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AP Literature Vocab Words Flashcards

8694842994	abject	(of something bad) experienced or present to the maximum degree (of a person or their behavior) completely without pride or dignity	0
8694865942	admonition	an act or action of admonishing; authoritative counsel or warning	1
8694868462	adversity	difficulties; misfortune	2
8694871069	advocacy	public support for or recommendation of a particular cause or policy	3
8694876567	alienation	the state or experience of being isolated from a group or an activity to which one should belong or in which one should be involved	4
8694881523	altered	change or cause to change in character or composition, typically in a comparatively small but significant way	5
8694895751	altruism	the belief in or practice of disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others	6
8694899547	ambiguity	the quality of being open to more than one interpretation	7
8694907991	ambivalence	the state of having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone	8
8694914678	amorous	showing, feeling, or relating to sexual desires	9
8694916332	amorphous	without a clearly defined shape or form	10
8694922584	analogous	comparable in certain respects, typically in a way that makes clearer the nature of things compared	11
8694929031	annihilation	complete destruction or obliteration	12
8694934847	apologetic	regretfully acknowledging or excusing an offense or failure	13
8694939273	arbiter	a person who settles a dispute or has ultimate authority in a matter	14
8694943622	ardor	enthusiasm or passion	15
8694946833	arrogant	having or revealing an exaggerated sense of one's own importance or abilities	16
8694948660	artificiality	quality of being made or produced by human beings rather than occurring naturally insincerity or affectedness	17
8694954787	ascetic	characterized by or suggesting the practice of severe self-discipline and abstention from all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons a person whop practices severe self-discipline and abstention	18
8694967428	assail	make a concerted or violent attack on	19
8694969649	assuaging	make(an unpleasant feeling) less intense	20
8694976935	assumption	arrogance or presumption	21
8694982469	astuteness	having or showing an ability to accurately assess situations or people and turn this to one's advantage	22
8694988587	aura	the distinctive atmosphere or quality that seems to surround and be generated by a person, thing or place	23
8694997772	autonomy	(of a country or region) the right or condition of self-government, especially in a particular sphere independence	24
8695009712	awe	a feeling of reverential respect mixed with fear or wonder	25
8695016480	berate	scold or criticize (someone) angrily	26
8695017472	bias	prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair	27
8695020530	brevity	concise and exact use of words in writing or speech	28
8695022123	cajoles	persuade someone to do something by sustained coaxing or flattery	29
8695023830	camaraderie	mutual trust and friendship among people who spend a lot of time together	30
8695026024	candidly	in an honest and straightforward way; frankly	31
8804354124	balanced sentence	a sentence consisting of two or more clauses that are parallel in structure	32
8804359389	Animistic	the belief that natural objects, natural phenomena, and the universe itself possess souls	33
8879970843	capricious	impulsive and unpredictable	34
8879970844	chaos (n)	complete disorder	35
8879970845	charlatan	(n.) one who feigns knowledge or ability; a pretender, impostor, or quack	36
8879970846	chastise	(v.) to inflict physical punishment as a means of correction; to scold severely	37
8879970847	chastisement	punishment	38
8879970848	chronic	continuing for a long time; constant	39
8879970849	chronicle	a record of events in order of time; a history	40
8879970850	circumspect	(adj.) careful, cautious	41
8879970851	clamorous	characterized by a loud noise or outcry	42
8879970852	complicated	hard to understand; elaborate; complex; intricate	43
8879970853	composure	control over expression and action	44
8879970854	compulsion	compelling; strong desire that is difficult to control; irresistible impulse	45
8879970855	conceited	excessively proud of oneself; vain	46
8879970856	conciliatory	reconciling; soothing; overcoming hostility	47
8879970857	concomitant	accompanying in a subordinate fashion	48
8879970858	condemnation	an expression of strong disapproval	49
8879970859	condescending	possessing an attitude of superiority, patronizing	50
8879970860	condescension	an attitude of patronizing superiority; disdain	51
8879970861	confinement	imprisonment	52
8879970862	congenital	existing at birth	53
8879970863	consolation	an act of comforting	54
8879970864	Constraints	restrictions; limits	55
8879970865	contemplation	a long and thoughtful observation	56
8879970866	contemporaneity	living or occurring during the same period of time; contemporary	57
8879970867	contentment	satisfaction	58
8879970868	contradict	to speak against; to say the opposite	59
8879970869	contradictory	adj. Inconsistent with itself.	60
8879970870	conventional	(adj.) in line with accepted ideas or standards; trite; lacking individuality	61
8879970871	convinced	persuaded	62
8879970872	convivial	(adj.) festive, sociable, having fun together, genial	63
8879970873	corruptible	able to be influenced into doing something that breaks away from the rules; able to become bad	64
8879970874	criteria	standards by which something is judged	65
8879970875	cultivated	refined or cultured in manner	66
8879970876	cynical	believing the worst of human nature and motives; distrust	67
8879970877	cynicism	an attitude or quality of belief that all people are motivated by selfishness	68
8938233465	deceptive	tending or having power to cause someone to accept as true or valid what is false or invalid : tending or having power to deceive	69
8938246415	dedication	a name and often a message prefixed to a literary, musical, or artistic production in tribute to a person or cause self-sacrificing devotion and loyalty	70
8940269285	deem	(v.) to think, believe; to consider, have an opinion	71
8940269286	defensible	Capable of being maintained or justified.	72
8940269287	defiance	A daring or bold resistance to authority or to any opposing force.	73
8940269288	deliberate	to think over deeply; intentional	74
8940269289	delicacy	a choice item of food; great consideration for the feelings of others	75
8940269290	deluded	deceived or misled	76
8940269291	delusion	a false belief or opinion	77
8940269292	demeaning	causing someone to lose their dignity and the respect of others; degrading	78
8940269293	denigrating	criticize harshly on belittle; condescending	79
8940269294	deposition	the process in which material is laid down gas to solid	80
8940269295	deprivation	lack or shortage of one or more basic necessities	81
8940269296	derives	comes from a certain source	82
8940269297	despicable	worthy of scorn, contemptible	83
8940432694	despondency	feeling downcast and disheartened and hopeless; depression	84
8940432695	desultory	jumping from one thing to another; disconnected; rambling	85
8940432696	detachment	lack of interest or involvement	86
8940432697	deterred	to prevent or discourage from acting, as by means of fear or doubt.	87
8940432698	devious	dishonest or deceptive; tricky; not straightforward	88
8940432699	devout	pious; deeply religious; sincere; earnest; Ex. my devout hope	89
8940432700	dictate	to pronounce, command, prescribe; give orders	90
8940432701	didactic	intended to instruct; instructive	91
8940432702	digression	straying from main point	92
8940432703	dilemma	a choice between two unpleasant or difficult options	93
8940432704	discretion	cautious reserve in speech; ability to make responsible decisions	94
8940432705	discriminate	to differentiate; to make a clear distinction; to see the difference	95
8940432706	disdain	lack of respect accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike; scorn	96
8940432707	dismayed	struck with fear, dread, or consternation; discouraged	97
8940432708	disparate	fundamentally different; entirely unlike	98
8940432709	dissipation	wasteful spending, squandering; to spread out and become less concentrated	99
8940432710	diversions	a maneuver that draws attention away from something else; distraction	100
8940472739	duality	having two parts	101
8940472740	duplicitous	deliberately deceptive	102
8940511162	dwindles	little remains of it; decrease	103
8940511163	dynamic	energetic; vigorously active; changing	104
9215774164	efficacy	the power to produce a desired result	105
9215774165	egotism	tendency to speak or write of oneself excessively; conceit; self-importance	106
9215774166	elegant	refined and tasteful in appearance or behavior or style; graceful	107
9215774167	elusive	(adj.) difficult to catch or to hold; hard to explain or understand	108
9215774168	enchanting	charming; having the power to attract	109
9215774169	enigma	a puzzle; a mystery	110
9215774170	ennoble	to elevate, to raise in rank; to dignify	111
9215774171	enumerate	to count, list, or itemize	112
9215774172	ephemeral	short-lived; lasting short time	113
9215774173	epigrammatic	of the nature or in the style of an epigram; concise, clever, and amusing, witty	114
9215774174	epiphany	A moment of sudden revelation or insight	115
9215774175	epitomizes	to serve as the typical or ideal example of	116
9215774176	equivocating	using vague or ambiguous language to mislead	117
9215774177	exhaust	to use up	118
9215774178	exhortation	an address or communication emphatically urging someone to do something; urgent recommendation or advice	119
9215774179	exploited	developed or used to greatest advantage	120
9215774180	expositions	large shows, open to the public, that highlight a particular type of product or service; organization open to public	121
9218707931	expounds	to explain or talk about something in detail; elaborate	122
9218707932	exultation	a feeling of extreme joy	123
9218707933	facade	a deceptive outward appearance; a misrepresentation	124
9218707934	fallibility	capable of making a mistake	125
9218707935	feigned	pretended; not genuine	126
9218707936	ferocity	savagery; fierceness; brutality; aggressiveness	127
9218707937	fluctuating	having unpredictable ups and downs; changing	128
9218759003	foreboding	(n.) a warning or feeling that something bad will happen; (adj.) marked by fear, ominous	129
9218759004	fraudulence	when a financial gain accompanies a forgery; deceitfulness	130
9218759005	frigid	intensely cold; cold in manner; Ex. frigid zone	131
9218759006	frivolity	lack of seriousness; lightheartedness	132
9218759007	functional	able to operate; in working order	133
9218759008	futility	uselessness as a consequence of having no practical result	134
9219186065	glee	high-spirited joy	135
9219186066	gluttony (n)	engaging in extreme eating or drinking; greedy overindulgence	136
9219186067	Golden Rule	Do unto others as you would have them do unto you; treat others the way you want to be treated	137
9226763239	gratification	satisfaction; a feeling of being rewarded for one's efforts	138
9226763240	gullible	easily deceived	139
9229450283	Golden Rule	Do unto others as you would have them do unto you	140
9321891540	habitually	repeatedly or continuously	141
9321891541	hackneyed	used so often as to lack freshness or originality; overused	142
9321891565	haphazard sentence	random, chaotic, in complete; scrambles and repeats its topics-grammar)	143
9321891542	hypocritical	pretending to be virtuous; deceiving; insincere	144
9321891543	hysterical	marked by excessive or uncontrollable emotion	145
9321891544	idiosyncratic	peculiar to the individual; unique	146
9321891545	idolatrous	given to intense or excessive devotion to something	147
9321891546	idyllic	charming in a rustic way; naturally peaceful	148
9321891547	illustrate	to explain or make clear using examples, charts, or graphs	149
9321891548	immobility	the quality or condition of being immovable or motionless; state of being unable to move	150
9321891549	impartial	unbiased; neutral; fair	151
9321891550	impassive	(adj.) showing no feeling or emotion; inanimate; motionless	152
9321891551	impede	to obstruct or interfere with; to delay	153
9321891552	impingement	to make an impression; have an effect or impact	154
9321891553	impish	inclined to do slightly naughty things for fun; mischievous	155
9321891554	implication	something hinted at or suggested	156
9321891555	implicitly	without being stated; unquestioningly	157
9321891556	incomprehensible	impossible to understand	158
9321891557	incongruous	out of place; incompatible	159
9321891558	inconsequential	trifling, unimportant	160
9321891559	inconspicuous	not easily seen; subtle; not noticeable	161
9321891560	incorrigible	not able to be corrected; beyond control	162
9321891561	indignant	feeling or showing anger or annoyance at what is perceived as unfair treatment	163
9321891562	Industrial Revolution	Change in technology, brought about by improvements in machinery and by use of steam power; change from agriculture to industrial manufacturing	164
9321891563	industriousness	persevering determination to perform a task; hard working	165
9324232893	ineffectual	producing no result or effect; useless	166
9324232894	inexplicable	hard to explain or impossible to understand	167
9324232895	inherently	essentially; naturally part of something	168
9324232896	insensitivity	inability to be affected by; lack of sensitivity	169
9324232897	insights	the clear (and often sudden) understanding of a complex situation	170
9324232898	insistent	demanding; persistent	171
9324232899	instability	the quality or state of being liable to change or alteration	172
9324232900	intact	untouched or uninjured; kept or left whole	173
9324232901	integral	Necessary to complete something; essential	174
9324232902	integrity	(n.) honesty, high moral standards; an unimpaired condition, completeness, soundness	175
9324232903	interrogation	formal questioning by persons in authority, especially in the church	176
9336000411	intervening	coming between so as to hinder or modify	177
9336000412	intuitive	instinctive, untaught	178
9336000413	invariably	always; without changing	179
9336000414	ironic	satiric; unexpected	180
9336000415	irrelevant	not to the point, not applicable or pertinent	181
9336000416	irrepressible	incapable of being controlled or held back	182
9336000417	irresistible	not capable of being refused or withstood; cant resist	183
9336000418	irreverent	disrespectful	184
9337407466	Industrial Revolution	the transformation from an agricultural to an industrial nation	185
9530696205	justification	the fact that is said to prove that something is true	186
9530696206	liturgies	structured public worship	187
9530696207	lustrous	shiny; glossy	188
9530696208	lute	a stringed instrument	189

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AP Literature Review Terms Flashcards

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8936395496	allegory	story or poem that can be used to reveal a hidden meaning The representation of abstract ideas or principals by characters, figures, or events in narrative, dramatic, or pictorial form.	0
8936395497	alliteration	beginning of same letter or sound in closely connected words The repitition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of several words in a line of poetry	1
8936395498	allusion	indirect of passing reference Reference to someone or something that is known from history literature, religion, politics, sports, science, or another branch of culture. An indirect reference to something (usually in literature)	2
8936395499	anaphora	repetition in first part of a sentence , to have an artistic meaning Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive lines in a poem.	3
8936395500	antagonist	a hostile person who is opposed to another character The protagonist's adversary	4
8936395501	apostrophe	the figure of speech used to address an imaginary character When a character speaks to a character or object that is not present or is unable to respond	5
8936395502	approximate rhyme	words in rhyming pattern that sound alike	6
8936395503	aside	when a character's dialogue is spoken but not heard by other actors on the stage	7
8936395504	assonance	repetition of vowel sounds	8
8936395505	blank verse	poetry written in meter without an ending rhyme Name for unrhymed iambic pentameter. An iamb is a metrical foot in which an unstressed syllable is followed by a stressed syllable. In iambic pentameter there are five iambs per line making ten syllables.	9
8936395506	cacophony	blend of unharmonious sounds	10
8936395507	caesura	pause in the middle of a line	11
8936395508	catharsis	the release of emotions through art (emotional cleanse)	12
8936395509	flat character	story character who have no depth, usually has one personality or characteristic	13
8936395510	round character	character who has complex personality: contradicted person	14
8936395511	dynamic character	changes throughout the story, through major conflict	15
8936395512	static character	person who doesn't change throughout story keeps same personality	16
8936395513	characterization	process of revealing characters personality	17
8936395514	climax	point where conflict hits its highest point	18
8936395515	comedy	drama that is amusing or funny	19
8936395516	conflict	struggle between opposing forces	20
8936395517	connotation	secondary meaning to a word	21
8936395518	consonance	repetition of same consonant in words close together	22
8936395519	couplet	two rhyming lines in a verse	23
8936395520	denotation	the literal meaning of a word	24
8936395521	denouement	final outcome of the story	25
8936395522	deus ex machina	resolution of a plot by chance or coincidence	26
8936395523	didactic writing	writing with a primary purpose to teach or preach	27
8936395524	direct presentation of character	author telling the reader how a character is and what actions it will do further in the story	28
8936395525	double rhyme	rhyme where the repeated vowel is in the second last syllable of words involved (ex; born scorn)	29
8936395526	dramatic exposition	prose commentaries, to provide background information about the characters and their world	30
8936395527	end rhyme	rhymes occurring at the end of line	31
8936395528	end stopped line	line ending in regular punctuation	32
8936395529	English sonnet	a sonnet rhyming ababcdcdededgg	33
8936395530	epiphany	when a character receives a spiritual insight into they life	34
8936395531	euphony	smooth choice and arrangement of sounds	35
8936395532	extended figure	A figure of speech sustained or developed through a considerable number of lines or through a whole poem.	36
8936395533	falling action	Events after the climax, leading to the resolution	37
8936395534	feminine rhyme	lines rhymed by their final two syllables Term that refers to an unstressed extra syllable at the end of a line of iambic pentameter	38
8936395535	figurative language	Language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling.	39
8936395536	figure of speech	a way of saying something other than the ordinary way	40
8936395537	foot	basic unit in the scansion or measurement of verse , stressed and un stressed syllables	41
8936395538	form	external pattern or shape of a poem	42
8936395539	free verse	Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme	43
8936395540	hamartia	tragic flaw which causes a character's downfall	44
8936395541	imagery	Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)	45
8936395542	indirect presentation of character	the personality of a character is revealed by what he or she does or says	46
8936395543	internal rhyme	A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line	47
8936395544	irony	A contrast between expectation and reality	48
8936395545	verbal irony	A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant	49
8936395546	dramatic irony	Irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play.	50
8936395547	irony of situation	refers to an occurrence that is contrary to what is expected or intended	51
8936395548	italian sonnet	A sonnet consisting of an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba, followed by a sestet with the rhyme pattern cdecde or cdcdcd	52
8936395549	masculine rhyme	A rhyme ending on the final stressed syllable Stressed extra syllable at the end of a line	53
8936395550	melodrama	a play based upon a dramatic plot and developed sensationally	54
8936395551	metaphor	A comparison without using like or as	55
8936395552	meter	A regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry The measured arrangement of words in poetry, as by accentual rhythm, syllabic quantity, or the number of syllables in a line.	56
8936395553	metonymy	A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it	57
8936395554	motivation	A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior	58
8936395555	narrator	Person telling the story First Person - The narrator is a character in the story Third Person Objective: The narrator does not tell what anyone is thinking; the "fly on a wall" Third Person Limited: The narrator is able to tell the thoughts of one of the characters Third Person Omniscient: The narrator is able to tell the thoughs of any character	59
8936395556	octave	8 line stanza	60
8936395557	onomatopoeia	A word that imitates the sound it represents.	61
8936395558	hyperbole	A figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor	62
8936395559	oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.	63
8936395560	paradox	A contradiction or dilemma	64
8936395561	paraphrase	A restatement of a text or passage in your own words.	65
8936395562	personification	A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes	66
8936395563	plot	Sequence of events in a story	67
8936395564	point of view	The perspective from which a story is told	68
8936395565	omniscient point of view	The point of view where the narrator knows everything about the characters and their problems - told in the 3rd person.	69
8936395566	third person limited point of view	narrator tells the story from only one character's pov	70
8936395567	first person point of view	a character in the story is actually telling the story himself/herself	71
8936395568	objective point of view	a narrator who is totally impersonal and objective tells the story, with no comment on any characters or events.	72
8936395569	protagonist	Main character	73
8936395570	quatrain	A four line stanza	74
8936395571	rhythm	A regularly recurring sequence of events or actions.	75
8936395572	rhyme scheme	A regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem	76
8936395573	rising action	Events leading up to the climax	77
8936395574	sarcasm	the use of irony to mock or convey contempt	78
8936395575	satire	A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.	79
8936395576	scansion	Analysis of verse into metrical patterns	80
8936395577	sestet	6 line stanza	81
8936395578	setting	The context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs.	82
8936395579	simile	A comparison using "like" or "as"	83
8936395580	soliloquy	A long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage	84
8936395581	sonnet	14 line poem	85
8936395582	stanza	A group of lines in a poem	86
8936395583	stream of consciousness	private thoughts of a character without commentary	87
8936395584	syllabic verse	Verse measured by the number of syllables rather than the number of feet per line.	88
8936395585	symbol	A thing that represents or stands for something else	89
8936395586	synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa	90
8936395587	synesthesia	describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound")	91
8936395588	tercet	3 line stanza	92
8936395589	terza rima	a verse form with a rhyme scheme: aba bcb cdc, etc.	93
8936395590	theme	Central idea of a work of literature	94
8936395591	tone	Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character	95
8936395592	tragedy	A serious form of drama dealing with the downfall of a heroic or noble character	96
8936395593	truncation	Utilizing a melody with part of the end omitted.	97
8936395594	understandment	the deliberate representation of something as lesser in magnitude than it actually is; a deliberate under-emphasis	98
8936395595	verse	A single line of poetry writing arranged with a metrical rhythm, typically having a rhyme	99
8936395596	vilanelle	a nineteen-line poem with two rhymes throughout, consisting of five tercets and a quatrain, with the first and third lines of the opening tercet recurring alternately at the end of the other tercets and with both repeated at the close of the concluding quatrain.	100
8936395597	Ambiguity	When an author leaves out details or information or is unclear about an event so the reader will use his/her imagination to fill in the blanks.	101
8936395598	Anecdote	A short story or joke told at the beginning of a speech to gain the audience's attention.	102
8936395599	Anti-climatic	When the ending of the plot in poetry or prose is unfulfilling or lackluster	103
8936395600	Antithesis	Balancing words, phrases, or ideas that are strongly contrasted, often by means of grammatical structure	104
8936395601	Antihero	Central character who lacks all the qualities traditionally associated with heroes. May lack courage, grace, intelligence, or moral scruples	105
8936395602	Anthropomorphism	Attributing human characteristics to an animal or inanimate object	106
8936395603	Climax	The turning point in the plot or the high point of action	107
8936395604	Colloquial Language	Informal, conversational language. Typically phrases that are indicative of a specific region.	108
8936395605	Conceit	An elaborate metaphor that compares two things that are startlingly different.	109
8936395606	Connotation	An idea or meaning suggested by or associated with a word or thing - Bat = evil	110
8936395607	Convention	An understanding between a reader and a writer about certain details of a story that does not need to be explained	111
8936395608	Couplet	A pair of rhymed lines that may or may not constitute a separate stanza in a poem.	112
8936395609	Didactic	From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing,especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.	113
8936395610	Dues Ex Machina	Term that refers to a character or force that appears at the end of a story or play to help resolve conflict. Word means "god from a machine". In ancient Greek drama, gods were lowered onto the stage by a mechanism to extricate characters from a seemingly hopeless situation. The phrase has come to mean any turn of events that solve the characters' problems through an unexpected and unlikely intervention.	114
8936395611	Diction	The choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing	115
8936395612	Denouement	The final resolution or clarification of a dramatic or narrative plot.	116
8936395613	Doppelganger	The alter ego of a character- the suppressed side of one's personality that is usually unaccepted by society.	117
8936395614	Elegy	A poem or song composed especially as a lament for a deceased person.	118
8936395615	Emotive Language	Deliberate use of language by a writer to instill a feeling or visual.	119
8936395616	Enjambment	A line having no pause or end punctuation but having uninterrupted grammatical meaning continuing into the next line.	120
8936395617	Epic	A long narrative poem, written in heightened language, which recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society	121
8936395618	Epilogue	A short poem or speech spoken directly to the audience following the conclusion of a play, or in a novel the epilogue is a short explanation at the end of the book which indicates what happens after the plot ends.	122
8936395619	Epiphany	Sudden enlightenment or realization, a profound new outlook or understanding about the world usually attained while doing everyday mundane activities.	123
8936395620	Epistolary	Used to describe a novel that tells its story through letters written from one character to another.	124
8936395621	Epithet	A word or phrase preceding or following a name which serves to describe the character. Ex: Alexander the Great.	125
8936395622	Euphemism	A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing The act of substituting a harsh, blunt, or offensive comment for a more politically accepted or positive one	126
8936395623	Euphony	A succession of words which are pleasing to the ear. These words may be alliterative, utilize consonance, or assonance and are often used in poetry but also seen in prose	127
8936395624	Expansion	Adds an unstressed syllable and a contraction or elision removes an unstressed syllable in order to maintain the rhythmic meter of a line. This practice explains some words frequently used in poetry such as th' in place of the, o'er in place of over, and 'tis or 'twas in place of it is or it was.	128
8936395625	Fable	A usually short narrative making an edifying or cautionary point and often employing as characters animals that speak and act like humans	129
8936395626	Farce	A type of comedy in which ridiculous and often stereotyped characters are involved in silly, far-fetched situations	130
8936395627	Flashback	When a character remembers a past event that is relevant to the current action of the story.	131
8936395628	Flat Character	A literary character whose personality can be defined by one or two traits and does not change over the course of the story. Flat characters are usually minor or insignificant characters	132
8936395629	Foil	A character that by contrast underscores or enhances the distinctive characteristics of another	133
8936395630	Folklore	The traditional beliefs, myths, tales, and practices of a people, transmitted orally.	134
8936395631	Foreshadowing	Clues in the text about incidents that will occur later in the plot, foreshadowing creates anticipation in the novel	135
8936395632	Genre	A category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, marked by a distinctive style, form, or content	136
8936395633	Gothic Novel	A genre of fiction characterized by mystery and supernatural horror, often set in a dark castle or other medieval setting	137
8936395634	Heroine	A woman noted for courage and daring action or the female protagonist	138
8936395635	Hubris	used in Greek tragedies, refers to excessive pride that usually leads to a hero's downfall	139
8936395636	Hyperbole	A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or comic/dramatic effect.	140
8936395637	Illocution	Language that avoids meaning of the words. When we speak, sometimes we conceal intentions or sidestep the true subject of a conversation. Writing illocution expresses two stories, one of which is not apparent to the characters, but is apparent to the reader. For example, if two characters are discussing a storm on the surface it may seem like a simple discussion of the weather, however, the reader should interpret the underlying meaning that the relationship is in turmoil, chaos, is unpredictable, As demonstrated the story contains an underlying meaning or parallel meanings	141
8936395638	Imagery	The use of vivid or figurative language to represent objects, actions, or ideas	142
8936395639	In medias res	A story that begins in the middle of things	143
8936395640	Inversion	In poetry is an intentional digression from ordinary word order which is used to maintain regular meter. For example, rather than saying "the rain came" a poem my say "came the rain". Meter can be formed by the insertion or absence of a pause.	144
8936395641	Irony	When one thing should occur, is apparent, or in logical sequence but the opposite actually occurs. Example: A man in the ocean might say, "Water, water everywhere and not a drop to drink."	145
8936395642	Juxtaposition	Poetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, creating an effect of surprise and wit	146
8936395643	Litotes	(pronounced almost like "little tee") - a form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite. Litote is the opposite of hyperbole. Examples: "Not a bad idea," "Not many," "It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain" (Salinger, Catcher in the Rye).	147
8936395644	Local Color	a term applied to fiction or poetry which tends to place special emphasis on a particular setting, including its customs, clothing, dialect and landscape.	148
8936395645	Memoir	an account based on the author's personal experiences	149
8936395646	Metaphor	A comparison between two objects with the intent of giving clearer meaning to one of them. Often forms of the "to be" verb are used, such as "is" or "was", to make the comparison	150
8936395647	Motif	A recurrent image word phrase represented object or action that tends to unify the literary work or that may be elaborated into a more general theme	151
8936395648	First Person Point of View	a character in the story is actually telling the story himself/herself	152
8936395649	Third Person Objective Point of View	The narrator is an outsider who can report only what he or she sees and hears. This narrator can tell us what is happening, but he can't tell us the thoughts of the characters.	153
8936395650	Third Person Omniscient Point of View	Point of view in which an all-knowing narrator who is privy to the thoughts and actions of any or all characters.	154
8936395651	Third Person Limited Point of View	This type of point of view presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character, presenting only the actions of all remaining characters	155
8936395652	Novella	A shorter fictional prose narrative that ranges from 50-100 pages in length.	156
8936395653	Neutral Language	Language opposite from emotive language as it is literal or even objective in nature.	157
8936395654	Oblique Ryhme	Imperfect rhyme scheme	158
8936395655	Ode	a lyric poem in the form of an address to a particular subject, often elevated in style or manner and written in varied or irregular meter	159
8936395656	Onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you note examples of onomatopoeia in an essay passage, note the effect.	160
8936395657	Parable	A simple story that illustrates a moral or religious lesson	161
8936395658	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. It exploits peculiarities of an author's expression (propensity to use too many parentheses, certain favorite words, etc.) Well-written parody offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. nuances of the newer work. Occasionally, however, parodies take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original.	162
8936395659	Poetic Justice	Is a term that describes a character "getting what he deserves: in the end, especially if wat he deserves is punishment. The prest form of poetic justice results when one character pots against another but ends up being caught in his or her own trap.	163
8936395660	Prologue	a separate introductory section of a literary or musical work	164
8936395661	Pun	A play on words. In an argument, a pun usually calls humorous attention to particular point. He kept waving at the princess. He was a devoted fan.	165
8936395662	Refrain	A line or set of lines repeated several times over the course of a poem.	166
8936395663	Rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	167
8936395664	Rites of Passage	An incident which creates tremendous growth signifying a transition from adolescence to adulthood.	168
8936395665	Round Character	A character who demonstrates some complexity and who develops or changes in the course of a work	169
8936395666	Resolution	End of the story where loose ends are tied up	170
8936395667	Style	The consideration of style has two purposes: (1) An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other We can analyze and describe an author's personal style and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. Styles can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, laconic, etc. (2) Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, we can see how an author's style reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance or the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental, or realist movement.	171
8936395668	Understatement	A statement that says less than what is meant	172

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AP HuG: Language Flashcards

Language

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5900748597	Accent	A distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class.	0
5900748598	Dialect	A particular form of a language that is particular to a specific region or social group.	1
5900748600	Extinct Language	An extinct language is a language that no longer has any speakers, or that is no longer in current use.	2
5900748601	Ideogram	A written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it. An Example: 6 (six)	3
5900748602	Isogloss	A geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.	4
5900748603	Isolated Language	a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. i.e A language family with only one language.	5
5900748604	Language Branch	A Subsection of a Language Family. i.e The Romance Branch of the Indo-European language family.	6
5900748605	Language	The method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.	7
5900748606	Language Group	A Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.	8
5900748607	Language Family	A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history	9
5900748608	Indo European language family	Largest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia.	10
5900748609	Sino-Tibetan Language Family	2nd largest language family. Includes Madarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese	11
5900748610	Lingua Franca	A Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages	12
5900748611	Literary Tradition	A Language that is written as well as spoken	13
5900748612	Monolingualism	The condition of being able to speak only a single language	14
5900748613	Bilingualism	The ability to speak two languages	15
5900748614	Multilingualism	The ability to speak multiple languages	16
5900748615	Official Language	The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.	17
5900748617	Pidgin	A Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.	18
5900748618	Standard Language	The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.	19
5900748619	Toponym	a place name or a word derived from the name of a place	20
5900748620	Trade Language	A language, especially a pidgin, used by speakers of different native languages for communication in commercial trade.	21
5900748621	Vernacular	Using a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language	22
5900775723	Creole	a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated	23
5900783730	linguistic fragmentation	a condition in which many languages are spoken, each by a relatively small number of people	24
5900795300	institutional language	a language using in education, work, mass media, and government	25
5900799766	Logogram	a symbol that represents a word rather than a sound	26
5900805350	Received Pronunciation	The dialect of English associated with upper class Britons, living in London and now considered standard in the United Kigndom	27
5900818955	Vulgar Latin	a form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents	28
8201816671	linguists	scholars who study languages	29
8201819463	language tree	a graph showing relationships between a proto-language and its descendants; family-branch-group-language-dialect	30
8201835489	adage	a familiar proverb or wise saying	31
8201839702	Swahili	an Arabic-influenced Bantu language that is spoken widely in eastern and central Africa	32

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AP Literature Vocab Words Flashcards

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4870312759	Theme	A theme may be defined as "a salient abstract idea that emerges from a literary work's treatment of its subject matter; or a topic recurring in a number or literary works" (Baldick 258)	0
4870319428	Metaphor	A figure of speech that compares two things which are basically dissimilar	1
4870320361	Simile	A figure of speech, comparing two essentially like things through the use of a specific word of comparison (like, as, or than, for example)	2
4870326764	Verbal Irony	The use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning.	3
4870328566	Ambiguity	use of language where the meaning is unclear or has two or more possible interpretations or meanings. it could be created through a weakness in the way the writer has expressed him or herself.	4
4870333798	Diction	means "word choice", refers to word choice as a reflection of style. different types and arrangements of words have significant effects on meaning,	5
4870343784	Satire	Text that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way.	6
4870347033	Motif	A dominant theme, subject or idea which runs through a piece of literature	7
4870348739	Characterization	In literature is the process authors use to develop characters and create images of the characters for the audience. there are two different approaches to ______, including direct and indirect.	8
4870354158	Metonymy	A figure of speech where the term for one thing is applied for another with which it has become closely associated in experience, or where a part represents the whole.	9
5019533762	Setting	is used to identify and establish the time, place, and mood of the events of the story. It basically helps in establishing where and when and under what circumstances the story is taking place.	10
5019535626	Imagery	use of images, especially, in a pattern of related images, often figurative, to create a strong, unified, sensory impression.	11
5019537694	Tone	Author's attitude toward subject matter as revealed through style, syntax, diction, figurative language and organization.	12
5019539269	Mood	The atmosphere in the text created by the author's tone towards the subject.	13
5019540450	Dramatic Monologue	A poem or prose piece in which a character addresses an audience. Often the monologue is complete in itself.	14
5019542075	Elegy	A mediative poem usually sad and reflective in nature. sometimes, though not always, it is concerned with the theme of death.	15
5019543349	Allegory	A form of extended metaphor in which objects, persons, places, and actions in a narrative are equated with meaning outside the narrative itself.	16
5019545397	Personification	A figure that endows animals, ideas, abstractions, and inanimate objects with human form.	17
5019547387	Oxymoron	A self-contradictory combination of words	18
5019548557	Antithesis	A figure of speech characterized by strongly contrasting words, clauses, or ideas, as in "man proposes, God disposes."	19
5182720932	Understatement	a common figure of speech in which the literal sense of what is said falls short (or under) the magnitude of what is being talked about.	20
5182723724	Allusion	A figure of speech that makes brief reference to a historical or literary figure, event, or object. Biblical allusions are frequent in English literature.	21
5182729180	Poetic Drama	A term properly restricted to plays written to be acted. if a poem is written to be read only, then it is not considered poetic drama.	22
5182733265	Paradox	A statement that although seemingly contradictory or absurd may actually be well founded or true."for when i am weak, then i am strong."	23
5182761096	Sentimentalism	The term used in two senses: (1) an overindulgence in emotion, or (2) an optimistic overemphasis of the goodness of humanity (sensibility)	24
5182763504	Subjective	A term for something expressive in a personal manner of inward convictions, beliefs, dreams, or ideals. subjective writing is opposed to objective writing, which is impersonal, and concrete.	25
5182766819	verisimilitude	the semblance of truth. The degree to which a work creates the appearance of truth.	26
5182785792	Tragedy	It concerns, in general, the effort to exemplify what has been called "the tragic sense of life" - that is, the sense that human beings are inevitably doomed through their own failure for personal weaknesses.	27
5182790968	Tragic Flaw	The theory that there is a flaw in the tragic hero that causes his or her downfall. Many characters in Shakespearean dramas exhibit tragic flaws such as Hamlet's inability to act.	28
5182793842	Lyric Poem	A brief subjective poem strongly marked by imagination, melody, and emotion and creating a single, unified, impression.	29
5904325105	foot	The unit a rhythm in verse, whether quantitive or accentual - syllabic.	30
5904335587	iamb	a foot consisting of an unaccented syllable (u) and an accented syllable (/) = (u/) the most common rhythm in english verse.	31
5904366935	echo	A complete, subtle, and multifarious acoustic phenomenon involving a faint but perceptive repetition inside a work or between works.	32
5904377302	ellipsis	the omission of one or more words that, while essential to a grammatical structure, are easily supplied.	33
5904417816	blank verse	unrhymed regular verse, usually iambic pentameter, but does not rhyme.	34
5904427646	caesura	a pause or a break in a line of verse, normally signaled by punctuation	35
5904431747	end rhyme	rhyme at the ends of lines in a poem. the most common type of rhyme.	36
5904442098	end-stopped lines	lines in which both the grammatical structure and the sense reach completion at the end.	37
5904462950	enjambment	the continuation of the sense and grammatical construction of a line on to the next verse or couplet.	38
5904469471	assonance	generally patterning of vowel sounds without regard to consonants. the pattern may be successive as in :knee-deep" or alternating as in "lEft my nEcktie."	39
5904495525	ambivalent	having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone	40
5904502797	synecdoche	a part of something represents the whole or it may use a whole to represent a part	41
5904512025	couplet	a literary device which can be defined as having two successive rhyming lines in a verse and has the same meter to form a complete thought. it is marked by a usual rhythm, rhyme scheme and incorporation of specific utterances.	42
5904527999	refrain	a verse, a line, a set, or a group of some lines that appears where a poem divides into different sections.	43
5904536132	colloquial	language is casual and conversational, characteristic of informal spoken language or conversation.	44
5904553285	pedantic	"like a pedant," someone who's too concerned with literal accuracy or formality. a negative term that implies someone is showing off book learning or trivia, especially in a tiresome way.	45
5904633477	shakespearean sonnet	also called the elizabethan sonnet, has 14 lines, and consists of three quatrains of iambic pentameter followed by a rhyming couplet. the first two quatrains offer a situation. the third may feature a turn or change. the couplet often reveals a theme or summarizes the conclusion.	46
5904657086	Petrarchan sonnet	also called the Italian sonnet, divided into two parts that form an argument. the octave establishes a problem, then the sestet proposes a resolution.	47
5904726963	pastoral	of or relating to the countryside or to the lives of people who live in the country.	48
5904730923	brevity	the use of few words to say something; the quality or fact of lasting only for a short period of time.	49

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AP Literature Vocab Terms Flashcards

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6376559707	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.	0
6376570592	Asyndeton	A construction in which elements are presented in a series without conjunctions	1
6376570836	Anaphora	A rhetorical figure of repetition in which the same word or phrase is repeated in (and usually at the beginning of) successive lines, clauses, or sentences.	2
6397500922	Epistrophe	the repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences	3
6397501812	Cumulative Sentence	An independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail.	4
6397502139	Periodic Sentence	A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end.	5
6397502493	Assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity	6
6397502618	Consonance	Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.	7
6397502845	Enjambment	A run-on line of poetry in which logical and grammatical sense carries over from one line into the next.	8
6397503772	Conceit	A fanciful, particularly clever extended metaphor	9
6397504360	Denouement	An outcome or solution; the unraveling of a plot	10
6397504736	Appositive	A word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun.	11
6397504821	Epithet	An adjective or descriptive phrase expressing a quality characteristic of the person or thing mentioned.	12
6397507455	Slant Rhyme	Rhyme in which the vowel sounds are nearly, but not exactly the same (i.e. the words "stress" and "kiss"); sometimes called half-rhyme, near rhyme, or partial rhyme	13
6397507743	Complex Sentence	A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause	14
6397508078	Compound Sentence	A sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions.	15
6397508309	Loose Sentence	A type of sentence in which the main idea comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses.	16
6397508654	Chiasmus	A statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed.	17
6397509060	Em dashes	The -- ---- may replace commas, semicolons, colons and parentheses. There are often situations where a period is to strong, a semicolons too formal, but a comma is too weak.	18
6401738145	Ballade	French in origin and made up of 28 lines, usually three stanzas of 8 lines and a concluding stanza, called envoy, of 4 lines. The last line of each stanza is the same and the scheme is ababbcbc and the envoy's is bcbc.	19
6401738430	Ode	A lyric poem usually marked by serious, respectful, and exalted feelings toward the subject.	20
6401738889	Villanelle	A 19 line form using only two rhymes and repeating two of the lines according to a set pattern	21
6433612891	Heroic Couplet	Iambic pentameter lines rhymed in pairs.	22
6433643680	Epitaph	inscription in memory of a dead person (as on a tombstone)	23
6433650717	Enigma	A mystery; a puzzle	24
6433654969	Pathetic Fallacy	faulty reasoning that inappropriately ascribes human feelings to nature or nonhuman objects	25
6433659963	Dramatic Irony	Irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play.	26
6433663335	Tragic Flaw	A weakness or limitation of character, resulting in the fall of the tragic hero.	27

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Rhetorical Strategy Quiz 1 Flashcards

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4443951405	Audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.	0
4443951408	Chiasmus	the opposite of parallel construction; inverting the second of the two phrases that would otherwise be in parallel form.	1
4443951412	Colloquialism	An informal or conversational use of language.	2
4443951422	Diction	Word choice.	3
4443951424	Ethos	A Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos).	4
4443951425	Euphemism	substitution of an inoffensive word or phrase for another that would be harsh, offensive, or embarrassing. A euphemism makes something sound better than it is but is usually more wordy than the original.	5
4443951427	Figurative language	The use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect.	6
4443951437	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things side by side for emphasis.	7
4443951438	Logos	A Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos) .	8
4443951439	Metaphor	A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison.	9
4443951442	Mood	feeling or atmosphere a writer creates for a reader	10
4443951443	Motif	a recurring subject, theme, or idea, etc., especially in a literary, artistic, or musical work	11
4443951448	Paradox	A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true.	12
4443951449	Parallelism	The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns.	13
4443951451	Pathos	A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos).	14
4443951453	Personification	Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects.	15
4443951454	Point of view	perspective of the speaker or narrator in a literary work	16
4443951462	Rhetorical modes	Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation.	17
4443951464	Rhetorical triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian triangle).	18
4443951469	Simile	A figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things.	19
4443951471	Speaker	A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing.	20
4443951475	Subject	In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing.	21
4443951479	Syntax	Sentence structure.	22
4443951481	Tone	The speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience.	23
4443951484	Voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.	24

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AP English Literature Biblical Flashcards

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4774591175	Abraham and Sarah	He is the first patriarch of Judaism (first person to accept monotheism). She is his wife. They were married for a long time and had no children. She suggested that he mate with her maid-servant, Hagar, so that he would have an heir. After than child was born, Sarah became pregnant and forced Abraham to throw out the maid and her son, because she was jealous. Their son is Isaac.	0
4774591176	Adam and Eve	the first man and woman; she's created from a rib taken from him. They live in bliss in the Garden of Eden until Eve is persuaded by a Serpent into eating the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge, which she then offers to Adam. After they eat, they realize they're naked and become ashamed. God (with some help from the Archangel Gabriel and his flaming sword) expels them from Eden as punishment; often referred to as the "fall from grace," or "loss of innocence."	1
4774591177	Anti-Christ/Armaggedon	the Anti-Christ is the antagonist of Christ who will appear before the Second Coming, claiming to be Christ, and make serious trouble until Christ actually appears and defeats him, probably at the battle of Armaggedon, a great battle between the forces of good and evil that is to occur at the end of the world. Armaggedon now means any great and decisive battle.	2
4774591178	Babylon	an ancient city of Mesopotamia known for its wealth, luxury, and vice.	3
4774591179	Cain and Abel	the two sons of Adam and Eve. Cain was older and a farmer; Abel was a shepherd. They made offerings to God, who liked Abel's lamb better than Cain's wheat. Cain was jealous and slew Abel, for which he was forced to roam as an outcast, with a horrible mark on his forehead that showed that he killed his brother. He said, "Am I my brother's keeper?"	4
4774591180	Daniel	a young Hebrew prophet who prayed even when the king had ordered that no one pray. For this, he was thrown into a lion's den, where he should have been killed. Instead, God saved him and he came out of the lion's den unhurt. A symbol of God's protection and the rewards of faith.	5
4774591181	The Divine Comedy	written by Dante Alighieri between 1308 and his death in 1321, is widely considered the central epic poem of Italian literature, and one of the greatest of world literature. Its influence is so great that it affects the Christian view of the afterlife to this day. The Divine Comedy is composed of three canticas, Inferno (Hell), Purgatorio (Purgatory), and Paradiso (Paradise). In the Inferno, Dante is led by the poet Virgil into the underworld, where he experiences and describes each of the nine circles of hell. The sign at the entrance to Hell reads: "Abandon all hope, ye who enter here."	6
4774591182	David	a young boy who had the courage to fight the huge enemy, Goliath, whom he killed with a slingshot. He became king and was quite good, except for lusting after a married woman (Bathsheba), whose husband he then sent to the front lines to get conveniently killed so David could marry her. They became the parents of Absalom and Solomon.	7
4774591183	Eden	earthly paradise for Adam and Eve	8
4774591184	Esther	a Jewish woman married to a Persian king. An evil man wanted to kill the Jews but Esther stopped him by pleading with her husband.	9
4774591185	Gideon	an Israeli judge. In a major battle, when his forces were massively outnumbered, he fooled the opposition by making noise with trumpets that made the enemy think that the Hebrew forces were much larger than they really were.	10
4774591186	Goliath	a huge warrior of the Philistines who was killed by a boy (David) with a slingshot; a symbol of great power that can be overpowered.	11
4774591187	Good Samaritan	a famous New Testament parable, that appears only in the Gospel of Luke (10:25-37). The parable is told by Jesus to illustrate the precepts that a person's fitness for eternal life is defined by his or her actions, that compassion should be for all people, and that fulfilling the spirit of the Law is more important than fulfilling the letter of the Law. Jesus tells a parable about a traveler who was attacked, robbed, stripped, and left for dead by the side of a road. Later, a priest saw the stricken figure and avoided him, presumably in order to maintain ritual purity. Similarly, a Levite saw the man and ignored him as well. Then a Samaritan passed by, and, despite the mutual antipathy between his and the Jewish populations, immediately rendered assistance by giving him first aid and taking him to an inn to recover while promising to cover the expenses. By extension, a Good Samaritan is a generous person who is ready to provide aid to people in distress without hesitation.	12
4774591188	Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John)	the "Good News": first four books of the New Testament, all telling the life of Jesus, but from four different perspectives. "The Gospel" has come to mean any statement that is unquestionably true.	13
4774591189	Hagar and Ishmael	Hagar is the maid of Sarah that Abraham had a child with and Ishmael is the child, who became a wandering outcast.	14
4774591190	Herod	the king of the Hebrews who ordered John the Baptist beheaded for Salome's reward and who ordered all Jewish males under age two killed to prevent the "King of the Jews" from overthrowing him.	15
4774591191	Holy Grail	the dish, plate, cup or vessel used by Jesus at the Last Supper, said to possess miraculous powers. It has long been the object of fruitless quests. By extension, the object of an extended or difficult quest.	16
4774591192	Isaac	the son of Abraham and Sarah. God tested Abraham's faith by ordering him to sacrifice Isaac on a mountain. They went up to the mountain, with Isaac just a bit suspicious that there was no animal to sacrifice (Abraham said that God would provide). Just as Abraham was about to slit Isaac's throat, an angel stayed his hand and he then saw a ram caught in nearby bushes, which he sacrificed instead.	17
4774591193	Jacob	Son of Isaac and brother of Esau, whose birthright and blessing he stole when Isaac was on his deathbed. Later, he dreamt of a ladder that one could climb to get to heaven, with each rung being a good deed. He decided to apologize to Esau and then went on to have twelve sons, who became the twelve tribes of Israel.	18
4774591194	Jesus Christ/carpenter/lamb	Jesus Christ is a figure of martyrdom, sacrifice, and loving forgiveness. He is often symbolized as either a carpenter (which he had actually been, along with Joseph) or a lamb (a common sacrificial animal).	19
4774591195	Jezebel	the wife of Ahab (a king of Israel), notorious for her evil and vicious actions.	20
4774591196	Job	a symbol of loyalty and faith in God. God and Satan made a bet as to whether or not Job would curse God, no matter what bad things occurred. God gave Satan free rein to test Job; everything bad happened that could possibly and still Job didn't curse God. Eventually, god won the bet and gave Job back all the things he had lost.	21
4774591197	John the Baptist	born before Jesus and announced his coming. Baptized Jesus and was one of his followers. After Jesus's death, he was captured by Herod for preaching Jesus's word. Salome danced for Herod, who offered her any gift in payment for her wonderful dancing. She requested the head of John the Baptist, which was delivered to her on a sliver platter.	22
4774591198	Jonah	a Hebrew whom God commanded to go to Nineveh to tell the people there to stop sinning. He didn't want to and tried to escape by boat, but God made a great storm. When the others on board realized that Jonah was the person God was mad at, they threw him overboard. He was then swallowed by a "great fish" (whale). He lived inside it for several days, repented, and was regurgitated on the beach. He then went quickly to Nineveh and followed God's orders. A symbol of learning the hard way.	23
4774591199	Joseph	firstborn son of Rachel and Jacob, who loved him more than all his other sons because he loved the mother (Rachel) more than the mother of his other children (Leah). Joseph flaunted his father's favor, especially by showing off his many-colored coat that was a gift from Dad. Other brothers were very jealous and planned to murder him; instead, they sold him into slavery and he was taken to Egypt, where his ability to interpret dreams led him to become the pharaoh's right-hand man.	24
4774591200	Judas Iscariot	one of the twelve original disciples of Jesus. He sold out to the Romans for thirty pieces of silver. He kissed Jesus in public so the Romans would know which man was Jesus and could arrest him. The "kiss of Judas" is an act of betrayal, especially one that looks like a loving action.	25
4774591201	Lazarus	a man who Jesus raised from the dead, even though he'd been buried for three days. A symbol of Jesus's power and of possibilities.	26
4774591202	Loaves and fishes	one of Jesus's most famous miracles. Many people came to hear him preach to feed the masses he multiplied a few loaves and fishes. Everyone was fed with food to spare. Symbolizes a miraculous appearance of resources. Lucifer/Devil/Beelzebub/flies: Lucifer was originally the top angel and sat at God's right hand. He got jealous and attempted a coup, which failed. He was sent to Hell, where he is more commonly called the Devil or Satan. Beelzebub was originally a Philistine deity worshipped as the lord of the flies; that name (and image) was transferred to Christianity; in Paradise Lost, Beelzebub ranks next to Satan.	27
4774591203	Mary and Joseph	the father and virgin mother of Jesus. Mary was told by the angel Gabriel that she and her husband would bear the son of God; a carpenter.	28
4774591204	Mary Magdalene	a prostitute who came to hear Jesus preach and was accepted by him and became a devout follower. Initially, his other followers were shocked, but he said, "Let he among you who is without sin cast the first stone," so they shut up. She is a symbol of the absolute possibility of repentance and acceptance by God. She is referred to in the Bible as the "favorite" disciple.	29
4774591205	Moses and Aaron	brothers who worked together to save the Israelites (Jews) from slavery in Egypt (they were still there from Joseph's time). Moses was the leader and God spoke to him, but he stuttered, so Aaron actually spoke to the people and told them what God told Moses. Moses led them across the Red Sea, which parted, and into the desert, where they roamed for many years. He went up to Mount Sinai, where God gave him the Ten Commandments. He was gone a long time and the people started to get nervous, so they built an idol to worship: a golden calf. When Moses came and found them worshipping an idol, he was so upset that he broke the tablets the commandments were on. After they destroyed the calf, he went back and got another copy of the commandments.	30
4774591206	Noah	After receiving a message from God, Noah built an ark, on which all the animals on the earth went, two by two, to escape drowning in the great flood, which lasted 40 days and 40 nights.	31
4774591207	Paradise Lost	(1167) an epic poem by the 17th century English poet John Milton. The poem concerns the Christian story of the rise of Man: the temptation of Adam and Eve by Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden.	32
4774591208	Paul	largely the developer of Christianity as an organized system of beliefs; he took his information on the road and went preaching in towns all over the mid-East, just ahead of Romans out to kill him for being a rabble-rouser. After he left a town where he had preached, he often wrote numerous letters to his followers there, to keep them with the faith. The most famous are the Epistles (letters) to the Corinthians.	33
4774591209	Peter	the first "pope" of the Christian church. His name means "rock" in Latin and he provided the foundation for building the church itself, figuratively.	34
4774591210	Philistines	the traditional enemies of the Hebrews, known for their barbarism and indifference to art and culture.	35
4774591211	Prodigal Son	a wastrel who returns home and is welcomed with open arms. His brother, who had remained home to serve their father, is angry and jealous of the wastrel's warm reception. Symbolizes the benevolence and generosity of God's (or anyone's) forgiveness; unconditional love.	36
4774591212	Rachel and Leah	wives of Jacob. He fell in love with Rachel, the younger. Her father said Jacob could marry her if he worked for the father for seven years. Jacob did so. After the wedding, when he lifted the veil, he found that he'd married Leah, who had to marry first since she was older. He still wanted Rachel, so the father said Jacob could have her after another seven years of labor, which he did. Meanwhile, he and Leah turned out kids like crazy.	37
4774591213	Ruth and Naomi	Naomi was a Hebrew whose son married Ruth, a Moabite (foreigner). After the son died, Ruth chose to stay with Naomi rather than returning to her own people. She is the first convert to Judaism and a symbol of loyalty.	38
4774591214	Samson and Delilah	He had great strength because he had never cut his hair (he was a Nazarite, his life consecrated to the Lord). She was from the enemy tribe (the Philistines) and became his mistress and then betrayed him by cutting his hair while he slept. The Philistines captured and blinded him, but Samson eventually found enough strength to destroy his enemies by pulling down the pillars of the temple they were all in, even though doing so meant that he would die too.	39
4774591215	Sinai	the desert where the Jews roamed for many years, before getting to the Promised Land.	40
4774591216	Sodom and Gomorrah	According to the Bible, the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah — called as a group The Cities on the Plain - were destroyed by God for their sins. It is often postulated that the sin of Sodom was homosexuality and rape. Before it was destroyed, a virtuous couple, Lot and his wife, were advised by God to leave the city immediately and not look back. Lot's wife submitted to temptation and, as she looked back on the city, she was turned into a pillar of salt.	41
4774591217	Solomon	king of the Hebrews known for his wisdom. When two women appeared before him, both claiming that the same baby belonged to both of them, he ordered it cut in half, so each woman could have half. The woman who screamed not to cut the baby was given it, since Solomon determined that she must really love it, since she didn't want it to die.	42
4774591218	The Magi	the Wise Men who followed the star to Bethlehem to see baby Jesus the night he was born and brought him gifts to honor his birth; often referred to as the "Adoration of the Magi."	43
4774591219	Tree of Knowledge	the one tree whose fruit (apple) God forbade Adam and Eve from eating. After they do so (on the advice of Satan, disguised as a serpent), they gain knowledge of good and evil, but are banished from paradise.	44

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