Thomas Jefferson; favored limited government and state rights; supported primarily by the "common man"	1
6979750109	Election of 1800	(AKA Revolution of 1800) election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist party to the Democratic Republican Party	2
6979750110	Hartford Convention, 1814	Meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 discuss strategy to gain more power in government; viewed as unpatriotic by many; as a result, the Federalist Party was no longer a significant force in American politics	3
6979750111	Era of Good Feelings	Term used to describe the time period after the 2nd Party System in the United States after the Federalist Party fell from the national stage, leaving only the Democratic Party; associated with the presidency of James Monroe	4
6979750112	Democrats	Political party that brought Andrew Jackson into office in 1829; part of the 2nd Party System of the United States; supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government and individualism; drew its support from the "common Man"	5
6979750113	Whig Party	Political Party created in 1834 as a coalition of anti-Jackson political leaders and dedicated to internal improvements funded by the national government	6
6979750114	Andrew Jackson	Leader of the Democrats who became the seventh president of the US (1829-1837); known for his opposition to the 2nd Bank of the US, the Indian Removal Act, and opposition to nullification	7
6979750115	Henry Clay	Leader of the Whig Party who proposed an "American System" to make the United States economically self-sufficient, mostly through protective tariffs; worked to keep the Union together through political compromise	8
6979750116	Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)	After South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void, President Jackson obtained a Force Bill to use military actions against South Carolina; ended with a compromise to lower tariffs over an extended time; overall significance was the challenge of states to ignore federal law (later on with laws regarding slavery).	9
6979750117	John C. Calhoun	South Carolina political leader who defended slavery as a positive good and advocated the doctrine of nullification, a policy in which state could nullify federal law.	10
6979750118	John Marshall	Appointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801; served as a chief justice until 1835; legal decisions gave the Supreme Court more power, strengthened the federal government, and supported protection of private property.	11
6979750119	Cotton Belt	Southern region in the US where most of the cotton is grown/deep; stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier; had the highest concentration of slaves	12
6979750120	Judicial Review	The power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress	13
6979750121	Market Economy	Economic system based on the unregulated buying and selling of goods and services; prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand	14
6979750122	Embargo Act (1807)	Passed by President Jefferson in order to pressure Britain and France to stop impressment and support the American rights to free trade with the other; a government-order ban on international trade; went into effect in 1808 and closed down virtually all U.S. trade with foreign nations; led to steep depression in the economy	15
6979750123	Panic of 1819	Financial panic that began when the Second Bank of the US tightened credit and recalled government loans after the price of cotton dropped	16
6979750124	Second Bank of the United States (1816)	Privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial and fiscal agent for the US government; established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last 20 years; Andrew Jackson was critical of the bank and its potential for corruption; ended when Jackson vetoed the extension of its charter and won reelection in the process	17
6979750125	Tariff of 1816	First protective tariff in US history; designed primarily to help America's textile industry	18
6979750126	Tariff of Abominations 1828	Tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues (called the Nullification Crisis)	19
6979750127	Panic of 1837	Economic collapse caused primarily by President Jackson's destruction of the Second Bank of the United States	20
6979750128	Slave Codes	Laws that established the status of slaves denying them basic rights and classifying them as the property of slaveholders	21
6979750129	Second Great Awakening	An upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and was characterized by emotional revival meetings; led to several reform movements (temperance, abolition) designed to perfect society with religious morals	22
6979750130	Charles Finney	Presbyterian minister who is credited and is known as the "Father of modern Revivalism"; advocated the abolition of slavery and equal education for women and African Americans	23
6979750131	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Advocate of women right's, including the right to vote; organized (with Lucretia Mott) the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY	24
6979750132	Dorothea Dix	Pioneer in the moment for special treatment for the mentally ill	25
6979750133	Horace Mann	Massachusetts educator who called for publicly funded education for all children; called the "Father of Public Education in America"	26
6979750134	Utopian Communities	Idealistic reform movement based on the belief that a perfect society could be created on Earth; significant Utopian experiments were established at New Harmony, Indiana, Book Farm, Massachusetts and the Oneida Community in New York; usually such attempts were short-lived	27
6979750135	American Colonization Society (established 1817)	Organization established to end slavery gradually by helping individual slave owners liberate their slaves and then transport the freed slaves to Africa (Liberia)	28
6979750136	William Lloyd Garrison	Radical abolitionist in Massachusetts who published the liberator, an antislavery newspaper	29
6979750137	Sojourner Truth	Former slave (freed in 1827) who became a leading abolitionist and feminist	30
6979750138	Hudson River School 1825-1875	The first native school of painting in the US; painted primarily landscapes; themes included deep nationalism, grandeur of nature, and transcendentalism	31
6979750139	Transcendentalism	Philosophical and literary movement that believed God existed within human being and nature; believed intuition was the highest source of knowledge; advocated for introspection by surrounding oneself with nature	32
6979750140	Ralph Waldo Emerson	Philosopher, writer, and poet who became a central figure in the Transcendalist movement in American	33
6979750141	Henry David Thoreau	Writer and naturalist; with Ralph Waldo Emerson, he was one of America's best known transcendentalists	34
6979750142	Richard Allen	African American minister who established the first independent African American denomination in the US, the African Methodist Episcopalian Church	35
6979750143	Samuel Slater	Known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution"; brought British textile technology to the United States to create the first factory	36
6979750144	John Deere	Invented the steel plow in 1837, which revolutionized farming; the steel plow broke up soil without the soil getting stuck to the plow	37
6979750145	Lowell System	Method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, MA	38
6979750146	Erie Canal (1817-1825)	350 mile canal built by the state of NY that stretched from Buffalo to Albany; the canal revolutionized shipping in NY and opened up new markets (evidence of the Market Revolution)	39
6979750147	National Road (1811)	AKA Cumberland Road; first significant road built in the US at the expense of the federal government; stretched from the Potomac River to the Ohio River	40
6979750148	Mason-Dixon Line	Boundary between PA and MD that marked the division between free and slave states before the Civil War	41
6979750149	Cult of Domesticity	The belief that a woman's proper role in life was found in domestic pursuits (raising children, taking care of the house); strongly believed by many throughout the 19th century	42
6979750150	Louisiana Purchase (1803)	U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River	43
6979750151	Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)	Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark	44
6979750152	War Hawks	Members of Congress from the West and South elected in 1810 who wanted war with Britain in the hopes of annexing new territory and ending British trade with the Indians of the Northwest	45
6979750153	War of 1812	1812-1815, War between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the perceived British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas (impressment); ended with an agreement of "status quo ante" (a return to how things were before the war)	46
6979750154	Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)	Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S	47
6979750155	Monroe Doctrine (1823)	President Monroe's unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to further European colonization and that the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere; in return the U.S. pledged to stay out of European conflicts and affairs; significant foreign policy state that lasted through most of the 19th century	48
6979750156	Oregon Treaty of 1846	After years of conflict over ownership of the Pacific Northwest, the U.S. and England established the boundary at 49° latitude, essentially splitting the Oregon Country down the middle	49
6979750157	Manifest Destiny	Popular belief amongst early-19th century Americans that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent, that this belief was obvious, and that God willed it to take place	50
6979750158	Tecumseh	Shawnee leader who attempted to establish an Indian confederacy among tribes from around the continent that he hoped would be a barrier to white expansion; defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 by U.S. forces led by General William Henry Harrison, slowing the momentum of Pan-Indian unity	51
6979750159	Indian Removal Act (1830)	Law that provided for the removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of Indian lands for white resettlement	52
6979750160	Worcester v. Georgia (1832)	A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction; John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians; this ruling was largely ignored by President Andrew Jackson	53
6979750161	Trail of Tears (1838)	Forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory in the winter; a large percentage of Cherokee died on the journey	54
6979750162	American Anti-Slavery Society	Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison - included Frederick Douglass as a significant leader of the society	55
6979750163	Romanticism	An artistic and intellectual movement characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical	56
6979750164	The American System	Consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: (1) a tariff to protect and promote American industry; (2) a national bank to foster commerce; (3) federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture; supported heavily by Henry Clay	57
6979750165	Missouri Compromise (1820)	Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance between slave and free states in representation in the federal government; established a geographic line that would determine whether new states (made from the western territories) would be added to the union as slave or free states	58
6979750166	Spoils System	Public offices given as a reward for political support. Most iconically used by Andrew Jackson after his first election, which then became a precedent for future federal leaders.	59
6979750167	Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall)	The Court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review.	60
6979750168	McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, Marshall)	The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.	61
6979750169	Johnson v. McIntosh (1823, Marshall)	Established that Indian tribes had rights to tribal lands that preceded all other American law; only the federal government could take land from the tribes.	62
6979750170	Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831, Marshall)	"The conditions of the Indians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike that of any two people in existence," Chief Justice John Marshall wrote, "their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian. . .(they were a) domestic dependent nation." Established a "trust relationship" with the tribes directly under federal authority.	63
6979750171	interchangeable parts	Parts that were identical and which could be substituted for one another; developed by Eli Whitney for the manufacturing of muskets; became a hallmark of the American factory system	64
6979750172	turnpike	A road in which tolls were collected at gates set up along the road	65
6979750173	tariff	A tax imposed on imported goods and services. Tariffs are used to restrict trade, as they increase the price of imported goods and services, making them more expensive to consumers.	66
6979750174	sectionalist	Person devoted to the cause of a particular section of the country (usually North or South), as opposed to the nation as a whole	67
6979750175	embargo	A government order prohibiting commerce in or out of a port	68
6979750176	nationalism	A strong devotion to the nation as the central political entity, often in a narrow or aggressive fashion; usually involves feelings of superiority over other nations or ideaologies	69
6979750177	internal improvements	The basic public works, such as roads and canals, that create the structure for economic development.	70
6979750178	depression	In economics, a severe and often prolonged period of declining economic activity, rising unemployment, and falling wages and prices.	71
6979750179	boom	In economics, a period of sudden, spectacular expansion of business activity or prices.	72
6979750180	constituents	The body of voters or supporters in a district, regarded as a group.	73
6979750181	hard money	Gold and Silver coins, as distinguished from paper money.	74
6979750182	deference	The yielding of opinion to the judgment of someone else.	75
6979750183	subversive	Tending to corrupt, overthrow, or destroy something established.	76
6979750184	puritanical	Extremely or excessively strict in matters of morals or religion.	77
6979750185	usurpation	The act of seizing, occupying, or enjoying the place, power, or functions of someone without right.	78
6979750186	mudslinging	Malicious, unscrupulous attacks against an opponent.	79
6979750187	machine	A political organization, often controlled through patronage or spoils.	80
6979750188	incumbent	The person currently holding an office.	81
6979750189	impost	A tax, particularly a tariff or duty on imported goods.	82
6979750190	appeasement	The policy of giving in to demands of a hostile of dangerous power in hope of avoiding conflict.	83
6979750191	prejudice	Unreasonable suspicion, bias, or hatred directed at members of a group.	84
6979750192	ritual	A set form or system of ceremonies, often but not necessarily religious.	85
6979750193	evangelical	Concerning religious belief, commonly Protestant, that emphasizes personal salvation, individual and voluntary religious commitment, and the authority of Scripture.	86
6979750194	platform	A statement of the principles or positions of a political party.	87
6979750195	denominations	In American religion, the major branches of Christianity, organized into separate national churches structures; e.g., Presbyterians, Baptists, Disciples of Christ.	88
6979750196	prolific	Producing a large number of something.	89
6979750197	temperance	Moderation, or sometimes total abstinence, as regards drinking alcohol.	90
6979750198	nativist	One who advocates favoring native-born citizens over aliens or immigrants.	91
6979750199	factory	An establishment for the manufacturing of goods, including buildings and substantial machinery.	92
6979750200	liability	Legal responsibility for loss or damage.	93
6979750201	incorporation	The formation of individuals into a legally organized group, usually a business.	94
6979750202	labor union	An organization of workers—usually wage-earning workers—to promote the interests and welfare of its members, often by collective bargaining with employers.	95
6979750203	strike	An organized work stoppage by employees in order to obtain better wages, working conditions, and so on.	96
6979750204	capitalist	An individual or group who uses private property to produce goods for profit in an open market.	97
6979750205	posterity	Later descendants or subsequent generations.	98
6979750206	productivity	In economics, the relative capacity to produce goods and services, measured in terms of the number of workers and machines needed to create goods in a certain length of time.	99
6979750207	transient	Referring to a person without a fixed or long-term home or job; a migrant.	100
6979750208	polygamy	The practice or condition of having two or more spouses at one time.	101
6979750209	theocracy	Literally, rule by God, the term is often applied to a state where religious leaders exercise direct or indirect political authority.	102
6979750210	zealot	One who is carried away by a cause to an extreme or excessive degree.	103
6979750211	communistic	Referring to the theory or practice in which the means of production are owned by the community as a whole.	104
6979750212	nonconformist	One who refuses to follow established or conventional ideas or habits; often referred to as part of a "counter-culture".	105
6979750213	providence (providencial)	Under the care and direction of God or other benevolent natural or supernatural forces.	106

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AP US History Period 6 (1865-1898) Flashcards

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5978048672	People's (Populist) Party	An agrarian-populist political party in the United States. For a few years, 1892-96, it played a major role as a left-wing force in American politics. Drew support from angry farmers in the West and South and operated on the left-wing of American politics. Highly critical of capitalism, especially banks and railroads. Allied itself with the labor movement.	0
5978048673	assimilation	the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group	1
5978048674	social services	a range of public services provided by governmental or private organizations. Aimed at creating effective organizations, building stronger communities, and promoting equality and opportunity. Include benefits of education, health care, job training and subsidized housing	2
5978048675	consumer culture	consumption choices and behaviors made from a social and cultural point of view, as opposed to an economic or psychological one	3
5978048676	The Gilded Age	The late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. Term derived from writer Mark Twain's 1873 The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, which satirized an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding of economic progress.	4
5978048677	Social Darwinism	Term coined in the late 19th century to describe the idea that humans, like animals and plants, compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in "survival of the fittest." Provided a justification for the enormous wealth and power wielded by industrialists in the latter half of the 19th century.	5
5978048678	Gospel of Wealth	An essay written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich.	6
5978048679	Jane Addams	A pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women's suffrage and world peace. She created the first Hull House. Co-winner of 1931 Nobel Peace Prize.	7
5978048680	Plessy v. Ferguson	1896 - Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."	8
5978048681	racial segregation	the separation of humans into ethnic or racial groups in daily life. Generally applies to activities such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a public toilet, attending school, going to the movies, riding on a bus, or in the rental or purchase of a home.	9
5978048682	rebate	a return of a portion of the amount paid for goods or services	10
5978048683	free enterprise	an economic system that permits unrestricted entrepreneurial business activity; associated with laissez-faire capitalism	11
5978048684	trust	A set of companies managed by a small group known as trustees, who can prevent companies in the trust from competing with each other.	12
5978048685	plutocracy	government by the wealthy	13
5978048686	socialist	one who believes in the ownership and control of the major means of production by the whole community rather than by individuals or corporations	14
5978048687	radical	one who believes in fundamental change in a political, economic, or social system	15
5978048688	lockout	the refusal by an employer to allow employees to work unless they agree to his or her terms	16
5978048689	cooperative	an organization for producing, marketing, or consuming goods in which the members share the benefits	17
5978048690	anarchist	one who believes that formal, coercive government is wrong in principle	18
5978048691	tenement	a multi-dwelling building, often poor or overcrowded	19
5978048692	affluence	an abundance of wealth	20
5978048693	despotism	government by an absolute or tyrannical ruler	21
5978048694	sweatshop	a factory where employees are forced to work long hours under difficult conditions for meager wages	22
5978048695	pauper	a poor person, often one who lives on tax-supported charity	23
5978048696	tycoon	a wealthy businessperson, especially one who openly displays power and position	24
5978048697	prohibition	forbidding by law the manufacture, sale, or consumption of liquor	25
5978048698	filibuster	to utilize the technique of obstructing legislation by tactics such as making long speeches and introducing irrelevant amendments	26
5978048699	landslide	an overwhelming majority of votes for one side in an election	27
5978048700	reserve	in finance, the portion of money held back from circulation by a bank or treasury, which provides backing for its notes or loans	28
5978048701	bimetallism	the legalized concurrent use of two precious metals as currency at a fixed ratio of value; in US History associated with the Free Silver movement	29
5978048702	lobbyist	someone who promotes an interest or cause before a political body, often for pay	30
5978048703	concession	a privilege granted by a government to another government, private company, or individual	31
5978048704	nation-state	the modern form of political organization in which the government coincides exactly with a single national territory and population having a distinctive culture, language, history, and so on	32
5978048705	jingoist	aggressively patriotic and warlike	33
5978048706	atrocity	a specific act of extreme cruelty	34
5978048707	Civil Rights Cases of 1883 (a single decision on a group of cases with similar legal problems)	Legalized segregation with regard to private property.	35
5978048708	Wabash v. Illinois (1886)	Declared state-passed Granger laws that regulated interstate commerce unconstitutional.	36
5978048709	U. S. v. E. C. Knight Co. (1895)	Due to a narrow interpretation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, the Court undermined the authority of the federal government to act against monopolies.	37
5978048710	Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	Legalized racial segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."	38
5978048711	Frontier Thesis	stereotypical thesis that west represented individualism, democracy, economic freedom, and starting over https://o.quizlet.com/vQsdYvvy28WLQUKZ-8RtzA_m.jpg	39
5978048712	Land Grants	land given by government to universities and railroad companies	40
5978048713	Dawes Act	land given to individual Indians to discourage tribal mindset; encouraged Indians to farm for a living instead of communally owning land	41
5978048714	Bureau of Indian Affairs	designed to assimilate Native Americans (children particularly) into American culture	42
5978048715	Open Range	the idea that cattle can be grazed on large tracts of public and/or private property; invention of barbed wire ended this idea and drove many small cattle ranches out of business and off their small plots of land	43
5978048716	Vertical Integration	Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to own every step of the manufacturing process (ex. Carnegie Steel)	44
5978048717	Horizontal Integration	Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to purchase competing companies in the same industry; monopoly-building (ex. Rockefeller's Standard Oil)	45
5978048718	Knights of Labor	American labor organization in the 1880s led by Terence V. Powderly. Organized a wide range of workers, including skilled and unskilled, and had broad reform goals.	46
5978048719	Haymarket Riot	Labor dispute in Chicago that ended with a bomb being thrown at police resulting in many deaths. Led to an unfavorable public opinion of organized labor.	47
5978048720	American Federation of Labor	An organization of various trade unions that fought for specific reforms (as opposed to broad changes supported by the Knights of Labor).	48
5978048721	Homestead and Pullman Strikes	Industrial lockouts and strikes that showed battle between corporations and labor unions. Ended with government intervention on the side of big business.	49
5978048722	Urbanization	movement of people from rural communities and settlements to big cities	50
5978048723	"New Immigrants"	immigrants from southern and eastern Europe such as Poland, Italy, etc. that arrived in the US in the latter half of the 19th century	51
5978048724	Chinese Exclusion Act	First law limiting immigration based on race; effectively stopped immigration from China through the end of WWII.	52
5978048725	Political Machine	Unofficial political organization that works to win elections in order to exercise power; sometimes referred to as a shadow government; rose to power in the late 1800s because of ill-equipped local governments that failed to meet the needs of growing urban populations	53
5978048726	Tammany Hall	Political machine of New York City that was well-known for its corruption; lead by William Boss Tweed	54
5978048727	Pendelton Civil Service Act	Standardized an exam for federal employees so that people were awarded jobs on merit rather than political affiliations; also made it illegal to remove federal employees without just cause.	55
5978048728	Sherman Antitrust Act	Outlawed monopolistic business practices; not effective initially without a strong progressive federal government that would enforce it.	56
5978048729	Grange Movement and Farmers Alliance	Grassroots movements that attempted to address the plight of farmers in the late 1800s; attempted to regulate railroads and enlarge opportunity for credit; evolved into Populist movement.	57
5978048730	William Jennings Bryan	Democratic presidential hopeful that was a member of the Populist Party; free silver advocate; "Do not crucify mankind on a cross of gold".	58
5978048731	Seward's Folly	Secretary of State William Seward's negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. At the time everyone thought this was a mistake to buy Alaska the "ice box" but it turned out to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana purchase.	59
5978048732	Susan B. Anthony	Social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association.	60
5978048733	Laissez-Faire Economics	This was an economic philosophy begun by Adam Smith in his book, Wealth of Nations, that stated that business and the economy would run best with no interference from the government. This economic thought dominated most of the time period of the Industrial Revolution.	61
5978048734	New South	After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. In reality, this growth was fairly slow.	62
5978048735	Americanization	Process of assimilating immigrants into American culture by teaching English, American history, and citizenship.	63
5978048736	middle class	a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers	64
5978048737	Interstate Commerce Act	Created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to regulate railroads to be fairer to farmers; first legislation to regulate corporations; ineffective because government failed to enforce it.	65
5978048738	Andrew Carnegie	A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.	66
5978048739	transcontinental railroads	a railroad that would cross the continent and connect the East to the West; opened new markets and helped spur the Industrial Revolution	67
5978048740	Social Gospel	Late 19th-century movement Protestant movement preaching that all true Christians should be concerned with the plight of immigrants and other poor residents of American cities and should financially support efforts to improve lives of these poor urban dwellers. Settlement houses were often financed by funds raised by ministers of this movement.	68
5978048741	Standard Oil	John D. Rockefeller's company that gained a monopoly over the world petroleum market with the practice of trusts and swift elimination of competition.	69
5978048742	Carnegie Steel	A steel producing company created by Andrew Carnegie to manage business at his steel mills in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area in the late 19th century. Significance: had a monopoly in the steel industry. vertical integrations.	70
5978048743	John D. Rockefeller	Wealthy owner of Standard Oil Company. Considered to be a robber baron who used ruthless tactics to eliminate other businesses. Built trusts and used money to influence government.	71
5978048744	Industrial Revolution	Period characterized by the rapid social and economic changes in manufacturing and agriculture that occurred in England during the late 18th century and rapidly diffused to other parts of the developed world. In the US, this occurred during the period roughly 1825-1925.	72

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US AP History Period 1 Flashcards

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7005550507	How did early Americans reach North and South America?	They crossed a land bridge from Asia	0
7005550508	When was the land bridge formed? What was it made of?	During the ice age, ice/land	1
7005550509	What were the Indians doing when they crossed the land bridge?	Following food or herds	2
7005550510	What were the most complex Indian communities?	Mayan, Inca and Aztecs	3
7005550511	What did the cultivation of maize do?	Transform nomadic hunter-gather societies into settled farming communities	4
7005550512	What kinds of items did Europeans desire from Persia and China?	Silk, Spices, Oils/Perfumes	5
7005550513	What were the Spanish 3 motives for exploration?	1. God 2. Gold 3. Glory	6
7005550514	Which direction did Portugal head to reach Asia and India?	South along the West coast of Africa.	7
7005550515	Who married to make Spain whole?	Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille	8
7005550516	Where did Columbus land?	Hispainola	9
7005550517	Columbus died thinking what?	That he had found a trade route to Asia and that he had landed on the outskirts of India	10
7005550518	When Spain and Portugal went to the pope to see how to divide the world, the pope made what?	The Treaty of Tordesillas	11
7005550519	What did the Treaty of Tordesillas say?	Divided the trade routes to Asia: Spain gets the route across the Atlantic and Portugal gets the route around Africa. Also, Spain got a lot of land in the New World and Portugal got present-day Brazil.	12
7005550520	Who came to the New World once it was discovered?	Spanish conquistadors	13
7005550521	Who conquered the Aztecs? Who conquered the Incas?	Cortes-Aztecs Pizzaro- Incas	14
7005550522	What are the 2 things the Spanish give the Indians in exchange for their work (in the Encomienda System)	1. Provide food, shelter, and good treatment to the Indians 2. Convert them to Christians	15
7005550523	What was the Encomienda System basically?	Slavery	16
7005550524	Who worked for Indian's rights?	Bartolome de las Casas	17
7005550525	What happened when the Spanish ran out of Indians to do work?	They went and got Africans	18
7005550526	Who was the explorer sent by England to the New World? Where did he explore?	John Cabot- coastline of North America	19
7005550527	Who was an explorer sent by Spain to the New World? (not Columbus) Where did he explore?	Vasco Nunez de Balboa- Pacific Ocean	20
7005550528	What is Ferdinand Magellan credited with?	The 1st circumnavigation of the earth	21
7005550529	When the Spanish moved north, what did they establish? Where?	A fort (outpost) in St. Augustine, Fl	22
7005550530	What is the Biological (Columbian) Exchange?	Exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between Old World and New World after the time of Columbus.	23
7005550531	What 3 crops from the Americas ended up being staple crops in Europe?	1. Corn 2. Beans 3. Potatoes	24
7005550532	What was the "big" animal brought to the Americas that changed Indian life?	Horses	25
7005550533	What diseases were from the Old World and went to the New World?	Smallpox, malaria, yellow fever, influenza	26
7005550534	What disease did the Indians give Europeans?	Syphillis	27
7005550535	Columbian Exchange	An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.	28
7005550536	Encomienda	A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it	29
7005550537	Atlantic slave trade	Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. 98% of Africans were sent to the Caribbean, South and Central America.	30
7005550538	Bartolome de las Casas	First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor; however his suggestion to replace Natives with Africans was won he would regret.	31
7005550539	Maize	An early form of corn grown by Native Americans	32
7005550540	Anasazi	A Native American who lived in what is now southern Colorado and Utah and northern Arizona and New Mexico and who built cliff dwellings	33
7005550541	Iroquois	A later native group to the eastern woodlands. They blended agriculture and hunting living in common villages constructed from the trees and bark of the forests	34
7005550542	Cherokee	Are a Native American people historically settled in the Southeastern United States (principally Georgia, the Carolinas and Eastern Tennessee). Linguistically, they are part of the Iroquoian-language family. In the 19th century, historians and ethnographers recorded their oral tradition that told of the tribe having migrated south in ancient times from the Great Lakes region, where other Iroquoian-speaking peoples were located.	35
7005550543	Inuit	A member of a people inhabiting the Arctic (northern Canada or Greenland or Alaska or eastern Siberia)	36
7005550544	Maya	Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.	37
7005550545	Aztec	(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.	38
7005550546	Inca	Their empire stretched from what is today Ecuador to central Chili in the Andes Mountain region of South America. Called the Children of the Sun.	39
7005550547	Tenochtitlan	Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.	40
7005550548	Aztec calendar	365 days, divided into 18 months each with 20 days.	41
7005550549	Terrace farming	The cutting out of flat areas (terraces) into near vertical slopes to allow farming. Terrace farms appears as steps cut into a mountainside. This adaptation allowed both the early Chinese, and the Inca of Mesoamerica to grow enough food for their large populations.	42
7005550550	Nomad	Early, simplistic man that migrated across the land bridge.	43
7005550551	Causes for European interest in exploration?	The Holy Crusades, Renaissance and The Protestant Reformation.	44
7005550552	Martin Luther	Broke away from the Catholic Church because of his 95 problems with the Catholic Church.	45
7005550553	King Henry VIII	Broke away from the Catholic Church because of his disagreement with his inability to get divorced; which eventually led to civil unrest in his country.	46
7005550554	New France	Established in Canada and along the Mississippi River, focused on fur trade.	47

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 25 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 25 Diplomacy and World War II, 1929-1945

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5811788483	Good Neighbor Policy	President Franklin Roosevelt's foreign policy of promoting better relations with Latin America by using economic influence rather than military force in the region. (p. 523)	0
5811788484	Pan-American conferences	In 1933, the United States attended a conference in Montevideo, Uruguay, in which we pledged to never again intervene in the internal affairs of any Latin American country. At a second conference in 1936, the U.S. agreed to the cooperation between the U.S. and Latin American countries to defend the Western Hemisphere against foreign invasion. (p. 523)	1
5811788485	Soviet Union recognized	The Republican presidents of the 1920's had refused to grant diplomatic recognition to the Communist regime that ruled the Soviet Union. President Franklin Roosevelt promptly changed this policy by granting recognition in 1933. (p. 524)	2
5811788486	Independence for Philippines	In 1934, President Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass the Tydings-McDuffie Act which provided independence for the Philippines by 1946. (p. 524)	3
5811788487	reciprocal trade agreements	In 1934, Congress enacted a plan that would reduce tariffs for nations that reciprocated with comparable reductions for U.S. imports. (p. 524)	4
5811788488	Japan takes Manchuria	In September 1931, Japanese troops invaded Manchuria, on China's eastern seaboard. The League of Nations passed a resolution condemning the action but did not take action. (p. 521)	5
5811788489	Stimson Doctrine	In 1932, Secretary of State Henry Stimson said the United States would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria. (p. 522)	6
5811788490	fascism	A political system in which people glorify their nation and their race through an aggressive show of force. Economic hardships led to the rise of military dictatorships, first in Italy, then in Japan and Germany. (p. 524)	7
5811788491	Italian Fascist party	In 1922, they seized power in Italy. They attracted dissatisfied war veterans, nationalists, and those afraid of rising communism. They marched on Rome and installed Mussolini in power. (p. 524)	8
5811788492	Benito Mussolini	He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945, he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance. (p. 524)	9
5811788494	German Nazi party	This party arose in 1920's Germany in reaction to deplorable economic conditions after war and national resentments over the Treaty of Versailles. By 1933, the party under leader Adolph Hitler, had gained control of the German legislature. (p. 524)	10
5811788496	Axis Powers	Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.	11
5811788497	Spanish Civil War	In 1936, a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war, by 1939 Franco had established a military dictatorship. (p. 525)	12
5811788498	Francisco Franco	In 1936, he plunged Spain into a Civil War. By 1939, Franco's Fascist had established a military dictatorship. (p. 525)	13
5811788499	Rhineland	In 1936, Adolf Hitler invaded this region. This was in violation of the Treaty of Versailles which had declared the area a demilitarized zone. (p. 526)	14
5811788500	Sudetenland	In 1938, Hitler insisted Germany had the right to take over an area in western Czechoslovakia. (p. 526)	15
5811788501	Munich	A 1938 conference, at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that he would not expand Germany's territory any further. (p. 526)	16
5811788502	appeasement	A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. In the years 1935 to 1938, a series of military actions by Fascist dictatorships made Britain, France, and the United States nervous, but they did nothing to stop the actions. * 1935 - Italy invades Ethiopia * 1936 - German troops invade the Rhineland * 1937 - Japan invades China * 1938 - Germany takes the Sudetenland (p. 526)	17
5811788503	Poland; blitzkrieg	On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded this country using overwhelming air power and fast-moving tanks, a term of warfare called lightning war. Britain and France then declared war against Germany. (p. 528)	18
5811788504	isolationism	A policy of non-participation in international economic and political relations. A 1934 committee led by Senator Gerald Nye concluded the main reason for participation in World War I was because of the bankers and arm manufacturers greed. This caused the U.S. public to be against any involvement in the early stages of World War II. (p.. 525)	19
5811788505	Nye Committee	In 1934, a Senate committee led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate why America became involved in World War I. They concluded that bankers and arm manufacturers pushed the U.S. into the war so they could profit from selling military arms. This committee's work pushed America toward isolationism for the following years. (p. 525)	20
5811788506	Neutrality Acts	Laws passed by isolationists in the late 1930s, that were designed to keep the United States out of international wars. (p. 525)	21
5811788507	America First Committee	In 1940, after World War II had begun in Asia and Europe, isolationists became alarmed by President Roosevelt's support for Britain. To mobilize American public opinion against the war, they formed this committee. Charles A. Lindbergh was one of it spokesmen. (p. 525)	22
5811788508	Charles Lindbergh	In 1927, this U.S. aviator thrilled the world, by making the first nonstop flight from Long Island to Paris. In 1940, he was a speaker for the isolationist America First Committee. (p. 480, 525)	23
5811788509	Quarantine speech	In 1937, President Franklin D. Roosevelt made this speech after Japan invaded China. He proposed that democracies act together to "quarantine" Japan. Public reaction to the speech by the American public was negative, and the idea was abandoned. (p. 526)	24
5811788510	cash and carry	Policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality, while aiding Great Britain. Great Britain could buy U.S. military arms if it paid in full and used its own ships to transport them. (p. 528)	25
5811788511	Selective Training and Service Act	In 1940, Roosevelt passed this law requiring all males aged 21 to 36 to register for military service. (p. 528)	26
5811788512	destroyers-for-bases deal	In September 1940, Roosevelt cleverly arranged a trade that would help Great Britain. The United States gave Britain fifty older but still serviceable US destroyers, in exchange the U.S. was given the right to build military bases on British Islands in the Caribbean. (p. 528)	27
5811788514	Wendell Willkie	Franklin Roosevelt's Republican opponent in the 1940 Presidential election. (p. 529)	28
5811788515	Four Freedoms speech	A speech by President Franklin Roosevelt on January 6, 1941 that proposed lending money to Britain for the purchase of U.S. military weapons. He argued that the U.S. must help other nations defend "four freedoms" (freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear). (p. 529)	29
5811788516	Lend-Lease Act	In March 1941, this act permitted Britain to obtain all U.S. arms they needed on credit during World War II. (p. 529)	30
5811788517	Atlantic Charter	In August 1941, U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston Churchill met aboard a ship off the coast of Newfoundland. They created this agreement which outlined the principles for peace after the war. (p. 530)	31
5811788518	escort convoys	In July 1941, the U.S. began to provide protection for British ship carrying U.S. arms being transported to Britain. (p. 530)	32
5811788519	oil and steel embargo	In September 1940, Japan joined the Axis powers. The United States responded by prohibiting export of steel and scrap iron to Japan and other countries. In July 1941, when Japan invaded French Indochina, the U.S. cut off Japanese access to many vital materials, including U.S. oil. (p. 530)	33
5811788521	War Production Board	During World War II, President Roosevelt established this agency to allocated scarce materials, limit or stop the production of civilian goods, and distribute contracts among competing manufacturers. (p. 531)	34
5811788522	Office of Price Administration	This World War II federal agency regulated most aspects of civilian lives by freezing prices, wages, and rents and rationing commodities in order to control inflation. (p. 532)	35
5811788523	government spending, debt (WWII)	During World War II federal spending increased 1000 percent between 1939 and 1945, and the gross national product grew by 15 percent or more each year. By the war's end, the national debt was $250 billion, five times what it had been in 1941. (p. 532)	36
5811788524	role of large corporations	During World War II, the 100 largest corporations accounted for 70 percent of wartime manufacturing. (p. 532)	37
5811788525	research and development	The United States government worked closely with industrial companies, universities, and research labs to create and improve technologies that could be used to defeat the enemy. (p. 532)	38
5811788526	Manhattan Project	Code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II. (p. 532)	39
5811788527	Office of War Information	Established by the government to promote patriotism and help keep Americans united behind the World War II effort. (p. 533)	40
5811788528	the Good War	The term for the unity of Americans supporting the democratic ideals in fighting World War II. (p. 533)	41
5811788529	wartime migration	During World War II, over 1.5 million African-Americans migrated from the South to job opportunities in the North and the West. (p. 533)	42
5811788530	civil rights, Double V campaign	During World War II civil rights leaders encouraged African Americans to adopt the Double V slogan - one for victory, one for equality. (p 533)	43
5811788531	FDR's executive order on jobs	During World War II, President Roosevelt issued an executive order to prohibit discrimination in government and in businesses that received federal contracts. (p. 533)	44
5811788532	Smith v. Allwright	This Supreme Court case in 1944 ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African Americans as a way of excluding them from voting in primaries. (p. 533)	45
5811788533	Braceros program	A program the American and Mexican governments agreed to, in which contract laborers would be admitted to the United States for a limited time as migrant farm workers (p. 533)	46
5811788534	Japanese internment	In 1942, over 100,000 Japanese Americans living on the United States West coast were rounded up and put in internment camps. (p. 534)	47
5811788535	Korematsu v. U.S.	A 1944 Supreme Court case which upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay financial compensation to each survivor. (p. 534)	48
5811788536	Rosie the Riveter	A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in industrial jobs in the shipyards and defense plants during World War II. (p. 534)	49
5811788537	wartime solidarity	The New Deal helped immigrant groups feel more included, and serving together in combat or working together in defense plants helped to reduce prejudices. (p. 534)	50
5811788538	election of 1944	In this presidential election, Franklin D. Roosevelt replaced his vice president with Harry S. Truman, as they ran against Republican Thomas Dewey. Roosevelt won an unprecedented fourth term, but he died within three months. (p. 534)	51
5811788539	Harry S. Truman	He became president on April 12, 1945, when President Franklin Roosevelt died suddenly. In August 1945, he order an atomic bomb be dropped on Hiroshima then on Nagasaki, to end the war with Japan. Japan surrendered on September 2, 1945. (p. 537, 538)	52
5811788540	Battle of the Atlantic	The protracted naval war to control the shipping lanes in the North Atlantic. (p. 535)	53
5811788541	strategic bombing	United States bomber carried out daylight bombing raids on military targets in Europe, but the lines between military and civilian targets became blurred as war went on. (p. 535)	54
5811788542	Dwight Eisenhower	The United States general who commanded the invasion of Normandy (D-Day), Casablanca and the defeat of Nazi Germany. (p. 536)	55
5811788543	D-Day	On June 6, 1944 the Allies landed in northern France with the largest invasion by sea in history. By the end of August Paris was liberated from the Nazis, and by September Allied troops had crossed the German border. (p. 536)	56
5811788545	island-hopping	The United States strategy in the Pacific, which called for capturing Japanese-held islands in the Pacific and moving on to others to bring the American military closer and closer to Japan itself. (p. 536)	57
5811788546	Battle of Midway	On June 4-7, 1942, the U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet at Midway Island. The Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. The battle marked a turning point in the war in the Pacific. (p. 536)	58
5811788547	Douglas MacArthur	United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II. (p. 537)	59
5811788548	kamikaze attacks	Japanese pilots would deliberately crash their planes into American ships, killing themselves, but also inflicting severe damage to the ships. (p. 537)	60
5811788549	J. Robert Oppenheimer	American theoretical physicist and professor of physics. He led the top-secret Manhattan Project, which built the world's first atomic bomb. (p. 537)	61
5811788550	atomic bomb	A nuclear weapon in which enormous energy is released by nuclear fission. (p. 537)	62
5811788551	Hiroshima; Nagasaki	On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. Then on August 9, a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. About 250,000 Japanese died as a result. Within a week after the second bomb was dropped, Japan agreed to surrender. (p. 537)	63
5811788552	Big Three	The leaders of the Allies during World War II included: Soviet Union - Joseph Stalin, Great Britain - Winston Churchill, United States - Franklin Roosevelt. (p. 537)	64
5811788553	Casablanca Conference	The conference attended by Roosevelt and Churchill in January 1943, to discuss the strategy to win World War II. The plan called for the invasion of Sicily and Italy by British and American troops. They resolved to accept nothing less than unconditional surrender of Axis powers. (p. 537)	65
5811788554	unconditional surrender	A surrender with any demands or requests. (p. 538)	66
5811788555	Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam	The three cities that held conferences for the leaders of the Allied powers, United States, Great Britain, and Soviet Union during World War II. (p. 538)	67
5811788556	United Nations	On October 24, 1945, this international organization formed after World War II to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. (p. 539)	68

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 8 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition Chapter 8 Nationalism and Economic Development, 1816-1848

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5672530845	Era of Good Feelings	Term to describe James Monroe's period as president (1817-1825). The Democratic-Republicans party dominated politics. Feelings of nationalism, optimism, and goodwill prevailed. On the surface everything looked fine, however there were conflicts over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements, and public land sales. (p. 150)	0
5672530846	sectionalism	The Era of Good Feelings was damaged by the sectional controversy of the Missouri Compromise. Sectionalist tension over slavery became apparent during that time. Sectionalism will help develop the two party system (p. 150, 157)	1
5672530847	James Monroe	The fifth President of the United States (1817-1825). His administration was marked by the Tariff of 1816, Rush-Bagot Agreement with Britain (1817), acquisition of Florida (1819), the Missouri Compromise (1820), and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823). (p 151)	2
5672530848	cultural nationalism	A new generation was interested in expanding west, had little interest in European politics, and patriotic themes were everywhere in society, art, schoolbooks, etc. Expanding schools used Noah Webster's blue backed speller which promoted patriotism. (p. 151)	3
5672530849	economic nationalism	Political movement to subsidize internal improvements such as roads and canals. Also the protecting of US industries from European competition. (p. 151)	4
5672530850	Tariff of 1816	The first protective tariff in U.S. history. Previous tariffs had purpose of raising revenue. It helped protect American industry from British competition by placing a tax on imported British manufactured goods. (p. 151)	5
5672530851	protective tariff	A tax on imported goods that is intended to protect a nation's businesses from foreign competition. (p. 151)	6
5672530852	Henry Clay; American System	His proposed plan for advancing the nation's economic growth consisted of three parts: 1) protective tariffs, 2) a national bank, and 3) internal improvements. The internal improvements, to be funded by the national government, were not approved because James Monroe felt that the Constitution did not allow it. (p. 152)	7
5672530853	Second Bank of the United States	This institution was chartered in 1816 under President James Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks. It became unpopular after being blamed for the Panic of 1819. Suspicion of corruption and mismanagement haunted it, until its charter expired in 1836. (p. 152)	8
5672530854	Panic of 1819	In 1819, this was the first major financial panic since the Constitution had been ratified. Many state banks closed, and unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt increased sharply. the depression was most severe in the West, where many people had speculated on land. Largely blamed on the Second Bank of the US and its tight money policies to control inflation. (p. 153)	9
5672628044	Changes in the Democratic-Republican Party	some like John Randolph clung to old ideas of limited govt and strict constitutional interpretation most adopted old Federalist ideas such as large army and navy and support for national bank some revised views like Daniel Webster who opposed tariffs before he supported them some reversed positions such as John C. Calhoun--states' rights advocate after 1828 Election of 1824 splits party	10
5672530855	Lancaster Turnpike	Built in the 1790s, this first highway was developed in response to the ineffectiveness of slow water transportation and uncertain road transportation. It stretched from Philadelphia to Lancaster and inspired many other turnpike projects. (p. 161)	11
5672530856	National (Cumberland) Road	A paved highway that extended more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois. It was built using state and federal money over many years (1811-1852). One of the few roads crossing state boundaries. (p. 161)	12
5672530857	Erie Canal	A New York canal, completed in 1825, that linked the economies of western and eastern cities. It lead to more canal building, lower food prices in the East, more settlers in the West, and stronger economic ties between the regions. (p. 161)	13
5672530858	Robert Fulton; steamboats	In 1807, he built a boat powered by a steam engine. Commercial steamboat lines soon made river shipping faster and cheaper. (p. 161)	14
5672530859	railroads	A major economic development of the 1820s. By the 1830s they were competing directly competing with canals as a method for carrying passengers and freight. Towns such as Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit, and Chicago soon became booming commercial centers. (p. 161)	15
5672530860	Eli Whitney; interchangeable parts	In 1793, he built the first cotton gin, which would have a huge impact on the Southern economy. During the War of 1812 he devised a system to make rifles with mass produced interchangeable parts. (p. 162)	16
5672530861	corporations	In 1811, New York state passed a law that made it easier for business to incorporate and raise capital by selling shares of stock. Owners of a corporation only risked the money they had invested in a venture. This allowed large sums of money to be raised to build factories, canals, and railroads. (p. 162)	17
5672530862	Samuel Slater	British-born textile producer and one of the first industrialists in America. In 1791, he helped establish the nation's first factory using cotton spinning machine technology. (p. 162)	18
5672530863	factory system	In the 1820s, New England emerged as the country's leading manufacturing center because of abundant water power to drive machinery and seaports to ship goods. (p. 162)	19
5672530864	Lowell System; textile mills	The system that recruited young farm women to work in textile mills and house them in company dormitories. (p. 163)	20
5672530865	industrialization	Caused a shift from farming economy to using manufacturing machines in a factory economy. (p. 164)	21
5672530866	specialization	Farmers produced food, workers in the cities produced manufactured goods. (p. 164)	22
5672530867	unions	Trade unions were organized as early as the 1790s when the factory system started to take hold. A prime goal of the early unions was a 10 hour workday. (p. 163)	23
5672530868	cotton gin	In 1793, this machine was invented by Eli Whitney. It removed seeds from cotton fibers so cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. As a result more cotton was grown in the South and more slaves were needed in the cotton fields. (p. 162)	24
5672530869	market revolution	This revolution was a result of specialization on the farm, growth of the cities/urbanization, industrialization, and the development of modern capitalism. It brought the end of self-sufficient households and a growing interdependence among people. Effects: women--work and family life changed--those seeking jobs in towns usually had two options: domestic service or teaching; most working women were single; more control over lives economic and social mobility--real wages improved; gap between rich and poor increases; great opportunity for social mobility than Europe. slavery--rapid growth of textile industry and profitability of cotton increased institution (p. 164)	25
5672530870	John Marshall	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835. A Federalist, whose decisions favored the central government and the rights of property against advocates of state's rights. Several of his decisions became landmark ruling that defined the relationship between the central government and the states. (p. 153)	26
5672530871	Fletcher v. Peck	An 1810 Supreme Court case, in which Georgia tried to revoke a land grant on the grounds that it had been obtained by corruption. The Supreme Court ruled that a state cannot arbitrarily interfere with a person's property rights. Since the land grant was a legal contract, it could not be repealed. This was the first time that the Supreme Court declared a state law to be unconstitutional and invalid. (p. 154)	27
5672530872	McCulloch v. Maryland	This 1819 Supreme Court case, ruled that states could not tax a federal institution, the Bank of the United States. The court ruled that, even though no clause in the Constitution specifically mentions a national bank, the Constitution gives the federal government the implied power to create one. It also solidified the supremacy of the national government over the states (p. 154)	28
5672530873	Dartmouth College v. Woodward	An 1819 Supreme Court case, in which New Hampshire attempted to change Dartmouth College from a private college into a public institution. The court struck down the state law as unconstitutional, arguing that a contract for a private corporation could not be altered by the state. (p. 154)	29
5672530874	Gibbons v. Ogden	This 1821 Supreme Court case ruled that New York state could not grant a monopoly to a steamboat company. This case established the federal government's control of interstate commerce. (p. 154)	30
5672530875	implied powers	Even though a power is not specifically stated in the Constitution, it may be possible for the federal government to exercise a power. (p. 154)	31
5672530876	Tallmadge Amendment	Proposed solution to Missouri becoming a state. It forbade slavery in Missouri and said that all black children would be free after the age of 25. It did not pass in the Senate and angered the South. (p. 156)	32
5672530877	Missouri Compromise	An 1820 compromise, that allowed Missouri to join the Union as a slave state, and Maine to join as a free state. It also established a line across the southern border of Missouri (36°,30') stating that except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be states without slavery. (p. 157)	33
5672530879	Rush-Bagot Agreement	An 1817 disarmament pact between U.S. and Britain, it strictly limited Naval armament on the Great Lakes. The agreement was extended to place limits on U.S. and Canadian border fortifications. (p. 157)	34
5672530880	Treaty of 1818	Treaty between U.S. and Britain which 1) shared fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland, 2) joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for ten years, 3) set the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel. (p. 157)	35
5672530881	Andrew Jackson	In 1817, this general lead a militia force to Florida where he destroyed Seminole villages and hung Seminole sympathizers. He would later become president. (p. 158)	36
5672530882	Florida Purchase Treaty/ Adams-Onis Treaty	An 1819 treaty, in which Spain turned over Florida and the Oregon Territory to the United States. The U.S. agree to assume $5 million debt and give up any claims in Texas. (p. 158)	37
5672530883	Monroe Doctrine	An 1823 doctrine by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets. (p. 158)	38

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 18 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 18 The Growth of Cities and American Culture, 1865-1900

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5522598667	causes of immigration	Forces in the United States driving this process were (1) political and religious freedom, (2) economic opportunities in the western U.S. and cities, (3) large steamships offered relatively inexpensive transportation. (p. 361)	0
5522598668	old immigrants	Through the 1880s, they came to the United States from northern and western Europe. They were mostly Protestant and had a high-level of literacy. (p. 361)	1
5522598669	new immigrants	From the 1890s to 1914, they came to the United States from southern and eastern Europe. Mostly non-Protestant, poor and illiterate. (p. 361)	2
5522598670	Statue of Liberty	Began in the 1870's, by the French sculptor Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi. It opened in New York Harbor, in 1886. (p. 362)	3
5522598671	Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882	It was the first bill regarding immigration. It placed a ban on all new immigrants from China. (p. 362)	4
5522598672	Immigration Act of 1882	In 1882, this act placed restrictions on the immigration of undesirable persons, such as paupers, criminals, convicts, and mentally incompetent. (p. 362)	5
5522598673	Contract Labor Act of 1885	Restricted the immigration of temporary workers, to protect American workers. (p. 362)	6
5522598674	American Protective Association	A nativist society that was prejudiced against Roman Catholics. (p. 362)	7
5522598675	Ellis Island 1892	An immigration center opened in 1892 in New York Harbor. (p. 362)	8
5522598676	melting pot vs. cultural diversity	The historian's term, melting pot, refers to immigrants leaving their old-world characteristics and adopting the United States characteristics. Other historians argue that first-generation immigrants maintained their cultural identity and only the second and third generations were assimilated in the U.S. society. (p. 373)	9
5522598677	cause of migration	In the late 1800s, forces driving Europeans to migrate to the United States were (1) Displaced farmworkers by political turmoil and mechanization, (2) Overcrowding due to population boom, (3) Religious persecution. (p. 361)	10
5522598678	streetcar cities	In these cities, people lived in residences many miles from their jobs and commuted to work by horse-drawn streetcars. (p. 363)	11
5522598679	steel-framed buildings	Skyscrapers were made possible by this type of building. The first, was the Home Insurance Company Building in Chicago. It was made possible by a steel skeleton, Otis elevator, and central steam heating system. (p. 363)	12
5522598680	tenements, poverty	As rich people left residences near the business district, the buildings were often divided into small crowded windowless apartments for the poor. (p. 363)	13
5522598681	ethnic neighborhoods	Different immigrant groups created distinct neighborhoods where they could maintain their distinct identity. (p. 363)	14
5522598682	residential suburbs	By 1900, suburbs had grown up around every major U.S. city. the United States became the world's first suburban nation. (p. 364)	15
5522598683	political machines, boss	Political parties in major cities came under the control of tightly organized groups of politicians, known as political machines. Each machine had its boss, the top politician who gave orders and doled out government jobs. (p. 364)	16
5522598684	Tammany Hall	A political machine in New York City, which developed into a power center. (p. 364)	17
5522598685	urban reformers	Urban reformers stated more than 400 settlement houses in the cities. They provided services to help poor immigrants. (p. 365)	18
5522598686	City Beautiful movement	In the 1890s, this movement included plans to remake America's cities with tree-lined boulevards, public parks, and public cultural attractions. (p. 364)	19
5522598687	Henry George	A San Francisco journalist who authored "Progress and Poverty" in 1879 that called to attention the failings of laissez-faire capitalism along with the wealth polarization caused by industrialization. (p. 365)	20
5522598688	Edward Bellamy	In 1888, he wrote "Looking Backward", a popular book of social criticism that that envisioned a future that had eliminated poverty, greed, and crime. (p. 365)	21
5522598689	Jane Addams	In 1889, she started Hull House in Chicago, which was a settlement house which provide help to immigrants. (p. 365)	22
5522598690	settlement houses	They provide social services to new immigrants. (p. 365)	23
5522598691	Social Gospel	In the 1880s and 1890s this movement espoused social justice for the poor based on Christian principles. (p. 365)	24
5522598692	Walter Rauschenbusch	The leading figure of the Social Gospel movement, and a New York City minister. (p. 365)	25
5522598693	Cardinal Gibbons	A Roman Catholic leader who supported organized labor. (p. 366)	26
5522598694	Dwight Moody	He founded Moody Bible Institute, in 1889. It helped generations of urban evangelists to adapt traditional Christianity to city life. (p. 366)	27
5522598695	Salvation Army	Imported from England in 1879, this charity provided the basic necessities of life for the homeless and the poor while also preaching Christian Gospel. (p. 366)	28
5522598696	family size; divorce	Family size continued to drop as more people moved from the farms to the cities. Children were needed to do work on farms, but in the city they did not provide that advantage. Divorce rates increased as the legal grounds for divorce became more lenient. (p. 366)	29
5522598697	Susan B. Anthony, NAWSA	In 1890, one of the founders of the National American Womens Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which worked to secure voting rights for women. (p. 366)	30
5522598698	Francis Willard, WCTU	Leader of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) which advocated total abstinence from alcohol. (p. 367)	31
5522598699	Antisaloon League	In 1893, this organization became a powerful political force and by 1916 had persuaded twenty one states to close down all saloons and bars. (p. 367)	32
5522598700	Carrie Nation	She raided saloons and smashed barrels of beer with a hatchet. (p. 367)	33
5522598701	kindergarten	In the late 1800s, the practice of sending children to kindergarten became popular. (p. 367)	34
5522598702	public high school	In the late 1800s, there was growing support for tax-supported public high schools. (p. 367)	35
5522598703	college elective system	In the late 1800s, colleges started reducing the number of required courses and offered more elective courses. These were courses students could choose, and this increased the number of foreign language and science courses. (p. 368)	36
5522598704	Johns Hopkins University	This university was founded in Baltimore in 1876, the first to specialize in advanced graduate studies. (p. 368)	37
5522598705	new social sciences	New fields such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and political science emerged. (p 368)	38
5522598706	Richard T. Ely	He attacked laissez-faire economic thought as dogmatic and outdated and used economics to study labor unions and trusts. (p. 368)	39
5522598707	Oliver Wendell Holmes	He taught that law should evolve with the times and not be bound by previous precedents or decisions. (p. 368)	40
5522598708	Clarence Darrow	A famous lawyer, he argued that criminal behavior could be caused by an environment of poverty, neglect, and abuse. (p. 368)	41
5522598709	W.E.B. Du Bois	A leading black intellectual, he advocated for equality for blacks, integrated schools, and equal access to higher education. (p. 368)	42
5522598710	realism, naturalism	Mark Twain became the first realist author and his books often showed the greed, violence, and racism in American society. Authors known for their naturalism focused in how emotions and experience shaped human experience. (p. 369)	43
5522598711	Mark Twain	The first great realist author, he is famous for his classic "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn". (p. 369)	44
5522598712	Stephen Crane	He wrote in the 1890s about the human condition. His books included "Maggie: A Girl in the Streets" and the "Red Badge of Courage". (p. 369)	45
5522598713	Jack London	He wrote about the conflict between man and nature in books such as "The Call of the Wild". (p. 369)	46
5522598714	Theodore Dreiser	The author of "Sister Carrie". Notable for its naturalism and controversy, as it ran contrary to the moral undercurrents of 1900. (p. 369)	47
5522598715	Winslow Homer	The foremost American painter of seascapes and watercolors. (p. 369)	48
5522598716	Thomas Eakins	Specialized in the painting of the working class and used serial-action photographs to study human anatomy. (p. 369)	49
5522598717	Impressionism	A painting technique that originating in France. (p. 370)	50
5522598718	James Whistler	An American expat, he painted Arrangement in Grey and Black, popularly known as Whistler's Mother. It was a quintessential example of his study of color rather than subject. (p. 370)	51
5522598719	Mary Cassatt	An American impressionist painter known as a portrait painter. She spent much of her life in France. (p. 370)	52
5522598720	Ashcan School	Around 1900, they painted scenes of everyday life in poor urban neighborhoods. (p. 370)	53
5522598721	Armory Show	A New York painting exhibit in 1913 that featured abstract paintings. (p. 370)	54
5522598722	abstract art	Non-representational art, not accepted by Americans until the 1950s. (p. 370)	55
5522598723	Henry Hobson Richardson	His architectural designs of the 1870s, based on the Romanesque style, gave a gravity and stateliness to functional commercial buildings. (p. 370)	56
5522598724	Romanesque style	This architecture style featured massive stone walls and rounded arches. (p. 370)	57
5522598725	Louis Sullivan	He rejected historical architecture and focused on tall, steel-framed office buildings. He focused on building a form that followed function. A member of the Chicago School. (p. 370)	58
5522598726	form follows function	The form of the building flowed from its function. (p. 370)	59
5522598727	Frank Lloyd Wright	The most famous architect of the 20th century, he developed an organic style that made his buildings fit in with their natural surroundings. (p. 370)	60
5522598728	organic architecture	An architectural style in which the building was in harmony with its natural surroundings. (p. 370)	61
5522598729	Frederick Law Olmsted	The originator of landscape architecture, he designed Central Park and grounds of the U.S. Capitol. (p. 371)	62
5522598730	growth of leisure time	The growth of leisure time activities was a result of the reduction of work hours, improved transportation, advertizing, and the decline of restrictive values. (p. 371)	63
5522598731	John Philip Sousa	He wrote a series of popular marches played in small town bandstands across the country. (p. 371)	64
5522598732	jazz, blues, ragtime	A form of music that combined African rhythms and western-style instruments and mixed improvisation with a structured band format. (p. 371)	65
5522598733	Jelly Roll Morton	A famous African American jazz musician from New Orleans. (p. 371)	66
5522598734	Scott Joplin	A black composer notable for his contribution to ragtime. He sold over one million copies of his song "Maple Leaf Rag". (p 371)	67
5522598735	mass circulation newspapers	Large circulation newspapers had been around since 1830, but the first to exceed one million subscribers was Joseph Pulitzer's New York World. (p. 371)	68
5522598736	Joseph Pulitzer	He established the first newspaper to exceed over one million in circulation by filling it with sensational stories of crime and disaster. (p. 317)	69
5522598737	William Randolph Hearst	A newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism. (p. 371)	70
5522598738	Ladies Home Journal	By the 1880s, advertising and new printing technology lead to this magazine which sold for only 10 cents. (p. 371)	71
5522598739	circus trains	The national rail network made possible traveling circuses. (p. 371)	72
5522598740	Barnum & Bailey, Greatest Show on Earth	A traveling circus that was very popular. (p. 371)	73
5522598741	Buffalo Bill Wild West Show	William F. Cody brought this show to urban populations. (p. 372)	74
5522598742	spectator sports, boxing, baseball	In the late 19th century professional sports started. (p.372)	75
5522598743	amateur sports, bicycling, tennis	These were late 19th century sports of the middle and upper classes. (p. 372)	76
5522598744	social class and discrimination	In the late 19th century, sports such as golf and tennis became popular with wealth members of athletic clubs. The very rich pursued polo and yachting. (p. 372)	77
5522598745	country clubs, golf, polo, yachts	These were late 19th century sports of the wealthy. (p. 372)	78
5522598746	corner saloon, pool halls	In the late 19th century, young single men often centered their lives around these establishments. (p. 372)	79

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AP US History Period 4 (1800-1848) Flashcards

Key events and terms for mastery of the time period 1800-1848

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6712077852	Era of Good Feelings	A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.	0
6712077853	Sectionalism	Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict.	1
6712077854	James Monroe	The fifth president of the United States. His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas.	2
6712077855	Nationalism	A devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation.	3
6712077856	tariff	A tax on imported goods	4
6712077857	Tariff of 1816	1st protective tariff; helped protect American industry from competition by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.	5
6712077858	Henry Clay	Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state.	6
6712077859	American System	An economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.	7
6712077860	Second Bank of the US	States resent the main role of banks (present a state's bank notes for redemption that can easily ruin a bank). Thought banks didn't agree with local needs. Nicholas Biddle was president.	8
6712077861	Panic of 1819	1st major financial panic since the Constitution was ratified; marked the end of economic expansion and featured deflation (value of US money going down), depression, bank failures, foreclosures on western farms, unemployment, a slump in agriculture and manufacturing, and overcrowded debtor's prisons. Also risky lending practices of the state and local banks led to over speculation on lands in west- the national bank tightened its credit lending policies and eventually forced these state and local banks to foreclose mortgages on farms, which resulted in bankruptcies and prisons full of debtors.	9
6712077862	John Marshall	1755-1835. U.S. Chief Supreme Court Justice. Oversaw over 1000 decisions, including Marbury v Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland.	10
6712077863	Marbury v Madison	(1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. established judicial review	11
6712077864	McCulloch v Maryland	Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law	12
6712077865	Gibbons v Ogden	This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.	13
6712077866	Worcester v Georgia	A case in which the United States Supreme Court vacated the conviction of Samuel Worcester and held that the Georgia criminal statute that prohibited non-Indians from being present on Indian lands without a license from the state was unconstitutional.	14
6712077867	Implied powers	Powers derived from the "Necessary and Proper" or "Elastic" clause.	15
6712077868	Tallmadge Amendment	Proposed slave ban in Missouri Territory, called for emancipation of children born to slave parents; bill was defeated but led to the Missouri Compromise of 1820.	16
6712077869	Missouri Compromise of 1820	Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory	17
6712077870	Rush-Bagot Treaty	1817 - This treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain (which controlled Canada) provided for the mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. This was later expanded into an unarmed Canada/U.S. border.	18
6712077871	Convention of 1818	Britain and the United States agreed to the 49th parallel as the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory between Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains. The two nations also agreed to joint occupation of the Oregon country for ten years.	19
6712077872	Adams Onis Treaty	1819. Settled land dispute between Spain and United States as a result of tensions brought on by weakening Spanish power in the New World. U.S. gained Florida in exchange for $5 million and renounced any claims on Texas and settled boundary between two countries to the Pacific Ocean.	20
6712077873	Monroe Doctrine	1823, 1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.	21
6712077874	National Road	First national road building project funded by Congress. It made travel and transportation of goods much easier because it was one continuous road that was in good condition.	22
6712077875	Lancaster Turnpike	Pennsylvania turnpike, built in the 1790s, which connected Philadelphia with the rich farmlands around Lancaster. Its success stimulated the construction of other privately built and relatively short toll roads that, by the mid-1820s, connected most of the country's major cities	23
6712077876	Erie Canal	A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. Connected Great Lakes farms and western markets with New York City leading to its rise as a center of trade and commerce.	24
6712077877	Steamboat	A boat powered by a steam engine that turns a large paddle wheel.	25
6712077878	Eli Whitney	An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged	26
6712077879	Interchangeable parts	1799-1800 - Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which uses standardized parts which are all identical and thus, interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney first put used standardized parts to make muskets for the U.S. government.	27
6712077880	Lowell System	Developed in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 1820s, in these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were needed in the process, and the workers were almost all single young farm women, who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives. Managers found these young women were the perfect workers for this type of factory life.	28
6712077881	Industrialization	Development of a system which supports machine production of goods	29
6712077882	Specialization	Development of skills in a specific kind of work	30
6712077883	Market Revolution	Dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. Resulted from thee combo impact of the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the development of a transportation network of roads, canals and railroads.	31
6712077884	Thomas Jefferson	Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Lived at Monticello. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virginia. Third president of the United States. Designed the buildings of the University of Virginia. Purchased Louisiana for the US even though the purchase was outside of his belief in strict construction of the Constitution.	32
6712077885	Embargo Act of 1807	This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.	33
6712077886	War of 1812	A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France. Caused by impressment of American sailors, British aid to Indians in the west with firearms, War Hawk Congressman wanted to invade Canada, and continued British interference with trade.	34
6712077887	Battle of New Orleans	A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.	35
6712077888	Treaty of Ghent	December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. The important result of the War of 1812 was that the US maintained its independence from Great Britain.	36
6712077889	Lewis and Clark	Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.	37
6712077890	Sacajawea	The Native American woman who was the personal guide and translator for Lewis and Clark and their expedition in northern Louisiana Territory	38
6712077891	Louisiana Purchase	In 1803, the purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.	39
6712077892	James Madison	(1809-1813) and (1813-1817) The War of 1812, the US declares war on Great Britain. In 1814, the British (technically the Canadians) set fire to the Capitol. The Treaty of Ghent ends the war in 1814., The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. Favored strict interpretation of the Constitution.	40
6712077893	Non-Intercourse Act	1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.	41
6712077894	Macon's Bill No 2	Reopened trade with Britain and France , America would lend its support to the first nation to drop trade restrictions; France acted first and America halted all British imports. The United States declared war on Britain.	42
6712077895	Napoleon	Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. When Napoleon gave up on western hemisphere territories after the Haitian Revolution, he sold the Louisiana Territory because he needed money in war with England. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.	43
6712077896	Haitian Revolution	A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its success; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Overture.	44
6712077897	Revolution of 1800	Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule.	45
6712077898	Barbary Pirate Wars	The Barbary Wars (or Tripolitan Wars) were two wars between the United States of America and Barbary States in North Africa in the early 19th century. At issue was the pirates' demand of tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. American naval power attacked the pirate cities and extracted concessions of fair passage from their rulers.	46
6712077899	Tecumseh	A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.	47