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AP Literature - The Language of Literary Analysis Flashcards

7301714908	Adage	a proverb or saying made familiar by long use ex: "No bees, no honey" "A stitch in time saves nine. sentence: This goes to prove the adage or old saying: "You get what you pay for."	0
7301714909	Allegory	an extended metaphor of two things that has symbolic meaning ex/sentence: Alice in Wonderland is an example of a political allegory, or form of extended metaphor, in which the story depicts 19th century British imperialism.	1
7301714910	Alliteration	the repetition of same consonant sounds ex: "The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, / The furrow followed free. sentence: Tongue twisters are filled with many alliterations or repetition of consonant sounds.	2
7301714911	Allusion	brief reference to a historical, mythological, or literary figure, event or object sentence: The author's new book contains an allusion, or brief reference, to the Bible.	3
7301714913	Amplification	to add more details in order to clarify a topic sentence: My friend told me an amplified, or detailed, version of her story, when she could have simply summarized it with one sentence.	4
7301714914	Anadiplosis	repetition in which a word or phrase coming last in one sentence or line is repeated at the beginning of the next ex: as in these lines from Bartholomew Griffin's Fidessa: For I have loved long, I crave reward, Reward me not unkindly: think of kindness, Kindness becommeth those of high regard, Regard with clemency a poor man's blindness. sentence: In the poem, the poet utilized an anadiplosis when line ended with "love" and it was repeated at the beginning the next phrase.	5
7301714915	Analogy	the comparison of two alike things which something unfamiliar is explained by being compared to something familiar sentence: I used an analogy to compare the similarity between my brother and a vacuum cleaner after he ate three bowls of dinner.	6
7301714916	Anapest	a poetic foot consisting of three syllables, with two unaccented syllables followed by an accented one. (--/) ex: The following lines from Shelley's "The Cloud" are anapestic: "Like a child from the womb, like a ghost from the tomb" sentence: An example of an anapest, or poetic foot, from Shelley's "The Cloud" is "Like a child from the womb, like a ghost from the tomb" because it consists of two unaccented syllables followed by an accented one.	7
7301714917	Anaphora	repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of adjacent clauses ex/sentence: The poem was a great example of anaphora as it started each line with the same two words of "I am."	8
7301821619	Anecdote	short narrative that gives details of an event ex/sentence: My friend always tells me anecdotes, or short narratives, from his fun times in Japan.	9
7413229572	Antagonist	- character directly opposed to the protagonist - a rival, opponent, or enemy of the protagonist ex: the joker in batman sentence: The antagonist, or enemy, of the next Marvel movie is rumored to kidnap the protagonist's family.	10
7413229573	Antihero	a protagonist of a play or novel that lacks the usual qualities of a hero, meaning they can be clumsy, dishonest, or dumb sentence: Harry is the antihero in the play because he is very clumsy protagonist that messes up a lot compared to the hero.	11
7413229574	Antimetabole	repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order ex: Moliere's sentence, "One should eat to live, not live to eat." sentence: The poem has many antimetaboles, in which the poet repeats clauses in reverse grammatical order.	12
7413229575	Antithesis	a figure of speech characterized by strongly contrasting words, clauses, sentences or ideas ex: "Man proposes, God disposes." sentence: An example of an antithesis, or figure of speech, is "Man proposes, God disposes" because of the strong contrasting ideas.	13
7413229576	aphorism	a statement of principle presented in a to the point manner that implies expression and authorship ex: "Simplicity, Simplicity, Simplicity!" - Thoreau sentence: My grandpa often ends his anecdotes with aphorisms, or statements of principles, that act as life lessons or tips for us as we grow older.	14
7413229577	Apostrophe	a figure of speech in which a statement to a character or a nonexistent personage is directly addressed as though present ex: "And chiefly, Thou, O spirit, that dost prefer.." sentences: In the play, the author used an apostrophe when the character talked to the moon, a nonexistent personage, as if it was present.	15
7413229578	Archetype	an image, a detail, a plot pattern, or character in literature that evokes emotions bc it touches the unconscious memory and calls into play illogical but strong responses sentence: My English class did a unit of identifying common archetypes, characters that evoke strong emotions, in novels we were reading.	16
7413229579	Aside	action where an actor directly addresses the audience but not heard by the other actors on the stage sentence: The actor in the play revealed his evil plan to the audience in an aside, but his plans were unknown to the rest of the actors in the stage.	17
7413229580	Assonance	pattern of the same stressed vowel sounds without regard to consonants ex: talking and walking → repetition of "ah" sound sentence: I got a bad grade on my poem because my use of assonance was not correct since it didn't stress the same pattern of the vowel sounds.	18
7413229581	Asyndeton	condensed form of expression in which there is a lack of conjunctions that would usually be present ex: Caesar's "Veni, vidi, vici" (I came, I saw, I conquered) sentence: A famous asyndeton is "I came, I saw, I conquered" due to the lack of conjunctions that would usually be present.	19
7554603788	Aubade	lyric about dawn or a morning serenade/song of lovers parting at dawn sentence: The aubade, or morning serenade, playing on the radio seemed to parallel the events in the book where the couple were sad because they were leaving each other at dawn.	20
7554603789	Balance	a structure in which parts of the whole (words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence) are set off against each other so as to emphasize a contrast ex: Macaulay's sentence, "The memory of other authors is kept alive by their works; but the memory of Johnson keeps many of his works alive" is an example. sentence: The poet utilized balance in her poem when she successfully structured phrases to emphasize a contrast between them.	21
7554603790	Ballad	form of verse to be sung or recited characterized by its presentation of a dramatic or exciting episode in a simple narrative form sentence: The original ballad, or form of verse, sung at the dance told the story of a girl's struggle to find her place in a new school in a simple narrative form.	22
7554603791	Bathos	the effect resulting from the unsuccessful effort to achieve sublimity and instead causing an anticlimax and ridiculousness ex: from the Pope: Advance the fringed curtains of thy eyes And tell me who comes yonder. Here the author (Temple) fails because of the (unintentional) anticlimax resulting from the effort to treat poetically a commonplace idea. sentence: His lighthearted joke in the middle of a serious essay created a bathos, or unexpected ridiculousness, in the paper.	23
7554603792	Blank Verse	unrhymed, regular verse usually in iambic pentameter commonly used for long poems sentence: Shakespeare wrote most of his poems in blank verse, meaning that they were unrhymed, dramatic verses that followed the iambic pentameter structure.	24
7554603793	Blazon	a rationally ordered poem of praise of blame, proceeding detail by detail sentence: Shakespeare's Sonnet 130 is an example of a blazon due to its ordered structure of praise of blame and specific details.	25
7554603794	Caesura	a pause or break in a line of verse sentence: In classical literature, the caesura characteristically divided a foot between two words near the middle of a line to create a pause. sentence 2: The brief caesura, or break, in the middle of the long verse made the actor able to catch his breath.	26
7554603795	Canto	section or division of a long poem originally designated as a part to be sung sentence: I decided that I would take a break before I reached the canto of the poem since it was a long section that I was going to sing.	27
7554603796	carpe diem poem	a poem that refers to the common moral/theme found in literature that the reader should make the most out of life ex: Robert Herrick's familiar: Gather ye rosebuds while ye may, Old time is still a-flying; And this same flower that smiles today, Tomorrow will be dying. sentence: I filled my journal with carpe diem poems which encourages me to live each day the fullest and make the best out of life.	28
7554603797	catalog	a list of people, things, or attributes extended to great length ex: The Bible has many catalos, the most notable example being the genealogy of Jesus in Matthew, chapter 1. sentence: I read thought the catalog, or length list, of Matthew 1 and could hardly remember the various names by the end.	29
7715655884	catharsis	the process by which an unhealthy emotional state, produced by an imbalance of feelings, is corrected and emotional health restored (the process of releasing and being relieved from strong emotions of pity and fear) sentence: In a greek tragedy, the audience undergoes catharsis, which is the process of releasing pity and fear is corrected and emotional health is restored.	30
7715655885	chiasmus	pattern in which the second part is balanced against the first but with the parts reversed ex: Coleridge's line, "Flowers are lovely, love is flowerlike." sentence: In my English class last year, we studied rhetorical devices where chiasmus was commonly found in speeches, in which the second part of a clause is balanced against the first but with the parts reversed.	31
7715655886	chorus	In ancient Greek, a group of singers and dancers in festivals that sang the songs or summarize actions of the play sentence: In my English class, we analyzed the chorus in Antigone, which represents the citizens of Thebes who comment on the actions of a play and offer wisdom to the characters while singing and dancing.	32
7715655887	cliche	a word or phrase that is used so often it has become a stereotype and is worn sentences: The new book is stereotypical and worn out because it follows the same cliche plot, of the girl and boy falling in love with each other, as any other romance book.	33
7715655888	closed couplet	two lines with the same rhyme scheme aa that are independent statements and stand alone from whatever precedes/follows it sentence: The closed couplet at the end of the poem are two lines following the same AA pattern in which they are independent statements.	34
7715655889	colloquialism	an expression used in informal conversation but not accepted universally in formals speech or writing sentence: I got points off on my formal essay because I used a few colloquialisms, or informal expressions, thus throwing off the tone.	35
7715655890	complaint	a Middle Age poem that includes the poet complaining about his mistress, looking for the remedy for unhappiness, and regrets the sorry state of the world sentence: In light of finals approaching, we wrote complaint poems to relieve our negative stress in words.	36
7715655891	conceit	an extended metaphor that designates a fanciful notion, usually expressed through an analogy between dissimilar things sentence: The conceit, or extended metaphor, relating potatoes and artists to human nature spanned over a couple of chapters in the novel.	37
7715655892	consonance	the repetition of consonant sounds in the middle or at the end of words ex: mill/ball, torn/burn, river/ever sentence: In order to make sure my sonnet rhymed, I checked that the respective last words of lines had the same consonance, or consonant sounds.	38
7715655893	couplet	two consecutive lines of verse with end rhymes sentence: By the time I got to the couplet, or two consecutive lines of verse with end rhymes, I was touched by the incredible language and emotion from the poet.	39
7915835830	dactyl	a foot consisting of one accented syllable followed by two unaccented sentence: In my english class, we practiced finding dactyl in sonnets, thus meaning that we looked for poetic foots consisting of one accented syllable followed by two unaccented syllables.	40
7915835831	diction	author's word choice, including vocabulary and syntax ex: He foolishly wrote that the author uses diction in his essay even though that just means the author uses words.	41
7915835832	dissonance	harsh and inharmonious sounds; a marked break in the music of poetry, which may be intentional sentence: The dissonance, or harsh sound, in the poem emphasized the sudden discomfort felt by the poet.	42
7915835833	dramatic irony	the words or acts of a character may carry a meaning unperceived by the character but understood by the audience. sentence: Through the use of dramatic irony, the audience was well aware of the antagonist's plot to act revengeful even though the other characters were clueless about his plans.	43
7915835834	dramatic monologue	a poem that reveals "a soul in action" through the speech of one character in a dramatic situation sentence: The character's dramatic monologue, or poem, revealed his internal conflict and terrible situation he's currently experiencing.	44
7915835835	dynamic character	a character who develops or changes as a result of the actions of the plot sentence: In the movie, the bully proved to be a dynamic character by changing his behavior to being friendly by the end.	45
7915835836	eclipsis	omission of material that may be necessary for full clarity sentence: My friend talks in slang and eclipsis, thus meaning that she omits material that makes it hard to understand and clarify what she's saying.	46
7915835837	elegy	a sustained and formal poem setting forth meditations on death or another solemn theme sentence: I read an elegy, or formal poem, at my grandma's funeral to honor her death.	47
7915835838	ellipsis	omission of one or more words that, while essential to a grammatic structure, are easily supplied sentence: I used a lot of ellipsis, or omission of words, to cut down the length of my essay, so it would stay within the world limit.	48
7915835839	English sonnet	a sonnet consisting of three quatrains followed by a couplet with the rhyming pattern sentence: Shakespeare is famous for his English sonnets that contain three quatrains followed by a couplet.	49
8694589295	enjambment	continuation of the of a line on to the next verse or couplet occurring in run-on lines sentence: I barely had moments to take a breath while reading the poem because the enjambment, or continuation of a line, caused there to be few ends of sentences.	50
8694589296	epic	long narrative poem that is important to history or a nation that highlights adventure surrounding a central hero and the development of that character sentence: The Odyssey is an important epic, or long narrative poem, for Greek culture that we study today.	51
8694589297	epic simile	elaborated comparison; a more ornate and complex simile sentence: I marvelled at the epic simile, or elaborated comparison, that spanned half the chapter.	52
8694589298	epigram	a pithy saying that is characterized by compression, balance, and polish sentence: I started my essay with an epigram, a pithy saying, to grab the reader's attention.	53
8694589299	epigraph	a quotation on the title page of a book or motto of a section of work sentence: The book I was reading opened up with an epigraph, or short quotation, to illustrate the upcoming themes.	54
8694589300	epilogue	concluding statement applied to the final remarks of novel addressed to the audience sentence: I eagerly turned the page, expecting another chapter to continue the action, but instead was met with the epilogue explaining the concluding statement of the novel and characters.	55
8694589301	epiphany	sudden insight of divine being sentence: The character had a epiphany, or sudden insight, that resulted in her change of heart.	56
8694589302	epitaph	inscription used to mark burial places; commemorative verses or lines appearing on tombs sentence: We chose a Bible verse to be the epitaph, commemorative verses, on my grandma's grave.	57
8694589303	epithet	an adjective to point out a characteristic of a person or things sentence: I used multiple epithets, or adjectives, in my narrative to point out the character's persona.	58
8694589304	euphemism	device in which indirectness replaces directness of statement to avoid offensiveness sentence: To avoid offending his classmate that just lost her grandpa, he used a euphemism, or a less harder terms for the word "death".	59
9032045154	Euphony	pleasing sounds; opposite of cacophony, the subjective impression of unpleasant sound sentence: I heard a euphony, or pleasing sounds, of string instruments from outside the orchestra hall.	60
9032045155	Eye Rhyme	rhyme that appears correct from the spelling but is not so from the pronunciation, as "watch" and "match" or "love" and "move." sentence: Some people get often confused with eye rhyme since it appears correct but it is not once pronouncing the words.	61
9032045156	The Fates	Greeks and Romans believed that the Fates controlled the birth, life and death of all human beings; they were three sisters who controlled the thread of life: Clotho held the distaff; Lachesis spun the thread; and Atropos cut the thread to end life. sentence: Through reading greek and roman literature in English class, I learned that The Fates are the ones that control the birth, life and death of all human beings	62
9032045157	Feminine Rhyme	rhyme in which the rhyming stressed syllable are followed by an undifferentiated identical unstressed syllable, as waken and forsaken; aka double rhyme sentence: The fourth line of the sonnet had a feminine rhyme, or double rhyme, causing the iambic pentameter to be slightly thrown off.	63
9032045158	Figurative Language	intentional departure from the normal order, construction, or meaning of words; embodies one or more figures of speech. sentence: I filled my creative writing assignment with figurative language, or complex figures of speech, to make it more poetic.	64
9032045159	Flashback	device by which a work presents material that occurred prior to the opening scene of the work. sentence: The movie included a flashback to the main character's childhood showing his background.	65
9032045160	Flat Character	a character with one recognizable characteristic sentence: If some of the people at my school were characters in a book, they would be flat characters since I know so little about them.	66
9032045161	Foil	applied to any person who through contrast underscores the distinctive characteristics of another sentence: My English teacher taught me that in the novel Hamlet, Laertes serve as foils to Hamlet due to their contrasting characters.	67
9032045162	Foot	the unit of rhythm in verse sentence: I wrote a short poem with an iamb foot, a unit of rhythm in a verse, which is 2 syllables.	68
9032045163	Foreshadowing	presentation of material in a work that later events are prepared for; result from a mood or atmosphere sentence: The threading note the main character received note foreshadowed, or hinted, her death later on in the novel.	69
9441321133	Form	parts of a work of art in relation to its total effect; organization of rhythmic units. sentence:	70
9441321134	Frame Story	a story within a story sentence: The book I am reading includes a frame story, or a story within a story, about a fantasy tale.	71
9441321135	Free Verse	verse that has no specific rhyme or mete sentence: Slam poetry is a powerful display of free verse, verses that have no specific rhyme.	72
9441321136	Great Chain of Being	belief that everything partakes of a hierarchical system, extending upward from inanimate matter to things that have life but do not reason to the rational human being, to angels, and finally to God sentence: The Plato passage discussed the Great Chain of Being, the belief that everything partakes of a hierarchical system .	73
9441321137	Half Rhyme	imperfect rhyme usually with consonance sentence: My sister got a 50 on her poetry assignment because he used mostly half rhyme, which is knows are imperfect rhyme.	74
9441321138	Hamartia	error, frailty, mistaken judgment, or misstep through which the fortunes of the hero of a tragedy are reversed. sentence: The hero showed his hamartia, or judgmental error, when he chose to kill the man instead of allowing him to live.	75
9441321139	Heroic Couplet	iambic pentameter with lines rhymed in pairs sentence: The poet used a heroic couplet in her poem, which means that it was iambic pentameter with lines rhyming in pairs.	76
9441321140	Hubris	excessive pride or insolence that results in the misfortune of the protagonist of a tragedy sentence: Harry's hubris, or excessive pride, caused him to lose his best friends.	77
9441321141	Hyperbole	exaggeration to prove a point; to heighten effect or provide humor sentence: I used a hyperbole in my poem to exaggerate how hot it was outside.	78
9441321142	Idiom	a use of words peculiar to a given language; an expression that cannot be translated literally. sentences: For non native English speakers, idioms are hard to identity since they are words peculiar to a that language.	79

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AP Language - Unit 13 vocab Flashcards

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4513885265	Antipathy	A strong dislike; hostile feelings	0
4513888170	Applicable	Capable of not being applied; relevant, suitable	1
4513890247	Asset	Something of value; a resource; an advantage	2
4513893378	Beset	To attack from all sides; to surround, hem in harassed, troubled; studded (as an jewels)	3
4513902819	Compassion	Sympathy for another's suffering	4
4513904656	Decorum	Proper behavior, good taste; orderliness	5
4513908473	Duress	compulsion by threat; forcible confinement	6
4513911781	Exuberant	High-spirited, enthusiastic, unrestrained; excessive abundant	7
4513915850	Facsimile	An exact, copy	8
4513917290	Imbibe	To drink; to take in; absorb	9
4513919003	Implacable	Not to be satisfied; unyielding	10
4513923930	Infinitesimal	So small as to be almost immeasurable	11
4513925370	Innocuous	Harmless, inoffensive; insignificant	12
4513928552	Militate	To have an effect or force on or against someone or something	13
4513930243	Patent	Exclusive rights over an invention; copyright	14
4513932503	Prowess	Distinguished bravery; superior skill or ability	15
4513934210	Sedate	Quiet, settled, sober	16
4513936711	Stentorian	Extremely loud	17
4513938976	Stipulate	To arrange specifically; to require as a condition of agreement	18
4513942936	Ultimatum	A final proposal or statement of conditions	19

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AP language rhetorical terms definitions Flashcards

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6411600905	Allegory	Device of using character and/or story elements symbollically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning	0
6411600906	Alliteration	Repetition of sounds, especially initial consonants in neighboring words	1
6411600907	Allusion	Reference to something which is commonly known	2
6411600908	Anaphora	Device of repetition, same expression is repeated at the beginning or two or more lines	3
6411600909	Antecedent	Word, phrase, clause referred to by a pronoun	4
6411600910	Antithesis	Two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed; creates a definite and systematic relationship between ideas	5
6411600911	Apostrophe	Figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction that cannot answer back	6
6411600912	Asyndeton	Omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for an effect of inpremeditated multiplicity	7
6411600913	Atmosphere	Emotional mood created by entirety of literary work	8
6411600914	Chiasmus	Successive phrases or clauses parallel in syntax but reverse in order of the analogous words	9
6411600915	Colloquial	Use of slang or informalities in speech or writing	10
6411600916	Conceit	Fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar object	11
6411600917	Connotation	Non-literal associative meaning of a word	12
6411600918	Denotation	Strict, literal dictionary definition of a word; devoid of emotion	13
6411600919	Diacope	Repetition of a word or phrase after an intervening word or phrase	14
6411600920	Didactic	Having the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles	15
6411600921	Enumeration	Figure of amplification in which a subject is divided into constituent parts or details; listing or detailing parts of something	16
6411600922	Expletive	Figure of emphasis in which a single word or short phrase is used to lend emphasis to the words on the other side of the explative (Ex: in fact)	17
6411600923	Extended metaphor	Metaphor developed at great length	18
6411600924	Generic conventions	traditions for each genre, they are the conventions that define a genre	19
6429979080	genre	major category into which a literary work fits; basically divided into prose, poetry, and drama	20
6430071115	homily	serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice; literally means "sermon"	21
6430075081	hyperbole	deliberate exaggeration or overstatement	22
6430077490	hypophora	one or more questions is/are asked and then ANSWERED, often by the same one that raised the question	23
6430082252	imagery	sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions; physically, it appeals to the 5 senses	24
6430087835	inference/infer	Act of drawing a reasonable conclusion from the information presented	25
6430089670	invective	emotionally violent, verbal denunciation, or attach using strong abusive language	26
6430092467	irony	contrast between what is stated and what is really meant; three major types: verbal, dramatic, and situational	27
6430097199	juxtaposition	two words, phrases, images, or ideas are placed close together or side-by-side for comparison or contrast	28
6430100686	litotes	figure of thought in which a point is affirmed by negating its opposite; something is true because the opposite is false	29
6430105624	loose sentence	A sentence structure where the main idea comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses; often seems informal, relaxed, and conversational	30
6430108880	metaphor	Figurative language with an implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the others	31
6430111463	metonymy	Figurative language where the name of one object is substituted for that of another closed associated with it; means "changed label"	32
6430115303	mood	Writing characteristic with two major forms: grammatical and literary; grammatical comes in the form of indicative, subjective, or imperative while literary is the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work	33
6430131945	narrative	telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events	34
6430134303	onomatopoeia	figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words; ex: buzz	35
6430139063	oxymoron	figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox; ex: jumbo shrimp	36
6430143673	paradox	Figure of thought that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity	37
6430146483	parallelism	grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity; means "beside one another"	38
6430151655	parody	work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule; distorts or exaggerates distinctive features of the original	39
6430157463	pedantic	adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish	40
6430160625	periodic sentence	sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. this independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone; adds emphasis and structural variety	41
6430167303	personification	Figure of speech where the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions	42
6430170728	polysyndeton	figure of addition and emphasis which intentionally employs a series of conjunctions not normally found in successive words, phrases, or clauses; deliberate and excessive use of conjunctions in successive words or clauses	43
6430181336	point of view	perspective from which a story is told; appears as first person or third person and third person comes in the form of omniscient or limited	44
6430185985	prose	major division of genre that refers to fictions and non-fictions including all its forms	45
6430192579	rhetoric	principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively	46
6430194577	rhetorical modes	describes the variety, the conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of writing; four most common modes: exposition, argumentation, description, and narration	47
6430200532	rhetorical question	used for effect, emphasis, provocation, or for drawing a conclusionary statement from the fact at hand; differs from hypophora in that it is not answered by the writer because the answer is meant to be obvious	48
6430211526	sarcasm	bitter caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something; can be witty and insightful or simply cruel; means "to tear flesh"	49
6430216864	satire	work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule; more of a style of writing than a purpose for writing; uses: irony, wit, parody, caricature, hyperbole, understatement, and sarcasm	50
6430229013	style	evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices; classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors	51
6437931995	syllogism	deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises, a major and a minor, that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion	52
6437936793	symbolism	anything that represents itself and stands for something else; three categories: natural, conventional, and literary	53
6437942126	syndecdoche	Figurative language, a type of metaphor in which either a single part is used to represent the whole or the whole is used to represent a single part	54
6437954599	syntax	the way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences; differs from diction in that it refers to groups of words while diction refers to individual word choices	55
6437961504	theme	central idea or message of a work	56
6437963296	thesis	sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position	57
6437969007	tone	describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both; easier to determine in spoken language than written word	58
6437976383	transition	word or phrase that links different ideas	59
6437977983	understatement	ironic minimizing of fact; presents something as less significant than it is	60
6437983802	undertone	attitude that may lie under the ostensible tone of the piece	61
6437985973	wit	the modern usage means intellectually amazing language that surprises and delights; originally meant basic understanding	62

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Terms for AP Literature and Composition Flashcards

Allegory The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.
Alliteration The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.
Allusion A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.
Ambiguity The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.
Analogy A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.
Antecedent The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.

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6208128523	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.	0
6208128524	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.	1
6208128525	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.	2
6208128526	Ambiguity	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	3
6208128527	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.	4
6208128528	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences. A question from the 2001 AP test as an example follows: "But it is the grandeur of all truth which can occupy a very high place in human interests that it is never absolutely novel to the meanest of minds; it exists eternally, by way of germ of latent principle, in the lowest as in the highest, needing to be developed but never to be planted."	5
6208128529	Antithesis	the opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.	6
6208128530	Aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point	7
6208128531	Apostrophe	A prayer like figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. William Wordsworth addresses John Milton as he writes, "Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour: England hath need of thee." Another example is Keats' "Ode to a Grecian Urn," in which Keats addresses the urn itself: rarely on an AP exam, but important when there. ALWAYS Pathos	8
6208128532	Atmosphere	The emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently atmosphere foreshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.	9
6208128533	Caricature	a verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics. Example: The pupils of her eyes are small; like a pebble of sand floating atop a can of blue paint.	10
6208128534	Clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause, cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.	11
6208128535	Colloquial/Colloquialism	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialect	12
6208128536	Literary Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects Displays intellectual cleverness through unusual comparisons that make good sense	13
6208128537	Connotation	The non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions or attitudes	14
6208128538	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color. (Example: the denotation of knife- a utensil for cutting - Connotation - knife - such as knife in the back - anger fear violence betrayal	15
6208128539	Diction	Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. FOR AP EXAMSyou should be able to describe the uthors diction and understand how it compliments his purpose (along iwth imagery syntax, literary devices, etc)	16
6208128540	Didactic	From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing,especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.	17
6208128541	Euphemism	From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT	18
6208128542	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.	19
6208128543	Figurative Language	Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid	20
6208128544	Figure of speech	A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apotrophe hyperbole irony metaphor oxymoron paradox personification simile syneddoche understatement	21
6208128545	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama.However, genre is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called genresthemselves. For example, prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) or nonfiction (essays, biographies,autobiographies, etc.). Poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided into tragedy,comedy, melodrama, farce, etc. On the AP language exam, expect the majority of the passages to be from the following genres: autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing. There may be fiction or poetry.	22
6208128546	Homily	This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	23
6208128547	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony. The opposite of hyperbole is understatement.	24
6208128548	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imagery uses terms related to the five senses: visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection. An author may use complex imagery while simultaneously employing other figures of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work. On the AP language exam, pay attention to how an author creates imagery and to the effect of this imagery.	25
6208128549	Inference/infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. When a multiple choice question asks for an inference to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable inference is the safest answer choice. If an inference is implausible, it's unlikely to be the correct answer. Note that if the answer choice is directly stated, it is not inferred and it is wrong. You must be careful to note the connotation - negative or positive - of the choices. Adapted from V. Stevenson, Patrick Henry High School, and Abrams' Glossary of Literary Terms	26
6208128550	Invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language. (For example, in Henry IV, Part hill of flesh.")	27
6208128551	Irony/ironic	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. Irony is often used to create poignancy or humor. In general, there are three major types of irony used in language: (1) verbal irony - when the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) meaning (2) situational irony - when events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when what the characters and readers think ought to happen is not what does happen (3) dramatic irony - when facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work.	28
6208128552	Litotes	(pronounced almost like "little tee") - a form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite. Litote is the opposite of hyperbole. Examples: "Not a bad idea," "Not many," "It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain" (Salinger, Catcher in the Rye).	29
6208128553	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. Metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful.	30
6208128554	Metonymy	(mĕtŏn′ ĭmē) A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example, a news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using metonymy; Shakespeare uses it to signify the male and female sexes in As You Like It: "doublet and hose ought to show itself courageous to petticoat." The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional impact.	31
6208128555	Mood	The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. Mood is similar to tone and atmosphere.	32
6208128556	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	33
6208128557	onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you note examples of onomatopoeia in an essay passage, note the effect.	34
6208128558	Oxymoron	From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," an oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." This term does not usually appear in the multiple-choice questions, but there is a chance that you might find it in an essay. Take note of the effect that the author achieves with the use of oxymoron.	35
6208128559	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. (Think of the beginning of Dickens' Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times....")	36
6208128560	Parallelism	Also referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this term comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another." It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to, repetition of a grammatical element such as a preposition or verbal times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of believe, it was the epoch of incredulity....") The effects of parallelism are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm. Adapted from V. Stevenson, Patrick Henry High School, and Abrams' Glossary of Literary Terms	37
6208128561	Anaphora	A sub-type of parallelism, when the exact repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines or sentences. MLK used anaphora in his famous "I Have a Dream" speech (1963).	38
6208128562	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. It exploits peculiarities of an author's expression (propensity to use too many parentheses, certain favorite words, etc.) Well-written parody offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. nuances of the newer work. Occasionally, however, parodies take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original.	39
6208128563	Pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of using big words).	40
6208128564	Periodic sentence	The opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence. (Example: After a long, bumpy flight and multiple delays, I arrived at the San Diego airport.)	41
6208128565	Personification	A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. Personification is used to make these abstractions, animals, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.	42
6208128566	Point of view	In literature, the perspective from which a story is told. There are two general divisions of point of view, and many subdivisions within those. (1) first person narrator tells the story with the first person pronoun, "I," and is a character in the story. This narrator can be the protagonist, a secondary character, or an observing character. (2) third person narrator relates the events with the third person pronouns, "he," "she," and "it." There are two main subdivisions to be aware of: a. third person omniscient, in which the narrator, with godlike knowledge, presents the thoughts and actions of any or all characters b. third person limited omniscient, in which the narrator presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character, presenting only the actions of all the remaining characters. In addition, be aware that the term point of view carries an additional meaning. When you are asked to analyze the author's point of view, the appropriate point for you to address is the author's attitude.	43
6208128567	Prose	one of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms. In prose the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line.	44
6208128568	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	45
6208128569	Rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	46
6208128570	Sarcasm	From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic (that is, intended to ridicule). When well done, sarcasm can be witty and insightful; when poorly done, it is simply cruel.	47
6208128571	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, satire is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively by the satirist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition. Some modern satirists include Joseph Heller (Catch 22) and Kurt Vonnegut (Cat's Cradle, Player Piano).	48
6208128572	Syllogism	From the Greek for "reckoning together," a syllogism (or syllogistic reasoning or syllogistic logic) is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A frequently cited example proceeds as follows: major premise: All men are mortal. minor premise: Socrates is a man. conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is a mortal. A syllogism's conclusion is valid only if each of the two premises is valid. Syllogisms may also present the specific idea first ("Socrates") and the general second ("all men"). Adapted from V. Stevenson, Patrick Henry High School, and Abrams' Glossary of Literary Terms	49
6208128573	Symbol/symbolism	Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete -- such as an object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract. However, symbols (1) natural symbols are objects and occurrences from nature to symbolize ideas commonly associated with them (dawn symbolizing hope or a new beginning, a rose symbolizing love, a tree symbolizing knowledge). (2) conventional symbols are those that have been invested with meaning by a group (religious symbols such as a cross or Star of David; national symbols, such as a flag or an eagle; or group symbols, such as a skull and crossbones for pirates or the scale of justice for lawyers). (3) literary symbols are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are more generally recognized. However, a work's symbols may be more complicated, as is the jungle in Heart of Darkness. On the AP exam, try to determine what abstraction an object is a symbol for and to what extent it is successful in representing that abstraction.	50
6208128574	Synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole or, occasionally, the whole is used to represent a part. Examples: To refer to a boat as a "sail"; to refer to a car as "wheels"; to refer to the violins, violas, etc. in an orchestra as "the strings." **Different than metonymy, in which one thing is represented by another thing that is commonly physically associated with it (but is not necessarily a part of it), i.e., referring to a monarch as "the crown" or the President as "The White House."	51
6208128575	Synesthesia	when one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another. Ex: The sight of red ants makes you itchy. In literature, synesthesia refers to the practice of associating two or more different senses in the same image. Red Hot Chili Peppers' song title,"Taste the Pain," is an example.	52
6208128576	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of syntax as groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiplechoice section of the AP exam, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates syntax. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how syntax produces effects.	53
6208128577	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually theme is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the theme may be directly state, especially in expository or argumentative writing.	54
6208128578	Thesis	In expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively,and thoroughly a writer has proven the thesis.	55
6208128579	Tone	Similar to mood, tone describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. Tone is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if it were read aloud can help in identifying an author's tone. Some words describing tone are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, somber, etc.	56
6208128580	Understatement	the ironic minimalizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole. Example: Jonathan Swift's A Tale of a Tub: "Last week I saw a woman flayed, and you will hardly believe how much it altered her person for the worse."	57
6208128581	Wit	in modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. A witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. Wit usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. Historically, wit originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speedof understanding, and finally, it grew to mean quick perception including creative fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.	58
6208128582	Appositive	Noun Phrase..modifies the noun set next to it., A noun or noun substitute that is placed directly next to the noun it is describing: My student, Sidney, makes me want to retire.	59
6208128583	Gerund	a verb ending in 'ing' to serve as a noun - 'Stabbing (used as a noun) is what i do said the thief.'	60
6208128584	Malapropism	a word humorously misused: Example, he is the AMPLE of her eye... instead of ' he is the APPLE of her eye,	61
6208128585	Parallelism (parallel syntax)	a pattern of language that creates a rhythm of repetition often combined with some other language of repetition. Like a train gaining momentum. Ex: When you are right you cannot be too radical; when you are wrong, you cannot be too conservative.	62
6208128586	Active Voice	The opposite of passive voice, the active is essentially any sentence with an active verb. Johnny Appleseed planted his seeds in the garden. The active verb is "planted." Active voice is usually preferred in writing because it expresses more energy and command of the essay than does the passive voice.	63
6208128587	Asyndeton	The deliberate omission of conjunctions from series of related independent clauses. The effect id to create a tight, concise, and forceful sentence. Al the orcs ate the food, broke the dishes, trashed the hall, beat the dogs to the shower.	64
6208128588	Epistrophe	A minor device, epistrophe is the ending of a series of lines, phrases, clauses, or sentences with the same word or words. When it appears in speech or essay, it is emotionally potent.	65
6208128589	Ethos	One of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. Ethos is basically an appeal to credibility. The writer is seeking to convince you that he or she has the background, history, skills, and/or expertise to speak on the issue. Whenever you encounter an ethos argument, always ask yourself is the credibility is substantiated and valid. An essay advocating policy changes on drug rehabilitation programs is more powerful is the person is a former addict or customer in a current rehab program.	66
6208128590	Etymology	The study of the origin of words and their historical uses. This is a minor term and rarely appears on the test, but it is nice to know. The name for the sandwich came from the Earl of Sandwich, an altogether unremarkable peer of the English realm.	67
6208128591	Fallacy	A failure of logical reasoning. fallacies appear to make an argument reasonable, but falsely so.The key, however, is for you to be able to spot when someone is not making sense or is failing to convince. When that happens, you may not remember the right label for the fallacy, but you should be able to identify where the author has messed up. In the chapter on the rhetorical analysis, we discuss a variety of common fallacies, and we have included most of them alphabetically in the vocabulary list: ad hominem. begging the question, straw man, alippery slope. etc.	68
6208128592	Inductive	A form of logical argumentation that requires the use of examples. Inductive arguments are most like science: You get example after example until you reach a conclusion. These types of argument are fairly easy to spot and very common to argumentative essays. When you encounter and inductive argument, ask yourself two questions: Are there enough examples, and are they relevant to the question being addressed.	69
6208128593	Jargon	A pattern of speech and vocabulary associated with a particular group of people. It typically appears only in the multiple-choice section and is not significant. Computer analysis have their own vocabulary, as do doctors, astronauts, and plumbers.That is their jargon. To some extent, this glossary and book are an effort to provide you with a new (though we hope not entirely new) jargon.	70
6208128594	Juxtaposition	Making on idea more dramatic by placing it next to its opposite. In art it is called chiaroscuro, where a bright white object is placed next to a black object and thus both are made more visible. My goodness is often chastened by my sense of sin, or The Gasoline savings from a hybrid car as compared to a standard car seem excellent until one compares the asking prices of the two vehicles. The juxtaposition of the asking prices shows that the savings are not as significant as they first appear.	71
6208128595	Logos	An appeal to reason. Logos is one of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. It occurs when a writer tries to convince you of the logic of his argument. writers may use inductive argumentation or deductive argumentation, but they clearly have examples and generally rational tome to their language. The problem with logos is that is can appear reasonable until you dissect the argument and then find fallacies that defeat the viability of the argument on the reader's eyes. Of course, that presupposes that the readers is able to identify the fallacies.	72
6208128596	Non Sequitur	This literally means "it does not follow" Non sequitur is an argument by misdirection and is logically irrelevant. "Should we invade Canada, Sire? " Has seen my wand?"	73
6208128597	Passive Voice	Th opposite of active voice; in the passive voice something happens to someone: Mordred was bitten by the dog, rather than the active form The dig bit Mordred.	74
6208128598	Pathos	An appeal to emotion. This is one of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. Typically, pathos arguments may use loaded words to make you feel guilty, lonely, worried, insecure, or confused. The easiest way to remember whats pathos arguments are is to see most advertising as a form of pathos argument.	75
6208128599	Polysyndeton	The use of consecutive coordinating conjunctions even when they are not needed. The effect is to render the reader somewhat breathless. He was overwhelmed, as is by a tsunami, and by the fishes, and by the seaweed, and by the salt spray from the heavens.	76
6208128600	Pun	A play on words. In an argument, a pun usually calls humorous attention to particular point. He kept waving at the princess. He was a devoted fan.	77
6208128601	Red Herring	An argument that distracts the reader by raising issues irrelevant to the case. It is like being given too many suspects in a murder mystery.	78
6208128602	Rhetorical Question	A question whose answer is assumed, a rhetorical question is designed to force the reader to respond in a predetermined manner and is a significant tool in the study of rhetoric. One of the most basic purposes for rhetorical questions is cheerleading. Rhetorical questions, therefor, propel an argument emotionally. They often look like extensions of a logical argument, but more often than not, they are setting you up to agree with the writer. As with a parallel syntax, rhetorical questions are excellent devices to use in the development of your own essay writing. As graders, we notice when you use them- if you use them to effectively nurture your argument. There are some types of rhetorical questions, but they always follow the same basic pattern: the writer ask herself something and then answers the question in the next sentence or paragraph. Another form is when the question functions as an ironic assault on the writer's adversaries. This kind if rhetorical question can have many uses, and you should notice its function whenever you encounter one in nonfiction prose. Who's afraid of the big bad wolf? Who's afraid of the jolly green giant? Are we? No!!!	79
6208128603	Rhetorical Shift	This occurs when the author of an essay significantly alters his or hers diction, syntax, or both. It isn't exactly a different writer who is writing, but it feels awfully close to it. Rhetorical shifts are important to recognize because they are dramatic and usually occur at critical points in an argument.	80
6208128604	Smile	A critical figure of speech in an argument when what is unknown is compared to something that is known using the word "like," "as," or "than" in order to better perceive its importance. Remember the ripple effect and look for patterns in similes and metaphors in any piece of nonfiction prose. The troll's fishing technique was like a mercenary throwing bombs in the water to catch trout.	81
6208128605	Simple Sentence	An independent clause. It has a subject and a verb, and that's pretty much it. The giant chopped down the bean tree.	82
6208128606	synthesis	To unite or synthesize a variety of sources to achieve a common end. We use this term almost exclusively to refer to the new synthesis question on the exam. Using yours wits and argumentative skill, you combine memory, commentary you've recently read, and a discussion to create a single coherent argument. For example, you may argue and conclude that bicycles would be safer in battle than a Hummer.	83
6208128607	Thesis	The writer's statement of purpose. Every well-written essay will have one. It is how the reader identifies what the writer is arguing, the position the writer is taking, the action the writer is advocating. Essentially, it is the focal intent of the essay.	84
6208128608	Zeugma	A minor device in which two or more elements in a sentence are tied together by the same verb or noun. Zeugmas are especially acute if the noun or verb does not have the exact same meaning in both parts of the sentence. She dashed His hopes and out of his life when she waked through the door.	85
6208128609	ad hominem argument	An argument attacking an individual's character rather than his or her position on an issue	86
6208128610	apotheosis	deification, glorification to godliness, the perfect example	87
6208128611	carpe diem	"Seize the day"; a Latin phrase implying that one must live for the present moment, for tomorrow may be too late.	88
6208128612	chiasmus	A statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed ("Susan walked in, and out rushed Mary."), A statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed ("Susan walked in, and out rushed Mary.")	89
6208128613	catharsis	an emotional cleansing, am emotional cleansing or purging, A purifying or figurative cleansing of the emotions, especially pity and fear, described by Aristotle as an effect of tragic drama on its audience	90
6208128614	cliche	A worn-out idea or overused expression	91
6208128615	epiphany	A moment of sudden revelation or insight	92
6208128616	hubris	Excessive pride or self-confidence	93
6208128617	in medias res	A Latin term for a narrative that starts not at the beginning of events but at some other critical point.	94
6208128618	motif	(n.) a principal idea, feature, theme, or element; a repeated or dominant figure in a design	95
6208128619	stream of consciousness	a style of writing that portrays the inner (often chaotic) workings of a character's mind.	96
6208128620	caesura	A natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line.	97
6208128621	cacophony	(n) harsh-sounding mixture of words, voices, or sounds	98
6208128622	euphony	A succession of harmonious sounds used in poetry or prose; the opposite of cacophony.	99
6208128623	anecdote	A short account of an interesting or humorous incident	100
6208128624	anthropomorphism	attributing human characteristics to an animal or inanimate object (Personification)	101
6208128625	antihero	A protagonist (main character) who is markedly unheroic: morally weak, cowardly, dishonest, or any number of other unsavory qualities.	102
6208128626	archaism	A word, expression, spelling, or phrase that is out of date in the common speech of an era, but still deliberately used by a writer, poet, or playwright for artistic purposes	103
6208128627	archetype	A detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response	104
6208128628	burlesque	ludicrous parody or grotesque caricature; humorous and provocative stage show	105
6208128629	enjambment	A line having no pause or end punctuation but having uninterrupted grammatical meaning continuing into the next line.	106
6208128630	foreshadowing	A narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader.	107
6208128631	simile	A comparison using like or as	108
6208128632	nemesis	(Greek mythology) the goddess of divine retribution and vengeance	109
6208128633	pastoral	1. concerned with the countryside, 2. concerned with the care a pastor gives to someone	110
6208128634	slant	A rhyme based on imperfect or incomplete correspondence of end syllable sounds. Synonymous with " imperfect", "off" or "near" rhyme.	111
6208128635	elegy	a sorrowful poem or speech	112
6208128636	Pun	play on words that sound the same but mean something different (son/sun)	113
6208128637	bathos	A false or forced emotion that is often humorous.	114
6208128638	assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity	115
6208128639	foil	A character who is in most ways opposite to the main character (protagonist) or one who is nearly the same as the protagonist. The purpose of the foil character is to emphasize the traits of the main character by contrast only	116
6208128640	implicit	(adj.) implied or understood though unexpressed; without doubts of reservations, unquestioning; potentially contained in	117
6208128641	soliloquy	A dramatic or literary form of discourse in which a character talks to himself or herself or reveals his or her thoughts without addressing a listener.	118
6208128642	requiem	A song of prayer for the dead.	119
6208128643	prelude	An introductory poem to a longer work of verse	120
6208128644	epigram	A concise but ingenious, witty, and thoughtful statement.	121
6208128645	verisimilitude	Similar to truth; quality of realism in a work that persuades the reader that he is getting a vision of life as is.	122
6208128646	melodrama	A literary form in which events are exaggerated in order to create an extreme emotional response.	123
6208128647	Anachronism	something or someone out of place in terms of historical or chronological context	124
6208128648	neologism	a new word, expression, or usage; the creation or use of new words or senses	125
6208128649	chorus	A group of characters in Greek tragedy (and in later forms of drama), who comment on the action of a play without participation in it.	126
6208128650	grotesque	Commonly used to denote aberrations from the norm of harmony, balance and proportion. Characterized by distortion, exaggeration, absurd, or the bizarre.	127
6208128651	Macabre	(adj.) grisly, gruesome; horrible, distressing; having death as a subject	128
6208128652	Anaphora	A rhetorical figure of repetition in which the same word or phrase is repeated in (and usually at the beginning of) successive lines, clauses, or sentences.	129
6208128653	Antithesis	An opposition or contrast of ideas. Balancing words, phrases, or ideas that are strongly contrasted, often by means of grammatical structure.	130
6208128654	Apotheosis	Elevation to divine status; the perfect example of something. Making a God of something or someone.	131
6208128655	Asyndeton	Commas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words. The parts are emphasized equally when the conjunction is omitted; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence. Asyndeton takes the form of X, Y, Z as opposed to X, Y, and Z.	132
6208128656	Attitude	A speaker's, author's, or character's disposition toward or opinion of a subject.	133
6208128657	Cliche	A worn-out idea or overused expression.	134
6208128658	coherence	Marked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts.	135
6208128659	concrete	Capable of being perceived by the senses.	136
6208128660	Deduction	A form of reasoning that begins with a generalization, then applies the generalization to a specific case or cases.	137
6208128661	Dominant Expression	Precisely and clearly expressed or readily observable.	138
6208128662	Elegiac	Expressing sorrow or lamentation; a work that has a mournful quality.	139
6208128663	Paradox	Seemingly contradictory but nonetheless possibly true statement.	140
6208128664	Ethos	Appeals to an audience's sense of ethics/morality/trust; Achieved by projecting an image of credibility which supports the speaker's position.	141
6208128665	Idiom	An expression that cannot be understood if taken literally.	142
6208128666	Image	A mental image produced by the imagination.	143
6208128667	Induction	A method of reasoning by which a rhetor collects a number of instances and forms a generalization that is meant to apply to all instances.	144
6208128668	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts.	145
6208128669	Metonomy	A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated (such as crown for royalty).	146
6208128670	Understatement	A figure of speech in which a writer or speaker says less than what he or she means; the opposite of exaggeration.	147
6208128671	Monosyllabic	Having or characterized by or consisting of one syllable.	148
6208128672	Polysyllabic	Having or characterized by words of more than three syllables.	149
6208128673	Slang	Informal language consisting of words and expressions that are not considered appropriate for formal occasions	150
6208128674	Slant	A biased way of looking at or presenting something.	151
6208128675	Syllogism	A FORM OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING THAT HAS A MAJOR PREMISE, A MINOR PREMISE, AND A CONCLUSION.	152
6208128676	Tension	A feeling of excitement and expectation the reader or audience feels because of the conflict, mood, or atmosphere of the work.	153
6208128677	Macabre	Grisly, gruesome; horrible, distressing; having death as a subject.	154
6208128678	Grotesque	Commonly employed to denote aberrations from the norm of harmony, balance, and proportion. Characterized by distortion, exaggeration, or striking incongruities. Also characterized as the absurd, distorted or the bizarre.	155
6208128679	Absurd	Extremely ridiculous or completely lacking reason; unreasonable or foolish.	156

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AP Language Vocabulary Terms Flashcards

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4852603250	Metonymy	An entity is referred to by one of its assets.	0
4852607856	Periphrasis	A descriptive word or phrase used to refer to a proper name.	1
4852614444	Personification	Inanimate objects are given human characteristics.	2
4852618362	Synecdoche	A part of something is used to refer to a whole.	3
4852620446	Pun	Suggests two meanings for one word.	4
4852624005	Onomatopoeia	Sounds of words used are related to meaning.	5
4852626413	Hyperbole	Overstatement or over exaggeration.	6
4852629815	Litotes	Understatement for effect.	7
4852631320	Irony	Words meant to convey the opposite of their literal meaning.	8
4852633760	Oxymoron	Words that have contradictory meanings are placed near each other.	9
4852636826	Rhetorical Question	A question designed not to answer but to suggest a point or move an argument forward.	10

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AP English Literature Terms Flashcards

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6575738248	Form	The structure of a piece of writing	0
6575738249	Genre	A major literary category (prose, drama, poetry, etc)	1
6575738250	Allegory	When one idea or object is represented in the shape of another	2
6575738251	Anecdote	A brief story that gets the reader's interest and sheds light on the writer's main idea and theme	3
6575738252	Ballad	A story told in song form with simple words and a strong beat	4
6575738253	Bildungsroman	A novel that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of its main character from his or her youth to adulthood ("coming of age" story)	5
6575738254	Comedy	A humorous play that has a happy ending	6
6575738255	Diary	A writer's record of his or her experiences, ideas, and feelings	7
6575738256	Epistolary	A text that is comprised of a series of letters	8
6575738257	Fable	A short, easy-to-read story that teaches a lesson about people, often featuring animals	9
6575738258	Fabliau	A short narrative in verse that is satiric, sarcastic, and sexual for a bourgeois audience	10
6575738259	Fairy Tale	A fictional story that features folkloric characters and enchantments , often involving a far-fetched sequence of events	11
6575738260	Farce	A humorous play that is based on a silly plot, ridiculous situations, and comic dialogue often with one-dimensional, stereotypical characters	12
6575738261	Myth	A story from ancient days that explains certain aspects of life and nature	13
6575738262	Novel	A long work of fiction with plot, characterization, setting, and theme	14
6575738263	Novella	A work of fiction that is shorter than a novel but longer than a short story	15
6575738264	Parable	A short story that contains a moral or lesson, similar to a fable	16
6575738265	Parody	An imitation of a writer, artist, subject, or genre in such a way as to make fun of or comment on the original work	17
6575738266	Prose	All written work that is not poetry, drama, or song	18
6575738267	Quest	A difficult journey by the protagonist toward a goal that is often symbolic or allegorical	19
6575738268	Verse	A stanza in a poem	20
6575738269	Tragedy	A literary work in which the main character is brought to ruin or suffers extreme sorrow, especially as a consequence of a tragic flaw, moral weakness, or inability to cope with unfavorable circumstances	21
6575738270	Catharsis	The cleansing of negative emotion experienced by the characters and/or audience	22
6575738271	Hamartia	A fatal flaw leading to the downfall of a tragic hero	23
6575738272	Hubris	A character's excessive pride, confidence, or arrogance	24
6575738273	Anagnorisis	The moment at which the hero makes the realization that he or she is doomed and expresses that	25
6575738274	Fiction	Writing that tells about made-up events and characters	26
6575738275	Narration	Writing that tells a story	27
6575738276	Narrative Voice	Whose eyes the reader experiences the story through	28
6575738277	Point of View	The position from which a story is told	29
6575738278	First-Person	The narrator is one of the characters in the story, using the pronouns I and me	30
6575738279	Objective	A narrator who "shows rather than tells" and does not explicitly comment on or evaluate the actions	31
6575738280	Omniscent	A narrator who knows everything about all the characters and events	32
6575738281	Limited	The narrative is controlled by the limited perspectives of one main character who does not know everything	33
6575738282	Third-Person	The narrator is not one of the characters in the story, using the pronouns he, she, and they	34
6575738283	Free Indirect Discourse	A technique that involves both a character's speech and the narrator's comments or presentation, lacking introductory expressions	35
6575738284	Reliable	A narrator who is in close proximity to the story and has extensive knowledge of the events it entails	36
6575738285	Unreliable	A narrator whose credibility has been compromised	37
6575738286	Intrusive	A narrator that comments on and evaluates characters and actions, establishing what counts as facts and values in the narrative	38
6575738287	Stream of Consciousness	A method of narration that describes the flow of thoughts in the minds of the characters	39
6575738288	Theme	The main idea of a literary work that is a general statement about life	40
6575738289	Moral	A lesson about right and wrong	41
6575738290	Motif	A recurring element that has symbolic significance in a story, contributing to theme and/or mood	42
6575738291	Drama	A piece of literature written to be performed in front of an audience	43
6575738292	Aside	When a character's dialogue is spoken but not heard by the other characters present	44
6575738293	Monologue	The speech or verbal presentation that a single character presents in order to express his or her collection of thoughts and ideas aloud	45
6575738294	Soliloquy	A speech one character speaks while alone on stage, voicing his or her deepest thoughts or concerns	46
6575738295	Diction	The style of speaking or writing determined by the choice of words by a speaker or a writer	47
6575738296	Colloquialism	The use of informal words, phrases, or slang	48
6575738297	Vernacular	The use of a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language	49
6575738298	Archaism	The use of writing that is today considered outdated or old fashioned	50
6575738299	Jargon	The use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation, profession or trade	51
6575738300	Plot	The arrangement of events in a work of literature with a beginning, middle, and end	52
6575738301	Romance	A long, medieval narrative in prose or verse that tells of the adventures and heroic exploits of chivalric heroes	53
6575738302	Conflict	A struggle or fight that makes the story interesting to the reader, either internal or external	54
6575738303	Exposition	The part of a story where the characters, setting, and conflict are introduced	55
6575738304	Rising Action	The part of the story where the conflict builds and the characters are developed	56
6575738305	Climax	The part of the story that shows the highest point of action	57
6575738306	Denouement	The part of the story where all is resolved by tying up loose ends	58
6575738307	Apotheosis	The expansion of consciousness that the hero experiences after defeating a foe	59
6575738308	Falling Action	The part of the story after the climax when the conflict has been resolved	60
6575738309	Epilogue	A piece of writing at the end of a work of literature, usually used to bring closure to the work	61
6575738310	Prologue	A piece of writing at the beginning of a work of literature, usually used to establish the setting and give background details	62
6575738311	Epiphany	A moment in a story where a character achieves realization, awareness or a feeling of knowledge after which events are seen through the prism of this new light in the story	63
6575738312	Subplot	A secondary plot or a strand of the main plot that runs parallel to it and supports it	64
6575738313	Flashback	A scene that breaks into the story to show an earlier part of the action, filling in missing information, explaining the characters' actions, or advancing the plot	65
6575738314	Foreshadowing	Clues that hint at what will happen later on in a story, used to create suspense and link related details	66
6575738315	In Media Res	A narrative that begins, not at the beginning of a story, but somewhere in the middle, usually at some crucial point in the action	67
6575738316	Frame Story	A shorter story within a large one	68
6575738317	Episodic Structure	Structure that is made up of a series of chapters or stories linked together by the same character, place, or theme but held apart by their individual plot, purpose, and subtext	69
6575738318	Character	A person or an animal in a story	70
6575738319	Protagonist	The most important character in a work of literature who is at the center of the conflict and the focus of our attention	71
6575738320	Antagonist	The force or person in conflict with the main character in a work of literature	72
6575738321	Dynamic	A character who undergoes an important inner change, such as a change in personality or attitude	73
6575738322	Flat	A character who is two-dimensional in that they are relatively uncomplicated and do not change throughout the course of a work	74
6575738323	Round	A character who is complex and undergoes development throughout the course of a work	75
6575738324	Static	A character who undergoes little or no inner change	76
6575738325	Stock	A character representing a type in a conventional manner and recurring in many works	77
6575738326	Villain	A character who constitutes an important evil agency in the plot	78
6575738327	Hero	A character who is admirable for their noble traits	79
6575738328	Antihero	A protagonist who is conspicuously lacking in heroic qualities	80
6575738329	Byronic Hero	An antihero who is rebellious, arrogant, anti-social or in exile, and darkly, enticingly romantic	81
6575738330	Dystopian Hero	A protagonist that stands alone against a society in chaos and control	82
6575738331	Foil	A character who contrasts with another character in order to highlight particular qualities of the other character	83
6575738332	Style	An author's distinctive way or writing, made up of diction, sentence structure, figurative language, and tone	84
6575738333	Archetype	A universally recognizable original model of an idea; a repeated pattern in literature	85
6575738334	Atmosphere	The feeling, emotion, or mood a writer conveys to a reader	86
6575738335	Connotation	The generally accepted meaning of a word	87
6575738336	Denotation	The dictionary meaning of a word	88
6575738337	Dialect	The way people speak in a certain region or area, used to describe characters and settings more fully	89
6575738338	Dialogue	The conversation in fiction or drama; the exact words a character says	90
6575738339	Epigram	A cleverly expressed thought in verse or prose or an inscription	91
6575738340	Irony	When something happens that is different from what was expected	92
6575738341	Dramatic Irony	A contrast between what a character believes and what the audience knows is true	93
6575738342	Situational Irony	An event that reverses what the readers or characters expected	94
6575738343	Verbal Irony	A contrast between what is stated and what is suggested	95
6575738344	Mood	The strong feeling we get from a literary work, created by characterization, description, images, and dialogue	96
6575738345	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or silly but may include a latent truth	97
6575738346	Pun	A play on words which usually hinges on a word with more than one meaning or the substitution of a homonym that changes the meaning of the sentence for humorous or rhetorical effect	98
6575738347	Sarcasm	Crude and heavy-handed verbal irony	99
6575738348	Satire	A literary work that exposes and criticizes the foolishness and corruption of an individual or a society by using humor, irony, exaggeration or ridicule	100
6575738349	Slang	Words that are not a part of standard vocabulary or language and are used informally	101
6575738350	Tone	The writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter	102
6575738351	Voice	The author's unique attitude toward the material	103
6575738352	Figure of Speech	Any way of saying one thing and meaning another	104
6575738353	Trope	The use of figurative language, or words and expressions not meant to be taken literally	105
6575738354	Allusion	A reference to a well-known place, event, person, work of art, or other work of literature used to enrich a story or poem by suggesting powerful comparisons	106
6575738355	Anachronism	Something or someone that is not in the correct chronological time period	107
6575738356	Apostrophe	When a thing is addressed directly, as though it were a person listening to the conversation	108
6575738357	Cliche	An expression that has been overused to the extent that it loses its original meaning or novelty	109
6575738358	Epic Simile	An extended simile often running to several lines, used typically in epic poetry to intensify the heroic stature of the subject and to serve as decoration	110
6575738359	Euphemism	A polite, indirect expression which replaces words and phrases considered harsh and impolite or which suggest something unpleasant	111
6575738360	Hyperbole	Exaggeration used for a literary effect such as emphasis, drama, or humor	112
6575738361	Inversion	A literary technique in which the normal order of words is reversed in order to achieve a particular effect of emphasis or meter	113
6575738362	Litotes	A special form of understatement that affirms something by negating its opposite	114
6575738363	Metaphor	A figure of speech that compares two unlike things without words of comparison	115
6575738364	Onomatopoeia	When the sound of a word echoes or suggests the meaning of the word	116
6575738365	Personification	Giving human traits to nonhuman things	117
6575738366	Simile	A figure of speech that compares two unlike things using words of comparison	118
6575738367	Symbol	A person, place, or object that represents an abstract idea	119
6575738368	Synecdoche	The substitution of a part of something for the whole, or the whole is used in place of one of the parts	120
6575738369	Metonymy	The substitution of one item for another item that it suggests or to which it is closely related	121
6575738370	Poetry	A type of literature in which words are selected for their beauty, sound, and power to express feelings	122
6575738371	Alliteration	The repetition of initial consonant sounds in several words in a sentence or line of poetry which is used to create musical effects, link related ideas, stress certain words, or mimic specific sounds	123
6575738372	Assonance	A type of rhyme in which the vowels in the words are the same but the consonants are not	124
6575738373	Blank Verse	Unrhymed iambic pentameter	125
6575738374	Cacophony	The use of words and phrases with sharp, harsh, hissing and unmelodious sounds, primarily those of consonants	126
6575738375	Euphony	The use of words and phrases with melodious, pleasant sounds	127
6575738376	Cadence	The rising and falling of the voice when reading a literary piece, including momentary changes in rhythm and pitch	128
6575738377	Caesura	A pause in a poetic line or a sentence	129
6575738378	Conceit	A long, complex metaphor that compares two unlike things in a surprising way	130
6575738379	Consonance	A type of half-rhyme in which the consonants agree but the vowels do not	131
6575738380	Dissonance	The use of impolite, harsh-sounding, and unusual words in poetry	132
6575738381	Elegy	A poem that deals solemnly with death	133
6575738382	Elision	The elimination of a vowel, consonant, or syllable in pronunciation	134
6575738383	End-Stopped Line	When the end of the line corresponds with a natural pause in speech	135
6575738384	Enjambment	Running lines of poetry from one to the next without using any kind of punctuation to indicate a stop	136
6575738385	Epic	A long and serious narrative poem about a hero and his heroic companions often set in a past that is pictured as greater than the present	137
6575738386	Free Verse	Poetry composed of rhythmical lines varying in length, following no fixed metrical pattern, usually unrhymed, and often with a pattern based on repetition and parallel grammatical structure	138
6575738387	Imagery	Words that appeal to one or more of the five senses	139
6575738388	Auditory Imagery	Imagery that appeals to the sense of hearing	140
6575738389	Olfactory Imagery	Imagery that appeals to the sense of smell	141
6575738390	Gustatory Imagery	Imagery that appeals to the sense of taste	142
6575738391	Visual Imagery	Imagery that appeals to the sense of sight	143
6575738392	Kinesthetic Imagery	Imagery that appeals to the sense of movement	144
6575738393	Tactile Imagery	Imagery that appeals to the sense of touch	145
6575738394	Limerick	A jingling poem composed of three long and two short lines that rhyme respectively	146
6575738395	Villanelle	A poetic form that rhymes and repeats lines in a predetermined manner, both as a refrain and as a part of the poem itself	147
6575738396	Sestina	A type of a poem that contains six stanzas, each stanza having six lines, concluding with a seventh stanza having three lines	148
6575738397	Ode	A very long lyric poem characterized by elevated feelings	149
6575738398	Sonnet	A fourteen-line lyric poem written in iambic pentameter	150
6575738399	Pastoral	Any writing concerning itself with shepherds, showcasing rural life	151
6575738400	Refrain	A line or group of lines that are repeated at the end of a poem or song, reinforcing the main point and creating musical effects	152
6575738401	Pathetic Fallacy	A specific kind of personification in which inanimate objects are given human emotions	153
6575738402	Stanza	A group of lines in a poem	154
6575738403	Octave	A verse form consisting of eight lines of iambic pentameter	155
6575738404	Setset	A verse form consisting of six lines, usually at the end of a sonnet	156
6575738405	Quatrain	A four-line stanza	157
6575738406	Couplet	A two-line stanza	158
6575738407	Heroic Couplet	A stanza of two rhyming lines of iambic pentameter	159
6575738408	Turn	A rhetorical shift or dramatic change in thought or emotion	160
6575738409	Shift	A change in mood or attitude that is typically accompanied by a corresponding change in the focus and language	161
6575738410	Rhyme	The repeated use of identical or nearly identical sounds, used to create a musical sound, meaning, or structure	162
6575738411	End Rhyme	When words at the end of lines of poetry have the same sound	163
6575738412	Internal Rhyme	When words within a sentence share the same sound	164
6575738413	Feminine Rhyme	Rhyme sounds involving two or more syllables	165
6575738414	Masculine Rhyme	Rhyme sounds involving only one syllable	166
6575738415	Eye Rhyme	Rhyme in which two words are spelled similarly but pronounced differently	167
6575738416	Half Rhyme	Rhyme in which only half the word rhymes	168
6575738417	Scansion	Defining the metrical form of a poem, identifying the prevailing foot, naming the number of feet in a line, and describing the stanzaic pattern	169
6575738418	Foot	A group of stressed and unstressed syllables combining to form a unit of verse	170
6575738419	Iambic	Duple meter with an unaccented/accented pattern	171
6575738420	Anapestic	Triple meter with an unaccented/unaccented/accented pattern	172
6575738421	Trochaic	Duple meter with an accented/unaccented pattern	173
6575738422	Dactylic	Triple meter with an accented/unaccented/unaccented pattern	174
6575738423	Spondaic	Meter with syllables of equal accent	175
6575738424	Meter	The beat or rhythm in a poem created by a pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables	176
6575738425	Monometer	Metrical line of one foot	177
6575738426	Dimeter	Metrical line of two feet	178
6575738427	Trimeter	Metrical line of three feet	179
6575738428	Tetrameter	Metrical line of four feet	180
6575738429	Pentameter	Metrical line of five feet	181
6575738430	Hexameter	Metrical line of six feet	182
6575738431	Heptameter	Metrical line of seven feet	183
6575738432	Octameter	Metrical line of eight feet	184
6575738433	Syntax	The way in which words and sentences are placed together in the writing	185
6575738434	Anaphora	The repetition of the first part of the sentence	186
6575738435	Antithesis	The use of contrasting concepts, words, or sentences within parallel grammatical structures	187
6575738436	Parallelism	The use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same or similar in their construction, sound, meaning or meter	188
6575738437	Ellipsis	The omission of a word or series of words	189
6575738438	Chiasmus	Two or more clauses which are related grammatically and conceptually, but in which the grammar and concepts are reversed	190
6575738439	Complex Sentence	The combination of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses with appropriate modifiers	191
6575738440	Independent Clause	A complete thought with a subject and a verb	192
6575738441	Dependent Clause	An incomplete thought with a subject and a verb	193
6575738442	Agreement	Different parts of a sentence agreeing with each other in grammatical number, gender, case, mood, or tense	194
6575738443	Asyndeton	The omission of a conjunction such as "and" or "as" from a series of related clauses	195
6575738444	Polysyndeton	The use of several conjunctions in close succession where they are not necessary	196
6575738445	Ancient Literature	Period beginning with Homer in the 8th century BC and ending with the decline of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD; includes Greek and Latin literature (balance, order)	197
6575738446	Medieval Literature	Period beginning with the fall of the Roman empire and ending with the start of the Renaissance (romance, chivalry)	198
6575738447	Renaissance Literature	Period beginning in the 15th century and ending after Shakespeare's death in the 17th century (humanism, rebirth of classics)	199
6575738448	Enlightenment Literature	Period beginning in the 17th century and ending after the start of Queen Victoria's reign in the 18th century (reason, secularism)	200
6575738449	Romanticism	Period beginning with the French Revolution and ending after the start of Queen Victoria's reign (Nature, emotion)	201
6575738450	Victorian Literature	Period during the reign of Queen Victoria (conservative, tradition)	202
6575738451	Gothicism	Period from the 16th to the 17th century (spookiness, sublime)	203
6575738452	Realism	Period during the 19th century (logic, truth)	204
6575738453	Modernism	Period at the beginning of the 20th century (fragmentation, innovation)	205
6575738454	Existentialism	Period during the 20th century (individual, freedom)	206
6575738455	Postmodernism	Period during the 20th century (experimental, unconventional)	207

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AP Language Review Terms Flashcards

These terms are used on the AP English Language Exam.

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6818201758	abstract	ADJ. theoretical; not concrete; non-representational.	0
6818201759	affectation	putting on airs; pretending to feelings or knowledge one does not have; not genuine or authentic, pretension	1
6818201760	allegory	A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself.	2
6818201761	allusion/allusive	an implied or indirect reference through a name or a quotation familiar to most educated people	3
6818201762	ambivalent	Having mixed or opposing feelings at the same time	4
6818201763	analogy/extended metaphor	A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way	5
6818201764	anecdote	A brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event.	6
6818201765	antithesis	Balancing words, phrases, or ideas that are strongly contrasted, often by means of grammatical structure	7
6818201766	appeal to authority	Appeals to an authority to support a position, idea, argument, or course of action	8
6818201767	appeal to emotion/pathos	Appeal to emotion	9
6818201768	acerbic	Biting, bitter in tone or taste	10
6818201769	cadence	Rhythmic rise and fall	11
6818201770	capricious	Changing suddenly, fickle (Her ______ moods are difficult to anticipate. )	12
6818201771	circumlocution	A roundabout or indirect way of speaking; the use of more words than necessary to express an idea.	13
6818201772	colloquial	Characteristic of writing that seeks the effect of informal spoken language as distinct from formal or literary English.	14
6818201773	conciliatory	OVERCOMING DISTRUST OR HOSTILITY	15
6818201774	concrete diction	words that refer to things, as opposed to abstract words that refer to ideas and feelings	16
6818201775	condescending	(adj) possessing an attitude of superiority, patronizing	17
6818201776	conditions of rebuttal	(v.) to offer arguments or evidence that contradicts an assertion; to refute, in the Toulmin scheme, the anticipation and addressing of counter-arguments	18
6818201777	dialect	A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.	19
6818201778	diction	word choice	20
6818201779	effusive	gushing; excessively demonstrative	21
6818201780	euphemism	A mild, indirect, or vague term substituting for a harsh, blunt, or offensive term	22
6818201781	familiar style	conversational or colloquial tone	23
6818201782	formal style	the language used in public speech, such as lectures, sermons, writing, and political addresses	24
6818201783	idiom	An expression that cannot be understood if taken literally (ex- "Get your head out of the clouds")., A common expression or traditional way of saying something.	25
6818201784	imagery	Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)	26
6818201785	impressionistic style	language that uses images to convey an atmosphere or mood	27
6818201786	irate	Angry, incensed	28
6818201787	lyrical	Songlike; characterized by emotions, subjectivity, and imagination.	29
6818201788	metaphor	figure of speech comparing two different things	30
6818201789	mocking	Satirical, treating with contempt or ridicule, Making fun of something	31
6818201790	onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you note examples of onomatopoeia in an essay passage, note the effect.	32
6818201791	oratorical	relating to the art of public speaking	33
6818201792	parallelism	Phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other	34
6818201793	paradox	A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.	35
6818201794	pedantic	Characterized by a narrow, often ostentatious concern for book learning and formal rules	36
6818201795	point of view	In literature, the perspective from which a story is told.	37
6818201796	pretension	A Claim to something; an unwarranted or false claim, as to merit, importance, or wealth	38
6818201797	rebuttal	A counterargument, especially in debate	39
6818201798	refutation	A denial of the validity of an opposing argument. In order to sound reasonable, a refutation often follows a concession that acknowledges that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. One of the stages in classical oration, usually following the confirmation, or proof, and preceding the conclusion, or peroration.	40
6818201799	rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	41
6818201800	satire	A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way. It doesn't simply abuse (as in invective) or get personal (as in sarcasm). It targets groups or large concepts rather than individuals.	42
6818201801	slang	A kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages and figures of speech	43
6818201802	strident	LOUD; HARSH; UNPLEASANTLY NOISY	44
6818201803	syntax	Language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences	45
6818201804	terse	Brief and to the point, laconic, concise	46
6818201805	thesis	Focus statement of an essay; premise statement upon which the point of view or discussion in the essay is based.	47
6818201806	tone	Attitudes and presuppositions of the author that are revealed by their linguistic choices (diction, syntax, rhetorical devices)	48
6818201807	understatement	A figure of speech in which a writer deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is.	49
6818201808	reductio ad absurdem	method of refutation that suggests the other arguer's position leads to unacceptable implications.	50
6818201809	false dilemma	A fallacy of oversimplification that offers a limited number of options (usually two) when in fact more options are available.	51
6818201810	begging the question	Assumes something to be true that needs proof	52
6818201811	syllogism	A FORM OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING THAT HAS A MAJOR PREMISE, A MINOR PREMISE, AND A CONCLUSION	53
6818201812	hasty generalization	A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.	54
6818201813	slippery slope	A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented	55
6818201814	appeal to false authority	a claim that uses as evidence the testimony of someone who is not an expert on the topic	56
6818201815	bandwagon	A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.	57
6818201816	sentimental appeal	a fallacy of argument in which an appeal is based on excessive emotion	58
6818201817	non sequitur	A statement that does not follow logically from evidence	59
6818201818	ad hominem	In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "against the man."	60
6818201819	post hoc ergo propter hoc	This fallacy is Latin for "after which therefore because of which," meaning that it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier. One may loosely summarize this fallacy by saying that correlation does not imply causation. Also called "faulty causality."	61
6818201820	straw man argument	oversimplification of an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack	62
6818201821	either-or argument	a logical fallacy that oversimplifies to suggest that only two possible positions exist on a complex issue. False dilemma	63
6818201822	ellipsis	Indicated by a series of three periods, the "..." indicates that some material has been omitted from a given text.	64
6818201823	analogy	A comparision between an unfamilar idea, thing, or situation and something the audience already understands	65
6818201824	didactic	1. A term used to describe fiction or nonfiction that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking. 2. Excessively instructive	66
6818201825	euphony	pleasant, harmonious sound	67
6818201826	moral equivalence	compares minor problems with much more serious crimes (or vice versa): "Our new president is like Hitler."	68
6818201827	snob appeal	Arguments that distract by making the audience want to feel "special." Make the consumer feel like if they buy the product they will be part of an elite or exclusive group.	69
6818201828	invective	(n.) a strong denunciation or condemnation; abusive language; (adj.) abusive, vituperative	70
6818201829	ambivalence	The state of having contradictory or conflicting emotional attitudes	71
6818201830	double entendre	a statement that has two meanings, one of which is dirty or vulgar	72
6818201831	nostalgia	(n.) a longing for something past; homesickness	73
6818201832	homogeneity	evenness; uniformity	74
6818201833	epithet	A descriptive word or phrase occurring with or in place of the name of a person or thing. An insulting or demeaning word or phrase.	75

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