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AP US History Period 8 (1945-1980) Flashcards

8356316861	Cold War	A state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc and powers in the Eastern Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but 1947-91 is common.	0
8356316862	authoritarian	A form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms.	1
9822745864	containment	a foreign policy of collective security, in which economic security was recognized as a major component	2
8356316863	communist	A political system focused on creating a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money, and the state. Purists of the communist movement also advocated for a violent overthrow of the upper class by the lower classes in order to create such a society.	3
8356316864	free-market economy	A system in which the prices for goods and services are set freely by consent between vendors and consumers, in which the laws and forces of supply and demand are free from any intervention by a government, price-setting monopoly, or other authority.	4
8356316865	collective security	A type of coalition building strategy in which a group of nations agrees not to attack each other and to defend each other against an attack from one of the others, if such an attack is made.	5
8356316866	Détente	A French term often used in reference to the general easing of the geo-political tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States which began in 1969, as a foreign policy of U.S. presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford called détente; a "thawing out" or "un-freezing" at a period roughly in the middle of the Cold War.	6
9822834416	nuclear	U.S. policy following World War II, was one of maintaining a strong military and building up a ______________ arsenal.	7
8356316867	ICBM	Inter-continental Ballistic Missile - a ballistic missile with a minimum range of more than 5,500 kilometers (3,400 mi) primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more nuclear warheads).	8
9822846838	civil liberties	During the quest to stop the spread of communism in the American ____________ were under threat.	9
8356316868	SALT Talks	Two rounds of bilateral conferences and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union—the Cold War superpowers—on the issue of armament control. The two rounds of talks and agreements were SALT I and SALT II.	10
9823370786	McCarthy	His investigative tactics found support among many Americans because there was widespread fear of communist infiltration in the United States.	11
8356316869	Tet Offensive	One of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War, launched on January 30, 1968, by forces of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam against the forces of the South Vietnamese Army of the Republic of Vietnam, the United States, and their allies. A campaign of surprise attacks against military and civilian commands and control centers throughout South Vietnam	12
8356316870	Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)	A student activist movement in the United States that was one of the main representations of the New Left. The organization developed and expanded rapidly in the mid-1960s before dissolving at its last convention in 1969.	13
8356316871	Martin Luther King, Jr.	An American Baptist minister, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.	14
9823410468	communists	Joseph McCarthy used various methods to root out possible __________ within the United States	15
8356316872	nonviolent resistance	The practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods, without using violence. Common examples: Boycotts, Sit-ins	16
8356316873	boycott	To withdraw from commercial or social relations with (a country, organization, or person) as a punishment or protest.	17
9823430470	WWI	The political climate during McCarthy's era had the most in common with the attacks on radicals and immigrants following _________.	18
8356316874	sit-In	A form of direct action that involves one or more people occupying an area for a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change.	19
8356316875	Executive Order 9981	Issued by President Harry S. Truman on July 26, 1948. It abolished racial discrimination in the United States Armed Forces and eventually led to the end of segregation in the services.	20
8356316876	Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954, Warren)	Unanimous decision declaring the "separate but equal" clause of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling unconstitutional.	21
8356316877	Civil Rights Act of 1964	A landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States[5] that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.	22
8356316878	The Great Society	A set of domestic programs in the United States launched by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964-65. The main goal was the elimination of poverty and racial injustice.	23
9823485951	containing	The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan were similar in that they provided economic aid while ____________ Soviet influence.	24
8356316879	The Baby Boom	(1946-1964) The period of time when the number of annual births exceeded 2 per 100 women (or approximately 1% of the total population size) in the United States.	25
8356316880	social mobility	The movement of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or between layers or tiers in an open system of social stratification.	26
8356316881	suburb	A residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city.	27
8356316882	Sun Belt	A region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the Southeast and Southwest (the geographic southern United States). Another rough boundary of the region is the area south of the 36th parallel, north latitude.	28
8356316883	Counterculture	A subculture whose values and norms of behavior differ substantially from those of mainstream society, often in opposition to mainstream cultural mores. Such opinions became more visible and popular, especially in the 1960s and early 1970s in response to the Vietnam War.	29
9823502553	Asia	The U.S. applied the policy of containment in _________ as well as in Europe.	30
8356316884	Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)	Extends to the defendant the right of counsel in all state and federal criminal trials regardless of their ability to pay.	31
8356316885	Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)	Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police.	32
8356316886	Miranda v. Arizona (1966)	The court ruled that those subjected to in-custody interrogation be advised of their constitutional right to an attorney and their right to remain silent.	33
9823518153	insubordination to Truman	Why was Douglas MacArthur removed from command during the Korean War?	34
8356316887	Roe v. Wade (1973)	The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons.	35
8356316888	Dwight D. Eisenhower	A World War II hero and former supreme commander of NATO who became U.S. president in 1953 after easily defeating Democratic opponent Adlai E. Stevenson.	36
8356316889	Dixiecrats	Conservative southern Democrats who objected to President Truman's strong push for civil-rights legislation. Southern Democrats who broke from the party in 1948 over the issue of civil rights and ran a presidential ticket as the States' Rights Democrats with J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina as a canidate.	37
8356316890	Truman Doctrine	President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology; mainly helped Greece and Turkey.	38
8356316891	Marshall Plan	A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe and encourage loyalty and friendliness to the United States and democracy (instead of influence from the Soviet Union). This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.	39
8356316892	Joseph McCarthy	The senator of Wisconsin; he charged 205 State Department employees, and accused them of being communist party members, but they were never proven. Eventually he came across as a bully, and his popularity plunged.	40
8356316893	Soviet Union	A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991.	41
8356316894	Containment	A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances.	42
9850107824	Rosa Parks	The actions of ________ led to the Reverend Martin Luther King becoming a national figure in politics.	43
8356316895	NSC-68	A National Security Council document, approved by President Truman in 1950, developed in response to the Soviet Union's growing influence and nuclear capability; it called for an increase in the US conventional and nuclear forces to carry out the policy of containment.	44
8356316896	Domino Theory	A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.	45
9850095281	Beat Generation	The 1950s literary and cultural movement that rejected the decade's social conformity was called the	46
9850088601	collective security	The formation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact were similar in that they called for	47
8356316897	Martin Luther King, Jr.	U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)	48
8356316898	Malcolm X	Minister of the Nation of Islam, urged blacks to claim their rights by any means necessary, more radical than other civil rights leaders of the time.	49
8356316899	Little Rock Nine	In September 1957 the school board in Little rock, Arkansas, won a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High a school with 2,000 white students. The governor ordered troops from Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine from entering the school. The next day as the National Guard troops surrounded the school, an angry white mob joined the troops to protest the integration plan and to intimidate the AA students trying to register. The mob violence pushed Eisenhower's patience to the breaking point. He immediately ordered the US Army to send troops to Little Rock to protect and escort them for the full school year.	50
9850039402	expanding federal aid to education with the National Defense Education Act	When the Soviet Union successfully launched the first artificial satellite Sputnik in 1957, Congress responded by	51
8356316900	Voting Rights Act of 1965	A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically.	52
8356316901	Sputnik	First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.	53
8356316902	John F. Kennedy	35th President of the United States 35th President of the United States; only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize; events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early events of the Vietnam War; assassinated in Dallas, TX in 1963	54
8356316903	Election of 1960	Brought about the era of political television. Between Kennedy and Nixon. Issues centered around the Cold War and economy. Kennedy argued that the nation faces serious threats from the soviets. Nixon countered that the US was on the right track under the current administration. Kennedy won by a narrow margin.	55
9849995631	massive buildup of conventional troops	President Eisenhower's Cold War strategy relied on	56
8356316904	Kent State Shootings	Incident in which National Guard troops fired at a group of students during an antiwar protest at Kent State University in Ohio, killing four people.	57
8356316905	Golf of Tonkin Resolution	Bill passed in 1964 that gave President Johnson authority to take "all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the U.S." after an alleged attack on a naval vessel off the coast of Vietnam. It gave Johnson the ability to send over a large amount of combat troops to Vietnam.	58
9849980200	Truman Doctrine of 1947	Its purpose was to prevent communism from spreading further through military aggression	59
8356316906	War Powers Act	1973. A resolution of Congress that stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat.	60
8356316907	Richard Nixon	Elected President in 1968 and 1972 representing the Republican party. He was responsible for getting the United States out of the Vietnam War by using "Vietnamization", which was the withdrawal of 540,000 troops from South Vietnam for an extended period. He was responsible for the Nixon Doctrine. Was the first President to ever resign, due to the Watergate scandal.	61
8356316908	New Conservatism	This mostly republican political movement started as a reaction to the New Deal policies of the 1930's. Its goal was to reduce the role of government.	62
8356316909	Iron Curtain	A term popularized by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to describe the Soviet Union's policy of isolation during the Cold War. The barrier isolated Eastern Europe from the rest of the world.	63
9849969387	Joseph McCarthy	He effectively played on the fears of Americans that communists had infiltrated the State department and other federal agencies	64
8356316910	Fair Deal	An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.	65
9849946067	extension of Social Security, desegregation of military, and the Employment Act	During Truman's administration there were three major accomplishments	66
8356316911	Rosenberg Trial	The controversial 1951 trial of two Americans, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, charged with passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union; the two were sentenced to death and executed in 1953, making them the only American civilians to be put to death for spying during the Cold War.	67
8356316912	Rollback	A strategy that called for liberating countries that were under Soviet dominion.	68
8356316913	House Un-American Activities Committee	The House of Representatives established the Committee on Un-American Activities, popularly known as "HUAC," in order to investigate "subversion." Represented the political group associated with McCarthy's anti-communism.	69
9849922533	migration of southern blacks to urban centers in the North	The origins of the modern civil rights movement can be traced back to	70
9822161983	Post WWII	In reshaping the role of the U.S. in global affairs, the U.S. became the political and economic leader of the Western world.	71
8356316914	Interstate Act	The largest public works project in the US history in acted during the Eisenhower administration it was designed for military and economic purposes.	72
8356316915	Suez Crisis	Nasser took over the Suez Canal to show separation of Egypt from the West, but Israel, the British, Iraq, and France were all against Nasser's action. The U.S. stepped in before too much serious fighting began.	73
9849915260	acceptance of the New Deal, but moderation in the expansion of governmental social programs	President Eisenhower's economic policy can be best characterized as	74
9822107927	political and economic resistance to the spread of Soviet communism	Which broad U.S. policy goal of the mid-twentieth century was supported by George C. Marshall?	75
9849873948	Federal Highway Act of 1956	The growth of suburbia was vastly accelerated by the	76
8356316916	Massive Retaliation	The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.	77
8356316917	U-2 Incident	The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.	78
8356316918	Levvitown	Post-WWII Suburban areas that were practically factory made and then put together which each house look the same.	79
8356316919	Operation Wetback	Program which apprehended and returned some one million illegal immigrants to Mexico - end of the Braceros program started during WWII.	80
9849866408	to finance the economic reconstruction of Western Europe	Main goal of the Marshall Plan	81
8356316920	Affluent Society	Term used by economist John Kenneth Galbraith to describe the American economy in the 1950s, during which time many Americans joined the middle class and became enraptured with appliances and homes in the suburbs.	82
9822092919	Mortgages were at low rates, government-insured, and tax deductible.	The main reason for the dramatic increase in personal ownership of homes after World War II was	83
8356316921	Beats	Young people, many of whom were writers and artists, who discussed their dissatisfaction with the American society of the 1950s.	84
9849858345	Americans from urban centers to the suburbs	Migration pattern that had the greatest impact on U.S. society in the 1950s	85
8356316922	Hippies	Members of the youthful counterculture that dominated many college campuses in the 1960s; rather than promoting a political agenda, they challenged conventional sexual standards, rejected traditional economic values, and encouraged the use of drugs.	86
8356316923	Betty Frieden	Author of The Feminine Mystique (1963) she spoke out against women seeking fulfillment solely as wives and mothers and wanted women to "establish goals that will permit them to find their own identity."	87
9821961610	William Levitt	Helped the expansion of the American suburbs by D. introducing mass-produced housing developments	88
8356316924	Warren Court	The Supreme Court during the period when Earl Warren was chief justice, noted for its activism in the areas of civil rights and free speech.	89
9849851490	bracero	A program in which Mexican workers to come to the U.S. as temporary laborers from the 1940s to the 1960s	90
8356316925	CORE	Congress of Racial Equality, and organization founded in 1942 that worked for black civil rights.	91
8356316926	NAACP	National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional.	92
9849827539	Castro in Cuba, Sputnik, U-2 spy plane	Three crisis points during Eisenhower's presidency	93
9821934385	consumerism	The baby boom generation spurred ___________ as manufacturers produced age-specific products for "boomers."	94
8356316927	SCLC	The Southern Christian Leadership Conference is an African-American civil rights organization. SCLC, which is closely associated with its first president, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., had a large role in the American Civil Rights Movement.	95
8356316928	Freedom rides	1961 event organized by CORE and SNCC in which an interracial group of civil rights activists tested southern states' compliance to the Supreme Court ban of segregation on interstate buses.	96
8356316929	SNCC	(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee) a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement.	97
9849815972	rapid increase of suburbs	A significant demographic development in the two decades following the Second World War was a	98
8356316930	March on Washington	In August 1963, civil rights leaders organized a massive rally in Washington to urge passage of President Kennedy's civil rights bill. The high point came when MLK Jr., gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to more than 200,000 marchers in front of the Lincoln Memorial.	99
8356316931	Black Power	A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.	100
9821923152	traditional	As the baby boom generation reached late adolescence in the early 1960s, they tended to challenge the ____________ views and values of the older generation.	101
8356316932	Black Panthers	A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.	102
9849781199	38th Parallel	Korea was divided at the	103
8356316933	Cesar Chavez	Non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers from 1963-1970. Organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. Unionized Mexican-American farm workers.	104
8356316934	Elvis Presley	1950s; a symbol of the rock-and-roll movement of the 50s when teenagers began to form their own subculture, dismaying to conservative parents; created a youth culture that ridiculed phony and pretentious middle-class Americans, celebrated uninhibited sexuality and spontaneity; foreshadowed the coming counterculture of the 1960s.	105
9849808338	D. Plessy v. Ferguson	The Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka directly contradicted the legal principle established by	106
9849789338	separation of students based solely on race constituted inherently unequal treatment	The unanimous Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka stated that segregated schools were unconstitutional because	107
9821899927	baby boom	The ______________ generation was sometimes referred to as a "pig in a python" because society had to adjust to baby boomers as they passed through various life stages	108
8356316935	Equal Rights Amendment	A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures.	109
9849802875	seek collective action against North Korea through the United Nations	The initial response of the United States to the outbreak of war in Korea was to	110
8356316936	Silent Spring	A book written (Rachel Carson) to voice the concerns of environmentalists. Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development.	111
9821885132	Berlin Airlift	the delivery of goods and necessities after a Soviet blockade of West Berlin	112
9849771881	Koren War	Truman's containment policy worked by stopping Communist aggression without allowing the conflict to develop into a world war.	113

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 24 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 24 The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929-1939

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7563310065	stock market crash	A boom stock market of 1928 led to a sell off starting in October 1929. Within three years the stock market would decline to one-ninth of its peak. (p. 497)	0
7563310066	Black Tuesday	On October 29, 1929, millions of panicky investors sold, as the bottom fell out of the stock market. (p. 497)	1
7563310067	Dow Jones index	The Wall Street stock market index. In September 1929 the index was at a high of 381, in three months it fell to 198. Three years later, the index would finally hit bottom at 41, less than one-ninth of the peak. (p. 497)	2
7563310068	buying on margin	This purchase method allowed people to borrow most of the cost of the stock, making down payments as low as 10 percent. Investors depended on the price of the stock increasing so they could repay their loans. (p. 497)	3
7563310069	uneven income distribution	Wages had risen relatively little compared to the large increases in productivity and corporate profits. Economic success was not shared by all, as the top 5 percent of the richest Americans received over 33 percent of all income. (p. 497)	4
7563310070	excessive debt	Consumers and businesses believed the economic boom was permanent so they increased borrowing, which later led to loan defaults and bank failures. (p. 498)	5
7563310071	overproduction	Business growth, aided by increased productivity and use of credit, had produced a volume of goods that workers with stagnant wages could not continue to purchase. (p. 498)	6
7563310072	Federal Reserve	During the Great Depression, the Federal Reserve followed a tight money policy. Instead of trying to stabilize banks, the money supply and prices, they tried to preserve the gold standard. (p. 498)	7
7563310073	postwar Europe	Europe had not recovered from World War I and the U.S. insistence on loan repayment and tariffs weaken Europe and contributed to the Worldwide depression. (p. 498)	8
7563310074	debts and high tariffs	Leading up to the Great Depression, the United States insisted on full World War I loan repayments and high tariffs on imports. This weakened Europe and contributed to the worldwide depression. (p. 498)	9
7563310075	Gross National Product	The value of all the goods and services produced by a nation in one year. In 1929, the United States Gross National Product was $104 billion, but it dropped to $56 billion in 1932. (p. 498)	10
7563310076	unemployment	By 1933 25% of the workforce, not including farmers, did not have employment. (p. 498)	11
7563310077	bank failures	During the Great Depression 20 percent of all banks failed. (p. 498)	12
7563310078	poverty and homeless	During the Great Depression poverty and homelessness increased. (p. 499)	13
7563310079	Herbert Hoover	He was President of the United States at the time of the stock market crash. He thought that prosperity would soon return. He was slow to call for legislative action and he thought public relief should come from the state and local governments, not the federal government. (p. 500)	14
7563310080	self-reliance	President Herbert Hoover did not ask Congress for legislative action on the economy until the summer of 1930. He was concerned that government assistance to individuals would destroy their self-reliance. (p. 500)	15
7563310081	Hawley-Smoot Tariff	In June 1930, President Hoover signed into law the highest tariff rates in history, ranging from 31 to 49 percent. In retaliation, European countries enacted their own tariffs. This reduced trade for all nations and worsened the worldwide depression. (p. 500)	16
7563310082	debt moratorium	Suspension on the payment of international debts. In 1931, President Hoover proposed a suspension of international debt payments. (p. 500)	17
7563310083	Farm Board	It was authorized to help farmers stabilize prices by temporarily holding surplus grain and cotton in storage. (p. 500)	18
7563310084	Reconstruction Finance Corporation	In 1932, Congress funded this government-owned corporation as a measure for propping up faltering railroads, banks, life insurance companies, and other financial institutions. President Hoover thought that emergency loans would stabilize key business and the benefits would "trickle down" to smaller businesses and ultimately bring recovery. (p. 501)	19
7563310085	Twentieth Amendment	Also known as the lame-duck amendment, this amendment shortened the period between the presidential election and inauguration. The new president's term would start on January 20. (p. 502)	20
7563310086	bonus march	Thousands of unemployed World War I veterans marched to Washington, D.C. and set up encampments to demand immediately payment of the bonuses promised to them at a later date. The Army, led by General Douglas MacArthur broke up the encampment. (p. 501)	21
7563310087	Franklin D. Roosevelt	This Democratic candidate won the 1932 presidential election. As a candidate, he promised a "new deal" for the American people, the repeal of Prohibition, aid for the unemployed, and cuts in government spending. (p. 502)	22
7563310088	Eleanor Roosevelt	She was the most active first lady in history, writing a newspaper column, giving speeches, and traveling the country. She served as the president's social conscience and influenced him to support minorities. (p. 502)	23
7563310089	New Deal	Franklin D. Roosevelt's plan to help people at the bottom of the economic pyramid. (p. 503)	24
7563310090	relief, recovery, reform	The New Deal included the three R's: relief for people out of work, recovery for business and the economy, and reform of American economic institutions. (p. 503)	25
7563310091	Brain Trust	For advice on economic matters, Roosevelt turned to a group of university professors. (p. 503)	26
7563310092	Frances Perkins	Roosevelt's secretary of labor, she was the first woman to serve in a president's cabinet. (p. 503)	27
7563310093	Hundred Days	On March 4, 1933, Franklin Roosevelt started his term and called Congress into a one hundred day session. They passed into law all of Roosevelt's legislation. (p. 503)	28
7563310094	repeal of Prohibition	In 1933, the 21st Amendment was passed. It repealed the 18th Amendment. This ended Prohibition. (p. 503)	29
7563310095	bank holiday	President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the banks to be closed on March 6, 1933. He made a radio address explaining that the banks would be reopened after allowing enough time for the government to reorganize them on a sound basis. (p. 503)	30
7563310096	fireside chats	President Franklin Roosevelt spoke on the radio to the American people. (p. 504)	31
7563310097	Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation	This agency guaranteed individual bank deposits. (p. 504)	32
7563310098	Public Works Administration	Directed by Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, it allotted money to state and local governments for building roads, bridges, dams, and other public works. (p. 504)	33
7563310099	Harold Ickes	President Franklin D. Roosevelt's secretary of the interior. (p. 504)	34
7563310100	Civilian Conservation Corp	This organization employed young men for projects on federal lands and paid their families small monthly sums. (p. 504)	35
7563310101	Tennessee Valley Authority	A government corporation that hired thousands of people in the Tennessee Valley, to build dams, operate electric power plants, control flooding, and erosion, and manufacture fertilizer. (p. 505)	36
7563310102	National Recovery Administration	Directed by Hugh Johnson, this agency attempted to guarantee reasonable profits for business and fair wages and hours for labor. The complex program operated with limited success for two years before the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional. (p. 505)	37
7563310103	Schechter v. U.S.	In 1935, the Supreme Court declared the National Recovery Administration (NRA) unconstitutional. (p. 505)	38
7563310104	Securities and Exchange Commission	This agency was created to regulate the stock market and to place strict limits on the kind of speculative practices that led to the 1929 stock crash. (p. 505)	39
7563310105	Federal Housing Administration	It insured bank loans for building new houses and repairing old ones. (p. 505)	40
7563310106	Works Progress Administration	This agency created in 1935, part of the Second New Deal, it was much more ambitious than earlier efforts. Between 1935 and 1940 up to 3.4 million people were hired to construct bridges, roads, airports, and public buildings. Artists, writers, actors, and photographers were also employed. (p. 506)	41
7563310107	Harry Hopkins	He headed the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in the 1930s. (p. 506)	42
7563310108	National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act	A 1935 act that guaranteed a worker's right to join a union and a union's right to bargain collectively. It outlawed business practices that were unfair to labor. (p. 507)	43
7563310109	Social Security Act	In 1935, this act created a federal insurance program based on the automatic collection of taxes from employees and employers throughout people's working careers. Monthly payments would be made to retired people over the age of 65. (p. 507)	44
7563310110	election of 1936	Franklin D. Roosevelt easily defeated the Republican nominee, Alf Landon. (p. 507)	45
7563310111	New Deal coalition	From the 1930s to 1960s, this political coalition consisted of the Solid South, white ethnic groups in cities, midwestern farmers, labor unions, and liberals. (p. 508)	46
7563310112	John Maynard Keynes	British economist, whose theory said that in difficult times government needed to spend well above its tax revenues in order to stimulate economic growth. After the 1937 recession, Roosevelt adopted this strategy, which was successful. (p. 511)	47
7563310113	recession of 1937	In the winter of 1937 the economy went into recession again. The new Social Security tax had reduced consumer spending and at the same time Roosevelt had cut back government spending in hopes of balancing the budget. (p. 511)	48
7563310114	Father Charles Coughlin	A Catholic priest who founded the National Union for Social Justice, which called for issuing inflated currency and nationalizing all banks. His radio program attacks on the New Deal were anti-Semitic and Fascist. (p. 508)	49
7563310115	Francis Townsend	He proposed a simple plan for guaranteeing a secure income for the elderly. He proposed that a 2 percent federal sales tax be used to create a special fund from which every retired person over the age of 60 would receive $200 a month thus stimulating the economy. (p. 509)	50
7563310116	Huey Long	He proposed a "Share Our Wealth" program that promised a minimum annual income of $5000 for every American family to be paid for by taxing the wealthy. In 1935 he challenged Roosevelt's leadership of the Democratic party by becoming a candidate for president but was soon assassinated. (p. 509)	51
7563310117	Supreme Court	In 1935, they declared two of President Roosevelt's recovery programs unconstitutional. (p. 509)	52
7563310118	reorganization plan	President Franklin Roosevelt proposed a plan that allowed the president to appoint a new Supreme Court justice for each current justice over the age of 70. Congress refused to pass this legislation. (p. 509)	53
7563310119	conservative coalition	Republicans and many Democrats were outraged by President Franklin Roosevelt's plan to reorganize the Supreme Court. (p. 509)	54
7563310120	Congress of Industrial Organizations	This labor union concentrated on organizing unskilled workers in the automobile, steel, and southern textile industries. (p. 510)	55
7563310121	John L. Lewis	He was President of the United Mine Workers Union and Leader of the Congress of Industrial Organizations. (p. 510)	56
7563310122	sit-down strike	In 1937 workers at the General Motors plant in Flint, Michigan insisted on the right to join a union by sitting down at the assembly line. (p. 510)	57
7563310123	Fair Labor Standards Act	In 1938 this act established a minimum wage, a maximum standard workweek with extra pay for overtime, and child labor restrictions. (p. 511)	58
7563310124	minimum wage	Establish minimum pay for workers, initially set at 40 cents per hour. (p. 511)	59
7563310125	depression mentality	Millions of people who lived through the Great Depression developed an attitude of insecurity and economic concern that remained throughout their lives. (p. 512)	60
7563310126	drought, dust bowl, Okies	A severe drought in the early 1930s and poor farming practices led to the Oklahoma dust bowl. High winds away large amounts of topsoil. (p. 512)	61
7563310127	John Steinbeck, "The Grapes of Wrath"	A novelist that wrote about hardships in his classic study of economic heartbreak in 1939, "The Grapes of Wrath". (p. 512)	62
7563310128	Marian Anderson	An African American singer who had been refused the use of Constitution Hall, she performed a special concert at the Lincoln Memorial. (p. 513)	63
7563310129	Mary McLeod Bethune	One of the African Americans that was appointed to middle-level positions in federal government. She was a leader of efforts for improving education and economic opportunities for women. (p. 513)	64
7563310130	Fair Employment Practices Committee	It was set up to assist minorities in gaining jobs in defense industries. (p. 513)	65
7563310131	A. Phillip Randolph	Head of Railroad Porters Union who threatened a march on Washington D.C. to demand equal job opportunities for African Americans. (p. 513)	66
7563310132	Indian Reorganization (Wheeler-Howard) Act	In 1934 Congress repealed the Dawes Act of 1887 and replaced it with this act which returned lands to the control of tribes and supported preservation of Indian cultures. (p. 513)	67
7563310133	Mexican deportation	Discrimination in the New Deal programs and competition for jobs forced thousands of Mexican Americans to return to Mexico. (p. 513)	68

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 13 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 13 The Union in Peril, 1848-1861

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5056678756	free-soil movement	This movement did not oppose slavery in the South, but they did not want the Western states to allow slavery. (p. 247)	0
5182433133	Free-Soil party	In 1848, Northerns organized this party to advocate that the new Western states not allow slavery and provide free homesteads. Their slogan was, "free soil, free labor, free men". (p. 248)	1
5056678757	conscience Whigs	Whigs that opposed slavery. (p. 248)	2
5056678758	barnburners	Antislavery Democrats, whose defection threatened to destroy the the Democratic party. (p 248)	3
5056678777	New England Emigrant Aid Company	Northern abolitionist and Free-Soilers set up this company to pay for the transportation of antislavery settlers to the Kansas Territory. They did this to shift the balance of power against slavery in this new territory. (p. 253)	4
5056678778	bleeding Kansas	After 1854, the conflicts between antislavery and proslavery forces exploded in the Kansas Territory. (p. 252)	5
5056678779	Pottawatomie Creek	In 1856, abolitionist John Brown and his sons attacked this proslavery farm settlement and killed five settlers. (p. 253)	6
5056678781	Lecompton constitution	In 1857, President James Buchanan asked that Congress accept this document and admit Kansas as a slave state. Congress did not accept it. (p. 255)	7
5056678759	popular sovereignty	Around 1850, this term referred to the idea that each new territory could determine by vote whether or not to allow slavery would be allowed in that region. (p. 248)	8
5056678760	Lewis Cass	This Democratic senator from Michigan, proposed popular sovereignty as the solution to the slavery question in the territories. (p. 248)	9
5056685751	Henry Clay	He proposed the Compromise of 1850. (p. 249)	10
5056678761	Zachary Taylor	The twelfth president of the United States from 1849 to 1850. He was a general and hero in the Mexican War. He was elected to the presidency in 1848, representing the Whig party. He died suddenly in 1850 and Millard Fillmore became the president. (p 248, 249)	11
5056678762	Compromise of 1850	Henry Clay proposed and it was signed into law by President Millard Fillmore. It proposed: * Admit California to the Union as a free state * Divide the remainder of the Mexican Cession into New Mexico and Utah (popular sovereignty) * Give land in dispute between Texas and New Mexico to federal government in return for paying Texas' public debt of 10 million * Ban slave trade in D. C., but permit slaveholding * New Fugitive Slave Law to be enforced (p. 249)	12
5056678763	Stephen A. Douglas	In 1854, he devised the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which in effect overturned the Missouri Compromise, and allowed the South the opportunity to expand slavery. In 1858, he debated Abraham Lincoln in a famous series of seven debates in the campaign for the Illinois senate seat. He won the campaign for reelection to the Senate, but he alienated Southern Democrats. In 1860, he won the Democratic presidential nomination, but Southern Democrats nominated their own candidate, John Breckinridge. He was easily defeated by Abraham Lincoln in the presidential election that year. (p. 252, 256, 258)	13
5056678764	Millard Fillmore	The thirteenth president of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to become president upon the death of a sitting President, when he succeeded Zachary Taylor. As vice president he helped pass the Compromise of 1850. (p. 249, 255)	14
5056678772	Kansas-Nebraska Act	This 1854 act, sponsored by Senator Stephen A Douglas, would build a transcontinental railroad through the central United States. In order gain approval in the South, it would divide the Nebraska territory into Nebraska and Kansas and allow voting to decide whether to allow slavery. This increased regional tensions because it effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise, which had already determined that this area would not allow slavery. (p. 252)	15
5056678788	Crittenden compromise	In the winter of 1860-1861, Senator John Crittenden proposed a constitutional amendment to appease the South. He proposed that slavery would be allowed in all areas south of the 36 30 line. The Republicans rejected the proposal because it would allow extension of slavery into the new territories. (p. 260)	16
5056678771	Franklin Pierce	The fourteenth President of the United States from 1853 to 1857. A Democrat from New Hampshire, he was acceptable to Southern Democrats because he supported the Fugitive Slave Law. (p. 252)	17
5056678773	Know-Nothing party	This political party started in the mid-1850s. Also known as the American party, they were mostly native-born Protestant Americans. Their core issue was opposition to Catholics and immigrants who were entering Northern cities in large numbers. (p. 254)	18
5056678774	Republican party	This political party formed in 1854, in response to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It was composed of a coalition of Free-Soilers, antislavery Whigs, and Democrats. Although not abolitionist, it sought to block the spread of slavery in the territories. (p. 254)	19
5056678775	John C. Fremont	In the presidential election of 1856, this California senator was the Republican nominee. The Republican platform called for no expansion of slavery, free homesteads, and a probusiness protective tariff. He lost the election to James Buchanan, but won 11 of the 16 free states, which foreshadowed the emergence of a powerful Republican party. (p. 255)	20
5056678776	James Buchanan	The fifteenth President of the United States from 1857 to 1861. He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina to December 20, 1860. During his term: "Bleeding Kansas" (1856), Caning of Senator Sumner (1856), Lecompton Constitution (1857), Dred Scott case (1857) (p. 255)	21
5056678787	election of 1860	In this presidential election, the Republican candidate, Abraham Lincoln won. Lincoln won all the northern states, while John C. Breckinridge, a South Democrat, won all the southern states. The South felt like it no longer had a voice in national politics and a number of states soon seceded from the Union. (p. 258)	22
5056704738	sucession	The election of Abraham Lincoln was the final event that caused the southern states to leave the Union. In December 1860, South Carolina voted unanimously to secede. Within the next six weeks Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas had all seceded. In February 1861, representatives of seven states met in Montgomery, Alabama to create the Confederate States of America. (p. 259)	23
5056678765	Fugitive Slave Law	Congress passed a second version of this law in 1850. The law's chief purpose was to track down runaway slaves who had escaped to a Northern state, capture them, and return them to their Southern owners. Enforcement of the law in the North was sometimes opposed even though there were penalties for hiding a runaway slave or obstructing enforcement of the law. (p. 250)	24
5056678766	Underground Railroad	A network of people who helped thousands of enslaved people escape to the North by providing transportation and hiding places. (p. 250)	25
5056678767	Harriet Tubman	Born a slave, she escaped to the North and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom. (p. 250)	26
5056678782	Dred Scott v. Sandford	An 1857 Supreme Court case, in which Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that African Americans (free or slave), were not citizens of the United States, that Congress could not exclude slavery from any federal territory, and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. The ruling delighted Southern Democrats and infuriated Northern Republicans. (p. 255)	27
5056706598	Roger Taney	He was a Southern Democrat and chief justice of the Supreme Court during the Dred Scott v. Sandford case. (p. 255)	28
5056708687	Abraham Lincoln	He was elected president of the United States in 1860. He was a Republican, who ran on a platform that appealed to those in the North and the West. It called for the exclusion of slavery in the new territories, a protective tariff for industry, free land for homesteaders, and a railroad to the Pacific. (p. 258)	29
5056678783	Lincoln-Douglas debates	In 1858, Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln had seven debates in the campaign for the Illinois senate seat. Lincoln was not an abolitionist, but he attacked Douglas's seeming indifference to slavery as a moral issue. Although Lincoln lost the election to Douglas, he emerged as a national figure and leading contender for the Republican nomination for president. (p. 256)	30
5056678784	house-divided speech	The speech given by Abraham Lincoln when accepting the Republican nomination for the Illinois senate seat. He said, "This government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free". (p. 256)	31
5056678785	Freeport Doctrine	Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said slavery could not exist in a community if the local citizens did not pass laws (slave codes) maintaining it. This angered Southern Democrats. (p. 257)	32
5056678780	Sumner-Brooks incident	This incident took place in 1856, when Congressman Preston Brooks severely beat Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner. The attack occurred in the Senate chamber, after Sumner gave a vitriolic speech, "The Crime Against Kansas". (p. 254)	33
5056715641	John Brown	He led his four sons and some former slaves, in an attack on the federal arsenal, called the Harpers Ferry raid. (p. 257)	34
5056678786	Harpers Ferry raid	In October 1859, John Brown led his four sons and some former slaves, in an attack on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry. His impractical plan was to obtain guns to arm Virginia's slaves, whom he hoped would rise up in a general revolt. He and six of his followers were captured and hanged. Southern whites saw the raid as proof of the north's true intentions - to use slave revolts to destroy the South. (p. 257)	35
5056678768	Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin	In 1852, she wrote this influential book about the conflict between a slave named Tom, and a brutal white slave owner, Simon Legree. It caused a generation of Northerners and many Europeans to regard all slave owners as cruel and inhuman. Southerners believed it to be proof of Northern prejudice against the Southern way of life. (p. 250)	36
5056678769	Hinton R. Helper, Impending Crisis of the South	In 1857, he wrote this nonfiction book, that attacked slavery using statistics to demonstrate to fellow Southerners that slavery weakened the South's economy. Southern states banned the book, but it was widely read in the North. (p. 250)	37
5056678770	George Fitzhugh, Sociology of the South	In 1854, he wrote this proslavery book which argued that slavery was a positive good for slave and master alike. He was the boldest and most well known of proslavery authors. He questioned the principle of equal rights for unequal men and attacked the capitalist wage system as worse than slavery. (p. 251)	38

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AP US History Period 7 (1890-1945) Flashcards

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6734523952	imperialist	A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.	0
6734523953	isolationism	A category of foreign policies institutionalized by leaders who asserted that their nations' best interests were best served by keeping the affairs of other countries at a distance.	1
6734523976	Open Door Policy	The policy that China should be open to trade with all of the major powers, and that all, including the United States, should have equal right to trade there. This was the official American position toward China as announced by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899.	2
6734523954	Spanish-American War	A conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor leading to American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence.	3
6734523943	Progressive Era	A period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States, from the 1890s to 1920s.	4
6734523967	progressive	In politics, one who believes in continuing progress, improvement, or reform.	5
6734523968	initiative	In politics, the procedure whereby voters can, through petition, present proposed legislation directly to the electorate.	6
6734523969	referendum	The submission of a law, proposed or already in effect, to a direct vote of the electorate.	7
6734523970	recall	In politics, a procedure for removing an official from office through popular election or other means.	8
6734523944	Prohibition	A nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933.	9
6734523945	Women's suffrage	The women's right to vote, granted by the 19th amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920).	10
6734523942	The Great Depression	The deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world. In the United States, the Great Depression began soon after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors.	11
6734523947	conservationists	Those who advocate for the sustainable use and management of natural resources including wildlife, water, air, and earth deposits, both -- renewable and non-renewable.	12
6734523948	Welfare State	A system whereby the government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits. The foundations for the modern welfare state in the US were laid by the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.	13
6734523949	Liberalism	A viewpoint or ideology associated with free political institutions and religious toleration, as well as support for a strong role of government in regulating capitalism and constructing the welfare state.	14
6734523950	mass media	Diversified mediatechnologies that are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication.	15
6734523951	The Great Migration	The movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1910 and 1970.	16
6734523955	Treaty of Versailles	One of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. Signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.	17
6734523956	League of Nations	An intergovernmental organization founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It lacked an armed force to enforce policy and was not joined by the United States.	18
6734523957	fascism	An authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization.	19
6734523958	Axis Powers	Germany, Italy, and Japan, which were allied before and during World War II.	20
6734523959	Allied Powers	U.S., Britain, France, which were allied before and during World War II.	21
6734523960	Nazi Concentration Camp	A guarded compound for the detention or imprisonment of aliens, members of ethnic minorities, political opponents. Primarily Jewish Europeans during WWII.	22
6734523961	Holocaust	A genocide in which Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany and its collaborators killed about six million Jews and members from other fringe social groups during World War II.	23
6734523962	Internment of Japanese Americans	Forced relocation and incarceration in camps in the interior of the U.S. of between 110,000 and 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry who had lived on the Pacific coast.	24
6734523963	Pacific "Island Hopping"	A military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War against Japan and the Axis powers during World War II. The idea was to bypass heavily fortified Japanese positions and instead concentrate the limited Allied resources on strategically important islands that were not well defended but capable of supporting the drive to the main islands of Japan.	25
6734523964	D-Day	The landing operations on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II.	26
6734523965	atomic bomb	A "fission" bomb dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima at the end of World War II.	27
6734523966	americanization	The process of assimilating American character, manner, ideals, culture, and so on.	28
6734523971	self-determination	In politics, the right of a people (usually based on ethnicity) to shape its own national identity and form a government, without outside coercion of influence.	29
6734523972	graduated income tax	A tax on income in which the taxation rates are progressively higher for those whit higher income.	30
6734523973	Muller v. Oregon (1908)	First case to use the "Brandeis brief"; recognized a 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on the grounds of health and community concerns.	31
6734523974	Schenck v. U. S. (1919)	Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger."	32
6734523975	Korematsu v. U. S. (1941)	The court upheld the constitutionality of detention camps for Japanese-Americans during World War 2.	33
6734523977	socialism	An economic and governmental system based on public ownership of the means of production and exchange.	34
6734523978	Eugene Debs	Prominent socialist leader (and five time presidential candidate) who founded the American Railroad Union and led the 1894 Pullman Strike	35
6734523979	Roosevelt Corollary	Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force.	36
6734523980	Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)	Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.	37
6734523981	Pure Food and Drug Act	Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.	38
6734523982	Teddy Roosevelt	Twenty-sixth president of the United States; he focused his efforts on trust busting, environment conservation, and strong foreign policy.	39
6734523983	William Taft	27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.	40
6734523984	Triangle Shirtwaist Fire	March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers	41
6734523985	segregation	Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences. Common in the South after the Civil War through the 1960s.	42
6734523986	Harlem Renaissance	Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous writers of this movement.	43
6734523987	Fourteen Points	The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.	44
6734523988	Red Scare	A social/political movement designed to prevent a socialist/communist/radical movement in this country by finding "radicals," incarcerating them, deporting them, and subverting their activities. Periods of Red Scare occurred after both World Wars in the United States.	45
6734523989	Sedition Act	A law passed by Congress in 1918 (during World War I) to make it illegal to say anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war effort in WWI. Seen as a military necessity by some for effectively fighting in WWI.	46
6734523990	Scopes Trial	Also known as the Scopes Monkey Trial; 1925 court case argued by Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan in which the issue of teaching evolution in public schools was debated. Highlighted the growing divide between rural (more conservative) and urban (more liberal) interests in the United States.	47
6734523991	Sacco and Vanzetti Trial	Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Massachusetts. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.	48
6734523992	Kellog-Briand Pact	Idealistic agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another.	49
6734523993	Herbert Hoover	Republican president at the outset of the Great Depression. As a Republican, he believed that the federal government should not interfere in economic problems; the severity of the Great Depression forced his hand to provide some federal assistance to those in need, but he mostly left these efforts to the states.	50
6734523994	Smoot-Hawley Tariff	One of Herbert Hoover's earliest efforts to protect the nation's farmers following the onset of the Great Depression. Tariff raised rates to an all-time high.	51
6734523995	Platt Amendment	This amendment to the new Cuban constitution authorized U.S. intervention in Cuba to protect its interests. Cuba pledged not to make treates with other countries that might compromise its independence, and it granted naval bases to the United States, most notable being Guantanamo Bay.	52
6734523997	Zoot Suit Riots	A series of riots in 1944 during World War II that broke out in Los Angeles, California, between Anglo American sailors and Marines stationed in the city, and Latino youths, who were recognizable by the zoot suits they favored.	53
6734523998	Yalta Conference	FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War.	54
6734523999	William Jennings Bryan	United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925).	55
6734524000	Woodrow Wilson	(1856-1924) President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.	56
6734524001	United Nations	An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.	57
6734524002	communism	A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.	58
6734524003	Bolshevik Revolution	The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.	59
6734524004	Wagner Act	Established the National Labor Relations Board; allowed employees to collectively bargain	60

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US AP History Period 1 Flashcards

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6674776470	How did early Americans reach North and South America?	They crossed a land bridge from Asia	0
6674776472	What were the Indians doing when they crossed the land bridge?	Following food or herds	1
6674776474	What did the cultivation of maize do?	Transform nomadic hunter-gather societies into settled farming communities	2
6674776476	What were the Spanish 3 motives for exploration?	1. God 2. Gold 3. Glory	3
6674776479	Where did Columbus land?	Hispainola	4
6674776483	Who came to the New World once it was discovered?	Spanish conquistadors	5
6674776485	What are the 2 things the Spanish give the Indians in exchange for their work (in the Encomienda System)	1. Provide food, shelter, and good treatment to the Indians 2. Convert them to Christians	6
6674776486	What was the Encomienda System basically?	Slavery	7
6674776487	Who worked for Indian's rights?	Bartolome de las Casas	8
6674776488	What happened when the Spanish ran out of Indians to do work?	They went and got Africans	9
6674776493	What is the Biological (Columbian) Exchange?	Exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between Old World and New World after the time of Columbus.	10
6674776494	What 3 crops from the Americas ended up being staple crops in Europe?	Corn, Beans and Squash	11
6674776496	What diseases were from the Old World and went to the New World?	Smallpox, malaria, yellow fever, influenza	12
6674776498	Columbian Exchange	An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.	13
6674776499	Encomienda	A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it	14
6674776500	Atlantic slave trade	Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. 98% of Africans were sent to the Caribbean, South and Central America.	15
6674776501	Bartolome de las Casas	First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor; however his suggestion to replace Natives with Africans was won he would regret.	16
6674776502	Maize	An early form of corn grown by Native Americans	17
6674776503	Anasazi	A Native American who lived in what is now southern Colorado and Utah and northern Arizona and New Mexico and who built cliff dwellings	18
6674776504	Iroquois	A later native group to the eastern woodlands. They blended agriculture and hunting living in common villages constructed from the trees and bark of the forests	19
6674776505	Cherokee	Are a Native American people historically settled in the Southeastern United States (principally Georgia, the Carolinas and Eastern Tennessee). Linguistically, they are part of the Iroquoian-language family. In the 19th century, historians and ethnographers recorded their oral tradition that told of the tribe having migrated south in ancient times from the Great Lakes region, where other Iroquoian-speaking peoples were located.	20
6674776513	Nomad	Early, simplistic man that migrated across the land bridge.	21
6674776514	Causes for European interest in exploration?	The Holy Crusades, Renaissance and The Protestant Reformation.	22

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Period 4: 1800-1848 AP US History Flashcards

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8044246863	Federalist	Political party created in the 1790s led by Alexander Hamilton; favored a stronger national government; supported primarily by the bankers and moneyed interests	0
8044246864	Democratic-Republicans	Political party created in the 1790's; led by Thomas Jefferson; favored limited government and state rights; supported primarily by the "common man"	1
8044246865	Election of 1800	(AKA Revolution of 1800) election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist party to the Democratic Republican Party	2
8044246866	Hartford Convention, 1814	Meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 discuss strategy to gain more power in government; viewed as unpatriotic by many; as a result, the Federalist Party was no longer a significant force in American politics	3
8044246867	Era of Good Feelings	Term used to describe the time period after the 2nd Party System in the United States after the Federalist Party fell from the national stage, leaving only the Democratic Party; associated with the presidency of James Monroe	4
8044246868	Democrats	Political party that brought Andrew Jackson into office in 1829; part of the 2nd Party System of the United States; supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government and individualism; drew its support from the "common Man"	5
8044246869	Whig Party	Political Party created in 1834 as a coalition of anti-Jackson political leaders and dedicated to internal improvements funded by the national government	6
8044246870	Andrew Jackson	Leader of the Democrats who became the seventh president of the US (1829-1837); known for his opposition to the 2nd Bank of the US, the Indian Removal Act, and opposition to nullification	7
8044246871	Henry Clay	Leader of the Whig Party who proposed an "American System" to make the United States economically self-sufficient, mostly through protective tariffs; worked to keep the Union together through political compromise	8
8044246872	Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)	After South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void, President Jackson obtained a Force Bill to use military actions against South Carolina; ended with a compromise to lower tariffs over an extended time; overall significance was the challenge of states to ignore federal law (later on with laws regarding slavery).	9
8044246873	John C. Calhoun	South Carolina political leader who defended slavery as a positive good and advocated the doctrine of nullification, a policy in which state could nullify federal law.	10
8044246874	John Marshall	Appointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801; served as a chief justice until 1835; legal decisions gave the Supreme Court more power, strengthened the federal government, and supported protection of private property.	11
8044246875	Cotton Belt	Southern region in the US where most of the cotton is grown/deep; stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier; had the highest concentration of slaves	12
8044246876	Judicial Review	The power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress	13
8044246877	Market Economy	Economic system based on the unregulated buying and selling of goods and services; prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand	14
8044246878	Embargo Act (1807)	Passed by President Jefferson in order to pressure Britain and France to stop impressment and support the American rights to free trade with the other; a government-order ban on international trade; went into effect in 1808 and closed down virtually all U.S. trade with foreign nations; led to steep depression in the economy	15
8044246879	Panic of 1819	Financial panic that began when the Second Bank of the US tightened credit and recalled government loans after the price of cotton dropped	16
8044246880	Second Bank of the United States (1816)	Privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial and fiscal agent for the US government; established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last 20 years; Andrew Jackson was critical of the bank and its potential for corruption; ended when Jackson vetoed the extension of its charter and won reelection in the process	17
8044246881	Tariff of 1816	First protective tariff in US history; designed primarily to help America's textile industry	18
8044246882	Tariff of Abominations 1828	Tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues (called the Nullification Crisis)	19
8044246883	Panic of 1837	Economic collapse caused primarily by President Jackson's destruction of the Second Bank of the United States	20
8044246884	Slave Codes	Laws that established the status of slaves denying them basic rights and classifying them as the property of slaveholders	21
8044246885	Second Great Awakening	An upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and was characterized by emotional revival meetings; led to several reform movements (temperance, abolition) designed to perfect society with religious morals	22
8044246886	Charles Finney	Presbyterian minister who is credited and is known as the "Father of modern Revivalism"; advocated the abolition of slavery and equal education for women and African Americans	23
8044246887	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Advocate of women right's, including the right to vote; organized (with Lucretia Mott) the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY	24
8044246888	Dorothea Dix	Pioneer in the moment for special treatment for the mentally ill	25
8044246889	Horace Mann	Massachusetts educator who called for publicly funded education for all children; called the "Father of Public Education in America"	26
8044246890	Utopian Communities	Idealistic reform movement based on the belief that a perfect society could be created on Earth; significant Utopian experiments were established at New Harmony, Indiana, Book Farm, Massachusetts and the Oneida Community in New York; usually such attempts were short-lived	27
8044246891	William Lloyd Garrison	Radical abolitionist in Massachusetts who published the liberator, an antislavery newspaper	28
8044246892	Hudson River School 1825-1875	The first native school of painting in the US; painted primarily landscapes; themes included deep nationalism, grandeur of nature, and transcendentalism	29
8044246893	Transcendentalism	Philosophical and literary movement that believed God existed within human being and nature; believed intuition was the highest source of knowledge; advocated for introspection by surrounding oneself with nature	30
8044246894	Ralph Waldo Emerson	Philosopher, writer, and poet who became a central figure in the Transcendalist movement in American	31
8044246895	Henry David Thoreau	Writer and naturalist; with Ralph Waldo Emerson, he was one of America's best known transcendentalists	32
8044246896	Richard Allen	African American minister who established the first independent African American denomination in the US, the African Methodist Episcopalian Church	33
8044246897	Samuel Slater	Known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution"; brought British textile technology to the United States to create the first factory	34
8044246898	John Deere	Invented the steel plow in 1837, which revolutionized farming; the steel plow broke up soil without the soil getting stuck to the plow	35
8044246899	Lowell System	Method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, MA	36
8044246900	Erie Canal (1817-1825)	350 mile canal built by the state of NY that stretched from Buffalo to Albany; the canal revolutionized shipping in NY and opened up new markets (evidence of the Market Revolution)	37
8044246901	National Road (1811)	AKA Cumberland Road; first significant road built in the US at the expense of the federal government; stretched from the Potomac River to the Ohio River	38
8044246902	Mason-Dixon Line	Boundary between PA and MD that marked the division between free and slave states before the Civil War	39
8044246903	Cult of Domesticity	The belief that a woman's proper role in life was found in domestic pursuits (raising children, taking care of the house); strongly believed by many throughout the 19th century	40
8044246904	Louisiana Purchase (1803)	U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River	41
8044246905	Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)	Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark	42
8044246906	War Hawks	Members of Congress from the West and South elected in 1810 who wanted war with Britain in the hopes of annexing new territory and ending British trade with the Indians of the Northwest	43
8044246907	War of 1812	1812-1815, War between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the perceived British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas (impressment); ended with an agreement of "status quo ante" (a return to how things were before the war)	44
8044246908	Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)	Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S	45
8044246909	Monroe Doctrine (1823)	President Monroe's unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to further European colonization and that the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere; in return the U.S. pledged to stay out of European conflicts and affairs; significant foreign policy state that lasted through most of the 19th century	46
8044246910	Oregon Treaty of 1846	After years of conflict over ownership of the Pacific Northwest, the U.S. and England established the boundary at 49° latitude, essentially splitting the Oregon Country down the middle	47
8044246911	Manifest Destiny	Popular belief amongst early-19th century Americans that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent, that this belief was obvious, and that God willed it to take place	48
8044246912	Tecumseh	Shawnee leader who attempted to establish an Indian confederacy among tribes from around the continent that he hoped would be a barrier to white expansion; defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 by U.S. forces led by General William Henry Harrison, slowing the momentum of Pan-Indian unity	49
8044246913	Indian Removal Act (1830)	Law that provided for the removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of Indian lands for white resettlement	50
8044246914	Worcester v. Georgia (1832)	A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction; John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians; this ruling was largely ignored by President Andrew Jackson	51
8044246915	Trail of Tears (1838)	Forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory in the winter; a large percentage of Cherokee died on the journey	52
8044246916	The American System	Consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: (1) a tariff to protect and promote American industry; (2) a national bank to foster commerce; (3) federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture; supported heavily by Henry Clay	53
8044246917	Missouri Compromise (1820)	Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance between slave and free states in representation in the federal government; established a geographic line that would determine whether new states (made from the western territories) would be added to the union as slave or free states	54
8044246918	Spoils System	Public offices given as a reward for political support. Most iconically used by Andrew Jackson after his first election, which then became a precedent for future federal leaders.	55
8044246919	Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall)	The Court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review.	56
8044246920	McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, Marshall)	The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.	57
8044246921	Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831, Marshall)	"The conditions of the Indians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike that of any two people in existence," Chief Justice John Marshall wrote, "their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian. . .(they were a) domestic dependent nation." Established a "trust relationship" with the tribes directly under federal authority.	58
8044246922	interchangeable parts	Parts that were identical and which could be substituted for one another; developed by Eli Whitney for the manufacturing of muskets; became a hallmark of the American factory system	59
8044246923	tariff	A tax imposed on imported goods and services. Tariffs are used to restrict trade, as they increase the price of imported goods and services, making them more expensive to consumers.	60
8044246924	embargo	A government order prohibiting commerce in or out of a port	61