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AP Human Geography: Language Flashcards

5973307271	standard language	a system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning	0
5973307272	dialect	forms of a single language that vary	1
5973312306	isogloss	the boundary lines between areas of different dialects	2
5973312307	language family	set of languages with the same roots from the same language	3
5973314562	Indo-European	a language family that 50% of the world speaks; consists of Romance, Germanic, Slavic, and other language groups	4
5973314563	extinct languages	language that no longer has any native speakers	5
5973319340	Renfrew hypothesis	hypothesis developed by British scholar Colin Renfrew wherein he proposed that three areas in and near the first agricultural hearth, the Fertile Crescent, gave rise to three language families: Europe's Indo-European languages (from Anatolia (present-day Turkey); North African and Arabian languages (from the western arc of the Fertile Crescent); and the languages in present-day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India (from the eastern arc of the Fertile Crescent)	6
5973319341	conquest theory	one major theory of how Proto-Indo-European diffused into Europe which holds that the early speakers of Proto-Indo-European spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues	7
5973323768	dispersal hypothesis	hypothesis which holds that the Indo-European languages that arose from Proto-Indo-European were first carried eastward into Southwest Asia, next around the Caspian Sea, and then across the Russian-Ukrainian plains and on into the Balkans	8
5973323769	Romance languages	languages derived from Latin; Spanish, French, Italian, Portugeuse, and Romanian	9
5973326970	Germanic Languages	English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish, etc.	10
5973328663	Slavic languages	Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian, etc.	11
5973328664	lingua granca	most common language; currently English	12
5973328665	pidgin	a language created by two seperate groups used specifically for trade and business	13
5973330465	creole	a pidgin that had become a native language	14
5973333104	monolingual state	countries in which only one language is spoken	15
5973333105	multilingual state	countries in which more than one language is spoken	16
5973346909	toponym	a place name	17

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AP Flashcards

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5768664337	Carthage	A major empire in the western Mediterranean; fought the Punic wars with Rome for Mediterranean dominance; defeated and destroyed by the Romans	0
5768674589	Byzantine	Eastern half of the Roman Empire; survived until 1453; retained Mediterranean, especially Hellenistic culture.	1
5768697155	Justinian	Most famous Byzantine emperor who simplified Roman laws with Justinian's Code, and built the Hagia Sophia. His reign was a turning point for Christianity: paganism finally lost. He tried to restore territories to the Western Roman Empire but ultimately failed.	2
5768717464	Republic	The balanced political system of Rome from circa 510 to 47 B.C.E; featured an aristocristicsenate, a panel of magistrates, and popular assemblies.	3
5768728310	Legalism	The belief that all people except the emperor were morally corrupt, so all people had to be ruled very strictly, and harsh punishments were needed to keep everyone inline.	4
5768750596	Brahmins	Highest care in the Hindu social hierarchy. Refers to priests.	5
5768756858	Daoism	Chances philosophy that believes the the world is always changing you should deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or "path" of nature	6
5768766205	Vedas	Sacred texts in the HIndu religion	7
5768782865	Siddhartha	Hindu prince whose pursuit of the source of suffering gave rise to the Buddhist religion	8
5768790531	Lao Zi	Encouraged people to give up worldly desires in favor of nature; he founded Taoism (Daoism)	9
5768802581	Ashoka	Maurya emperor famous for conquering India by military force and then converting to Buddhism	10
5768814227	Dar al-Islam	Refers to the land of Islam, or the territories in which Islam and it's religious laws may be freely practiced	11
5768822017	Umayyad	Clan/tribe that dominated Mecca: later an Islamic dynasty (first Muslim dynasty)	12
5768828445	Pastoral nomads	Any of the many peoples from the steppes of Asia that herded animals: use of gunpowder ended them.	13
5768840004	Ali	Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammed; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of Shi'a Islam	14
5768844406	Socrates	Athenian philosopher of the late 5th century B.C.E; usually seen as the father of western philosophy	15
5768850287	Hajj	Pilgrimage to Mecca; one of the Five Pillars of Islam	16
5768854792	Slavs	Indo-European peoples who ultimately dominated much of Easter Europ; formed regional kingdoms by the 5th century C.E., and formed the cultural base for future Russian people's	17
5768864037	Hijra	The flight of Muhammed from Mecca to Medina to escape persecution a.d. 622; regarded as the beginning of the Muslim Era	18
5768874947	Caste system	India's social hierarchy. It was almost impossible to rise above the hierarchical level where you were born.	19
5768881915	Sui	Dynasty who rest abolished unity in China after the era of Three Kings. Succeeded the Han, and grew from strong rulers in northern China. Famous for building the Grand Canal.	20
5768888777	Caliph	The successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community, religious king	21
5768893500	Sunni	Followers of the majority interpretation with Islam: included the Umayyads	22
5768897890	Umma	Community of the faithful within Islam	23
5768903492	Qur'an	The word of God as revealed through Muhammed; made into the holy book of Islam; "recitations of God"	24
5768908140	Tribute Sytstem	The traditional Chinese system for managing foreign relations. It established the rules and the means by which foreign people's entered and conducted their relations with China	25
5768917100	Zoroastrianism	Persian monotheistic religion that saw material existence as a battle between the forces of good and evil	26
5768926447	The Grand Canal	The 1,100- mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire	27
5768936187	Alexander the Great	Son and successor of King Pbhilip II; conquered Persian Empire and advanced to borders of India; attempted to combine Greerk and Persian culture	28
5768943119	Mandate of Heaven	The divine source for political legitimacy of Chinese rulers; established by Zhou to justify overthrow of Shang. If a dynasty "holds it" their rule is blessed and legitimized from Heaven.	29
5768950780	Wudi	Most important Han Emperor. Expanded the Empire in all directions. Created the Civil Service System	30
5768960644	Bedouins	Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats; most valuable animals were horse, camels, and goats	31
5768968100	Hinduism	Lacks a unified system of beliefs and ideas, but represents a broad spectrum of beliefs and practices, and is very flexible. Believes in re-incarnation(rebirth), karma (determined how you were reincarnated), dharma, and moksha.	32
5768982150	Xiongnu	Nomadic pastoral people that formed a confederation on China's norther border, and interacted with the Han dynasty as equals. Theories aboun d that they are the ancestors of future Mongo, Turkic, or Hun people's.	33
5769067359	Constantine	Roman emperor (321-337 C.E.); established his capital at Constantinople; used Christianity to unify the empire.	34
5769072703	Charlemagne	Emperor of the Carolingians. Famous military leader, improved life, established order, supported education and culture. Unite all Christianity in the year 800 C.E., was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope	35
5769081938	Tang	Considered the golden age of Chinese civilization and ruled for nearly 300 years; China grew under the dynasty to include much of eastern Asia, as well as large parts of Central Asia	36
5769090173	Jizya	Tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamic lands (CHristians, Jews, etc)	37
5769095186	Octavian	Later took the name of Augustus; Julius Caesar's grandnephew and adopted son; defeated conservative senators after Caesar's assassination; became first Roman emperor.	38
5769104590	Shihuangdi	The first person to unite China under a single heavy handed legalistic rule. Due to this harsh treatment of Chinese people, his dynasty (Qin) lost the Mandate of Heavena den passed it to the Han. Started the Great Wall	39
5769129590	Abbasids	Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad	40
5769135568	Hellenism	Culture derived from the Greek civilization that flourished between 800 and 400 B.C.E.	41
5769140428	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; the home of Muhammed and the future religious center of Islam	42
5769146198	Axum	An empire in the Ehoiopian highlands; received influences for the Arabian peninsula; converted to Christianity; later part of Ethopia	43
5769154018	Ka'baa	Revered pre-Islamic shrine in Mecca; incorporated into Muslim worship; most holy place in Islam; Muslims believed that Abraham built it	44
5769159603	Mahayana	Version of Buddhism popular in China; emphasized Buddha's role as a savior	45
5769163128	Persian Wars	5th century B.C. E. Wars between the Persian Empire and Greek city-states; Greek victories allowed Greek civilization to define identity	46
5769172412	Filial Piety	Confucianism principle that teaches that children should obey and honor their parents as well as other superiors and political authorities	47

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AP Literature Terms #1-139 Flashcards

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4885951728	absolute	a word free from limitations or qualifications (ex. best, all, unique, perfect)	0
4885958059	adage	a familiar proverb or wise saying	1
4885963458	ad hominem argument	an argument attacking an individual's character rather than his/her position on an issue	2
4885967763	allegory	a literary work in which characters, objects, or actions represent abstractions	3
4885971303	alliteration	the repetition of initial sounds in successive or neighboring words	4
4885976957	allusion	a reference to something literary, mythological, or historical that the author assumes the reader will recognize	5
4885983452	analogy	a comparison of two different things that are similar in some way	6
4885986541	anaphora	the repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of consecutive lines or sentences	7
4885992075	anecdote	a brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event	8
4885994231	antecedent	the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers	9
4886001705	antithesis	a statement in which two opposing ideas are balanced	10
4886005141	aphorism	a concise statement that expresses succinctly a general truth or idea, often using rhyme or balance	11
4886022495	apostrophe	a figure of speech in which one directly addresses an absent or imaginary person, or some abstraction	12
4886027148	archetype	a detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response	13
4886033699	argument	a statement of the meaning or main point of a literary work	14
4900926878	asyndeton	a construction in which elements are presented in a series without conjunctions	15
4900932004	balanced sentence	a sentence in which words, phrases, or clauses are set off against each other to emphasize a contrast	16
4900935926	bathos	insincere or overly sentimental quality of writing/speech intended to evoke pity	17
4900942013	chiasmus	a statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed ("Susan walked in, and out rushed Mary")	18
4900953167	cliche	an expression that has been overused to the extent that its freshness has worn off	19
4900960423	climax	the point of highest interest in a literary work	20
4900962783	colloquialism	informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing	21
4900966911	complex sentence	a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause	22
4900970945	compound sentence	a sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions	23
4900977993	conceit	a fanciful, particularly clever extended metaphor	24
4900983297	concrete details	details that relate to or describe actual, specific things or events	25
4900986374	connotation	the implied or associative meaning of a word	26
4900989595	cumulative sentence	a sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases	27
4900995970	declarative sentence	a sentence that makes a statement or declaration	28
4900999475	deductive reasoning	reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)	29
4951803936	denotation	the literal meaning of a word	30
4951803975	dialect	a variety of speech characterized by its own particular grammar or pronunciation, often associated with a particular geographical location	31
4951812479	dialogue	conversation between two or more people	32
4951815438	diction	the word choice made by a writer	33
4951817984	didactic	having the primary purpose of teaching or instructing	34
4951823406	dilemma	a situation that requires a person to decide between two equally attractive or equally unattractive alternatives	35
4951831351	dissonance	harsh, inharmonious, or discordant sounds	36
4951834549	elegy	a formal poem presenting a meditation on death or another solemn theme	37
4951838978	ellipsis	the omission of a word or phrase which is grammatically necessary but can be deduced from the context ("Some people prefer cats; others, dogs")	38
4951868451	epic	a long narrative poem written in elevated style which presents the adventures of characters of high position and episodes that are important to the history of a race or nation	39
4951888528	epigram	a brief, pithy, and often paradoxical saying	40
4951892261	epigraph	a saying or statement on the title page of a work or used as a heading for the chapter or other section of a work	41
4951940351	epiphany	a moment of sudden revelation or insight	42
4951942567	epitaph	an inscription on a tombstone or burial place	43
4951952020	epithet	a term used to point out a characteristic of a person- Homeric epithets are often compound adjectives ("swift-footed Achilles") that become an almost formulaic part of a name- can be abusive or offensive but are not so by definition (for example, athletes may be proud of their given epithets ex. "The Rocket")	44
5064327044	eulogy	a formal speech praising a person who has died	45
5064329102	euphemism	an indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant	46
5064332870	exclamatory sentence	a sentence expressing strong feeling, usually punctuated with an exclamation mark	47
5064337281	expletive	an interjection to lend emphasis; sometimes, a profanity	48
5064340665	fable	a brief story that leads to a moral, often using animals or characters	49
5064353821	fantasy	a story that concerns an unreal world or contains unreal characters; a fantasy may be merely whimsical, or it may present a serious point	50
5064359764	figurative language	language employing one or more figures of speech (simile, metaphor, imagery, etc)	51
5064363886	flashback	the insertion of an earlier event into the normal chronological order of a narrative	52
5064366871	flat character	a character who embodies a single quality and who does not develop in the course of a story	53
5064371506	foreshadowing	the presentation of material in such a way that the reader is prepared for what is to come later in the work	54
5064375708	frame device	a story within a story- an example is Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, in which the primary tales are told within the "frame story" of the pilgrimage to Canterbury	55
5064381696	genre	a major category or type of literature	56
5064383404	homily	a sermon, or a moralistic lecture	57
5064385578	hubris	excessive pride or arrogance that results in the downfall of the protagonist of a tragedy	58
5064389509	hyperbole	intentional exaggeration to create an effect	59
5192899915	hypothetical question	a question that raises a hypothesis, conjecture, or supposition	60
5192991994	idiom	an expression in a given language that cannot be understood from the literal meaning of the words in the expression; or, a regional speech or dialect	61
5193120473	imagery	the use of figures of speech to create vivid images that appeal to one of the senses	62
5193125810	implication	a suggestion an author or speaker makes (implies) without stating it directly (note: the author/sender implies; the reader/audience infers	63
5193133728	inductive reasoning	deriving general principles from particular facts or instances ("Every cat I have ever seen has four legs; cats are four-legged animals")	64
5193147068	inference	a conclusion one draws (infers) based on premises or evidence	65
5193149864	invective	an intensely vehement, highly emotional verbal attack	66
5193159979	irony	the use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning; or, incongruity between what is expected and what actually occurs	67
5193166514	jargon	the specialized language or vocabulary of a particular group or profession	68
5193172169	juxtaposition	placing two elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast	69
5193175282	legend	a narrative handed down from the past, containing historical elements and usually supernatural elements	70
5193181490	limerick	light verse consisting of five lines of regular rhythm in which the first, second, and fifth lines (each consisting of three feet) rhyme, and the second and third lines (each consisting of two feet) rhyme	71
5193197704	limited narrator	a narrator who presents the story as it is seen and understood by a single character and restricts information to what is seen, heard, thought, or felt by that one character	72
5193206104	literary lisense	deviating from normal rules or methods in order to achieve a certain effect (intentional sentence fragments, for example)	73
5193213578	litotes	a type of understatement in which an idea is expressed by negating its opposite (describing a particularly horrific scene by saying, "It was not a pretty picture")	74
5208408449	malapropism	the mistaken substitution of one word for another word that sounds similar ("The doctor wrote a subscription.")	75
5208414713	maxim	a concise statement, often offering advice; an adage	76
5208417856	metaphor	a direct comparison of two different things	77
5208420593	metonymy	substituting the name of one object for another object closely associated with it ("The pen [writing] is mightier than the sword [war/fighting].")	78
5208431851	mood	the emotional atmosphere of a work	79
5208433689	motif	a standard theme, element, or dramatic situation that recurs in various works	80
5208437211	motivation	a character's incentive or reason for behaving in a certain manner; that which impels a character to act	81
5208442975	myth	a traditional story presenting supernatural characters and episodes that help explain natural events	82
5208447788	narrative	a story or narrated account	83
5208449535	narrator	the one who tells a story; may be first or third person, limited or omniscient	84
5208455107	non sequitur	an inference that does not follow logically from the premises (literally "does not follow")	85
5208462246	omniscient narrator	a narrator who is able to know, see, and tell all, including the inner thoughts and feelings of the characters	86
5208467209	onomatopoeia	a word formed from the imitation of natural sounds	87
5208469939	oxymoron	an expression in which two words that contradict each other are joined	88
5208475775	parable	a simple story that illustrates a moral or religious lesson	89
5345212584	paradox	an apparently contradictory statement that actually contains some truth	90
5345213660	parallelism	the use of corresponding grammatical or syntactical forms	91
5345214508	paraphrase	a restatement of a text in a different form or in different words, often for the purpose of clarity	92
5345216325	parody	a humorous imitation of a serious work	93
5345217434	parenthetical	a comment that interrupts the immediate subject, often to qualify or explain	94
5345219280	pathos	the quality in a work that prompts the reader to feel pity	95
5345220388	pedantic	characterized by an excessive display of learning or scholarship	96
5345221423	personification	endowing non-human objects or creatures with human qualities or characteristics	97
5345223184	philippic	a strong verbal denunciation- the term comes from the orations of Demosthenes against Philip of Macedonia in the 4th century	98
5345225650	plot	the action of a narrative or drama	99
5345226402	point of view	the vantage point from which a story is told	100
5345227204	polysyndeton	the use, for rhetorical effect, of more conjunctions than is necessary or natural	101
5345229910	pun	a play on words- often achieved through the use of words with similar sounds but different meanings	102
5345232028	resolution	the falling action of a narrative, the events following the climax	103
5345233046	rhetoric	the art of presenting ideas in a clear, effective, and persuasive manner	104
5420819538	rhetorical question	a question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer	105
5420821002	rhetorical devices	literary techniques used to heighten the effectiveness of expression	106
5420822247	riddle	a question regarding thought to answer or understand; a puzzle or conundrum	107
5420823821	romantic	a term describing a character or literary work that reflects the characteristics of Romanticism, the literary movement beginning in the late 18th century that stressed emotion, imagination, and individualism	108
5420827073	round character	a character who demonstrates some complexity and who develops or changes in the course of a work	109
5420829122	sarcasm	harsh, cutting language or tone intended to ridicule	110
5420841758	satire	the use of humor to emphasize human weakness or imperfections in social institutions	111
5420842795	scapegoat	a person or group that bears the blame for another	112
5420843808	scene	a real or fictional episode; a division of an act in a play	113
5420844897	setting	the time, place, and environment in which action takes place	114
5420846148	simile	a comparison of two things using "like," "as," or other specifically comparative words	115
5420847608	simple sentence	a sentence consisting of one independent clause and no dependent clause	116
5420848704	solecism	nonstandard grammatical usage; a violation of grammatical rules	117
5420850801	structure	the arrangement or framework of a sentence, paragraph, or entire work	118
5420851948	style	the choices a writer makes; the combination of distinctive features of a literary work	119
5461676586	surrealism	an artistic movement emphasizing the imagination and characterized by incongruous juxtapositions and lack of conscious control	120
5461683731	syllepsis	a construction in which one word is used in two different senses ("After he threw the ball, he threw a fit.")	121
5461691544	syllogism	a three-part deductive argument in which a conclusion is based on a major premise and a minor premise ("All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is a mortal.")	122
5461702024	symbol	an object that is used to represent something else	123
5461704833	synecdoche	using one part of an object to represent the entire object (for example, referring to a car simply as "wheels")	124
5461713133	synesthesia (or synaesthesia)	describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color," "a sweet sound")	125
5461730180	syntax	the manner in which words are arranged into sentences	126
5461733229	tautology	needless repetition which adds no meaning or understanding ("widow woman" or "free gift")	127
5461740700	theme	a central idea of a work	128
5461740849	thesis	the primary position taken by a writer or speaker	129
5461745600	tone	the attitude of a writer, usually implied, toward the subject or audience	130
5461750014	topic	the subject treated in a paragraph or work	131
5461753494	tragedy	a work in which the protagonist, a person of high degree, is engaged in a significant struggle and which ends in ruin or destruction	132
5461760952	trilogy	a work in three parts, each of which is a complete work itself	133
5461765744	trite	overused and hackneyed	134
5461767645	turning point	the point in a work in which a very significant change occurs	135
5461770347	understatement	the deliberate representation of something as lesser in magnitude than it actually is; a deliberate under-emphasis	136
5461776523	usage	the customary way language or its elements are used	137
5461780630	vernacular	the everyday speech of a particular country or region, often involving nonstandard usage	138

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AP Language Flashcards

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8835754572	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction lie hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence. A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.	0
8835754573	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonants in tow or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells). Although the term is not used frequently in the multiple-choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.	1
8835754574	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.	2
8835754575	Ambiguity (am-bi-gyoo-i-tee)	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	3
8835754576	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging. Ex. He that voluntarily continues ignorance is guilty of all the crimes which ignorance produces, as to him	4
8835754577	Anaphora (uh-naf-er-uh)	One of the devices of repetition, in which the same expression (word or words) is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences.	5
8835754578	Anecdote	A short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event. The term most frequently refers to an incident in the life of a person	6
8835754579	Antecedent (an-tuh-seed-nt)	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP Language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.	7
8835754580	Antithesis (an-tih-theh-sis)	Figure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure; a contrasting of opposing ideas in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences. Antithesis creates a definite and systematic relationship between ideas.	8
8835754581	Aphorism	A terse statement of know authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point.	9
8835754582	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect is to give vent to or display intense emotion, which can no longer be held back:	10
8835754583	Asyndeton (uh-sin-di-tuhn)	consists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. This can give the effect of unpremeditated multiplicity, of an extemporaneous rather than a labored account. Asyndetic lists can be more emphatic than if a final conjunction were used.	11
8835754584	Atmosphere	The emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently atmosphere forshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.	12
8835754585	Chiasmus (kahy-az-muhs)	(From the Greek word for "criss-cross," a designation baed on the Greek letter "chi," written X). Chiasmus is a figure of speech in which two successive phrases or clauses are parallel in syntax, but reverse the order of the analogous words.	13
8835754586	Clause	a grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can sand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element to the other. You should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.	14
8835754587	Colloquial/colloquialism (kuj-loh-kwee-uhl)	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialects.	15
8835754588	Coherence	A principle demanding that the parts of any composition be arranged so that the meaning of the whole may be immediately clear and intelligible. Words, phrases, clauses within the sentence; and sentences, paragraphs, and chpters in larger pieces of writing are the unit that by their progressive and logical arrangement, make for coherence.	16
8835754589	Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. A conceit displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made.	17
8835754590	Connotation	- The nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes.	18
8835754591	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion attitude, or color.	19
8835754592	Diacope	repetition of a word or phrase after an intervening word or phrase: word/phrase X, . . ., word/phrase X.	20
8835754593	Diction	Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP exam, you should be able to describe an author's diction (for example, formal or informal, ornate or plain) and understand the ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style.	21
8835754594	Didactic (dahy-dak-tik)	From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic works have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.	22
8835754595	Enumeratio	Figure of amplification in which a subject is divided into constituent parts or details, and may include a listing of causes, effects, problems, solutions, conditions, and consequences; the listing or detailing of the parts of something.	23
8835754596	Expletive (ek-spli-tiv)	Figure of emphasis in which a single word or short phrase, usually interrupting normal speech, is used to lend emphasis to the words on either side of the expletive.	24
8835754597	Euphemism (yoo-fuh-miz-uhm)	From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. The euphemism may be sued to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement.	25
8835754598	Exposition	In essays, one of the four chief types of composition, the others being argumentation, description, and narration. The purpose of exposition is to explain something. In drama, the exposition is the introductory material, which creates the tone, gives the setting, and introduces the characters and conflict.	26
8835754599	Extended metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout the work.	27
8835754600	Figurative language	- Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.	28
8835754601	Figure of speech	A device used to produce figurate language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, metonymy, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement.	29
8835754602	Generic conventions	This term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. On the AP language exam, try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.	30
8835754603	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. However, genre is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called genres themselves. For example, prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) or nonfiction (essays, biographies, autobiographies, etc). Poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided into tragedy, comedy, melodrama, farce, etc. ON the AP language exam, expect the majority of the passages to be from the following genres: autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing.	31
8835754604	Homily (hom-uh-lee)	This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	32
8835754605	Hyperbole (hahy-pur-buh-lee)	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.	33
8835754606	Hypophora	Figure of reasoning in which one or more questions is/are asked and then answered, often at length, by one and the same speaker; raising and responding to one's own question(s). A common usage is to ask the question at the beginning of a paragraph and then use the paragraph to answer it. You can use hypophora to raise questions which you think the reader obviously has on his/her mind and would like to see formulated and answered.	34
8835754607	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imager y uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory imagery. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection (It is the highest flower on the Great Chain of Being). An author may use complex imagery while simultaneously employing other figure s of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work. ON the AP exam, pay attention to how an author creates imagery and to the effect of this imagery.	35
8835754608	Inference/infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. When a multiple-choice question asks for an inference to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable inference is the safest answer choice. If an inference is implausible, it's unlikely to be the correct answer. Note that if the answer choice is directly stated, it is not inferred and is wrong. You must be careful to note the connotation - negative or positive - of the choices.	36
8835754609	Invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attach using strong, abusive language.	37
8835754610	Irony/ironic	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true. In general, there are three major types of irony used in language; (1) In a verbal irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) true meaning. (2) In situational irony, events turn out the opposite of what was expected. What the characters and the readers think ought to happen. (3) In dramatic irony, facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction, but know to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work. Irony is used for many reasons, but frequently, it's used to create poignancy or humor.	38
8835754611	Juxtaposition (juhk-stuh-puh-zish-uhn)	When two words, phrases, images, ideas are placed close together or side by side for comparison or contrast.	39
8835754612	Litotes (lahy-toh-teez)	From the Greek word "simple" or "plain." Litotes is a figure of thought in which a point is affirmed by negating its opposite. It is a special form of understatement, where the surface denial serves, through ironic contrast, to reinforce the underlying assertion.	40
8835754613	Loose sentence	a type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by wdependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many loose sentences often seems informal, relaxed, and conversational. Generally loose sentences create loose style.	41
8835754614	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. Metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful.	42
8835754615	Metonymy (mi-ton-uh-mee)	A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name." Metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. A news release that claims "the White House declared" rather that "the President declared" is using metonymy. The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional response.	43
8835754616	Mood	This term has two distinct technical meanings in English writing. The first meaning is grammatical and eals with verbal units and a speaker's attitude. The indicative mood is used only for factual sentences. For example, "Joe eats too quickly." The subjective mod is used to express conditions contrary to fact. For example, "If I were you, I'd get another job." The imperative mood is used for commands. For example, "Shut the door!" The second meaning of mood is literary, meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. In this usage, mood is similar to tone and atmosphere.	44
8835754617	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	45
8835754618	Onomatopoeia (on-uh-mat-uh-pee-uh)	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you not eexamples of onomatopoeia in an essay passage, note the effect.	46
8835754619	Oxymoron	From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," an oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." This term does not usually appear in the multiple-choice questions, but there is a chance that you might find it in an essay. Take note of the effect which the author achieves with this term.	47
8835754620	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.	48
8835754621	Parallelism	Also referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this term comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another." It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to repetition of a grammatical element such as a preposition or verbal phrase. A famous example of parallelism begins Charles Dickens's novel A Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity . . ." The effects of parallelism are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm.	49
8835754622	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. As comedy, parody distorts or exaggerated distinctive features of the original. As ridicule, it mimics the work by repeating and borrowing words, phrases, or characteristics in order to illuminate weaknesses in the original. Well-written parody offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. Usually an audience must grasp literary allusion and understand the work being parodied in order to fully appreciate the nuances of the newer work. Occasionally, however, parodies take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original	50
8835754623	Pedantic (puh-dan-tik)	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish.	51
8835754624	Periodic sentence	A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. For example: "Ecstatic with my AP score, I let out a loud, joyful shout!" The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence.	52
8835754625	Personification	A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. Personification is used to make these abstractions, animal, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.	53
8835754626	Polysyndeton (paulee-sin-dih-tawn)	Figure of addition and emphasis which intentionally employs a series of conjunctions (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) not normally found in successive words, phrases or clauses; the deliberate and excessive use of conjunctions in successive words or clauses. The effect is a feeling of multiplicity, energetic enumeration, and building up - a persistence or intensity.	54
8835754627	Predicate adjective	One type of subject complement is an adjective, group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb. It is an the predicate of the sentence, and modifies, or describes, the subject.	55
8835754628	Predicate nominative	A second type of subject complement - a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that names the subject. It, like the predicate adjective, follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate of the sentence.	56
8835754629	Prose	One of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and non-fiction, including all its forms. In prose the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line	57
8835754630	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	58
8835754631	Rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	59
8835754632	Rhetorical modes	This flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of writing. The four most common rhetorical modes and their purposes are as follows: (1) The purpose of exposition (or expository writing) is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. The AP language exam essay questions are frequently expository topics. (2) The purpose of argumentation is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader. Persuasive writing is a type of argumentation having an additional aim of urging some form of action. (3) The purpose of description is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses in description; good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque. Descriptive writing may be straightforward and objective or highly emotional and subjective. (4) The purpose of narration is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events. This writing mode frequently uses the tools of descriptive writing. These four modes are sometimes referred to as mode of discourse.	60
8835754633	Rhetorical Question [erotesis]	- differs from hypophora in that it is not answered by the writer because its answer is obvious or obviously desired, and usually just a yes or no answer would suffice. It is used for effect, emphasis, or provocation, or for drawing a conclusionary statement from the fact at hand.	61
8835754634	Sarcasm	From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony is a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic, that is, intended to ridicule. When well done, sarcasm can be witty and insightful; when done poorly, it's simply cruel	62
8835754635	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, satire is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively the satirist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, hyperbole, understatement, and sarcasm. The effects of satire are varied, depending on the writer's goal, but good satire, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition.	63
8835754636	Semantics	The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another	64
8835754637	Style	The consideration of style has two purposes: (1) An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. Some authors' styles are so idiosyncratic that we can quickly recognize works by the same author (or a writer emulating that author's style)/ Compare, for example, Jonathan's Swift to George Orwell or William Faulkner to Ernest Hemingway. We can analyze and describe an author's personal style and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. Styles can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, or laconic, to name only a few examples. (2) Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, we can see how an author's style reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance of the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental or realist movement.	65
8835754638	Subject complement	The word (with any accompanying phrases) or clauses that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it or (2) describing it. The former is the technically a predicate nominative, the latter a predicate adjective. Multiple-choice questions.	66
8835754639	Subordinate clause	Like all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, the subordinate clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. Also called a dependent clause, the subordinate clause depends on a main clause, sometimes called an independent clause, to complete its meaning. Easily recognized key words and phrases usually begin these clauses 0 for example: although, because, unless, if even though, since, as soon as, while who, when , where, how and that.	67
8835754640	Syllogism (sil- uh-jiz-uhm)	From the Greek for "reckoning together, " a syllogism (or syllogistic-reasoning or syllogistic logic is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the firs one called "major" and the second, "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A frequently cited example proceeds as follows;	68
8835754641	Symbol/symbolism	Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete - such as object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract. However, symbols, and symbolism can be much more complex. One system classifies symbols in three categories: (1) Natural symbols are objects and occurrences from nature to represent ideas commonly associated with them (dawn symbolizing hope or a new beginning, a rose symbolizing love, a tree symbolizing knowledge). (2) Conventional symbols are those that have been invested with meaning by a group (religious symbols such as a cross or Star of David; national symbols, such as a flag or an eagle; or group symbols, such as a skull an crossbones for pirates or the scales of justice for lawyers). (3) Literary symbols are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are generally recognized. However, a work's symbols may be more complicated as is the whale in Moby Dick and the jungle in Heart of Darkness. On the AP exam, try to determine what abstraction an object is a symbol for and to what extent it is successful in representing that abstraction.	69
8835754642	Synecdoche (si-nek-duh-kee)	is a type of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole, the whole for a part, the genus for the species, the species for the genus, the material for the thing made, or in short, any portion , section, or main quality for the whole or the thing itself (or vice versa).	70
8835754643	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of syntax as the groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiple-choice section, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates syntax. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how syntax produces effects.	71
8835754644	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually theme is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the theme may be directly stated, especially in exposityr or argumentative writing.	72
8835754645	Thesis	In expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or a group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively, and thoroughly a writer has proved the thesis.	73
8835754646	Tone	Similar to mood, tone describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. Tone is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if ti were read aloud can help in identifying an author's tone. Some words describing tone are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, and somber	74
8835754647	Transition	A word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, transitions effectively signal a shift from one idea to another. A few commonly used transitional words or phrases are furthermore, consequently, nevertheless, for example, in addition, likewise, similarly and on the contrary. More sophisticated writers use more subtle means of transition. We will discuss these methods later.	75
8835754648	Understatement	The ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole.	76
8835754649	Undertone	An attitude that may lie under the ostensible tone of the piece. Under a cheery surface, for example, a work may have threatening undertones. William Blake's "The Chimney Sweeper" from the Songs of Innocence has a grim undertone.	77
8835754650	Wit	In modern usage, intellectually amazing language that surprises and delights. A witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. Wit usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. Historically, wit originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speed of understanding, and finally (in the early seventeenth century), it grew to mean quick perception including creative fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.	78

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AP Literature Vocabulary #17 Roots Flashcards

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8813410177	sci scientific: proceeding in a systematic and methodical way	know	0
8813411849	scrib / script manuscript: a book or other text written by hand, especially one written before the invention of printing	write	1
8813413187	sec / sect dissect: to separate the parts of animal or plant specimens for scientific study	cut	2
8813413197	sequ / secu sequence: the order in which things are arranged	follow	3
8813413897	simil similar: sharing some qualities, but no identical	same	4
8813415930	son sonar: a system that determines the position of unseen underwater objects by transmitting sound waves	sound	5
8813416746	soph sophomore: somebody in the second year of a project or program	wisdom, knowledge	6
8813417413	spec / spic speculate: to think over possibilities	look, see	7
8813418964	-sis analysis: examination of something in detail to understand it better or draw conclusions from it	act, state, condition of	8
8813420025	syn / sym / syl/ sys syllable: slightest bit of something that is spoken or written	with, together	9

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AP Lit Spring Study List Flashcards

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4091059742	zeugma	A figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses (e.g., John and his license expired last week ) or to two others of which it semantically suits only one (e.g., with weeping eyes and hearts ).	0
4091062869	metonomy	A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated (such as "crown" for "royalty").	1
4091064195	synedoche	Figure of speech in which a part of something is meant to represent a whole "all hands on deck"	2
4091067285	chiasmus	A statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed ("Susan walked in, and out rushed Mary.")	3
4091068956	ceasura	A distinct pause within a line of verse, often near the center.	4
4091070193	anaphora	A sub-type of parallelism, when the exact repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines or sentences. MLK used anaphora in his famous "I Have a Dream" speech (1963).	5
4091074209	epistrophe	A device in which the same word is repeated at the end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences. Example: "I believe we should fight for justice. You believe we should fight for justice. How can we not, then, fight for justice?"	6
4091075654	heroic couplet	A couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentamenter and written in an elevated style	7
4091078812	blank verse	Unrhymed iambic pentameter	8
4091079791	Petrarchan sonnet	A sonnet (14 lines of rhyming iambic pentameter) that divides into an octave (8) and sestet (6). There is a "volta," or "turning" of the subject matter between the two. (also called Italian sonnet)	9
4091091311	Elizabethan sonnet	A type of sonnet much used by Shakespeare, written in iambic pentameter and consisting of three quatrains and a final couplet with the rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg.	10
4091093015	villanelle	A nineteen-line lyric poem that relies heavily on repetition. The first and third lines alternate throughout the poem, which is structured in six stanzas --five tercets and a concluding quatrain. Examples include Bishop's "One Art," Roethke's "The Waking," and Thomas's "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night."	11
4091093807	ballad	A narrative poem written in four-line stanzas, characterized by swift action and narrated in a direct style.	12
4091094274	conceit	A fanciful, particularly clever extended metaphor	13
4091096320	ode	a lyric poem in the form of an address to a particular subject, often elevated in style or manner and written in varied or irregular meter	14
4091097373	apostrophe	A poem that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer.	15
4091111265	assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity	16
4091111735	consonance	Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.	17
4091114005	paradox	A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.	18
4091114605	parallel structure	Repetition of the same pattern of words or phrases within a sentence or passage to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance.	19
4091121877	feminine rhyme	lines rhymed by their final two syllables--running, gunning; properly, the penultimate syllables are stressed and the final syllables are unstressed	20
4091123183	frame narrative	a story that encloses one or more separate stories. (the frame is a vehicle for the stories it contains)	21
4091124431	epistolary novel	A novel composed wholly or primarily of letters. Unfolds through the written documents passed from person to person.	22
4091313829	tetrameter	A verse line having four metrical feet	23
4091315190	tone	Attitudes and presuppositions of the author that are revealed by their linguistic choices (diction, syntax, rhetorical devices)	24
4091325464	litotes	(pronounced almost like "little tee") - a form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite. Litote is the opposite of hyperbole. Examples: "Not a bad idea," "Not many," "It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain" (Salinger, Catcher in the Rye).	25
4091352045	periodic sentence	A sentence not grammatically complete until it has reached its final phrase; sentence that departs from the usual word order of English sentences by expressing its main thought only at the end	26
4091354654	loose sentence	A type of sentence in which the main idea comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses	27
4091357304	formal diction	Consists of a dignified, impersonal, and elevated use of language; it follows the rules of syntax exactly and is often characterized by complex words and lofty tone.	28
4091359434	allusion	A reference in a literary work to a person, place, or thing in history or another work of literature.	29
4091363299	allegory	A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.	30
4091463564	syntax	Arrangement of words in phrases and sentences	31
4091464782	dependent clause	This clause contains a noun and a verb but is set up with a subordinate conjunction, which makes the clause an incomplete thought. Because the magician's rabbit refused to come out of the hat...	32
4091466012	independent clause	A clause that can stand alone as a sentence; it must have a noun and a verb (subject and predicate)	33
4091467629	synesthesia	Describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound")	34
4091468431	eye rhyme	occurs when words are spelled the same and look alike but sound differently. ex. move, love / shove, grove / tear, fear	35
4091474423	half rhyme	Half rhyme is one of the major poetic devices. It is also called an imperfect rhyme, slant rhyme, near rhyme or oblique rhyme. It can be defined as a rhyme in which the stressed syllables of ending consonants match, however the preceding vowel sounds do not match.	36
4091505096	stanza	A fixed number of lines of verse forming a unit of a poem	37
4091505561	enjambment	A run-on line of poetry in which logical and grammatical sense carries over from one line into the next.	38
4091505941	speaker	the narrator of a poem; not to be confused with the poet who wrote the poem.	39
4248435056	anapest	Two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable	40
4248436803	trochee	A stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable	41
4248439029	dactyl	A metrical foot consisting of one accented syllable followed by two unaccented syllables	42
4253844566	bildungsroman	A coming of age story	43
4253852245	picaresque	involving clever rogues or adventurers especially as in a type of fiction	44
4293644475	polysyndeton	Deliberate use of many conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted. Hemingway and the Bible both use extensively. Ex. "he ran and jumped and laughed for joy"	45

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AP Language Tone Words Flashcards

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4880506854	Bombastic	high-sounding but with little meaning; inflated	0
4880506855	Colloquial	used in ordinary or familiar conversation	1
4880506856	Esoteric	intended for or likely to be understood by only a small number of people with a specialized knowledge or interest	2
4880506857	Euphemistic	a mild or pleasant word or phrase that is used instead of one that is unpleasant or offensive	3
4880506858	Grotesque	comically or repulsively ugly or distorted	4
4880506859	Idiomatic	using, containing, or denoting expressions that are natural to a native speaker; informal	5
4880506860	Insipid	lacking vigor or interest	6
4880506861	Jargon	special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand	7
4880506862	Pedantic	overly concerned with formalities	8
4880506863	Picturesque	unusual and vivid	9
4880506864	Pretentious	attempting to impress by affecting greater importance, talent, culture, etc., than is actually possessed	10
4880506865	Provincial	lacking refinement	11
4880506866	Sensuous	relating to or affecting the senses rather than the intellect	12
4880506867	Trite	lacking originality or freshness	13
4880506868	Amiable	having or displaying a friendly and pleasant manner	14
4880506869	Elated	very happy and excited	15
4880506870	Exuberant	lively energy and excitement	16
4880506871	Jovial	cheerful and friendly	17
4880506872	Jubilant	feeling or expressing great happiness and triumph	18
4880506873	Reverent	feeling or showing deep and solemn respect	19
4880506874	Agitated	feeling or appearing troubled or nervous	20
4880506875	Brash	self-assertive in a rude, noisy, or overbearing way	21
4880506876	Choleric	bad-tempered or irritable	22
4880506877	Coarse	rude, crude, or vulgar	23
4880506878	Condemnatory	expressing strong disapproval	24
4880506879	Disgruntled	angry or dissatisfied	25
4880506880	Facetious	treating serious issues with deliberately inappropriate humor	26
4880506881	Haughty	arrogantly superior and disdainful	27
4880506882	Indignant	anger or annoyance at what is perceived as unfair treatment	28
4880506883	Inflammatory	arousing or intended to arouse angry or violent feelings	29
4880506884	Quarrelsome	ready or likely to argue or disagree	30
4880506885	Surly	bad-tempered and unfriendly	31
4880506886	Testy	easily irritated; impatient and somewhat bad-tempered	32
4880506887	Contemptuous	feeling or showing deep hatred or disapproval	33
4880506888	Droll	Curious or unusual in a way that provokes dry amusement.	34
4880506889	Flippant	not showing a serious or respectful attitude	35
4880506890	Insolent	showing a rude and arrogant lack of respect	36
4880506891	Mock-heroic	imitating the style of heroic literature in order to satirize an unheroic subject	37
4880506892	Pompous	affectedly and irritatingly grand, solemn, or self-important	38
4880506893	Quizzical	indicating mild or amused puzzlement	39
4880506894	Ribald	vulgar or indecent in speech	40
4880506895	Sardonic	skeptically humorous	41
4880506896	Apprehensive	anxious or fearful that something bad or unpleasant will happen	42
4880506897	Foreboding	fearful apprehension; a feeling that something bad will happen	43
4880506898	Melancholy	sad and pensive	44
4880506899	Morose	sullen and ill-tempered	45
4880506900	Ominous	giving the impression that something bad or unpleasant is going to happen	46
4880506901	Poignant	evoking a keen sense of sadness or regret	47
4880506902	Resigned	having accepted something unpleasant that one cannot do anything about	48
4880506903	Staid	serious, boring, or old-fashioned	49
4880506904	Admonitory	giving or conveying a warning or reprimand	50
4880506905	Callous	showing or having an insensitive and cruel disregard for others	51
4880506906	Candid	truthful and straightforward	52
4880506907	Clinical	efficient and unemotional	53
4880506908	Didactic	intended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive	54
4880506909	Earnest	serious and sincere	55
4880506910	Fervent	having or displaying a passionate intensity	56
4880506911	Forthright	direct and outspoken; straightforward and honest	57
4880506912	Frivolous	carefree and not serious	58
4880506913	Histrionic	overly theatrical or melodramatic	59
4880506914	Incredulous	unwilling or unable to believe something	60
4880506915	Intimate	Closely acquainted, familiar, close	61
4880506916	Obsequious	too eager to help or obey someone important	62
4880506917	Vexed	annoyed, frustrated, or worried	63
4880506918	Zealous	feeling or showing strong and energetic support for a person, cause; enthusiastic	64
4880507714	Fanciful	Whimsical, dreamy, wistful	65
4880554814	Exact	Admitting of no deviation, strict, rigid	66
4880587004	Giddy	Frivolous and lighthearted	67
4880591194	Macab	Death as a subject, dwelling on gruesome	68
4880599242	Caustic	Severely critical or sarcastic	69
4880603377	Disdainful	Scornful, feeling of contempt for anything unworthy	70
4880610111	Scornful	Expressing contempt	71
4880615556	Whimsical	Erratic, unpredictable	72
4880617767	Wry	Devious in corse or purpose, misdirected	73
4880624035	Inquisitive	Curious, seeking knowledge	74
4880625114	Meditative	Absorbed by meditation, calm	75
4880627225	Wistful	Full of yearned but tinged with melancholy	76
4887832693	Lugubrious	Excessively sad, dramatic	77