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AP World History Flascards Flashcards

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6682204261	Southwest Asia (Middle East) and North Africa	Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Israel, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan Zagros Mountains, Arabian Desert, Sahara Desert	0
6682204262	South Asia	India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh Himalayas, Hindu Kush, Khyber Pass Monsoons	1
6682204263	Central Asia	Russian, Mongolia, Kazakhstan Gobi Desert, Lake Baikal, Ural Mountains, steppe	2
6682204264	Oceania	Southeast Asia: Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Indonesia, Malaysia Ring of Fire	3
6682204265	East Asia	China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea Gobi Desert, Tibetan Plateau	4
6682204266	Period Five: Key Comparisons	1. Capitalism and communism 2. Decolonization in Africa and India 3. Russian and Chinese revolutions 4. Results of World War I and World War II	5
6682204267	Period Four: Key Comparisons	1. The Industrial Revolution in Japan, Europe, and Russia 2. Revolutions : American, French, Haitian, Mexican(1910), and Chinese 3. Imperialism in India and Africa	6
6682204268	AP World Periods	1. Foundations (8000 B.C.E.-600 C.E.) 2. Two (600-1450) 3. Three (1450-1750) 4. Four (1750-1914) 5. Five (1914-Present)	7
6682204269	Period Three: Key Comparisons	1. Reactions of Japan and China to Western influence 2. Gender roles in Ming China and Western Europe 3. Western Europe versus Asian and Ottoman technology	8
6682204270	Period Two: Key Comparisons	1. Feudalism in Japan and Western Europe 2. Mongol rule in Russia and China 3. Chinese and Europeans in the Indian Ocean 4. Muslim Spain and feudal Europe	9
6682204271	Foundations: Key Comparisons	1. Agriculture in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres 2. Spread of Buddhism, Hinduism and Christianity 3. Decline and fall of Han China, Rome, and Gupta India	10
6682204272	Pacific Ocean	1. Largest Ocean 2. Dotted with islands 3. Polynesian Voyagers 4. Manila galleons 5. WWII island-hopping	11
6682204273	Atlantic Ocean	1. Second largest ocean 2. Columbian Exchange 3. Caribbean plantations 4. Greco-Roman civilzation	12
6682204274	Indian Ocean	1. Third largest Ocean 2. Extensive trade 3. Monsoon winds 4. Commercial rivalries	13
6682204275	Arctic Ocean	1. Smallest ocean 2. Packed in ice most of the year 3. Difficult to navigate 4. Location of the Northwest Passage sought by early explorers	14
6682204276	AP World Themes	1. Human-environmental interaction 2. Cultural interaction 3. Political development 4. Economic systems 5. Change in social structures	15
6682204277	AP Date Designations	B.C.E. (Before the Common Era) C.E. (Common Era) Correspond to B.C. and A.D., respectively	16
6682204278	Steppe	A dry grassland Example: Steppes of Central Asia	17
6682204279	Monsoon	A seasonal wind Guided sailors through the Indian Ocean	18
6682204280	Independent Invention	A society's development of technology through its own inventiveness Example: iron working in Kush	19
6682204281	Cultural Diffusion	The transmission of ideas and products from one culture to another Example: the spread of agriculture in Eurasia	20
6682204282	Climate	The pattern of temperature and precipitation over a period of time Largely determined by latitude	21
6682204283	Civilization	Advanced cities Complex institutions skilled workers Advanced technology A system of record keeping	22
6682204284	Artisan	A Craftsman	23
6682204285	Democracy	A political system in which the people rule.	24
6682204286	Geocentric Theory	The belief held by many before the scientific revolution that the Earth is the center of the Universe	25
6682204287	Hellenistic Age	c. 323 - 30 BC The Era in which Greek culture blend with Persian and other Eastern influences spread throughout the former empire of Alexander the Great.	26
6682204288	Indo-Europeans	A group of seminomadic peoples who,a round 2000 BC, began to migrate from Central Asia to India, Europe, and the Middle East	27
6682204289	Jati	One of the many subcastes in the Hindu caste system	28
6682204290	Mystery Religion	Religions that promised their followers eternity in a state of bliss Common during the Hellenistic Age	29
6682204291	Pax Romana	The Roman Peace The period of prosperity and stability throughout the Roman Empire The first two centuries AD	30
6682204292	Polis	A Greek city state Plural: poleis Examples: Athens and Sparta	31
6682204293	Sati	The custom among the higher castes of Hinduism of a widow throwing herself on the burning funeral pyre of her husband	32
6682204294	Silk Roads	Caravan routes and sea lanes between China and the Middle East	33
6682204295	Stoicism	The most popular Hellenistic philosophy Strict discipline An emphasis on helping others	34
6682204296	Twelve Tables	The codification of Roman law during the Republic	35
6682204297	Untouchables	The social division in Hinduism that ranked below the caste system Occupied by those who carried out undesirable	36

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6124906698	COMMUNISM	PROPOSED BY KARL MARX IN THE MID 19TH CENTURY. USED BY VLADIMIR LENIN IN EARLY 20TH CENTURY ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL SYSTEM OF SOCIALISM.	0
6124922371	CHINESE REVOLUTIONS	EARLY 20TH CENTURY, A REVOLUTION IN CHINA AGAINST THE EMPEROR LED TO A LIMITED DEMOCRACY	1
6124927751	PACIFIC RIM	SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY STRONG ECONOMICS ON BOTH SIDES OF THE PACIFIC. EX. EXXON MOBIL, TOYOTA	2
6124942258	MULTI-NATIONAL/TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATION	DOES BUSINESS IN MORE THAN ONE COUNTRY EX. MCDONALDS	3
6124948836	COLD WAR	DURING THE MID TO LATE 20TH CENTURY BETWEEN TWO SUPERPOWERS USSR AND US. USED SPY'S AND BUILD UP OF ARMS. USSR WANTED TO SPREAD COMMUNISM AND US SPREAD DEMOCRARY	4
6124960329	PARTITION	LARGEST BRITISH COLONY, INDIA PARTITIONED ITSELF (SPLIT UP) AND GAINED INDEPENDENCE IN 1947.	5
6124971949	DECOLONIZATION	PROCESS OF GETTING RID OF ITS COLONIAL EMPIRES	6
6124980933	AUTHORITARIANISM	FORM OF GOV'T CHARACTERIZED BY STRONG CENTRAL POWER AND LIMITED POLITICAL FREEDOMS	7
6124986150	19TH CENTURY MIGRATIONS	IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSPORTATION MADE OCEAN TRAVEL SAFER AND CHEAPER. PUSH - REVOLUTIONS AND POOR LIVING CONDITIONS, PULL - OPPORTUNITIES	8
6124998320	RESISTANCE TO WESTERN HEGEMONY	LOCAL RESISTANCE TO EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM. EX CHINESE GOVT ATTEMPTED TO STOP ENGLANDS IMPORTATION OF OPIUM	9
6125005117	SOCIAL DARWINISM	SOCIALLY AND MORALLY SUPERIOR TO THE PEOPLE IT CONQUERED..."SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST"	10
6125378389	IMPERIALISM	19TH CENTURY WESTERN EUROPE ECONOMIC & INDUSTRIAL POWER. WORLDS STRONGEST POLITICAL FORCE. EX. RUSSIA, JAPAN AND US PARTICIPATED	11
6125389302	AGE OF REVOLUTION	MID 19TH CENTURY "AGE OF ISMS" IN WESTERN EUROPE. MANY REVOLUTIONS SEEKING POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CHANGE INSPIRED BY THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND FRENCH REVOLUTION	12
6125414476	NATIONALISM	BELIEF THAT A GROUP OF PEOPLE WITH SIMILIAR CULTURAL BACKGROUNDS RIGHTLY BELONG TOGETHER IN ONE NATION. POPULAR IN WESTERN EUROPE IN 19TH CENTURY.	13
6125695284	URBANIZATION	RIVER VALLEYS THAT GROW SO BIG AND BECOME CITIES WITH GOVT TRADE AND RELIGION	14
6125703128	EARLY EMPIRES	EX BABYLON - CODE OF HAMMARUBI AND EGYPTIANS - LONG EMPIRE	15
6125710674	ANIMISM	EARLIEST FORM OF RELIGION, SEES GOD IN NATURE. POPULAR WITH HUNTING-FORAGING BANDS.	16
6125725638	POLYTHEISM	MEANING MORE THAN ONE GOD EX. GREEKS	17
6125730612	MONOTHEISM	BELIEF IN ONE GOD EX. CHRISTIANITY, AND ISLAM	18
6125739442	CLASSICAL ERA	600 BCE TO 600 CE. GREEK AND ROMAN CIVILIZATION - MEDITERRIAN REGION. HAN DYNASTY - EAST ASIA, MAURYA AND GUPTA - SOUTH ASIA, PERSIANS - CENTRAL ASIA, AND MAYAN - MESO AMERICA	19
6125883755	HINDUISM	EARLIEST ORGANIZED RELIGION WITH WRITTEN CODES OF THE FAITH AND CLASS OF RELIGION LEADERS (PRIEST) SOUTH ASIA	20
6125898370	BUDDHISM	REFORM OF "HINDUSIM", PRINCE SIDDHARTHA GAUTAMA 500 BCE BECAME THE BUDDHA (ENLIGHTENED ONE). SUPPORTED - SPIRITUAL EQUALITY AND MISSIONARY ACTIVITY.	21
6125925838	CONFUCIANISM	BASED ON THE TEACHINGS OF KONG FUZI (CONFUCIOUS - CHINA) 500 BCE, CLEARLY DEFINED CODES OF BEHAVIOR, GENDER, AND FAMILY DUTIES. TEACHING WERE PHILOSOPHY	22
6125944407	NEO-CONFUCIANISM	INCLUDES ASPECTS OF BUDDISM AND DAOISM. PROMISED ETERNAL REWARD FOR FAITHFULNESS TO CONFUSIUS'S TEACHING	23
6125960647	CHRISTIANITY	REFORM OF JUDIASM, JESUS TAUGHT ETERNAL SALVATION THROUGH BELIEF HE WAS THE MESSIAH. SPREAD THE GOSPEL (GOOD NEWS)	24
6125976477	HAN EMPIRE	EAST ASIA. EXISTED AROUND THE SAME TIME AS THE ROMAN EMPIRE. ONE OF THE LARGEST EMPIRES DURING THE CLASSICAL ERA	25
6125994931	MARXISM	19TH CENTURY KARL MARX PROPOSED AN ALTERNATIVE TO CAPITALISM. A POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEM WHERE THE GOVT CONTROLS PRODUCTION AND LABOR TO THE BENEFIT OF ALL.	26
6126638690	CAPITALISM	AN ECONOMIC SYSTEM BASED ON INDIVIDUAL EVONOMIC DEVELOPMENT	27
6126643425	ENLIGHTENMENT	A WESTERN EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENT FOUND SCIENTIC STUDY, INTELLECTUAL REASON. BASIC TENETS - INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND PARTICIPATION IN GOVT. INFLUENCED THE AMERICAN AND FRENCH REVOLUTION	28
6126657101	INDUSTRIALIZATION	BEGAN IN ENGLAND IN THE 18TH CENTURY AND MAJOR PART OF THE WEST'S ENORMOUS SOCIAL CHANGE AND ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL EXPANSION IN THE 19TH CENTURY. FROM HAND TO MACHINE.	29
6126669728	OTTOMAN EMPIRE	MUSLIM EMPIRE EXPANDED FROM SW ASIA INTO PARTS OF NORTH AFRICA AND EASTERN EUROPE 13TH CENTURY TO 20TH CENTURY	30
6126680537	PRINTING PRESS	DEVELOPED IN CHINA 500 CE ARRIVED IN GERMANY 15TH CENTURY	31
6126719768	SYNCRETISM IN RELIGIONS	WORLD CLASS RELIGIONS MUST BE FLEXIBLE ENOUGH TO ADAPT TO LOCAL CUSTOMS AS IT SPREADS	32
6126728161	MUGHAL EMPIRE	A MUSLIM EMPIRE IN SOUTH ASIA 16TH TO 19TH CENTURY. FAMOUS LEADER AKBAR. RELIGIOUS TOLERENCE WAS A FEATURE. TAJ MAHAL BUILT DURING THIS TIME.	33
6126740378	ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM	SPANISH PRACTICE USED IN SPANISH COLONIES IN THE PHILLIPPINES. SETTLERS WERE GRANTED TRACTS OF LAND AND USED NATIVE PEOPLE FOR INDENTURED SERVITUDE	34
6126749621	ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE	AFRICANS WERE SEIZED AND SHIPPED ACROSS THE ATLANTIC OCEAN AND WERE ENSLAVED(FORCED LABOR) KNOWN AS MIDDLE PASSAGE	35
6126757930	MERCANTILISM	EXAMPLE OF ECONOMIC NATIONISM. NATIONS DEVELOPED COLONIES IN THE AMERICAS AND ASIA AND USED THEM FOR RAW MATERIALS. EX. SUGAR, FURS, SILVER AND LUMBER... THEN PROCESSED THEM AND SOLD BY COMPANIES FROM THE OWNERS	36
6126772445	MEDITERRANEAN CIVILIZATIONS	CLASSICAL GREEK AND ROMAN CIVILIZATIONS. ROMANS BORROWED POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC CULTURE FROM THE GREEKS.	37
6126841344	MANDATE OF HEAVEN	BELIEF THAT THE EMPEROR IN CHINA WOULD STAY IN POWER AS LONG AS THE HEAVENS WERE SATISIFIED WITH HIS RULE	38
6126849201	CHINESE EXAMINATION SYSTEM	POLITICAL FEATURE OF CHINESE EMPIRES BEGINNING WITH HAN DYNASTY. SCHOLAR - BEUREAUCRATS TOOK STATE SPONSORED EXAMS IN ORDER TO BECOME GOVT SCRIBES AND SERVE	39
6126860193	ATLANTIC WORLD	ENCOMPASSES THE PEOPLE, POLITICS, RELIGIONS, GOODS AND IDEAS THAT CROSSED BACK AND FORTH OVER THE ATLANTIC OCEAN FROM 1450 - 1900 CE	40
6126868625	COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE	COLUMBUS EXPEDITIONS EXCHANGED PLANTS, ANIMALS, TECHNOLOGY, AND DISEASES	41
6126916890	TRANS-SAHARA TRADE	CAMEL CARAVANS. 8TH CENTURY TO 15TH CENTURY CE. GOLD, SALT ANIMAL HIDES. MUSLIM MERCHANTS IMPORTED CAMELS, FAITH (ISLAM), NORTH AND WEST AFRICA. ROUTES DJENNE, GOA, TIMBUKTU	42
6126932635	EUROPEAN EXPLORATIONS	INCREASED TRADE - SPICES, SILK AND OTHER GOODS FROM EAST TO SE ASIA. LED BY PORTUGAL, SPAIN, FRANCE, ENDLAND AND HOLLAND. RISE OF EUROPEAN INFLUENCE	43
6126950167	INCA EMPIRE	ANDES MOUNTAINS IN WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA. BUILT ON PREVIOUS CULTURES	44
6126980675	FALL OF CLASSICAL EMPIRES	200 CE 3 MAJOR CLASSICAL EMPIRES DECLINED. HAN DYNASTY (200 CE), WEST ROMAN EMPIRE (476 CE), GUPTA EMPIRE - MID 6TH CENTURY CE. REASONS - INTERNAL PRESSURE - PEASANT REVOLTS; EXTERNAL PRESSURE - INVADING NOMADS AND IMPORTED DISEASES	45
6127618583	ZHENG HE	POWER OF MING DYNASTY. ZHENGHE LED EXPEDITIONS INCLUDE HUGE TREASURE SHIPS, 1,000 OF SAILORS CROSSED THE INDIAN OCEAN. TRAVEL TO SPICE ISLANDS OF SE ASIA IN 15TH CENTURY	46
6127631814	INDIAN OCEAN TRADE NETWORK	ROUTES OVER WATER AFRICAN, ARAB, JEWISH, CHINESE BOTH MUSLIM AND CHRISTIAN MERCHANTS; EXCHANGED SILVER, COTTON, SPICES AND OTHER ITEMS ACROSS THE INDIAN OCEAN	47
6127989967	FEUDALISM	DOMINENT SOCIAL SYSTEM IN MEDIEVEL EUROPE	48
6127994655	THE SILK ROADS	MUST KNOW TRADE ROUTES - CONNECTED EAST ASIA TO NORTH INDIA AND CENTRAL ASIA (INDIRECTLY) TO MEDITTEREAN REGION	49
6128006330	COERCED LABOR	INCLUDES SLAVERY, SERFDOM CORVEE (GOVT REQUIRED LABOR ON PUBLIC PROJECTS) AND INDENTURED SERVITUDE. ERA 600 CE - 1450 CE EUROPE	50
6128050368	BANTU MIGRATIONS	SUB SAHARA - CLASSICAL ERA 1,000 BCE TO 500 CE. SPREAD COMMON LANGUAGE BASE AND METAL WORKING TECHNOLOGY	51
6128097843	MAYAN STATES	CENTERED IN MESO AMERICA ( S. MEXICO AND CENTRAL MEXICO) FEATURED PYRAMIDS, LARGE CITIES, WRITTEN LANGUAGE, AND COMPLEX SOCIETY. AMERICAN CLASSICAL ERA 250 - 900 CE.	52
6128120651	MAURYA/GUPTA EMPIRES	CLASSICAL EMPIRE IN SOUTH ASIA MAURYN EMPIRE ( 320 TO 180 BCE) GUPTA EMPIRE (320 CE TO 550 CE)	53
6128138677	BLACK DEATH	MOST INFAMOUS DISEASE. KILLED 1/3 POPULATION OF WESTERN EUROPE. CIRCULATES AMOUND WILD RODENTS. ALSO KNOWN AS BUBONIC PLAGUE	54
6128162992	HELLENSIM	4TH CENTURY BC ALEXANDER THE GREAT, CONQUERED PERSIAN EMPIRE PUT HIS SOCIAL/POLITICAL GREEK STAMP ON IT. EQYPT TO INDIA. CULTURE IS A BLEND OF GREEK AND LOCAL STYLES	55
6128180787	PAX MONGOLICA	PEACE AND TRADE THROUGHOUT THEIR TERRITORIES	56
6128183466	MONGOLS	"AGENT OF CHANGE" OR "AN UNSTOPPABLE TIDE OF HORROR" 13TH AND 14TH CENTURY INVADED SOUTH CHINA AND RUSSIA AND SW ASIA	57
6128196581	SINIFICATION	CHINESE-IFICATION OF JAPAN, KOREA AND SE ASIA. FOLLOWED POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC EXAMPLES	58
6128203098	TANG AND SONG DYNASTIES	TWO MOST FAMOUS DYNASTIES IN CHINESE HISTORY 600 TO 1450 CE. CHINA HAD THE LARGEST POPULATION ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY AND MUST SPLENDID CITIES	59
6128213503	BYZANTINE EMPIRE	CAME AFTER ROMAN EMPIRE FELL IN 476 CE EASTERN PORTION HEADQUARTERED IN CONSTANTINOPLE WENT ANOTHER 1000 YEARS	60
6128222399	DIFFUSION OF RELIGIONS	600 TO 1450 CE 3 RELIGIONS SPREAD - CHRISTIANITY, BUDDHISM AND ISLAM. CHRISTIANITY AND BUDDHISM - SPREAD BY MISSIONARY MONKS; CHRISTIANITY AND ISLMA - "SWORN MISSION"; ISLAM SPREADED PEACEFULLY BY MERCHANTS	61
6128240977	NEOLITHIC REVOLUTIONS	IRRIGATION OF CROPS WAS DEVLOPED. DOMESTICATED ANIMALS - DOGS, CATS, CATTLE AND HORSES	62
6128251341	HUNTING-FORAGING BANDS	NORMADIC PEOPLE LIVED IN SMALL GROUPS. HUNTED GAME AND COLLECTED WILD OR UNDOMESTICATED PLANTS FOR FOOD. TECHNOLOGY - BOW/ARROW, CLOVIS POINT, SPEARS	63
6128263184	RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS	MESOPOTAMIA (BETWEEN TWO RIVERS) NILE VALLEY - NORTH; INDUS RIVER VALLEY - SOUTH ASIA; SHANG-YELLOW, HUANG HE, RIVER VALLEY - EAST ASIA	64
6128282694	PASTORALISM	PEOPLE THAT MOVED WITH THEIR HERDS AND SPREAD THE WORD OF INFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENTS IN TECHNOLOGY	65
6128301591	DAR-AL ISLAM	"EVERYWHERE ISLAM IS" ACROSS AFRO-EURASIA ERA 600 - 1450 CE TERRITORY EXTENDED SOUTH AND SE ASIA	66
6128323918	CRUSADES	CHRISTIAN AND MUSLIMS MILITARY CAMPAIGNS FOR THE 'HOLY LAND' IN SE ASIA 1000 TO 1300 CE MAJOR CRUSADES	67
6128609572	CALIPHATE	ISLAM HAD NO CLEAR RULES OF SUCCESSION AFTER MUHAMMED. POLITICALLY FRAGMENTED REGIONAL STATES.. EACH STATE HAS LED BY CALIPH	68
6128621645	ISLAM	7TH CENTURY FIRST PREACHED IN ARABIA. PROPHET MUHAMMED (MERCHANT AND MONOTHESIEM)	69
6128629324	INDENTURED SERVITUDE	PAY OFF A DEBT BY WORKING FOR SOMEONE FOR A PERIOD OF TIME.	70
6128636390	OPEN DOOR POLICY	REGARDED AS THE SIGN OF THE 'ARRIVAL' OF THE US IN GLOBAL AFFAIRS	71
6128647668	MEIJI RESTORATION	RENOVATION AND REVOLUTION AND REFORM THAT RESTORED PRACTICAL IMPERIAL RULE TO JAPAN IN 1868 UNDER EMPEROR MEIJI	72
6128655709	SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION	LAST HALF OF 19TH CENTURY FOCUS CHANGED TO INNOVATIONS IN ELECTRICITY (PHONE & RADIO), CHEMISTRY (FERTILIZER), TRANSPORTATION (CARS & AIRPLANES), STEEL (SKYSCRAPERS, & MODERN WEAPONS) RAPID ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN THE WEST	73
6128671635	GREAT DEPRESSION	GLOBAL ECONOMIC DISASTER. STRUCK THE INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS. 2 MAJOR RESULTS - WWII & AUTHORITIAN GOVTS	74
6128714252	PERIODIZATION	"TURNING POINT DATES" EX. DYNASTY, PERIOD, ERA	75
6128720016	GLOBALIZATION	"SHRINKING WORLD" RESULTED FROM INCREASED ECONOMIC AND COMMUNICATIONS CONNECTIONS	76
6128727053	FEMINISM	EXTENDS BACK TO ENLIGHTENMENT/ LARGELY A 20TH CENTURY MOVEMENT DEDICATED TO INCREASING POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS OF WOMEN	77
6128740621	APARTHEID	POLITICAL AND SOCIAL POLICY IN SOUTH AFRICA IN THE MID 20TH CENTURY. SEPERATED WHITES AND BLACKS GRANTED WHITE MINORITY MANY RIGHTS THAT MAJORITY BLACKS WERE DENIED.	78
6135684438	FERTILE CRESENT	THE REGION IN THE MIDDLE EAST WHICH CURVES, LIKE A QUARTER MOON SHAPE. EARTHLY LOCATION OF THE GARDEN OF EDEN	79
6135697357	MARKETPLACE	LARGE ECONOMIC CENTER IN CITIES. BECAME THE CENTER OF POLITICAL, MILITARY, AND ECONOMIC CONTROL	80
6135710148	EPIC OF GILGAMESH	EPIC POEM FROM MESOPOTAMIA, EARLIEST SURVIVING WORKS OF LITERATURE.	81
6135743188	PICTOGRAPHS	FORMED THE BASIS FOR EARLY WRITTEN SYMBOLS	82
6135750786	HIEROGLYPHICS	A FORMAL WRITING SYSTEM USED IN ANCIENT EGYPT. COMBINED LOGOGRAPHIC AND ALPHABETIC ELEMENTS	83
6135989189	HINDUISM CASTE SYSTEM	BRAHMINS (PRIEST & SCHOLARS), KSATRIYAS (WARRIORS & RULING CLASS), VAISYAS (FARMERS & BUSINESSMEN), SHUDRAS (SERVANTS), LAST GROUP OF SOCIETY (UNTOUCHABLES)	84
6136012260	BUDDHA FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS	1) ALL LIFE IS SUFFERING 2) SUFFERING IS CAUSED BY DESIRE 3) THERE ISA WAY OUT OF SUFFERING 4) THE WAY OUT OF SUFFERING IS TO FOLLOW THE EIGHTFOLD PATH	85
6136028383	EIGHTFOLD PATH	INCLUDES RIGHT UNDERSTANDING, PURPOSE, SPEECH, CONDUCT, LIVELIHOOD, EFFORT, AWARENESS, AND CONCENTRATION.	86
6136037989	NIRVANA	THE RELEASE FROM THE CYCLES OF REINCARNATION AND THE ACHIEVEMENT OF UNIO WITH THE UNIVERSE	87
6136051958	CONFUCIANISM 5 KEY RELATIONSHIPS	1) RULER TO SUBJECT 2) FATHER TO SON 3)HUSBAND TO WIFE 4) OLDER BROTHER TO YOUNGER BROTHER 5) FRIEND TO FRIEND	88
6136072349	LEGALISM	BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE THAT MAN WAS INHERENTLY EVIL AND NEEDED STRICT LAWS AND PUNISHMENT TO BEHAVE PROPERLY	89
6136100534	NEW TESTAMENT	COPILE OF BODY OF WRITINGS ABOUT JESUS LIFE AND HIS MESSAGES.	90
6136107806	EDICT OF MILAN	EMPEROR CONSTANTINE MAKE CHRISTIANITY LEGAL IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE. EMPEROR THEODOSIUS MAKE IT THE OFFICIAL RELIGION OF THE EMPIRE	91
6136165278	SATRAP	ALLOWEDE PEOPLE UNDER PERSIAN EMPEROR DARIUS TO PRACTICE THEIR OWN RELIGION, SPEAK THEIR OWN LANGUAGE, AND FOLLOW THEIR OWN LAWS	92
6136174410	POLIS	CITY-STATE	93
6136177511	TWO MOST FAMOUS CITY-STATES	SPARTA AND ATHENS	94
6136180099	SPARTA	USED MILITARY STRENGTH TO IMPOSE ORDER	95
6136184970	ATHENS	GOVT USED DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES TO NEGOTIATE ORDER. WAS A DIRECT DEMOCRACY	96
6136209027	PERSIAN WAR	500 - 470 BCE. SERIES OF CONFLICTS FOUGHT BETWEEN GREEK STATES AND THE PERSIAN EMPIRE.	97
6136234788	DELIAN LEAGUE	FOUNDED IN 478 BCE ASSOCIATION OF GREEK CITY-STATES	98
6136243468	PELOPONNESIAN WAR	431 - 404 BCE.	99
6136275859	POLYTHEISTIC	GREEKS BELIEVED THEIR GODS WERE PERSONIFCATIONS OF NATURE	100
6136280073	SOCRATES	PHILOSOPHER POSED QUESTIONS AND ENCOURAGE REFLECTIONS "THE UNEXAMINED LIFE IS NOT WORTH LIVING"	101
6136286704	PLATO	SOCRATES STUDENT, WROTE "THE REPUBLIC"	102
6136290334	ARISTOTLE	PLATOS STUDENT WROTE ON BIOLOGY, PHYSICS ASTRONOMY, POLITICS AND ETHICS. CONSIDERED THE FATHER OF LOGIC	103
6136298307	PATRIARCHAL	STRICT SOCIAL STRUCTURE, CONTROLLED BY MEN	104
6136312593	THREE SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT	CONFUCIANISM, DAOISM, LEGALISM	105
6136467871	QIN DYNASTY	FIRST DYNASTY OF IMPERIAL CHINA 221 TO 206 BCE INFLUENCED FUTURE DYNASTIES	106
6136491901	FIFIAL PIETY	VIRTUE OF RESPECT FOR ONE'S FATHER, ELDERS AND ANCESTORS	107
6136500224	PAX ROMANA	ROMAN PEACE. ECONOMIC PROSPERITY, CENTRALIZED POWER STRENGTH OF THE ROMAN ARMY FOR 250 YEARS	108
6136508370	TWELVE TABLES	ROME'S SYSTEM OF LAW 450 BCE. A SERIES OF LAWS THAT WERE ORGANIZED INTO 12 SECTIONS AND WRITTEN DOWN SO THEY COULD UNDERSTOOD BY ALL.	109
6136852240	FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM	1) STATEMENT OF FAITH 2) PRAY FIVE TIMES A DAY FACING MECCA 3) GIVE ALMS (CHARITY) TO THE POOR 4) FAST DURING THE HOLY MONTH OF RAMADAN 5) MAKE A PILGRIMAGE OR HAJJ TO MECCA DURING ONE'S LIFETIME, IF ABLE	110
6136873726	FIRST FOUR CALIPHS	ABU BAKR, UMAR, UTHMAN IBN AFFAN AND ALI	111
6136885860	THE HOUSE OF WISDOM	A LIBRARY, TRANSLATION INSTUTITUE AND RESEARCH CENTER ESTABLISHED BY ABBASID ERA	112
6136896158	JUSTINIAN'S CODE	BODY OF CIVIL LAW, FORMING PART OF THE CORPUS JURIS CIVILIS	113
6137036263	CORPUS JURIS CIVILIS	LAW OF ROMAN BY JUSTINIAN. FOUR PARTS - 1)THE INSTITUTES 2) DIGEST 3) CODE 4) NOVELS	114
6137105023	JAPANESE FORM OF FEUDALISM	SHOGUN - SUPREME LEADER, DAIMYO - REGIONAL MILITARY LEADERS, SAMURAI - A JAPANESE WARRIOR	115
6137150912	SHINTO	RELIGION NATIVE TO JAPAN. EVERYTHING POSSESSED A SPIRIT OR KAMI	116
6137161536	SELJUK TURKS	A MEDIEVEL TURKO-PERSIAN SUNNI MUSLIM EMPIRE	117
6137233378	AFGHAN TURKS		118

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AP World History Chapter 4 Vocab Flashcards

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4954598542	Polis	City-state form of government used in Greece 800-400BCE	0
4954598543	Socrates	Late 5th cBCE Athenian philosopher; Urged rational reflection of moral decisions; Condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young	1
4954598544	Plato	Socrates' greatest pupil; Suggested humans could approach understanding of perfect forms of truth, good, and beauty that he thought underlay nature	2
4954598545	Aristotle	384 - 322 BCE, Greek philosopher; Alexander the Great's teacher; Knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world	3
4954598546	Sophocles	494-406 BCE, Greek writer of tragedy Oedipus Rex	4
4954598547	Iliad and Odyssey	Homer's Greek epic poems that defined god and human nature that shaped Greek myths	5
4954598548	Pythagoras	Hellenistic mathematician who developed many basic geometric theories which are still used today	6
4954598549	Galen	Hellenistic physician/writer who wrote many medical treaties that formed the basis for modern political practices	7
4954598550	Euclid	Hellenistic mathematician who wrote what was the world's most widely used geometry compendium for a long time	8
4954598551	Ptolemy	Hellenistic astronomer who produced an elaborate theory of the sun's motion around the Earth	9
4954598552	Sappho	One of the greatest ancient Greek poets; Her poetry developed the complexities of inner workings of humans and love	10
4954598553	Battle of Marathon	490 BCE, Persians who invaded Greece were defeated on the Plain of Marathon by an Athenian army led by the general Militades	11
4954598554	King Xerxes	486-465 BCE, Persian king who invaded Greece in retribution for earlier Persian defeats; Forces defeated by the Greeks in the battles of Salamis and Platea	12
4954598555	Themistocles	Athenian leader who advocated for Athenian navy during the Persian Wars, which led to defeat of large Persian fleet at battle of Salamis by the Athenian army	13
4954598556	Battle of Thermopylae	480 BCE, Spartan King Leonidas and his army of 300 Spartans and 700 Thespians refused to surrender to the numerically superior Persian army at the Pass of Thermopylae; Annihilated, but allowed other Greek armies to prepare for Persian Invasion	14
4954598557	Pericles	Athenian political leader during 5th century BCE; Guided development of Athenian Empire; Died during early Peloponnesian War	15
4954598558	Peloponnesian Wars	431-404 BCE wars between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; Spartan victory, but no political unification of Greece	16
4954598559	Cyrus the Great	By 550BCE, established huge Persian Empire	17
4954598560	Zoroastrianism	Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; Stressed importance of moral choice; Righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; Chief religion of Persian Empire	18
4954598561	Philip II of Macedon	Ruled from 359-336 BCE; Founder of centralized kingdom; Later conquered rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority	19
4954598562	Alexander the Great	Philip II's successor; Successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to death in 323 BCE; Tried to combine Greek and Persian culture	20
4954598563	Hellenistic Period	Culture associated with spread of Greek influence because of Macedonian conquests; Seen as combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms	21
4954598564	Alexandria, Egypt	Founded and named for Alexander the Great; Site of ancient Mediterranean's greatest library; Center of literary studies	22
4954598565	Julius Caesar	Roman general, conquered Gaul; Brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; Assassinated in 44 BCE by conservative senators	23
4954598566	Diocletian	284-305CE, Roman emperor who improved admin and tax collection	24
4954598567	Constantine	312-337CE Roman emperor; Established second capital at Constantinople; Tried to use Christianity to unite empire	25
4954598568	Cicero	Conservative Roman senator, Stoic philosopher; Killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar	26
4954598569	Roman Republic	510-47 BCE, Rome had aristocratic Senate, magistrate panel, and popular assemblies	27
4954598570	Senate	Assembly of Roman aristocrats; Advised on policy within the republic; Early element of Roman constitution	28
4954598571	Consuls	2 chief executives or magistrates of Roman Republic; Elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy	29
4954598572	Twelve Tables	450 BCE, Roman law code developed in response to democracy of Roman republic	30
4954598573	Carthage	Originally Phoenician colony in northern Africa; Became major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean; Won by Rome after 3 Punic Wars	31
4954598574	Punic Wars	Fought between Rome and Carthage to dominate western Mediterranean; Rome won after 3 separate conflicts	32
4954598575	Hannibal	Great Carthaginian general during Second Punic War; Successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; Finally defeated at Battle of Zama	33
4954598576	Augustus Caesar	Name given to Octavian after his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; First Roman emperor	34
4954598577	Vergil	One of greatest Roman poets during "Golden Age" of Latin literature; Author of the Aeneid	35
4954598578	Olympic games	Pan-Hellenic ritual observed by all Greek city-states; Involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations	36
4954598579	Tyranny	Gov't based on rule of absolute ruler	37
4954598580	Aristocracy	Form of government where the rich rule over everyone	38
4954598581	Direct democracy	People participate directly in assemblies that make laws and select leaders rather than electing representatives	39
4954598582	Stoics	Hellenistic group of philosophers; Emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of body and personal bravery	40
4954598583	Doric		41
4954598584	Ionic		42
4954598585	Corinthian		43
4954598586	Herodotus	Greek historian called the "Father of History" who wrote Persian Wars account in "Histories"	44

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AP English Literature Terms Flashcards

Definitions of the terms used in the AP Literature Exam

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4382000864	asyndeton	commas used w/o conjunction to separate a series of words (i.e. X,Y,Z, not X,Y, & Z)	0
4382000865	apostrophe	calling out to an object or an abstract idea (i.e. the wind)	1
4382000866	assonance	repetition of vowel sounds	2
4382000867	apposition	when elements that are an explanation of the something stated are listed (i.e. my loves: Theo, bunnies, and chocolate)	3
4382000868	juxtaposition	placing two unassociated elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast	4
4382000869	enjambment	the continuation of meaning, without pause or break, from one line of poetry to the next	5
4382000870	restrained	constricted writing	6
4382000871	elegy	a lament over someone's death	7
4382000872	sonnet	a poem w/ a 14-line structure	8
4382000873	colloquialism	a word or phrase used in informal/everyday conversation	9
4382000874	petrarchan/italian rhyme	rhyme scheme of ABBA - ABBA - CDE - CDE	10
4382000875	deference	respectful or courteous regard	11
4382000876	iambic pentameter	a poetic meter that is made up of 5 stressed syllables each followed by an unstressed syllable	12
4382000877	verisimilitude	probability; likelihood	13
4382000878	simple sentences	a sentence having only one clause	14
4382000879	conceit	an elaborate metaphor that compares two things that are startlingly different	15
4382000880	synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is used for a whole (i.e. wheels = the whole car)	16
4382000881	couplet	two consecutive rhyming lines of poetry	17
4382000882	quatrains	groups of four lines in a poem	18
4382000883	antithesis	the juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas to give a feeling of balance	19
4382000884	syntactic fluency	ability to create a variety of sentence structures	20
4382000885	pragmatic	guided by practical experience and observation rather than theory	21
4382000886	laudable	praiseworthy; commendable	22
4382000887	rationalization	the process of making something seem consistent with or based on reason	23
4382000888	onomatopoeia	a word that imitates the sound it's referencing	24
4382000889	idiom	speech or phrase specific to a particular language or group of people	25
4382000890	in medias res	occurring in the middle of an event/action	26
4382000891	anaphora	repetition of the same word at the beginning of successive phrases	27
4382000892	invocation	calling out to a god or goddess	28
4382000893	allegory	a story or poem in which the characters represent abstract ideas (i.e. Animal Farm)	29
4382000894	allusion	reference to someone or something known from history or literature	30
4382000895	anastrophe	the reversal of the normal order of words for the purpose of rhythm	31
4382000896	anecdote	short story of an amusing or interesting event	32
4382000897	antagonist	villain; opponent against the hero	33
4382000898	antimetabole	repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order (i.e. "One should eat to live, not live to eat.")	34
4382000899	antihero	central character who lacks all the qualities traditionally associated with heroes	35
4382000900	anthropomorphism	attributing human characteristics to an animal	36
4382000901	aphorism	a brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life	37
4382000902	static character	one who does not change throughout the story	38
4382000903	chiasmus	a statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed (i.e. Flowers are lovely, love is flowerlike)	39
4382000904	connotation	the associations and emotional overtones that are attached to a word or phrase	40
4382000905	dialect	a way of speaking that is characteristic of a certain group	41
4382000906	diction	a writer's choice of words	42
4382000907	didactic	a story that teaches a specific lesson or moral	43
4382000908	epanalepsis	device of repetition in which the same word is repeated at the beginning in end of a line (i.e. common sense is not so common)	44
4382000909	epic	poem which recounts the deeds of a hero	45
4382000910	epigraph	quotation at the beginning of a literary work suggestive of the theme	46
4382000911	exposition	writing that is intended to make clear explanation about something	47
4382000912	farce	a type of comedy in which ridiculous and often stereotyped characters are involved in far-fetched situations	48
4382000913	hypotactic	a sentence using connecting words btw clauses or sentences to show the relationship btw them (i.e. I am tired b/c it is hot)	49
4382000914	inversion	the reversal of the normal word order in a sentence or phrase	50
4382000915	irony	discrepancy btw appearances & reality	51
4382000916	metonymy	substitution of the name of an attribute or feature for the name of the thing itself (i.e. they counted heads; heads = people)	52
4382000917	motif	a recurring image, word, or idea throughout a work	53
4382000918	parable	a short story that teaches a moral lesson about how to lead a good life	54
4382000919	paradox	a self-contradictory statement that actually contains some truth	55
4382000920	parallel structure/parallelism	the repetition of words or phrases that have similar grammatical structures (i.e. I like running, swimming, and jumping.)	56
4382000921	parody	a work that makes fun of another by imitating some aspect of the writer's style	57
4382000922	polysyndeton	sentence that uses a conjunction w/ no commas to separate the items of the series (i.e. X and Y and Z)	58
4382000923	protagonist	central character of a story	59
4382000924	pun	play on words based on the multiple meanings on words that sound alike but mean different things	60
4382000925	refrain	a word or phrase that is repeated several times in a poem for effect	61
4382000926	rhetoric	art of effective communication, especially persuasive discourse	62
4382000927	satire	the use of humor to emphasize human weaknesses or imperfections in social institutions	63
4382000928	soliloquy	a long speech made by a character who is alone on stage	64
4382000929	syntactic permutation	sentence structures that are extremely complex, often difficult for a reader to follow	65
4382000930	telegraphic sentence	a sentence shorter than five words in length	66
4382000931	vernacular	the language spoken by the people who live in a particular place	67
4382000932	impressionism	a 19th century movement; recorded the artist's personal impressions of the world	68
4382000933	rationalism	movement that began in the 17th century; truth can be obtained through reason, not the church/religion	69
4382000934	transcendentalism	a 19th century movement; every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition	70
4382000935	denotation	the dictionary meaning of a word, as opposed to connotation	71
4382000936	digression	use of material unrelated to the subject of work	72
4382000937	reliability	the quality of some fictional narrators that the reader can trust	73
4382000938	syllogism	a form or reasoning in which two statements are made and a conclusion is drawn from them (i.e. micro, macro, thus: all tragedies end unhappily; Hamlet is a tragedy; Hamlet ends unhappily"	74
4382000939	blank verse	unrhymed iambic pentameter	75
4382000940	dactyl	a metrical foot of three syllables: an accented syllable followed by two unaccented syllables	76
4382000941	free verse	poetry not written in traditional meter but is still rhythmical	77
4382000942	iamb	a two-syllable foot with an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable	78
4382000943	English/Shakespearean Rhyme	rhyme scheme of ABAB - CDCD - EFEF - GG	79
4382000944	imperative	the mood of a verb that gives an order (i.e. "Eat your spinach!")	80

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AP World History-Chapter 5 Flashcards

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5480982294	Persian Empire	An empire in western Asia in ancient times. Under the kings Darius and Xerxes, attempted to conquer Greece several times in the fifth century b.c. but were defeated in the Battle of Marathon and in several other land and sea battles. Destroyed by Alexander the Great	0
5480982295	Cyrus the Great	Established massive Persian empire by 550 b.c.e; successor state to Mesopotamian empires	1
5480983185	Darius	Persian ruler who brought order to the Persian Empire. He also built roads; established a postal system; and standardized weights, measures, and coinage.	2
5480983186	Xerxes	son of Darius; became Persian king. He vowed revenge on the Athenians. He invaded Greece with 180,000 troops in 480 B.C.	3
5480984293	Zoroastrianiasm	Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; chief religion of Persian Empire	4
5480984294	Zoroaster	A Persian religious philosopher (630-550 b.c.e) who revised the polytheistic religious tradition of the Sumerians through the introduction of monotheism. Banned animal sacrifice and the use of intoxicants. Introduced the idea of individual salvation through the free choice of God over the spirit of evil	5
5480984295	Persian Wars	Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire in the 400s BCE. Essentially Persia--biggest empire in the world at the time--invaded Greece twice with an overwhelming force and lost both times. It contributed heavily to the rise of Athens as a mini-empire and the "golden age" of Athenian culture.	6
5480985032	Classical Greece	refers to the period between the Persian Wars at the beginning of the fifth century B.C. and the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C. An era of war and conflict—first between the Greeks and the Persians, then between the Athenians and the Spartans—but it was also an era of unprecedented political and cultural achievement.	7
5480985033	Homer	Greek epic poet: reputed author of the Iliad and Odyssey.	8
5480985034	Illiad	Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possible the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos	9
5480986062	Odyssey	Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos	10
5480986063	polis	word for city-state government in Greek. origin for our word politics	11
5480986064	Solon	Athenian reformer of the 6th century; established laws that eased burden of debt on farmers, forbade enslavement for debt	12
5480986065	Sparta	A greek polis with strong militaristic regime under aristocratic leadership	13
5480986751	helots	Conquered indigenous population of Spartan city-state; provided agricultural labor for Spartan landowners; only semifree; largest population of Spartan city-state	14
5480986752	Athens	The capital and largest city of Greece, in the eastern part of the country near the Saronic Gulf. It was at the height of its cultural achievements and imperial power in the fifth century b.c.e. during the time of Pericles	15
5480986753	Pericles	Athenian political leader during 5th century b.c.e; guided development of Athenian Empire; died during early stages of Peloponnesian War	16
5480987605	Delian Language	Alliance formed by Athens after the Persian Wars; cities contributed to unified treasury on island of Delos to support alliance fleet; later taken over by Athens and became Athenian empire	17
5480987606	democracy	comes from Greek word for people, demos-rather than rule through elected representatives. A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them	18
5480988553	aristocracy	A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility. comes from Greek word aristos, or "the best" believed that real political virtue lay in aristocratic rule.	19
5480988554	Olympic games	One of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations	20
5480989212	oracles at Delphi	Person representing the god Apollo; allegedly received cryptic messages from the god that had predictive value if the seeker could correctly interpret the communication	21
5480989213	Peloponnesian War	Wars from 431 to 404 b.c.e. between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece	22
5480989214	Macedon	Kingdom located in northern Greece; originally loosely organized under kings, became centralized under Philip II; served as basis for unification of Greece and later Macedonian Empire	23
5480989969	Philip II	Ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 b.c.e.; founder of centralized kingdom; later conquered rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority	24
5480989970	Alexander the Great	Successor of Philip II; successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to his death in 323 b.c.e.; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures	25
5480989971	Hellenism	Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam.	26
5480990469	Alexandria, Egypt	One of the cities founded by and named for Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterranean's greatest library; center of literary studies	27
5480990470	Ptolemies	One of the regional dynasties that followed the death of Alexander the Great; founded in Egypt; flourished 305 to 30 b.c.e.	28
5480990471	Seleucids	One of the regional dynasties that followed the death of Alexander the Great; founded in Mesopotamia	29
5480991248	Antigonids	One of the regional dynasties that followed the death of Alexander the Great; founded in Macedonia and Greece	30
5480991249	Socrates	Athenian philosopher of later 5th century b.c.e; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young	31
5480991250	Plato	Greek philosopher; taught knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled	32
5480992017	Aristotle	Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; espoused knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world	33
5480992563	Stoics	Hellenistic group of philosophers; emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery	34
5480993905	Pythagoras	Greek mathematician responsible for the Pythagorean Theorem which states the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.	35
5480993906	Euclid	(circa 300 BCE), Greek mathematician. Considered to be the father of modern geometry.	36
5480993907	Ptolemy	Hellenistic astronomer who formalized an elaborate theory of the sun's motion around a stationary earth	37
5480994529	Archimedes	wrote about mathematics and the measurement of water power. He created pulley systems to pump out flood ships and fields and invented novel kinds of fortifications	38
5480994530	Sophocles	Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex	39
5480994531	Aristophanes	Greek writer of comedies; author of The Frogs	40
5480995263	Herodotus	Greek Historian, considered the father of History. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands.	41
5480995264	Doric	Along with Ionian and Corinthian, distinct style of Greek and Hellenistic architecture; the least ornate or the three styles	42
5480995265	Ionic	Along with Doric and Corinthian, distinct style of Greek and Hellenistic architecture; more ornate that Doric but less that Corinthian	43
5480996173	Corinthian	Along with Doric and Ionian, distinct style of Greek and Hellenistic architecture; the most ornate of the three styles	44

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AP World History Chapter 3 Flashcards

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5940119660	The highest Hindu caste members in India after the Epic Age were the:	D= Brahmans ( priests, scholars)	0
5940125064	The Indian Caste System:	C= was extremely complex and stratified; a person could almost never change caste	1
5940133663	A central message of the Bhagavad Gita is that:	E= One must carry out the duties that come with one's caste	2
5940139818	A major difference between Buddhism and Hinduism was that	A= Buddhism denied the need for caste, rites, and sacrifice to achieve nirvana	3
5940147714	Buddhism spread primarily as a result of:	C= its monastic community	4
5940228736	Alexander the Great's invasion of India:	D= led to the rise of the Mauryans	5
5940239005	Buddhism lost its appeal and influence in Gruptan India in part because:	A= Hinduism showed its adaptability by emphasizing its mystical side, thus retaining the loyalties of many Indians	6
5940252277	Curing the classical era in india, all of the following occurred EXCEPT:	A= Religious authorities often allowed dissections in the name of research	7
5940268087	Over time in classical India, caste:	C= Intensified and begun to differ from region to region	8
5940276651	In Mesopotamia, the cuneiform culture of the Mesopotamians assimilated invaders and provided continuity. the Same role in India was performed by	B= The Hindu social Hierarchy	9

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AP World History: Chapter 16 Flashcards

newest notes updated, sorry this is so late

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6988471115	protestant reformation	a European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church started by Martin Luther in 1517	0
6988471116	protestant reformation effects	1) a more fragmented religious system in an already fragmented political system in Europe 2) wars were fought in the 1500s-1600s 3) Europe experiences a more dedicated and renewed sense of Christianity	1
6988471117	Spread of Christianity by the British	1) spread with the spread of settlers 2) did not spread to Native Americans 3) mostly protestant	2
6988471118	Spread of Christianity by the Spanish	1) most successful in spread; by 1700 most people in the Spanish colonies were Christian 2) established a strong cultural presence 3) used education, missionary efforts, and force	3
6988471119	Spread of Christianity into China	1) Jesuits learned about Chinese culture and confucianism; targeted Chinese elites 2) 1550-1800: 200000-300000 converts 3) Christianity was favored for a while due to their connections to science 4) Jesuits fell out of favor during the 18th century and Christianity has little adherents in China today 5) reasons for unpopularity: China already had strong belief systems and Christainity required complete abandonment of Chinese culture	4
6988471120	Jesuits	group of Catholic priests who perform missionary work	5
6988471121	syncretism	blending and mixing of religion	6
6988471122	changes in China's culture	1) challenges to social, economic, and political tradition emerged 2) 1490s 3) Neo confucianism 4) New ways of thinking emerged within China's popular belief systems: more individualism 5) Kaozheng 6) popular culture among the common citizen emerged (paintings, short stories, novels)	7
6988471123	Kaozheng	a movement in Chinese elite culture that emphasized the importance of verification, precision, accuracy, and rigorous analysis	8
6988471124	changes in India's culture	1) Bhakti Hinduism 2) Sikhism	9
6988471125	Bhakti Hinduism	a more devotional type of Hinduism	10
6988471126	Sikhism	1) new religion caused by blending of Islam and Hindu 2) evolved from a peaceful movement to a more military one	11
6988471127	changes in Islamic culture	1) expanded to America from African Muslims in the slave trade 2) Wahhabi movement	12
6988471128	Wahhabi Movement	1) called for a renewal to Islam's traditional beliefs 2) connected to the beginnings of Saudi Arabia	13
6988471129	origins of the Scientific Revolution	1) started in Europe 2) 1550-1700 3) Europe had a more favorable legal and political system that was independent and less controlled; new things can develop 4) relative autonomy of European universities 5) increasing global interactions and connections	14
6988471130	Scientific Revolution	movement that emphasized the application of human reason to better understand the physical universe and the world around us	15
6988471131	Scientific revolution people	1) Nicolaus Copernicus: heliocentrism 2) Isaac Newton: theory of gravity and laws of motion	16
6988471132	The Enlightenment	1) the application of human reason to understand and create better human societies 2) humans have natural rights and the government should protect them 3) questioned patriarchy, social hierarchy, and religion 4) called for a more constitutionally based government 5) beginnings of modern capitalism	17
6988471133	Mary Wollstonecraft	an Enlightenment author; one of the pioneers of feminism	18
6988471134	Voltaire	an Enlightenment author who often criticized authority and religion	19
6988471135	significance of scientific revolution and Englightenment	1) become the basis of a new universal worldview 2) challenged the church and religion 3) challenged and also supported hierarchies (social, racial, political) 4) supported the coming industrial revolution	20

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AP World History Ch. 15 Flashcards

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9061596677	Missonary	A person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country.	0
9061596678	Protestant Reformation	A 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era.	1
9061598335	Martin Luther	(1483-1546) A German monk who initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to the door of Wittenberg church; emphasized faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church.	2
9061598336	95 Theses	Written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgences	3
9061598337	John Calvin	(1509-1564) French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.	4
9061599768	Henry VIII	(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532	5
9061620834	Indulgences	Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.	6
9087080922	30 years war	A European continental war that took place from 1618-1648 (thirty years!). Most of the fighting took place in the Holy Roman Empire, although the war grew to include European powers outside of the Empire. What began as a local, religious conflict became more and more continental and political with each expanding phase of the war.	7
9087080923	Counter Reformation	The period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent and ending at the close of the Thirty Years War.	8
9087086205	Peace of Westphalia	A series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War over succession within the Holy Roman Empire as well as the Eighty Years' War between Holland and Spain for Dutch independence.	9
9087086206	Christianity	The religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices.	10
9087086262	Missionaries	People sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country.	11
9087090264	Jesuits	A member of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order of priests founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, St. Francis Xavier, and others in 1534, to do missionary work. The order was zealous in opposing the Reformation.	12
9087090265	Dominicans	A member of the Roman Catholic order of preaching friars founded by St. Dominic, or of a religious order for women founded on similar principles	13
9087090266	Franciscans	A friar, sister, or lay member of a Christian religious order founded in 1209 by St. Francis of Assisi, or of an order based on Franciscan rule. The Franciscan orders are noted for preachers and missionaries.	14
9104949855	Syncretism	The amalgamation or attempted amalgamation of different religions, cultures, or schools of thought.	15
9104949856	Vodou	New World religion with roots in West Africa; prominent in Haiti and the Haitian diaspora	16
9104949857	Santeria	Cuban religion that combines Catholic and West African beliefs	17
9104949858	Macumba	A religion that combines beliefs and practices of African and Indian religions with Christianity	18
9104949859	Francis Xavier	This was a man who helped Ignatius of Loyola to start the Jesuits. He also was famous for his number of missionaries that went on to promote Christianity	19
9104954140	Matteo Ricci	An Italian Jesuit who by his knowledge of Astronomy and science was accepted as a missionary of China.	20
9104954141	Sikhism	Monotheistic religion founded by Guru Nanak that blended Islamic and Hindu beliefs	21
9104957863	Wahhabi movement	Islamic movement led by the teachings of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. It began in the Middle East, eventually became expansive state in central Arabia.	22
9104967080	Guru Nanak	Indian religious leader who founded Sikhism in dissent from the caste system of Hinduism.	23
9120761308	Scientific Revolution	new way of thinking about natural world, based on careful observations, willingness for people to question accepted beliefs	24
9120761309	Nicolaus Copernicus	Polish astronomer who proved Ptolemaic system's inaccuracy, proposed theory that sun was center of solar system	25
9120776297	Galileo Galilei	created modern experimental method, formulated law of inertia, tried for heresy and forced to recant, discovered Jupiter's moons	26
9120776298	Rene Descartes	French scientist/mathematician/philosopher who discovered law of optics, considered founder of analytic geometry, father of modern rationalism	27
9120779563	Thomas Newton	English cleric, biblical scholar, author	28
9133014215	Enlightenment	A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions. The enlightenment philosophers advocated for the right to knowledge, the right to freedom, and the right to happiness.	29
9133014216	Adam Smith	Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade	30
9133014217	John Locke	English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. He believes that the government is contractual between the government and the people. Advocated for natural rights.	31
9133017065	Enlightenment Salon	An area in which may philosophers of the enlightenment period met and discussed with each other.	32
9133017066	Charles Darwin	English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection set forth his theory of evolution.	33
9133020082	Sigmund Freud	Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis	34
9133026828	Mary Wollstonecraft	British feminist who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting; published Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)	35
9133026829	John (Jean Jacques) Rousseau	French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. He advocated the popular soverignty (right to self government, people rule).	36
9133070705	Voltaire	French philosopher who championed Deism (God is a clockmaker who doesn't intervene with man's free will); attacked Christianity as being "intolerant." He believed in freedom of speech and religion. Happiness will improve human existence.	37

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4994400736	Hominids Society and People	- Appeared 3 to 4 million years ago in southern and eastern Africa. -Humanlike creatures called primates. -Mary and Louis Leakey excavated hominid fossils in the Great Rift Valley. -"Lucy," an Australopithecine fossil, found in 1974 -Three major differences from earlier primates: bipedalism (gives ability to walk upright), a sizable brain (enables abstract thought and fine motor control), and a larynx (allows for complex speech). -Thought-processing ability led to alteration of the natural environment to suit human needs.	0
4994400737	Homo sapiens Society and People	-Homo sapiens, modern humans, emerged 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. -Earliest variant, the Neanderthal, appeared 100,000 to 250,000 years ago. -More advanced was Cro-Magnon, appeared 60,000 to 100,000 years ago during the Paleolithic Age. -Both used advanced tools, wore clothing, created semipermanent or permanent dwellings, and organized into social groups. -Spread from Europe to Africa and Asia.	1
4994400738	Paleolithic Era - Economy Economic and Trade	Paleolithic Era-Economy -Called Old Stone Age ( c. 10,000 to 2.5 million years ago). -Greatest concerns were steady and plentiful food supply and clothing. -Stone and bone tools included spears, bows, arrows, fishhooks, harpoons, clay pots. -Humans were nomadic hunters and gatherers. -Predates agricultural societies.	2
4994400739	Paleolithic Era - Society Society and People	Paleolithic Era- Society -Social groups: Extended families grew into clans; clans mixed with neighboring groups to form tribes with sophisticated organization, including chiefs, leaders, and religious figures. -Organized warfare with weapons: rocks, clubs, knives, spears, axes, and bows and arrows. -Worship of deities; religious rituals included sacrifices to gods, goddesses, and spirits. -Expression through art and music; examples include cave paintings and flutes. -Division of labor assigned by gender: men hunted, women gathered.	3
4994400740	Neolithic Era - Origins Historia Connection	Neolithic Era-Origins -Earliest evidence of sedentary agriculture dates to between 10,000 and 8000 B.C.E. -Called New Stone Age (8000-5000 B.C.E.), the origins of agricultural society. -Domestication of animals and cultivation of crops. -The earliest method of cultivation was slash-and-burn agriculture. -Earliest agricultural societies appeared in southwestern Asia and spread to India, Europe, and Asia; Mesoamerica and East Asia most likely developed agricultural techniques independently. -People settled down and developed complex societies.	4
4994400741	Neolithic Era - Culture Cultural and Intellectual Trends/Technological Innovations	Neolithic Era-Culture -Agriculture allowed for a food surplus, which in turn led to an increase in population. -Permanent villages appeared as people turned to farming and away from hunting and gathering. -Jericho, in modern-day Israel, was one of the world's first Neolithic villages. -Village life encouraged the development of specialized labor-everyone was no longer dedicated to food production. -Early industries developed pottery, metallurgy, and textiles. -Specialized labor encouraged the accumulation of wealth and eventually led to the emergence of social classes. -Sedentary agricultural societies saw the role and status of women diminish compared with that of hunting and gathering societies.	5
4994400742	Bantu Migrations Historical Connections	Bantu Migrations -Movement of Africans across the continent of Africa (3000 B.C.E.-500 C.E.). -Niger-Congo related languages, and compilations, spoken by Kru, Wolof, Ibo, Mande, and Yorba, all part of the Bantu family languages. -Possession of iron metallurgy; tools were used to clear land for agriculture (basis for society) and herding throughout Africa. -Bantus reached their limits by 1000 B.C.E.; established decentralized governments-"segmentary societies"-that governed through family and kinship groups. -Each village (usually 100 people) was ruled by a council, made up of male heads of families, and a village chief; group of villages formed a district (usually the highest form of government). -Increased conflict among Bantu led to the formation of organized militaries and formal government institutions.	6
4994400743	Bronze Age Economics and Trade	Bronze Age -Metallurgy originated with the use of copper. -In the Neolithic era, copper was combined with tin to create bronze. -Bronze tools and weapons were first used in Mesopotamia c. 4000-3000 B.C.E. -By c. 1500-1000 B.C.E. craftsmen in Mesopotamia developed iron tools and weapons; this technology diffused throughout southwestern Asia over time.	7
4994400744	Mesopotamia Society and People	Mesopotamia -Located between Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern Iraq. -Knowledge of irrigation led to an increase in food supply and in population, and by c. 5000 B.C.E. Sumer was established. -The world's first cities emerged in this region, including Ur and Babylon. -Sumerian achievements included the development of the first form of writing-cuneiform. -Sumerians were polytheistic and built ziggurats, pyramid-like temples, to please their gods. -Sumer was organized into a series of city-states and each worked to maintain peace and stability. -Large public-works projects, such as canals and bridges, were undertaken to meet the needs of society.	8
4994400745	Nile River Civilization Society and People	Nile River Civilization -Agricultural settlements emerged as early as 5500 B.C.E., but Egyptian history begins when King Menes united Upper (southern) and Lower (northern) Egypt. -Society was ruled by a pharaoh, considered an incarnation of the sun god, who controlled access to the Nile. -Many cities were built during the Middle and New Kingdom periods, and an economic network developed. -Women were responsible for handling household finances and educating children. -A women had the right to divorce, receive alimony, own property, manage a business, and become a priestess. -Hatshepsut, female pharaoh of Egypt. -Elaborate polytheistic religion based on concept of life after death-subject of religious test the Egyptian Book of the Dead. Chief deity, Re, sun god. -Worshipping dead led to mummification and the building of tombs/pyramids. -Achievements: written language (hieroglyphics), paper-making, field irrigation, bronze tools and weapons, 365-day calendar, monumental architecture (pyramids, temples).	9
4994400746	Hammurabi's Code Political Structures	Hammurabi's Code -Established high standards of behavior and stern punishments for violators (c. 1792-1750 B.C.E) in the city-states of Babylon. -Death penalty for murder, theft, fraud, false accusations, sheltering of runaway slaves, failure to obey royal orders, adultery, and incest. -Civil laws regulated prices, wages, commercial dealings, marital relationships, and the conditions of slavery. -Relied on the lex talionis ("law of retaliation") and social standing; upper classes were favored. -Concept of a consistent written set of rules to govern society, rather than arbitrary rules, impacted later civilizations.	10
4994400747	Assyrian Empire Society and People	Assyrian Empire -Government consisted of a combination of administrative techniques (first used by Hammurabi) and a powerful and intimidating military machine. -Officers in charge of standardized military units were appointed on the basis of merit, skill, and bravery rather than noble birth and family connections. -Used horse-drawn chariots to conquer standing armies. -At its height (8th and 7th centuries B.C.E.), the Assyrian Empire covered much of what is now Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, as well as much of Anatolia and most of Egypt.	11
4994400748	Iron Metallurgy Economics and Trade	Iron Metallurgy -Experimentation began as early as the fourth millennium B.C.E. -Mesopotamians manufactured effective iron and bronze tools and weapons by 1000 B.C.E. -Craftsmen added carbon to iron to increase strength and produce harder and stronger edges. -Iron metallurgy spread from Mesopotamia to Anatolia, Egypt, North Africa, and other regions (example of cultural diffusion). -Assyrians used iron tools to conquer Mesopotamia.	12
4994400749	Patriarchal Society Society and People	Patriarchal Society -Basis of Mesopotamian and Egyptian societies-- men made decisions about the division of household chores among family members, and they arranged marriages. -Men dominated public life: They ruled as kings and pharaohs and made decisions about public policy. -Evidence of patriarchal society seen in Hammurabi's Code, which entrusted men with all major decision making and judgement, and in Confucian society with the five relationships. -Women were punished for adultery by drowning; men could engage in consensual sexual relations outside marriage without penalty. -A man could sell his wife and children into slavery to pay off debt	13
4994400750	Origins of Writing Cultural and Intellectual Trends/Technological Innovations	Origins of Writing -Cuneiform, the earliest known writing, originated in Mesopotamia. -Record keeping for trade purposes became necessary as society became increasingly more complex. -Sumerians developed a writing system based on pictures (pictographs) in which symbols were made on wet clay and then baked. -Egyptians developed hieroglyphs- symbols that represented sounds and ideas. -One example of job specialization was the scribe, who prepared legal and other documents (developed as an occupation).	14
4994400751	Hebrews Society and People	Hebrews -Nomads who originally settled between Mesopotamia and Egypt. -Developed the world's first monotheistic religion- the worship of Yahweh. -Hebrew Bible contains experiences and practices of Israelites during this period. -About 1300 B.C.E., led by Moses, went to Palestine, where they established a kingdom, under David and Solomon. It extended from Syria to the Sinai Peninsula. -Used Mesopotamian law and politics as a guide- however, devotion to Yahweh, religious texts, and righteousness distinguished Hebrews from others. -Ten Commandments: Religious teachings that also serve as an ethical code of behavior.	15
4994400752	Phoenicians Society and People	Phoenicians -Lived between eastern Mediterranean Sea and Lebanon; earned a reputation as seafaring traders in the first millennium B.C.E. -Establishment of city-states throughout the Mediterranean allowed them to dominate trade in the Mediterranean basin. -Developed a writing system of twenty-two symbols representing sounds that aided in their long-distance commercial activities. -Their alphabet spread throughout the region as they traded products such as glass, textiles, and timber. -The Latin alphabet emerged out of the Phonetic dialect.	16
4994400753	Indus River Civilization	Indus River Civilization -Originated in the Indus River Valley c.2500 B.C.E. -Two main cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, provide archaeological evidence of this society's history. -The cities were well planned, fortified, and uniformly constructed. Brick size was uniform throughout the Indus Valley, indicated use of standardization weights and measures. -Extensive evidence of long-distance trade-Indus Valley pottery has been found in Egypt; products from Sumer, such as olive oil, were traded in the region. -Speculation as to why this civilization declined continues because the written language remains untranslated.	17
4994400754	Indo-European Languages	Indo-European Languages -During the 18th and 19th centuries, similarities between the languages of Europe, Persia, and India were noticed. -Ancient languages demonstrating these similarities are Sanskrit (sacred language of Aryan India), Old Persian, Greek, and Latin. -Explanation for similarities: Speakers of Indo-European languages were all descendants of ancestors who spoke a common tongue and migrated from their original homeland. -Development of individual communities, and lack of communication between them, explains the evolution of different languages and dialects.	18
4994400755	Aryans	Aryans -Originally pastoral nomads who spoke Indo-European languages. -Migrated south through the Hindu Kush mountain range c.1500 B.C.E. and established small communities in northern India; replaced Harappan civilization. -Limited agriculture, depended on pastoral economy, prized herds of cattle. -Domesticated horses as means of transportation and devastating war machine when attached to chariots. -Literary and religious texts were memorized and passed down as oral histories. -Over time developed a complex caste system, in large part influenced by contacts with indigenous peoples and invaders.	19
4994400756	Vedic Age	Vedic Age -A period in Indian history, between 1500 and 500 B.C.E., when the Vedas (the primary texts of Hinduism) were recorded. Rig Veda is the first of these. -The Aryans recorded a number of literary and religious works in Sanskrit. The earliest works, the Vedas ("knowledge" or "wisdom"), a collection of songs, hymns, and prayers honoring Aryan Gods, were handed down by Brahmin priests. -The Vedas also provide a view of early Aryan society in India. -In this period, the Aryans and Dravidians frequently fought among themselves, there was no common centralized government. -Hundreds of chiefdoms based on herding communities and agriculture villages were established. -Permanent communities, relying more on agriculture than herding, were established into a regional kingdom c. 1000-500 B.C.E. -Social hierarchy based on caste, maintained order and stability; the Aryans also constructed a gender hierarchy based on a strong patriarchal society.	20
4994400757	Vedas	Vedas, the primary text of Hinduism, is a collection of hymns, songs, prayers, and rituals honoring various Aryan gods. There are four Vedas - most important figure in the first, Rig Veda, with 1028 hymns, it was compiled between 1400 and 900 BCE. Passed down orally until 600BCE, when all four were recorded to Sanskrit. Veda means "wisdom" or "knowledge" and refers to the knowledge priests need to carry out their tasks. Vedas reveal a great deal about early Aryan society.	21
4994400758	Caste System	Developed over time as the Aryans established settlements in India. Four main varnas (social classes), originally formed around skin color. Priests (Brahmins); warriors and aristocrats (kshatriyas); cultivators, artisans, merchants (vaishyas); landless peasants and serfs (shudras); and later, untouchables, who performed unpleasant tasks (butchering animals, handling dead bodies). Occupation determined a person's jati, or subcaste. Castes and subcastes had a major impact on development of Hindu society, with rules for interactions and intermarriage; severely limited social mobility. Although the Indian Constitution has outlawed caste-based discrimination, and barriers have been broken down in urban areas, the caste system continues to influence social practices of Hindus throughout rural India.	22
4994400759	Yellow River Civilization - Xia Dynasty	Huang He means Yellow River and refers to the light-colored loess soil that it picks up and deposits on the riverbank. Unpredictable flooding led to its nickname, China's Sorrow. Regular rains and fertile soil eliminated the need for an extensive irrigation system and, instead, water-control systems were developed. Xia dynasty first attempted to organize public life on a large scale - it established the precedent for hereditary monarchical rule in China. Legendary founder, Yu, initiated flood-control projects, organized large-scale public works, and set up formal government.	23
4994400760	Shang Dynasty	Earliest recorded dynasty (1750-1027BCE); rise and success based on technology, especially bronze. Shang controlled production of bronze by monopolizing mines and employing craftsmen. Using a well-armed military, the Shang extended control into NE China. Kings controlled surplus agriculture, as well as an extensive network of as many as 1000 local towns. Built extensive and lavish tombs for emperors. Practiced ancestor worship; used oracle bones to divine the future.	24
4994400761	Zhou Dynasty	Ruled by proclamation; military forces and allies disseminated laws and justice. Allied with Shang, adopted customs and culture, and then overthrew Shang king. All power and loyalty transferred to the Zhou dynasty. Zhou theory of politics: Events of Heaven and Earth are closely related (see Mandate of Heaven). Zhou cultural achievements: poetry, history, rituals, political essays, morals, religion, and philosophy. Most writing lost, but Book of Songs, preserved early Zhou literature.	25
4994400762	Mandate of Heaven	Events on Earth and in Heaven are directly connected. Power to rule comes from heavenly powers; this "Mandate of Heaven" is granted to an individual who is deserving, known as the "son of Heaven." Ruler, a link between Heaven and Earth, has a duty to maintain order and dispense justice; as long as things go smoothly, he will remain in power; if he fails, the Mandate of Heaven will be bestowed upon a more deserving candidate; this idea was often used to justify rebellions and revolts. Relates to European concept of divine right. First used by Zhou to justify their takeover of the Shang.	26
4994400763	Silk Production	Silk was first produced during the Shang dynasty (1750-1027BCE). Silk was produced by raising silkworms on mulberry trees. By the time of the Han dynasty (206BCE - 220CE), silk was a luxury product in high demand, and thus its production was a highly guarded imperial secret. In the late 500s, Byzantine monks visiting China smuggled silkworms back to their empire and soon Byzantine craftsmen were producing silk textiles.	27
4994400764	Chavín	Chavin cult began after 1000BCE, peaked in popularity 900 to 800BCE, spread through Peru, and vanished approximately 300 BCE. Cult probably arose when maize became an important crop in South America; it was needed to support a large population. The cult may have been designed to promote fertility and abundant harvests. Achievements include large temple complexes, elaborate works of art, fishing nets, experimentation with minerals, techniques of gold, silver, and copper metallurgy used in the creation of jewelry, and small tools.	28

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