AP US History Period 4 (1800-1848) Flashcards
Key events and terms for mastery of the time period 1800-1848
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| 6097648520 | Era of Good Feelings | A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts. |  | 0 |
| 6097648521 | Sectionalism | Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict. | 1 | |
| 6097648522 | James Monroe | The fifth president of the United States. His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas. | | 2 |
| 6097648523 | Nationalism | A devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation. | 3 | |
| 6097648524 | tariff | A tax on imported goods | 4 | |
| 6097648525 | Tariff of 1816 | 1st protective tariff; helped protect American industry from competition by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S. |  | 5 |
| 6097648526 | Henry Clay | Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state. |  | 6 |
| 6097648527 | American System | An economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power. | 7 | |
| 6097648528 | Second Bank of the US | States resent the main role of banks (present a state's bank notes for redemption that can easily ruin a bank). Thought banks didn't agree with local needs. Nicholas Biddle was president. |  | 8 |
| 6097648529 | Panic of 1819 | 1st major financial panic since the Constitution was ratified; marked the end of economic expansion and featured deflation (value of US money going down), depression, bank failures, foreclosures on western farms, unemployment, a slump in agriculture and manufacturing, and overcrowded debtor's prisons. Also risky lending practices of the state and local banks led to over speculation on lands in west- the national bank tightened its credit lending policies and eventually forced these state and local banks to foreclose mortgages on farms, which resulted in bankruptcies and prisons full of debtors. |  | 9 |
| 6097648530 | John Marshall | 1755-1835. U.S. Chief Supreme Court Justice. Oversaw over 1000 decisions, including Marbury v Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland. |  | 10 |
| 6097648531 | Marbury v Madison | (1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. established judicial review |  | 11 |
| 6097648532 | McCulloch v Maryland | Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law |  | 12 |
| 6097648533 | Gibbons v Ogden | This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights. |  | 13 |
| 6097648534 | Worcester v Georgia | A case in which the United States Supreme Court vacated the conviction of Samuel Worcester and held that the Georgia criminal statute that prohibited non-Indians from being present on Indian lands without a license from the state was unconstitutional. |  | 14 |
| 6097648535 | Implied powers | Powers derived from the "Necessary and Proper" or "Elastic" clause. | 15 | |
| 6097648536 | Tallmadge Amendment | Proposed slave ban in Missouri Territory, called for emancipation of children born to slave parents; bill was defeated but led to the Missouri Compromise of 1820. |  | 16 |
| 6097648537 | Missouri Compromise of 1820 | Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory | 17 | |
| 6097648538 | Rush-Bagot Treaty | 1817 - This treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain (which controlled Canada) provided for the mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. This was later expanded into an unarmed Canada/U.S. border. |  | 18 |
| 6097648539 | Convention of 1818 | Britain and the United States agreed to the 49th parallel as the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory between Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains. The two nations also agreed to joint occupation of the Oregon country for ten years. |  | 19 |
| 6097648540 | Adams Onis Treaty | 1819. Settled land dispute between Spain and United States as a result of tensions brought on by weakening Spanish power in the New World. U.S. gained Florida in exchange for $5 million and renounced any claims on Texas and settled boundary between two countries to the Pacific Ocean. |  | 20 |
| 6097648541 | Monroe Doctrine | 1823, 1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s. |  | 21 |
| 6097648542 | National Road | First national road building project funded by Congress. It made travel and transportation of goods much easier because it was one continuous road that was in good condition. |  | 22 |
| 6097648543 | Lancaster Turnpike | Pennsylvania turnpike, built in the 1790s, which connected Philadelphia with the rich farmlands around Lancaster. Its success stimulated the construction of other privately built and relatively short toll roads that, by the mid-1820s, connected most of the country's major cities |  | 23 |
| 6097648544 | Erie Canal | A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. Connected Great Lakes farms and western markets with New York City leading to its rise as a center of trade and commerce. |  | 24 |
| 6097648545 | Steamboat | A boat powered by a steam engine that turns a large paddle wheel. |  | 25 |
| 6097648546 | Eli Whitney | An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged |  | 26 |
| 6097648547 | Interchangeable parts | 1799-1800 - Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which uses standardized parts which are all identical and thus, interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney first put used standardized parts to make muskets for the U.S. government. |  | 27 |
| 6097648548 | Lowell System | Developed in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 1820s, in these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were needed in the process, and the workers were almost all single young farm women, who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives. Managers found these young women were the perfect workers for this type of factory life. |  | 28 |
| 6097648549 | Industrialization | Development of a system which supports machine production of goods |  | 29 |
| 6097648550 | Specialization | Development of skills in a specific kind of work | 30 | |
| 6097648551 | Market Revolution | Dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. Resulted from thee combo impact of the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the development of a transportation network of roads, canals and railroads. |  | 31 |
| 6097648552 | Thomas Jefferson | Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Lived at Monticello. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virginia. Third president of the United States. Designed the buildings of the University of Virginia. Purchased Louisiana for the US even though the purchase was outside of his belief in strict construction of the Constitution. |  | 32 |
| 6097648553 | Embargo Act of 1807 | This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act. |  | 33 |
| 6097648554 | War of 1812 | A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France. Caused by impressment of American sailors, British aid to Indians in the west with firearms, War Hawk Congressman wanted to invade Canada, and continued British interference with trade. |  | 34 |
| 6097648555 | Battle of New Orleans | A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost. |  | 35 |
| 6097648556 | Treaty of Ghent | December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. The important result of the War of 1812 was that the US maintained its independence from Great Britain. |  | 36 |
| 6097648557 | Lewis and Clark | Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase. |  | 37 |
| 6097648558 | Sacajawea | The Native American woman who was the personal guide and translator for Lewis and Clark and their expedition in northern Louisiana Territory |  | 38 |
| 6097648559 | Louisiana Purchase | In 1803, the purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US. |  | 39 |
| 6097648560 | James Madison | (1809-1813) and (1813-1817) The War of 1812, the US declares war on Great Britain. In 1814, the British (technically the Canadians) set fire to the Capitol. The Treaty of Ghent ends the war in 1814., The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. Favored strict interpretation of the Constitution. |  | 40 |
| 6097648561 | Non-Intercourse Act | 1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2. |  | 41 |
| 6097648562 | Macon's Bill No 2 | Reopened trade with Britain and France , America would lend its support to the first nation to drop trade restrictions; France acted first and America halted all British imports. The United States declared war on Britain. |  | 42 |
| 6097648563 | Napoleon | Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. When Napoleon gave up on western hemisphere territories after the Haitian Revolution, he sold the Louisiana Territory because he needed money in war with England. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. |  | 43 |
| 6097648564 | Haitian Revolution | A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its success; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Overture. |  | 44 |
| 6097648565 | Revolution of 1800 | Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule. |  | 45 |
| 6097648566 | Barbary Pirate Wars | The Barbary Wars (or Tripolitan Wars) were two wars between the United States of America and Barbary States in North Africa in the early 19th century. At issue was the pirates' demand of tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. American naval power attacked the pirate cities and extracted concessions of fair passage from their rulers. |  | 46 |
| 6097648567 | Tecumseh | A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813. |  | 47 |
Period 4: 1800-1848 AP US History Flashcards
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| 8031885669 | Federalist | Political party created in the 1790s led by Alexander Hamilton; favored a stronger national government; supported primarily by the bankers and moneyed interests |  | 0 |
| 8031885670 | Democratic-Republicans | Political party created in the 1790's; led by Thomas Jefferson; favored limited government and state rights; supported primarily by the "common man" | | 1 |
| 8031885671 | Election of 1800 | (AKA Revolution of 1800) election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist party to the Democratic Republican Party |  | 2 |
| 8031885672 | Hartford Convention, 1814 | Meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 discuss strategy to gain more power in government; viewed as unpatriotic by many; as a result, the Federalist Party was no longer a significant force in American politics |  | 3 |
| 8031885673 | Era of Good Feelings | Term used to describe the time period after the 2nd Party System in the United States after the Federalist Party fell from the national stage, leaving only the Democratic Party; associated with the presidency of James Monroe |  | 4 |
| 8031885674 | Democrats | Political party that brought Andrew Jackson into office in 1829; part of the 2nd Party System of the United States; supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government and individualism; drew its support from the "common Man" |  | 5 |
| 8031885675 | Whig Party | Political Party created in 1834 as a coalition of anti-Jackson political leaders and dedicated to internal improvements funded by the national government |  | 6 |
| 8031885676 | Andrew Jackson | Leader of the Democrats who became the seventh president of the US (1829-1837); known for his opposition to the 2nd Bank of the US, the Indian Removal Act, and opposition to nullification | | 7 |
| 8031885677 | Henry Clay | Leader of the Whig Party who proposed an "American System" to make the United States economically self-sufficient, mostly through protective tariffs; worked to keep the Union together through political compromise | | 8 |
| 8031885678 | Nullification Crisis (1832-1833) | After South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void, President Jackson obtained a Force Bill to use military actions against South Carolina; ended with a compromise to lower tariffs over an extended time; overall significance was the challenge of states to ignore federal law (later on with laws regarding slavery). |  | 9 |
| 8031885679 | John C. Calhoun | South Carolina political leader who defended slavery as a positive good and advocated the doctrine of nullification, a policy in which state could nullify federal law. |  | 10 |
| 8031885680 | John Marshall | Appointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801; served as a chief justice until 1835; legal decisions gave the Supreme Court more power, strengthened the federal government, and supported protection of private property. |  | 11 |
| 8031885681 | Cotton Belt | Southern region in the US where most of the cotton is grown/deep; stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier; had the highest concentration of slaves |  | 12 |
| 8031885682 | Judicial Review | The power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress |  | 13 |
| 8031885683 | Market Economy | Economic system based on the unregulated buying and selling of goods and services; prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand |  | 14 |
| 8031885684 | Embargo Act (1807) | Passed by President Jefferson in order to pressure Britain and France to stop impressment and support the American rights to free trade with the other; a government-order ban on international trade; went into effect in 1808 and closed down virtually all U.S. trade with foreign nations; led to steep depression in the economy |  | 15 |
| 8031885685 | Panic of 1819 | Financial panic that began when the Second Bank of the US tightened credit and recalled government loans after the price of cotton dropped | | 16 |
| 8031885686 | Second Bank of the United States (1816) | Privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial and fiscal agent for the US government; established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last 20 years; Andrew Jackson was critical of the bank and its potential for corruption; ended when Jackson vetoed the extension of its charter and won reelection in the process |  | 17 |
| 8031885687 | Tariff of 1816 | First protective tariff in US history; designed primarily to help America's textile industry |  | 18 |
| 8031885688 | Tariff of Abominations 1828 | Tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues (called the Nullification Crisis) |  | 19 |
| 8031885690 | Slave Codes | Laws that established the status of slaves denying them basic rights and classifying them as the property of slaveholders |  | 20 |
| 8031885691 | Second Great Awakening | An upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and was characterized by emotional revival meetings; led to several reform movements (temperance, abolition) designed to perfect society with religious morals |  | 21 |
| 8031885693 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | Advocate of women right's, including the right to vote; organized (with Lucretia Mott) the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY |  | 22 |
| 8031885694 | Dorothea Dix | Pioneer in the moment for special treatment for the mentally ill |  | 23 |
| 8031885695 | Horace Mann | Massachusetts educator who called for publicly funded education for all children; called the "Father of Public Education in America" |  | 24 |
| 8031885696 | Utopian Communities | Idealistic reform movement based on the belief that a perfect society could be created on Earth; significant Utopian experiments were established at New Harmony, Indiana, Book Farm, Massachusetts and the Oneida Community in New York; usually such attempts were short-lived |  | 25 |
| 8031885697 | William Lloyd Garrison | Radical abolitionist in Massachusetts who published The Liberator, an antislavery newspaper |  | 26 |
| 8031885698 | Hudson River School 1825-1875 | The first native school of painting in the US; painted primarily landscapes; themes included deep nationalism, grandeur of nature, and transcendentalism |  | 27 |
| 8031885699 | Transcendentalism | Philosophical and literary movement that believed God existed within human being and nature; believed intuition was the highest source of knowledge; advocated for introspection by surrounding oneself with nature |  | 28 |
| 8031885700 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | Philosopher, writer, and poet who became a central figure in the Transcendalist movement in American |  | 29 |
| 8031885701 | Henry David Thoreau | Writer and naturalist; with Ralph Waldo Emerson, he was one of America's best known transcendentalists |  | 30 |
| 8031885703 | Samuel Slater | Known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution"; brought British textile technology to the United States to create the first factory |  | 31 |
| 8031885704 | John Deere | Invented the steel plow in 1837, which revolutionized farming; the steel plow broke up soil without the soil getting stuck to the plow |  | 32 |
| 8031885705 | Lowell System | Method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, MA |  | 33 |
| 8031885706 | Erie Canal (1817-1825) | 350 mile canal built by the state of NY that stretched from Buffalo to Albany; the canal revolutionized shipping in NY and opened up new markets (evidence of the Market Revolution) |  | 34 |
| 8031885707 | National Road (1811) | AKA Cumberland Road; first significant road built in the US at the expense of the federal government; stretched from the Potomac River to the Ohio River |  | 35 |
| 8031885708 | Mason-Dixon Line | Boundary between PA and MD that marked the division between free and slave states before the Civil War |  | 36 |
| 8031885709 | Cult of Domesticity | The belief that a woman's proper role in life was found in domestic pursuits (raising children, taking care of the house); strongly believed by many throughout the 19th century |  | 37 |
| 8031885710 | Louisiana Purchase (1803) | U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River |  | 38 |
| 8031885711 | Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806) | Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark |  | 39 |
| 8031885713 | War of 1812 | 1812-1815, War between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the perceived British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas (impressment); ended with an agreement of "status quo ante" (a return to how things were before the war) |  | 40 |
| 8031885714 | Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) | Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S |  | 41 |
| 8031885715 | Monroe Doctrine (1823) | President Monroe's unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to further European colonization and that the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere; in return the U.S. pledged to stay out of European conflicts and affairs; significant foreign policy state that lasted through most of the 19th century |  | 42 |
| 8031885717 | Manifest Destiny | Popular belief amongst early-19th century Americans that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent, that this belief was obvious, and that God willed it to take place |  | 43 |
| 8031885718 | Tecumseh | Shawnee leader who attempted to establish an Indian confederacy among tribes from around the continent that he hoped would be a barrier to white expansion; defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 by U.S. forces led by General William Henry Harrison, slowing the momentum of Pan-Indian unity | | 44 |
| 8031885719 | Indian Removal Act (1830) | Law that provided for the removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of Indian lands for white resettlement |  | 45 |
| 8031885720 | Worcester v. Georgia (1832) | A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction; John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians; this ruling was largely ignored by President Andrew Jackson |  | 46 |
| 8031885721 | Trail of Tears (1838) | Forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory in the winter; a large percentage of Cherokee died on the journey |  | 47 |
| 8031885722 | The American System | Consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: (1) a tariff to protect and promote American industry; (2) a national bank to foster commerce; (3) federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture; supported heavily by Henry Clay | | 48 |
| 8031885723 | Missouri Compromise (1820) | Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance between slave and free states in representation in the federal government; established a geographic line that would determine whether new states (made from the western territories) would be added to the union as slave or free states |  | 49 |
| 8031885724 | Spoils System | Public offices given as a reward for political support. Most iconically used by Andrew Jackson after his first election, which then became a precedent for future federal leaders. |  | 50 |
| 8031885725 | Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall) | The Court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review. |  | 51 |
| 8031885726 | McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, Marshall) | The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. |  | 52 |
| 8031885727 | Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831, Marshall) | "The conditions of the Indians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike that of any two people in existence," Chief Justice John Marshall wrote, "their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian. . .(they were a) domestic dependent nation." Established a "trust relationship" with the tribes directly under federal authority. | | 53 |
| 8031885728 | interchangeable parts | Parts that were identical and which could be substituted for one another; developed by Eli Whitney for the manufacturing of muskets; became a hallmark of the American factory system | | 54 |
| 8031885729 | tariff | A tax imposed on imported goods and services. Tariffs are used to restrict trade, as they increase the price of imported goods and services, making them more expensive to consumers. | | 55 |
| 8031885730 | embargo | A government order prohibiting commerce in or out of a port |  | 56 |
AP US History Period 8 (1945-1980) Flashcards
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| 6745939587 | Lend Lease | Legislation proposed by FDR and adopted by congress, stating that the U.S could either sell or lease arms and other equipment to any country whose security was vital to America's interest -> military equipment to help Britain war effort was shipped from U.S |  | 0 |
| 6745939588 | Cash and Carry Policy | 1939. Law passed by Congress which allowed a nation at war to purchase goods and arms in US as long as they paid cash and carried merchandise on their own ships. This benefited the Allies, because Britain was dominant naval power. |  | 1 |
| 6745939589 | Neutrality Act | 4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents. Originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations. |  | 2 |
| 6745939590 | Pearl Harbor | 7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II. |  | 3 |
| 6745939591 | Midway | 1942, An important battle in the Asian part of the war, the Americans sank 4 Japanese aircraft carriers |  | 4 |
| 6745939592 | Mobilization | Act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency: "mobilization of the troops" |  | 5 |
| 6745939593 | Victory Gardens | Backyard gardens; Americans were encouraged to grow their own vegetables to support the war effort |  | 6 |
| 6745939594 | Rationing | A system of allocating scarce goods and services using criteria other than price |  | 7 |
| 6745939595 | D-Day | (FDR) , June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy. |  | 8 |
| 6745939596 | Battle of the Bulge | December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses. |  | 9 |
| 6745939597 | Manhattan Project | Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States. |  | 10 |
| 6745939598 | Hiroshima | City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II. |  | 11 |
| 6745939599 | Island Hopping | A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others |  | 12 |
| 6745939600 | Iwo Jima | a bloody and prolonged operation on the island of Iwo Jima in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders (February and March 1945) |  | 13 |
| 6745939601 | United Nations | An international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. It was founded in 1945 at the signing of the United Nations Charter by 50 countries, replacing the League of Nations, founded in 1919. | 14 | |
| 6745939602 | Yalta Conference | FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War |  | 15 |
| 6745939603 | Potsdam Conference | July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction. |  | 16 |
| 6745939604 | Rosie the Riveter | A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part. |  | 17 |
| 6745939605 | Levittown | In 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in surburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. Levittown became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII. |  | 18 |
| 6745939606 | Iron Curtain | A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region |  | 19 |
| 6745939607 | Truman Doctrine | 1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey |  | 20 |
| 6745939608 | Marshall Plan | A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952) |  | 21 |
| 6745939609 | Berlin Blockade | The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift. |  | 22 |
| 6745939610 | Korean War | The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea. |  | 23 |
| 6745939611 | McCarthyism | The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee. |  | 24 |
| 6745939612 | Brown v Board of Education, 1954 | 1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated. |  | 25 |
| 6745939613 | Montgomery Bus Boycott | In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal. |  | 26 |
| 6745939614 | Interstate Highway Act | 1956 law that authorized the spending of $32 billion to build 41,000 miles of highway |  | 27 |
| 6745939615 | Little Rock Arkansas | Incident where President Eisenhower sent federal troops to allow black students into the high school. |  | 28 |
| 6745939616 | Sputnik | First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race. Led the US to focus on Math & Science in American schools. |  | 29 |
| 6745939617 | Sit ins | Protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. |  | 30 |
| 6745939618 | NASA | The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the United States government agency responsible for the civilian space program as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. |  | 31 |
| 6745939619 | Berlin Wall | A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world. |  | 32 |
| 6745939620 | Bay of Pigs | In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure. |  | 33 |
| 6745939621 | Freedom Rides | 1961 event organized by CORE and SNCC in which an interracial group of civil rights activists tested southern states' compliance to the Supreme Court ban of segregation on interstate buses |  | 34 |
| 6745939622 | Cuban Missile Crisis | An international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later, on condition that US doesn't invade Cuba |  | 35 |
| 6745939623 | Rachel Carson | United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife (1907-1964) in her book Silent Spring. Considered the birth of environmentalism |  | 36 |
| 6745939624 | March on Washington | Held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally |  | 37 |
| 6745939625 | JFK Assassinated | November 1963, President John F Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. |  | 38 |
| 6745939626 | Civil Rights Act of 1964 | 1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal |  | 39 |
| 6745939627 | Voting Rights Act of 1965 | 1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it rboguth jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap |  | 40 |
| 6745939628 | Gulf of Tonkin Resolution | 1964 Congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to commit US troops to south vietnam and fight a war against north Vietnam |  | 41 |
| 6745939629 | Cesar Chavez | 1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers. |  | 42 |
| 6745939630 | Malcolm X | 1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality. Assassinated in 1965 by the Nation of Islam. |  | 43 |
| 6745939631 | Stonewall Riot | In New York City, 1969 - Triggered activist protests among gays and lesbians - police raided gay bar - people fought back - became symbol of oppression of gays, began the gay pride movement |  | 44 |
| 6745939632 | Woodstock | A free music festival that attracted more than 400,000 young people to a farm in upstate New York in August 1969 |  | 45 |
| 6745939633 | Earth Day | A holiday conceived of by environmental activist and Senator Gaylord Nelson to encourage support for and increase awareness of environmental concerns; first celebrated on March 22, 1970 |  | 46 |
| 6745939634 | Kent State Massacre | Protests to the war that lead to National Guard being called in and shot students because they burned the ROTC building. Three students were killed, 1970. |  | 47 |
| 6745939635 | Nixon in China | February 21, 1972 - Nixon visited for a week to meet with Chairman Mao Tse-Tung for improved relations with China, Called "ping-pong diplomacy" because Nixon played ping pong with Mao during his visit. Nixon agreed to support China's admission to the United Nations. |  | 48 |
| 6745939636 | SALT I Treaty | A five-year agreement between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, sighned in 1972, that limited the nations' numbers of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched missiles. |  | 49 |
| 6745939637 | Roe v Wade | Established national abortion guidelines; trimester guidelines; no state The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester. |  | 50 |
| 6745939638 | Watergate | 1972; Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security gaurd foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committe Headquarters, exposing the scandal. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon was impeached and stepped down |  | 51 |
| 6745939639 | Jimmy Carter | (1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election. |  | 52 |
| 6745939640 | Camp David Accords | (1978) were negotiated at the presidential retreat of Camp David by Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Israel Menachem Begin; they were brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter. They led to a peace treaty the next year that returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israeli access to the Red Sea and Suez Canal, and more-or-less normalized diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries. This isolated Egypt from the other Arab countries and led to Sadat's assassination in 1981. |  | 53 |
| 6745939641 | Iran Hostage Crisis | In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity. |  | 54 |
| 6745939642 | Salt II Treaty | This treaty was a controversial experiment of negotiations between Jimmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnev from 1977 to 1979 between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, which sought to curtail the manufacture of strategic nuclear weapons. |  | 55 |
Flashcards
AMSCO AP US History Chapter 11 Flashcards
AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 11 Society, Culture, and Reform, 1820-1860
Terms : Hide Images
| 5046371527 | utopian communities | Over one hundred of these experimental communities were started in the 1820s to 1860s period. (p. 210) |  | 0 |
| 5046371528 | Shakers | This early religious communal movement held property in common and separated men and women. (p. 210) |  | 1 |
| 5065580503 | Amana Colonies | A German religious communal movement in Ohio which emphasized simple living. (p. 210) |  | 2 |
| 5065583895 | Robert Owen | A Welsh industrialist and reformer who founded the New Harmony community. (p. 210) |  | 3 |
| 5065585401 | New Harmony | Nonreligious experimental socialist community founded to solve problems of inequity and alienation caused by the Industrial Revolution. (p. 210) |  | 4 |
| 5065588990 | Joseph Humphrey Noyes | He started a cooperative community in Oneida, New York. (p. 210) |  | 5 |
| 5046371530 | Oneida community | This community, started in 1848, was dedicated to social and economic equality. They shared property and spouses, and prospered by manufacturing silverware. (p. 210) |  | 6 |
| 5046371531 | Charles Fourier phalanxes | In the 1840s, this French socialist, advocated that people share working and living arrangements in communities. He wanted to solve problems of competitive society, but Americans were too individualistic. (p. 210) |  | 7 |
| 5046371551 | Horace Mann | He was the leading advocate of the public school movement. (p. 213) |  | 8 |
| 5046371541 | temperance | Reformers targeted alcohol as the cause of social ills. The movement started by using moral exhortation, then shifted to political action. Business leaders and politicians supported it because it improved productivity of industrial workers. (p. 212) |  | 9 |
| 5046371542 | American Temperance Society | Founded in 1826, by Protestant ministers and others, they encouraged total alcohol abstinence. (p. 212) |  | 10 |
| 5046371543 | Washingtonians | A temperance movement which argued that alcoholism was a disease that need practical helpful treatment. (p. 212) | | 11 |
| 5046371544 | Women's Christian Temperance Union | In the late 1870s, this women's organization was part of the temperance movement. (p. 212) |  | 12 |
| 5046371545 | asylum movement | In the 1820s and 1830s, this movement sought to improve the conditions for criminals, emotionally disturbed people, and paupers. They proposed setting up state-supported prisons, mental hospitals, and poorhouses. (p. 212) |  | 13 |
| 5046371546 | Dorothea Dix | A reformer who was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. (p. 212) |  | 14 |
| 5046371547 | Thomas Gallaudet | He started a school for the deaf. (p. 213) |  | 15 |
| 5046371548 | Samuel Gridley Howe | He started a school for the blind. (p. 213) |  | 16 |
| 5046371549 | penitentiaries | These institutions took the place of crude jails. They believed that structure and discipline would bring about moral reform. (p. 213) |  | 17 |
| 5046371550 | Auburn system | A prison system in New York which enforced rigid rules of discipline, while also providing moral instruction and work programs. (p. 213) |  | 18 |
| 5046371552 | public school movement | In the 1840s, this movement to provide free education for all children spread rapidly throughout the nation. (p. 213) |  | 19 |
| 5046371553 | McGuffey readers | Elementary school textbooks that encouraged hard work, punctuality, and sobriety. (p. 213) |  | 20 |
| 5046371574 | American Peace Society | Founded in 1828, this society want to abolish war. (p. 216) |  | 21 |
| 5046371561 | American Colonization Society | Founded in 1817, this organization transported free black people to an African colony. This appealed to moderates, racists, and politicians. However, only 12,000 people were actually settled in Africa. (p. 215) |  | 22 |
| 5046371562 | American Antislavery Society | The organization was founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and others. They advocated the immediate abolition of all slavery in every state. (p. 215) |  | 23 |
| 5046371564 | abolitionism William Lloyd Garrison; The Liberator | In 1831, he started the radical abolitionist movement with the "The Liberator" newspaper. He advocated the immediate abolition of all slavery in every state. (p. 215) | | 24 |
| 5046371565 | Liberty party | In 1840, this political party was formed in reaction to the radical abolitionists. They pledged to bring an end to slavery by political and legal means. (p. 215) |  | 25 |
| 5046371566 | Frederick Douglass; The North Star | In 1847, this former slave started the antislavery journal, "The North Star". (p. 215) |  | 26 |
| 5046371567 | Harriet Tubman | Famous abolitionist, born a slave, she assisted fugitive slaves to escape to free territory. (p. 215) |  | 27 |
| 5046371568 | David Ruggles | An African American leader who assisted fugitive slaves to escape to free territory. (p. 215) |  | 28 |
| 5046371569 | Sojourner Truth | A United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate for the abolition of slavery and the rights of women. (p. 215) |  | 29 |
| 5046371570 | William Still | An African American leader, who assisted fugitive slaves to escape to free territory. (p. 215) |  | 30 |
| 5046371571 | David Walker | An African American who advocated the most radical solution to the slavery question. He argued, that slaves should take action themselves by rising up in revolt against their owners. (p. 215) |  | 31 |
| 5046371572 | Henry Highland Garnet | An African American, who advocated the most radical solution to the slavery question. He argued that slaves should take action themselves by rising up in revolt against their owners. (p. 215) |  | 32 |
| 5046371573 | Nat Turner | In 1831, he led the largest slave rebellion in which 55 whites were killed. (p. 215) |  | 33 |
| 5046371511 | antebellum period | The period before the Civil War started in 1861. (p. 207) |  | 34 |
| 5046371519 | romantic movement | In early 19th century Europe, art and literature emphasized intuition and feelings, individual acts of heroism, and the study of nature. In America, similar themes were expressed by the transcendentalists. (p. 209) |  | 35 |
| 5046371520 | transcendentalists | They questioned the doctrines of established churches and business practices of the merchant class. They encouraged a mystical and intuitive way of thinking to discover the inner self and look for essence of God in nature. Artistic expression was more important than pursuit of wealth. They valued individualism and supported the antislavery movement. (p. 209) |  | 36 |
| 5046371521 | Ralph Waldo Emerson, "The American Scholar" | The best known transcendentalist, his essays and lectures expressed the individualistic and nationalistic spirit of Americans. He urged self-reliance, and independent thinking. (p. 209) | | 37 |
| 5046371522 | Henry David Thoreau, "Walden", "On Civil Disobedience" | A pioneer ecologist and conservationist. He was an advocate of nonviolent protest against unjust laws. (p. 209) |  | 38 |
| 5046371523 | Brook Farm | An attempted communal experiment in Massachusetts to achieve a more natural union between intellectual and manual labor. (p. 207) |  | 39 |
| 5360155592 | George Ripley | This Protestant minister started a communal experiment at Brook Farm in Massachusetts to live out the transcendentalist ideals. (p. 207) |  | 40 |
| 5046371524 | feminists | The term for advocates of women's rights. (p. 214) |  | 41 |
| 5046371525 | Margaret Fuller | A feminist, writer, and editor in the women's movement. (p. 210) |  | 42 |
| 5046371526 | Theodore Parker | A theologian and radical reformer. (p. 210) |  | 43 |
| 5046371533 | George Caleb Bingham | An American realist artist, whose paintings depicted life on the frontier. (p. 211) |  | 44 |
| 5046371534 | William S. Mount | Contemporary of the Hudson River school. He began as a painter of history but moved to depicting scenes from everyday life. (p. 211) |  | 45 |
| 5046371535 | Thomas Cole | Founder of the Hudson River school, famous for his landscape paintings. (p. 211) |  | 46 |
| 5046371536 | Frederick Church | Central figure in the Hudson River School and pupil of Thomas Cole. He is known for his landscapes and for painting colossal views of exotic places. (p. 211) |  | 47 |
| 5046371537 | Hudson River school | In the 1830s, this genre of painting founded in the Hudson River area, portrayed everyday life of ordinary people in the natural world. (p. 211) |  | 48 |
| 5046371538 | Washington Irving | This author wrote fiction using American settings. (p. 211) |  | 49 |
| 5046371539 | James Fenimore Cooper | This author wrote novels that glorified the frontiersman as nature's nobleman. (p. 211) |  | 50 |
| 5046371540 | Nathaniel Hawthorne | Author of "The Scarlet Letter", which questioned the intolerance and conformity in American life. (p. 211) |  | 51 |
| 5046371575 | Sylvester Graham | An American dietary reformer who advocated whole wheat bread and graham crackers to promote good digestion. (p. 216) |  | 52 |
| 5046371576 | Amelia Bloomer | She urged women to wear pantalettes instead of long skirts. (p. 216) |  | 53 |
| 5046371512 | Second Great Awakening | A religious movement that occurred during the antebellum period. It was a reaction against rationalism (belief in human reason). It offered the opportunity of salvation to all. (p. 207) | | 54 |
| 5046371513 | Timothy Dwight | President of Yale College, he helped initiate the Second Great Awakening. His campus revivals inspired many young men to become evangelical preachers. (p. 207) |  | 55 |
| 5046371514 | revivalism; revival camp meetings | In the early 1800s, this movement was a reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment. Successful preachers were audience-centered and easily understood by the uneducated. (p. 207) |  | 56 |
| 5046371515 | millennialism | In the early 1800s, this popular belief, that the world was about to end with the second coming of Jesus Christ. (p. 208) |  | 57 |
| 5046371516 | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints; Mormons | Founded by Joseph Smith in 1830. It was based on the Book of Mormon which traced a connection between the American Indians and the lost tribes of Israel. After Joseph Smith was murdered, Brigham Young led the religious group to establish the New Zion on the Great Salt Lake in Utah. (p. 208) |  | 58 |
| 5066207856 | Joseph Smith | Founded the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints in New York in 1830. The church moved to Ohio, Missouri, Illinois, then finally to Utah. (p. 208) |  | 59 |
| 5046371517 | Brigham Young | After Joseph Smith was killed, he led the Mormon followers to Utah. (p. 208) |  | 60 |
| 5046371518 | New Zion | This was the religious community established by the Mormons on the banks of the Great Salt Lake in Utah. (p. 208) |  | 61 |
| 5046371554 | women's rights movement | Women started this movement because they resented the way men relegated them to secondary roles in the reform movements. (p. 214) |  | 62 |
| 5046371577 | cult of domesticity | After industrialization occurred women became the moral leaders in the home and educators of children. Men were responsible for economic and political affairs. (p. 214) |  | 63 |
| 5046371555 | Sarah Grimke, Angelina Grimke | Two sisters, born in South Carolina, they objected to male opposition to their antislavery activities. (p. 214) |  | 64 |
| 5046371556 | Letter of the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes | Written by Angelina and Sarah Grimke, it protested males opposition to their abolitionist work. (p. 214) |  | 65 |
| 5046371557 | Lucretia Mott | A women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention. (p. 214) |  | 66 |
| 5046371558 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | A women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention. (p. 214) | | 67 |
| 5046371559 | Seneca Falls Convention | In 1848, this was the first women's rights convention in U.S. history. They wrote a "Declaration of Sentiments", modeled after the Declaration of Independence, which declared all men and women equal and listed grievances. (p. 214) |  | 68 |
| 5046371560 | Susan B. Anthony | Social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist. She helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association. (p. 214) |  | 69 |
AP US History Period 2 (1607-1754) Flashcards
Important vocabulary of the colonization of North America in the 17th century.
Terms : Hide Images
| 7115592322 | Jamestown | 1st permanent English settlement in North America in 1607. |  | 0 |
| 7115592323 | John Smith | A captain famous for world travel. As a young man, he took control in Jamestown. He organized the colony and saved many people from death the next winter and coined the phrase "he who shall not work, shall not eat". He also initiated attacks on Natives. |  | 1 |
| 7115592324 | John Rolfe | He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony. Eventually, he was killed in a Pequot attack. |  | 2 |
| 7115592325 | Pocohontas | An American Indian princess who saved the life of John Smith and helped form more peaceful relations with the Powhatan when she married John Rolfe but died of smallpox in England on a visit to Rolfe's family. Her remains are still there as the English government refuses to send her remains back to North America. |  | 3 |
| 7115592326 | Mayflower Compact | 1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony |  | 4 |
| 7115592327 | John Winthrop | As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world. |  | 5 |
| 7115592328 | Puritans | A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay. |  | 6 |
| 7115592329 | Pilgrims | English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620 |  | 7 |
| 7115592330 | Massachusetts Charter | Allowed Puritans to take a charter with them and establish their own government in the New World. |  | 8 |
| 7115592331 | Loss of Massachusetts Charter | Revoking of Mass. Charter by King George II due to the colonists refusal to obey by the Navigation Acts leading to anti-British feeling in the New England region. | 9 | |
| 7115592332 | New Amsterdam | A settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island as a trade port for the Dutch trade empire. |  | 10 |
| 7115592333 | Great Migration of Puritans | 1630s- 70,000 refugees left England for New World increasing population of New England. |  | 11 |
| 7115592334 | New York | It was founded by the Dutch for trade and furs and became an English Colony in 1664, when the English were determined to end Dutch trade dominance, and took over the colony by invading New Amsterdam without having to fire a shot. |  | 12 |
| 7115592335 | Peter Stuyvesant | The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664. |  | 13 |
| 7115592336 | House of Burgesses | 1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. It was made up of two representatives from teach town voted on by men who owned property. Later other colonies would adopt the Houses of Burgesses concept creating self-governing bodies in the colonies. |  | 14 |
| 7115592337 | Headright system | Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists. |  | 15 |
| 7115592338 | Indentured servants | Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years |  | 16 |
| 7115592339 | Bacon's Rebellion | 1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness. |  | 17 |
| 7115592340 | King Phillip's War | Under the leadership of Metacom, or King Phillip, the Wampanoag destroyed colonial towns, the colonists destroyed native farms, leading to the most deadly of Indian Wars. The war was disastrous for the natives leading to few surviving the war, and those that did left New England. |  | 18 |
| 7115592341 | royal colony | A colony ruled by governors appointed by a king |  | 19 |
| 7115592342 | proprietary colony | English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment |  | 20 |
| 7115592343 | town meetings | A purely democratic form of government common in the colonies, and the most prevalent form of local government in New England. In general, the town's voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, and pass laws. |  | 21 |
| 7115592344 | Salem Witch Trials | 1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a Puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria, and unfounded accusations in courts with Puritan ministers who served as judges. 19 women were executed. |  | 22 |
| 7115592345 | Roger Williams | A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south. |  | 23 |
| 7115592346 | Intolerant | Not willing to accept ways of thinking different from one's own. The expansion of colonies in New England was a direct result of Puritan intolerance as dissenters were exiled and created new settlements. | 24 | |
| 7115592347 | Anne Hutcheson | One of the dissenters in Puritan Massachusetts held bible studies at her house and believed in a personal relationship with god. She moved to New Hampshire where she died along with her children from an Indian attack. |  | 25 |
| 7115592348 | Thomas Hooker | A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government. He wrote the first written constitution "The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut". This would become a cherished ideal of the colonial settlers that laws were written not arbitrary. |  | 26 |
| 7115592349 | Sir William Berkeley | The royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the "backcountry." One reason was that he had fur trade deals with the natives in the region. His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion |  | 27 |
| 7115592350 | William Penn | Established the colony of Pennsylvania as a "holy experiment". Freemen had the right to vote, provided leadership for self- government based on personal virtues and Quaker religious beliefs. His colony was religiously tolerant leading to diversity in the region. |  | 28 |
| 7115592351 | James Oglethorpe | Founded colony of Georgia as a chance for poor immigrants who were in debt to have a second chance at a comfortable life |  | 29 |
| 7115592352 | Lord Baltimore | 1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics. |  | 30 |
| 7115592353 | Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | It has the features of a written constitution, and is considered by some as the first written Constitution. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut is a short document, but contains some principles that were later applied in creating the United States government. Government is based in the rights of an individual, and the orders spell out some of those rights, as well as how they are ensured by the government. It provides that all free men share in electing their magistrates, and uses secret, paper ballots. It states the powers of the government, and some limits within which that power is exercised. |  | 31 |
| 7115592354 | Halfway Covenant | A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations. |  | 32 |
| 7115592355 | Dominion of New England | 1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Edmund Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros. |  | 33 |
| 7115592356 | Acts of Trade and Navigation | Three acts that regulated colonial trade: 1st act: closed the colonies to all trade except that from English ships, and required the colonists to export certain goods, such as tobacco, to only English territories, 2nd act: (1663) demanded that everything being shipped from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England so they could tax the goods. 3rd act: 1673, was a reaction to the general disregard of the first two laws; it forced duties on the coastal trade among the colonies and supplied customs officials to enforce the Navigation Acts. |  | 34 |
| 7115592357 | Mercantilism | An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought. |  | 35 |
| 7115592358 | Triangular Slave Trade | A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa. |  | 36 |
| 7115592359 | Middle Passage | A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. The conditions on the ships from Africa to the west led to the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives. |  | 37 |
| 7115592360 | Social mobility | Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another | 38 | |
| 7115592361 | Ben Franklin | A colonial businessman and scientist who was an example of American social mobility and individualism. He was a delegate from Pennsylvania in colonial meetings, and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen the colonies in the French and Indian War. He was a leading figure in the movement toward revolution, and as a diplomat to France to get help during the American Revolution |  | 39 |
| 7115592362 | Great Awakening | (1730s and 1740s) Religious movement characterized by emotional preaching (Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield). It established American religious precedents such as camp meetings, revivals, and a "born again" philosophy. The first cultural movement to unite the thirteen colonies. It was associated with the democratization of religion, and a challenge to existing authorities and was an influence leading to the American Revolution. |  | 40 |
| 7115592363 | Jonathan Edwards | A leading minister during the Great Awakening, he delivered the famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" promising that evildoers would pay a price on judgement day. |  | 41 |
| 7115592364 | African American Culture | Slave communities were rich with music, dance, basket-weaving, and pottery-making. Enslaved Africans brought them the arts and crafts skills of their various tribes. |  | 42 |
| 7115592365 | George Whitfield | English preacher who led the Great Awakening by traveling through the colonies |  | 43 |
| 7115592366 | French & Indian War | 1754 - 1763; conflict between France and Great Britain over land in North America in the Ohio River Valley. |  | 44 |
| 7115592367 | Ohio River Valley | Controversial land that led to the French and Indian War; British win war and claim this land; region where British fur traders went; rich soil for farming. |  | 45 |
| 7115592368 | Battle of Quebec | (1759) British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America. The battle was won when General James Wolfe scouts followed wash women up the cliffs on a secret passageway. |  | 46 |
| 7115592369 | General James Wolfe | Commander of a British fleet sailed to Quebec and defeated French Troops that were defending the city, British seized Quebec and took control of New France. He died in the battle and became a hero of English military. |  | 47 |
| 7115592370 | Join or Die | Famous cartoon drawn by Ben Franklin which encouraged the colonies to join in fighting the British during the French and Indian War |  | 48 |
| 7115592371 | Albany Plan of Union, 1754 | Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin that sought to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies & the Crown. |  | 49 |
AP US History Period 3 (1754-1800) Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7879594095 | Seven Years' (French and Indian) War | fought between the colonies of British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as Native American allies |  | 0 |
| 7879594096 | "No Taxation Without Representation." | a reflection of the resentment of American colonists at being taxed by a British Parliament to which they elected no representatives and became an anti-British slogan before the American Revolution |  | 1 |
| 7879594097 | Enlightenment | a philosophical movement including ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy; ideals such as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional governmentand ending the perceived abuses of the church and state |  | 2 |
| 7879594098 | Benjamin Franklin | One of the founding fathers, famous for presence in the American Enlightenment. earned the title of "The First American" for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity, initially as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies. |  | 3 |
| 7879594099 | The Patriot Movement | Movement or push toward independence in the colonies. Those that supported colonial independence were referred to as "Patriots" while those that were loyal to the British crown were called "Loyalists." |  | 4 |
| 7879594100 | Colonial Militias | Groups of able-bodied colonialist men without proper military training that banded together to revolt against British tyrannny. |  | 5 |
| 7879594101 | The Continental Army | formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies, created to coordinate the military efforts of the Thirteen Colonies in their revolt against the rule of Great Britain. Commanded by General George Washington (Commander-in-Chief) |  | 6 |
| 7879594102 | George Washington | General, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. Later named the first President of the United States. |  | 7 |
| 7879594103 | Thomas Paine's Common Sense | A 1776 pamphlet that challenged the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy. Used plain language to appeal to the average colonist. First work to ask for independence outright. |  | 8 |
| 7879594104 | The Declaration of Independence | an announcement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776, that the 13 American colonies, then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as an independent sovereign nation |  | 9 |
| 7879594105 | Republican Motherhood | the idea that women were considered a custodians of civic virtue responsible for upholding the morality of her husband and children. Though this idea emphasized the separation of women's and men's roles, it did weight heavily the influence of the mother on the family and advocated for this influence to be taken seriously. |  | 10 |
| 7879594106 | Legislative Branch | The branch of government tasked with writing laws. |  | 11 |
| 7879594107 | Judicial Branch | The branch of government tasked with interpreting laws. | | 12 |
| 7879594108 | Executive Branch | The branch of government tasked with enforcing laws. | | 13 |
| 7879594109 | The Articles of Confederation | The 1st constitution of United States of America. Drafted by a committee appointed by the Second Continental Congress, ratified in late 1777. Later replaced by the Constitution of the United States of America. |  | 14 |
| 7879594110 | Constitutional Convention | Took place from May 25 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia. had a stated intention of revising the Articles of Confederation, although many meant to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. |  | 15 |
| 7879594111 | Federalism | a system of government in which entities such as states or provinces share power with a national government. |  | 16 |
| 7879594112 | Separation of Powers | Inspired by Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws, the idea of a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. |  | 17 |
| 7879594113 | The Federalist Papers | a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution. |  | 18 |
| 7879594114 | Alexander Hamilton | Founder of the Federalist Party, Co-author of The Federalist Papers, First Secretary of the Treasury, supporter of loose construction |  | 19 |
| 7879594115 | James Madison | Co-Author of the Federalist Papers, hailed as "the Father of the Constitution," Fourth President of the United States, supporter of strict construction |  | 20 |
| 7879594116 | Bill of Rights | the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution with specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people. |  | 21 |
| 7879594117 | Democratic-Republican Party | formed by Thomas Jefferson and others who believed in an agrarian-based, decentralized,democratic government. The party was established to oppose the Federalists who had supported and pushed through the ratification of the US Constitution. | | 22 |
| 7879594118 | National Identity | one's identity or sense of belonging to one state or to one nation. It is the sense of a nation as a cohesive whole, as represented by distinctive traditions, culture, language and politics. |  | 23 |
| 7879594119 | The Northwest Ordinance | created the Northwest Territory, the first organized territory of the United States, from lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains, between British North America and the Great Lakes to the north and the Ohio River to the south.established the process of westward expansion & statehood, putting the federal government in charge. |  | 24 |
| 7879594121 | Popular Sovereignty | the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power. |  | 25 |
| 7879594122 | Public Virtue | Sacrificing one's self-interest for the public good. |  | 26 |
| 7879594124 | mercantilism | The economic theory that all parts of an economy should be coordinated for the good of the whole state; hence, that colonial economics should be subordinated for the benefit of an empire. |  | 27 |
| 7879594125 | protective tariffs | Taxes places on imported goods, often to raise prices and thus protect domestic producers. | | 28 |
| 7879594127 | virtual representation | The political theory that a class of persons is represented in a lawmaking body without direct vote. |  | 29 |
| 7879594128 | nonimportation agreement | A pledge to boycott, or decline to purchase, certain goods from abroad. |  | 30 |
| 7879594129 | boycott | An organized refusal to deal with some person, organization, or product. |  | 31 |
| 7879594132 | ratification | The confirmation or validation of an act (such as the constitution) by authoritative approval. |  | 32 |
| 7879594135 | territory | In America, government an organized political entity not yet enjoying full equal terms of a state. | | 33 |
| 7879594137 | bicameral | Referring to a legislative body with two houses |  | 34 |
| 7879594139 | public debt | The debt of a government or nation to individual creditors, also called the national debt. |  | 35 |
| 7879594140 | cabinet | The body of official advisers to the head of a government; in the United States, it consists of the heads of the major executive departments. |  | 36 |
| 7879594142 | impressment | To force people or property into public service without choice. |  | 37 |
| 7879594144 | nullification | In American politics, the assertion that a state may legally invalidate a federal act deemed inconsistent with its rights or sovereignty. |  | 38 |
AP US History Period 7 (1890-1945) Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7459088377 | The Great Depression | The deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world. In the United States, the Great Depression began soon after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors. |  | 0 |
| 7459088378 | Progressive Era | A period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States, from the 1890s to 1920s. |  | 1 |
| 7459088379 | Prohibition | A nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933. |  | 2 |
| 7459088380 | Women's suffrage | The women's right to vote, granted by the 19th amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920). |  | 3 |
| 7459088381 | Welfare State | A system whereby the government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits. The foundations for the modern welfare state in the US were laid by the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. |  | 4 |
| 7459088382 | Liberalism | A viewpoint or ideology associated with free political institutions and religious toleration, as well as support for a strong role of government in regulating capitalism and constructing the welfare state. | | 5 |
| 7459088383 | The Great Migration | The movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1910 and 1970. |  | 6 |
| 7459088384 | imperialist | A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. |  | 7 |
| 7459088385 | isolationism | A category of foreign policies institutionalized by leaders who asserted that their nations' best interests were best served by keeping the affairs of other countries at a distance. |  | 8 |
| 7459088386 | Spanish-American War | A conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor leading to American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. |  | 9 |
| 7459088387 | Treaty of Versailles | One of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. Signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. |  | 10 |
| 7459088388 | League of Nations | An intergovernmental organization founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It lacked an armed force to enforce policy and was not joined by the United States. |  | 11 |
| 7459088389 | fascism | An authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization. |  | 12 |
| 7459088390 | totalitarianism | A political system where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible. |  | 13 |
| 7459088391 | Axis Powers | Germany, Italy, and Japan, which were allied before and during World War II. |  | 14 |
| 7459088392 | Allied Powers | U.S., Britain, France, which were allied before and during World War II. |  | 15 |
| 7459088393 | Nazi Concentration Camp | A guarded compound for the detention or imprisonment of aliens, members of ethnic minorities, political opponents. Primarily Jewish Europeans during WWII. |  | 16 |
| 7459088394 | Holocaust | A genocide in which Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany and its collaborators killed about six million Jews and members from other fringe social groups during World War II. |  | 17 |
| 7459088395 | Internment of Japanese Americans | Forced relocation and incarceration in camps in the interior of the U.S. of between 110,000 and 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry who had lived on the Pacific coast. |  | 18 |
| 7459088396 | Pacific "Island Hopping" | A military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War against Japan and the Axis powers during World War II. The idea was to bypass heavily fortified Japanese positions and instead concentrate the limited Allied resources on strategically important islands that were not well defended but capable of supporting the drive to the main islands of Japan. |  | 19 |
| 7459088397 | D-Day | The landing operations on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II. | | 20 |
| 7459088398 | atomic bomb | A "fission" bomb dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima at the end of World War II. | | 21 |
| 7459088399 | partition | In politics, the act of dividing a weaker territory or government among several more powerful states. |  | 22 |
| 7459088400 | banana republic | A disparaging term for the small nations of Central America, with particular reference to their political instability and poor, single-crop economies. |  | 23 |
| 7459088401 | progressive | In politics, one who believes in continuing progress, improvement, or reform. |  | 24 |
| 7459088402 | initiative | In politics, the procedure whereby voters can, through petition, present proposed legislation directly to the electorate. |  | 25 |
| 7459088403 | referendum | The submission of a law, proposed or already in effect, to a direct vote of the electorate. |  | 26 |
| 7459088404 | recall | In politics, a procedure for removing an official from office through popular election or other means. |  | 27 |
| 7459088405 | self-determination | In politics, the right of a people (usually based on ethnicity) to shape its own national identity and form a government, without outside coercion of influence. |  | 28 |
| 7459088406 | Northern Securities Co. v. U. S. (1904) | Re-established the authority of the federal government to fight monopolies under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. |  | 29 |
| 7459088407 | Muller v. Oregon (1908) | First case to use the "Brandeis brief"; recognized a 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on the grounds of health and community concerns. |  | 30 |
| 7459088408 | Schenck v. U. S. (1919) | Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger." |  | 31 |
| 7459088409 | Korematsu v. U. S. (1941) | The court upheld the constitutionality of detention camps for Japanese-Americans during World War 2. |  | 32 |
| 7459088410 | Open Door Policy | The policy that China should be open to trade with all of the major powers, and that all, including the United States, should have equal right to trade there. This was the official American position toward China as announced by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899. |  | 33 |
| 7459088411 | socialism | An economic and governmental system based on public ownership of the means of production and exchange. |  | 34 |
| 7459088412 | Eugene Debs | Prominent socialist leader (and five time presidential candidate) who founded the American Railroad Union and led the 1894 Pullman Strike |  | 35 |
| 7459088413 | Roosevelt Corollary | Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force. |  | 36 |
| 7459088414 | Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) | Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity. |  | 37 |
| 7459088415 | Pure Food and Drug Act | Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA. |  | 38 |
| 7459088416 | Teddy Roosevelt | Twenty-sixth president of the United States; he focused his efforts on trust busting, environment conservation, and strong foreign policy. |  | 39 |
| 7459088417 | William Taft | 27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term. |  | 40 |
| 7459088418 | Triangle Shirtwaist Fire | March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers |  | 41 |
| 7459088419 | segregation | Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences. Common in the South after the Civil War through the 1960s. |  | 42 |
| 7459088420 | Harlem Renaissance | Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous writers of this movement. |  | 43 |
| 7459088421 | Fourteen Points | The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations. |  | 44 |
| 7459088422 | Red Scare | A social/political movement designed to prevent a socialist/communist/radical movement in this country by finding "radicals," incarcerating them, deporting them, and subverting their activities. Periods of Red Scare occurred after both World Wars in the United States. |  | 45 |
| 7459088423 | Sedition Act | A law passed by Congress in 1918 (during World War I) to make it illegal to say anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war effort in WWI. Seen as a military necessity by some for effectively fighting in WWI. |  | 46 |
| 7459088424 | Emergency Quota Act | A government legislation that limited the number of immigrants from Europe which was set at 3% of the nationality currently in the U.S. It greatly limited the number of immigrants who could move to the U.S. And it reflected the isolationist and anti-foreign feeling in America as well as the departure from traditional American ideals. |  | 47 |
| 7459088425 | Scopes Trial | Also known as the Scopes Monkey Trial; 1925 court case argued by Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan in which the issue of teaching evolution in public schools was debated. Highlighted the growing divide between rural (more conservative) and urban (more liberal) interests in the United States. |  | 48 |
| 7459088426 | Sacco and Vanzetti Trial | Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Massachusetts. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities. |  | 49 |
| 7459088427 | Kellog-Briand Pact | Idealistic agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another. |  | 50 |
| 7459088428 | Herbert Hoover | Republican president at the outset of the Great Depression. As a Republican, he believed that the federal government should not interfere in economic problems; the severity of the Great Depression forced his hand to provide some federal assistance to those in need, but he mostly left these efforts to the states. |  | 51 |
| 7459088429 | Smoot-Hawley Tariff | One of Herbert Hoover's earliest efforts to protect the nation's farmers following the onset of the Great Depression. Tariff raised rates to an all-time high. |  | 52 |
| 7459088430 | Platt Amendment | This amendment to the new Cuban constitution authorized U.S. intervention in Cuba to protect its interests. Cuba pledged not to make treates with other countries that might compromise its independence, and it granted naval bases to the United States, most notable being Guantanamo Bay. |  | 53 |
| 7459088431 | Indian Reorganization Act | Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs. |  | 54 |
| 7459088432 | Yalta Conference | FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War. |  | 55 |
| 7459088433 | William Jennings Bryan | United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925). |  | 56 |
| 7459088434 | Woodrow Wilson | (1856-1924) President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations. |  | 57 |
| 7459088435 | United Nations | An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. |  | 58 |
| 7459088436 | Bolshevik Revolution | The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life. |  | 59 |
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