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AP World History Current Leaders Flashcards

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3039995794Vladimir Putinpresident of Russia0
3039995795Xi Jinpingpresident of China, general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party1
3039995796Francois Hollandepresident of France2
3039995797David Cameronprime minister of England (Conservative)3
3039995798Mariano Rajoy Breiprime minister of Spain4
3039995799Angela Merkelchancellor of Germany5
3039995800Enrique Pena Nietopresident of Mexico6
3039995801Bashar al-Assadpresident of Syria7
3039995802Fuad Masumpresident of Iraq8
3039995803Benjamin Netanyahuprime minister of Israel9
3039995804Hassan Rouhanipresident of Iran10
3039995805Ayatollah Ali KhameiniSupreme Leader of Iran11
3039995806Salman bin Abdulaziz Al SaudKing of Saudi Arabia12
3039995807Mohammad Ashraf Ghanipresident of Afghanistan13
3039995808Narendra Modiprime minister of India14
3039995809Kim Jong-unSupreme Leader of the Democratic Republic of Korea-> North Korea15
3039995810Shinzo Abeprime minister of Japan16
3039995811Jacob Zumapresident of South Africa17
3039995812Nicolas Maduropresident of Venezuela18
3110958926Dilma Rousefpresident of Brazil19
3157479954Justin Trudeaunew prime minister of Canada (replaced Stephen Harper)20
3196065946Dmitry Medvedevprime minister of Russia, former president21
3310966157Queen Margrethe IIQueen of Denmark22
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AP World History Midterm Flashcards

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8318885401Pastoral NomadsThey are producers of food, and the size of their tribal or ethnic units increases accordingly. These groups raise livestock, and they move about within their established territory to find good pastures for their animals. Their lifestyle is based almost entirely on domestic animals.0
8318916684HumansA kind hearted group of do-gooders that emerged from East Africa a long time ago, in a continent far far away.1
8318921300Early TownsThe earliest towns developed in the Middle East along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.2
8318921301Catal HuyukWas a vary large Neolithic settlement in southern Turkey, which existed from approx. 7500 BC to 5700 BC, and flourished around 7000 BC.3
8318926365Sumer/Sumerianswas the first civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia, modern-day Iraq, during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze ages, and arguably the fist civilization in the world with Ancient Egypt. Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, Sumerian farmers were able to grow an abundance of grain and other crops, the surplus of which enabled them to settle in one place.4
8318929863CuneiformIs a system of writing first developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia c. 3500-300 BCE.5
8318929864ZigguratsAis a rectangular stepped tower, sometimes surmounted by a temple. Ziggurats are first attested in the late 3rd millennium BC and probably inspired the biblical story of the Tower of Babel.6
8318933065Hammurabi/Hammurabi's Codeswas the sixth king of the First Babylonian Dynasty, reigning from 1792 BC to 1750. He extended Babylon's control throughout Mesopotamia through military campaigns. Hammurabi is known for the Code of Hammurabi, one of the earliest surviving codes of law in recorded history.7
8318935189Pyramidsare ancient pyramid-shaped masonry structures located in Egypt. Most were built as tombs for the country's pharaohs and their consorts during the Old and Middle Kingdom periods.8
8318942122Harappan Civilizationwas a Bronze age civilization (3300-1300 BCE) that flourished in the basins of the Indus River, which flows through the length of Pakistan, and along a system of perennial, mostly monsoon-fed rivers.9
8318942123Shang dynastyThe earliest dynasty of traditional Chinese history supported by archaeological evidence. According to traditional historiography, ruled in the Yellow River valley in the second millennium BCE.10
8318944607Maize(corn) Is a large grain plant first domesticated by indigenous peoples in Mexico about 10,000 years ago.11
8318947774Phoenician civilizationWas an ancient Semitic civilization of unknown origin situated on the coastal part of the Mediterranean. The were the first state-level society to make extensive use of alphabets: the Phoenician one is in fact generally held to be the major ancestors of all modern alphabets.12
8318944608KushWas an ancient Nubian kingdom situated on the confluences of the Blue Nile, White Nile and River Atbara in what is now the Republic of Sudan, the Kushite era of rule in Nubia was established after the Bronze Age collapse and the disintegration of the New Kingdom of Egypt, making it the second African state to emerge.13
8318950494Shi HuangdiWas founder of the Qin dynasty and was the first emperor of China. His public works projects included the unification of diverse state walls into a single Great Wall of China and a massive new national road system, as well as the city-sized mausoleum guarded by the life-sized Terracotta Army. He rules until his death in 210 BC after a futile search for an elixir of immortality.14
8318953000Qin DynastyWas the first dynasty of Imperial China, lasting from 221 to 206 BC. Named for its heartland , in modern-day gansu and Shaanxi, the dynasty was formed after the conquest of six other states by the state, and its founding emperor named Qin Shi Huangdi, the First Emperor of . Despite its military strength, the dynasty did not last long. Popular revolt broke out few years later, and the weakened empire soon fell to peasant uprisings.15
8318953001Han dynastyWas the second imperial dynasty of China (206 BC-220 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people" and the Chinese script is referred to as "Han characters".16
8318976411The Art Of WarIs an ancient Chinese military treatise dating form the 5th century BC. Attributed to the ancient Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu the text is composed of 13 chapters, each of which is devoted to one aspect of warfare. It is commonly thought of as a definitive work on military strategy and tactics.17
8318983747Legalism (ancient China)The "intellectual and ideological foundations of the traditional Chinese bureaucratic empire". It has been regarded by the Chinese as having three tendencies: the enforcement of law, the manipulation of statecraft, and the exercise of power. It is based on the notion that humans are basically evil.18
8318986226The Indian Caste Systemdivides Hindus into four main categories- Brahmins, Kshatiyas, Vaishays and the Shudras. Many believe that the groups originated from Brahma, the Hindu God of creation. Untouchability is a status of certain social groups confined to menial and despised jobs. It is associated with the Hindu caste system, but similar groups exist outside Hinduism. Being an untouchable places you in the lowest social order in India.19
8318986227MonsoonsAre traditionally defined as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation. Usually, the term monsoon is used to refer to the rainy phase of a seasonally changing pattern, although technically there is also a dry phase.20
8318989995Mauryan DynastyWas a geographically extensive Iron Age historical power founded by Chandragupta Maurya which dominated ancient India between c. 322 and 185 BCE. Mauryan culture reached its heights under Ashoka.21
8318989996BhuddaAlso known as Siddhartha Gautama, was an ascetic and sage, on whose teachings in the eastern part of Ancient India sometime between the sixth and fourth centuries BCE.22
8318994386NirvanaIn the Buddhist context, refers to realization of non-self and emptiness, marking the end of rebirth by stilling the fires that keep the process of rebirth going and a release from all desires...23
8318994387Cyrus the GreatWas the founder of the First Persian Empire. Under his rule, the empire embraced all the previous civilized states of the ancient Near East, expanded vastly and eventually conquered most of Southwest Asia and much of central Asia and the Caucasus. From the Mediterranean Sea and Hellespont in the west tot the Indus River in the east, Cyrus the Great created the largest empire the world had yet seen.24
8318997901ZoroastrianismA monotheistic religion that developed in Persia that saw material existence as a battle between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice.25
8319000843The MagiPriests in the Zoroastrianism faith.26
8319003070Alexander the GreatBorn in Pella in 356 BC., succeeded his father, Philip II, to the throne at the age of twenty. He spent most of his ruling years on an unprecedented military campaign through Asia and northeast Africa, and by the age of thirty he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from Greece to northwestern India. he was undefeated in battle and is widely considered one of history's most successful military commanders. he totally defeated the Persians, totally. Also, Aristotle was his teacher.27
8319005692The Peloponnesian WarsWas an ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. The war ended with the defeat of Athens.28
8319005693PolisLiterally means city in Greek. It can also mean citizenship and body of citizens. In modern historiography, polis is normally used to indicate the ancient Greek city-states, like Classical Athens and its contemporaries, and thus is often translated as "city-state".29
8319009664StoicismIs a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC. The stoics focused on self-discipline.30
8319020072AristotleTeacher to Alexander the Great31
8319020073HomerIs the name ascribed by the Ancient Greeks to the semi-legendary author of the two epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey, the central works of Homer's life circulated in classical antiquity, the most widespread being that he was a blind bard from Ionia, a region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey.32
8319022022Hellenistic CultureRefers to the spread of Greek culture that had begun after the conquest of Alexander the Great in the fourth century, B.C.E. It can be characterized as Greek culture blending with many other traditions.33
8319022023ShintoIs a traditional Japanese religion. It focuses on ritual practices to be carried out diligently, to establish a connection between present-day Japan and its ancient past. Shinto practices were first recorded and codified in the written historical records of the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki in the 8th century.34
8319024871IncasWas the largest empire in pre-Columbian America, and possibly the largest empire in the world in the early 16th century. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru. The Inca civilization arose form the highlands of Peru sometime in the early 13th century after the decline of the Chimu civilization.35
8319026453The Yellow Turbans, translated as the , was a peasant revolt in China against the Han dynasty. The uprising broke out in the year 184 during the reign of Emperor Ling. It took 21 years until the uprising was suppressed in the year 205. The rebellion, which got its name form the color of the cloths that the rebels wore on their heads, marked an important point in the history of Daoism due to the rebels' association with secret Daoist societies.36
8319026454IslamReligion based out of Saudi Arabia37
8319029419GermanicGermanic Mercenaries in the later Roman Empire Germanic recruits helped fill out the Roman army. This later came back to hurt them.38
8319029420ConstantineWas a Roman Emperor from 306 to 337 AD. As emperor, enacted many administrative, financial, social and military authority separated. he built a new imperial residence at Byzantium and renamed the city Constantinople after himself. It would later become the capital of the Empire for over one thousand years; for which reason the later Eastern Empire would come to be known as the Byzantine Empire. They spoke Greek in the Byzantine Empire.39
8319035225The Byzantine Empire (capital, language)Capital: Constantinople, ancient Byzantium and modern day Istanbul. Language: Greek40
8319035226The Popeis the Bishop of Rome and, therefore, the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church.41
8319038361Asiatic NomadsMongols, Bedouins, etc...42
8319038362BedouinsPastoral nomads of the Arabian peninsula that criss-crossed the peninsula as traders and heavily influenced Muhammad and the Islamic faith.43
8319041492MeccaIs the most important Arabian city which was a active site of trade for centuries. It is the site of the Kaaba, a religious shrine that became the direction that Muslims face for prayer.44
8319041493MuhammadProphet of Islam; born c. 570, raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. and thereafter; first gained prominence as a public figure as an arbitrator in Medina, died in 632. The religion he started found its way into South India in the 7th century.45
8319043784The QuranThe religious book of Islam that discusses the revelations given to Muhammad in the 7th century. The book can only be presented in Arabic.46
8319043785The Five PillarsAre the 5 basic acts in Islam, considered mandatory by believers and are the foundation of Muslim life. They make up Muslim life, prayer, concern for the needy, self-purification and the pilgrimage, if one is able.47
8319046088Caliphis a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, and a leader of the entire Muslim community. (The first Caliph was Abu Bakr.)48
8319046089DhowsIs the generic name of a number of traditional sailing vessels with one or more masts with lateen(triangular) sails used in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean region.49
8319055231The Crusadeswere a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church between the 11th and 16th centuries, especially the campaigns in the Eastern Mediterranean with the aim of capturing Jerusalem from Islamic rule. Crusades were also fought for many other reasons such as to recapture Christian territory or defend Christians in non-Christian lands, resolve conflict among rival Roman Catholic groups, gain political or territorial advantage, or to combat paganism and heresy.50
8319055232SaladinWas the first sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. A Sunni Muslim of Kurdish origin, led the Muslim military campaign against the Crusader states in the Levant in the late 1100s. At the height of his power, his sultanate included Egypt, Syria, upper Mesopotamia, the Hejaz, Yemen and other parts of North Africa.51
8319060499AL-GhazaliWas a Muslim theologian, jurist, philosopher and mystic of Persian decent. been referred to by some historians as the single most influential Muslim after the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He raised the question of how can the Hellenistic and Muslim legacies be reconciled.52
8319060500SufismIs defined as the inner mystical dimension of Islam. Practitioners of , referred to as , often belong to different turuq or "orders" - congregations formed around a grand master referred to as mawla who traces a direct chain of teachers back to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad.53
8319063385Chinggis KhanBirth name was Temujin, he was the founder and Great Khan (Emporer) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. After founding the Empire and being proclaimed "Genghis Khan", he started the Mongol invasions that conquered most of Eurasia.54
8319064933Bhaktic CultsRefers to the theistic devotional trend that emerged in mid-evil Hinduism. The movement had traditionally been considered as an influential social reformation in Hinduism, and provided an individual focused alternative path to spirituality regardless of one's caste of birth or gender.55
8319064934MaghrebIs usually defined as much or most of the region of western North Africa or Northwest Africa, west of Egypt. The traditional definition as the region including the Atlas Mountains and the coastal plains of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya.56
8319067440Axum/Ethiopia-which means "the bees recognize his sovereignty" in Old Agaw, was negus or king of Ethiopia (formerly Axum. He is also considered a saint by the Ethiopian church. Tradition states that he reigned for 40 years. he is best known as the king who either built or commissioned the monolithic churches of Lalibela.)57
8319067441Lalibelawhich means "the bees recognize his sovereignty" in Old Agaw, was negus or king of Ethiopia (formerly Axum. He is also considered a saint by the Ethiopian church. Tradition states that he reigned for 40 years. he is best known as the king who either built or commissioned the monolithic churches of Lalibela.)58
8319071267Malinke GriotsIs a member of a class of traveling poets, musicians , and storytellers who maintain a tradition of oral history in parts of West Africa.59
8319071268Ibn BattutaWas a Medieval Moroccan Muslim traveler and scholar, who is widely recognized as one of the greatest travelers of all time. He is known for his extensive travels, accounts of which were published in the Rhila (lit. "Journey"). Over a period of thirty years, visited most of the known Islamic world as well as many non-Muslim lands. His journeys included trips to North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Africa, Middle East, South China, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China.60
8319073483ShariaIslamic cononical law based on the teachings of the Koran and the traditions of the Prophet, prescribing both religious and secular duties and sometimes retributive penalties for lawbreaking.61
8319073484ZenjName used by medieval Muslim geographers to refer to both a certain portion of Southeast Africa (primarily the Swahili Coast), and to the area's Bantu inhabitants.62
8319075521Hagia SophiaWas a Greek Orthodox Christian patriarchal basilica (church), later an imperial mosque, and now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey.63
8319075522Greek FireAn incendiary weapon developed c. 672 and used by the Eastern roman (Byzantine) Empire. The Byzantines typically used it in naval battles to great effect, as it could continue burning while floating on water.64
8319077120TsarTitle used to designate certain Slavic monarchs or supreme rulers. The term is derived from the Latin word Caesar, which was intended to mean "Emperor" in teh European medieval sense of the term.65
8319077121The Battle of ManzikertWas fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuq Turks on August 26, 1071 near Manzikert. The decisive defeat of the Byzantine army played an important role in the undermining Byzantine authority in Anatolia and Armenia, and allowed for the gradual Turkification of Anatolia.66
8319080278The Fourth CrusadeWas a Western European armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III, originally intended to conquer Muslim-controlled Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. Instead, a sequence of events motivated by Venetians, culminated in the Crusaders sacking the city of Constantinople, the capital of the Christian-controlled Byzantine Empire.67
8319080279KievWas a key Scandinavian trading post found on the Dnieper River.68
8319084918Vladimir IWas a prince of Novgorod, grand prince of Kiev, and ruler of Keivan Rus from 980 to 1005. Originally a follower of Slavic paganism, Vladimir converted to Christianity in 988 and Christianize Kievan Rus'.69
8319087544BoyarsWere land owning nobles and members of the highest rank of the feudal Russia, Second only to the ruling princes, from the 10th century to the 17th century.70
8319087545The TatarsThe Russians and Europeans used the name Tatar to denote the Mongols as well as Turkic peoples under Mongol rule (especially in the Golden Horde).71
8319092425Charles MartelWas a Frankish statesman and military leader. His victory over the Almoravids stopped the expansion of Islamic kingdoms into western Europe.72
8319090341Vikingswere Norse seafarers, speaking the Old Norse language, who raided and traded from their Scandinavian homelands across wide areas of northern, central and eastern Europe, during the late 8th to late 11th centuries.73
8319090342Serfsis the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism. It was a condition of bondage, which developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe and lasted in some countries until the mid-10th century.74
8319095153William the ConquerorWas the first Norman King of England, reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087. He was Duke of Normandy.. After a long struggle to establish his power, by 1060 his hold on Normandy was secure, and he launched the Norman conquest of England six years later.75
8319096826Hundred Years WarIs the modern term for a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England against the House of Valois, rulers of the Kingdom of France, for control of the Kingdom of France.76
8319098324Hanseatic LeagueIs a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns. It dominated Baltic maritime trade (c. 1400-1800) along the coast of Northern Europe. It stretched from the Baltic Sea and inland during the Late Middle Ages and early modern period (c. 15th to 19th centuries).77
8319098325WuzongChinese emperor of Tang Dynasty who openly persecuted Buddhism by destroying monasteries in the 840's. Reduced the influence of Chinese Buddhism in favor of Confucian ideology.78
8319100142Chang'anCapitol of the Tang dynasty and at the time, the largest city in the world, with a population of 2 million people. It was a cosmopolitan urban center with considerable foreign populations from other parts of Asia and beyond.79
8319100143WendiWas the founder and first emperor of China's Sui Dynasty (581-618 AD). As a Buddhist, he encouraged the spread of Buddhism through the state. He is regarded as one of the most important emperors in Chinese history, reunifying China in 589 after centuries of division since the fall of Western Jin Dynasty in 316. During his reign began the construction of the Grand Canal.80
8319101908KarakorumCapitol of Mongol Empire between 1235 and 1260.81
8319104539The Golden HordeThe western part of the Mongol empire, which flourished from the mid-13th century to the end of the 14th century. The people of the Golden Horde were a mixture of Turks and Mongols, with the latter generally constituting the aristocracy.82
8385572433The Olmecs (question 15?)Were the first major civilization in Mesoamerica following a progressive development in Soconusco and modern southwestern pacific lowland of Guatemala. They lived in the tropical lowlands of south central Mexico, in the present-day states of Veracruz and Tabasco.83
8386138894The VedasLarge body of texts originating in the ancient Indian subcontinent. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit, the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism. The used as holy scripts by the Brahmins.84
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AP World History Period 4 Flashcards

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6712275539AkbarThe most famous emperor of India's Mughal Empire (r. 1556-1605); his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion.0
6712275540Columbian ExchangeThe massive transatlantic interaction and exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia that began in the period of European exploration and colonization.1
6712275541ConquistadoresSpanish conquerors of the Native American lands, most notably the Aztec and Inca empires.2
6712275542Constantinople, 1453The capital and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror," an event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium.3
6712275543CreolesSpaniards born in the Americas.4
6712275544DevshirmeThe tribute of boy children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans; the Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps.5
6712275545Fixed WindsThe prevailing winds of the Atlantic, which blow steadily in the same direction; an understanding of these winds made European exploration and colonization of the Americas possible.6
6712275546The Great DyingTerm used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas.7
6712275547JizyaSpecial tax levied on non-Muslims in Islamic states; the Mughal Empire was notable for abolishing it for a time.8
6712275548MercantilismAn economic theory that argues that governments best serve their states' economic interests by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion.9
6712275549MestizoLiterally, "mixed"; a term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas.10
6712275550Mughal EmpireOne of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by Muslim Turks who invaded India in 1526; their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims.11
6712275551MulattoTerm commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood.12
6712275552Ottoman EmpireMajor Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa.13
6712275553PeninsulareIn the Spanish colonies of Latin America, the term used to refer to people who had been born in Spain; they claimed superiority over Spaniards born in the Americas.14
6712275554Plantation complexAgricultural system based on African slavery that was used in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the southern colonies of North America.15
6712275555Qing DynastyRuling dynasty of China from 1644 to 1912; these rulers were originally from Manchuria, which had conquered China.16
6712275557SiberiaRussia's great frontier region, a vast territory of what is now central and eastern Russia, most of it unsuited to agriculture but rich in mineral resources and fur-bearing animals.17
6712275559African diasporaName given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the slave trade.18
6712275560Banda IslandsInfamous case of the Dutch forcibly taking control of the spice trade; nearly the entire population of these nutmeg-producing islands was killed or enslaved and then replaced with Dutch planters.19
6712275561BeninWest African kingdom (in what is now Nigeria) whose strong kings sharply limited engagement with the slave trade.20
6712275562British/Dutch East India companiesPrivate trading companies chartered by the governments of England and the Netherlands around 1600; they were given monopolies on Indian Ocean trade, including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples.21
6712275565DaimyoFeudal lords of Japan who ruled with virtual independence thanks to their bands of samurai warriors.22
6712275567Indian Ocean Commercial NetworkThe massive, interconnected web of commerce in premodern times between the lands that bordered on the Indian Ocean (including East Africa, India, and Southeast Asia); the network was badly disrupted by Portuguese intrusion beginning around 1500.23
6712275568Little Ice AgeA period of cooling temperatures and harsh winters that lasted for much of the early modern era.24
6712275569Ferdinand MagellanPortuguese mariner who commanded the first European (Spanish) fleet to circumnavigate the globe (1519-1521).25
6712275571Middle PassageName commonly given to the journey across the Atlantic undertaken by African slaves being shipped to the Americas.26
6712275573PotosiCity that developed high in the Andes (in present-day Bolivia) at the site of the world's largest silver mine and that became the largest city in the Americas, with a population of some 160,000 in the 1570s.27
6712275574SamuraiThe warrior elite of medieval Japan.28
6712275575ShogunIn Japan, a supreme military commander.29
6712275576Silver drainTerm often used, along with "specie drain," to describe the siphoning of money from Europe to pay for the luxury products of the East, a process exacerbated by the fact that Europe had few trade goods that were desirable in Eastern markets; eventually, the bulk of the world's silver supply made its way to China.30
6712275578Spanish PhillipinesAn archipelago of Pacific islands colonized by Spain in a relatively bloodless process that extended for the century or so after 1565, a process accompanied by a major effort at evangelization31
6712275579Tokugawa ShogunateMilitary rulers of Japan who successfully unified Japan politically by the early seventeenth century and established a "closed door" policy toward European encroachments.32
6712275580Trading post empireForm of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples.33
6712275581Catholic Counter-ReformationAn internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability.34
6712275583CopernicusPolish mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543) who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos.35
6712275584Council of TrentThe main instrument of the Catholic Counter-Reformation (1545-1563), at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses.36
6712275585Charles DarwinHighly influential English biologist (1809-1882) whose theory of natural selection continues to be seen by many as a threat to revealed religious truth.37
6712275586DeismBelief in a divine being who created the cosmos but who does not intervene directly in human affairs.38
6712275587Edict of Nantes1598 edict issued by French king Henry IV that granted considerable religious toleration to French Protestants and ended the French Wars of Religion.39
6712275588European EnlightenmentEuropean intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society.40
6712275589GalileoItalian astronomer (1564-1642) who further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work was eventually suppressed by the Catholic Church.41
6712275591HuguenotsThe Protestant minority in France.42
6712275592Jesuits in ChinaSeries of Jesuit missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success43
6712275594Martin LutherGerman priest and theologian (1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe.44
6712275595Isaac NewtonEnglish natural scientist (1643-1727) whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution.45
6712275596Ninety-Five ThesesList of debating points about the abuses of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517; the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity.46
6712275597Protestant ReformationMassive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; while the leaders of the movement claimed that they sought to "reform" a Church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovative in its challenge to Church authority and its endorsement of salvation "by faith alone."47
6712275598Matteo RicciThe most famous Jesuit missionary in China in the early modern period; active in China from 1582 to 1610.48
6712275599Scientific RevolutionGreat European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the principles of the scientific method.49
6712275600SikhismReligious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak ca. 1500; combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women.50
6712275601Society of JesusAlso called "Jesuits," this Catholic religious society was founded to encourage the renewal of Catholicism through education and preaching; it soon became a leading Catholic missionary order beyond the borders of Europe.51
6712275602Thirty Year's WarHighly destructive war (1618-1648) that eventually included most of Europe; fought for the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with the Peace of Westphalia (1648).52
6712275603VoltairePen name of the French philosopher François-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), whose work is often taken as a model of Enlightenment questioning of traditional values and attitudes; noted for his deism and his criticism of traditional religion.53
6712275604Wahhabi IslamMajor Islamic movement led by the Muslim theologian Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792) that advocated an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to the sharia (Islamic law).54
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Literary Terms - AP Language Flashcards

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5001918715Ad Hominuma logical fallacy in which a claim or argument is rejected on the basis of some irrelevant fact about the author of or the person presenting the claim or argument0
5001927159Allegorya story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one1
5001933554Allusiona reference to something or someone from religion, history, literature/mythology2
5001937100Alliterationthe repetition of sounds at the beginnings of words very close together3
5001949831Apostrophenot to be confused with the punctuation mark, this literary device addresses some abstraction or personification not physically present4
5001957510Aphorisma pithy observation that contains a general truth, such as, "if it ain't broke, don't fix it."5
5001970001Analogya comparison in which an idea or a thing is compared to another thing that is quite different from it; it aims at explaining that idea or thing by comparing it to something familiar; metaphors and similes are tools used to draw this6
5001978356Anaphorathe deliberate repetition of the first part of the sentence in order to achieve an artistic effect7
5001993621Anecdotea short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person8
5001998127Antithesisthe rhetorical contrast of ideas by means of parallel arrangements of words, clauses, or sentences (as in "action, not words" or "they promised freedom and provided slavery")9
5002011186Archaicword choice that is old or outdated10
5002014906Asyndetonomission of the conjunctions that ordinarily join coordinate words or clauses ( as in "We ran, laughed, loved.")11
5002021974Cacophonyharsh, discordant mixture of sounds12
5002027505Chiasmus (Antimetabole)a rhetorical device in which two or more clauses balanced against each other by the reversal of their structures produces an artistic effect ("Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you")13
5002039344Colloquialisma word or phrase not formal or literary, typically one used in ordinary or familiar conversation14
5002043724Conceitan extended metaphor with a complex logic that governs a poetic passage or entire poem15
5002047754Connotationyour own definition of a word based on your personal and emotional associations to it16
5002051460Cumulative Sentencean independent clause followed by a series of dependent clauses ( ex: "He dipped his hands in the bichloride solution and shook them--a quick shake, fingers down, like the fingers of a pianist above the keys.")17
5002068587Denotationthe dictionary definition of a word18
5002070522Detailan individual or minute part - one that supports a greater good19
5002073725Dictionword choice20
5002077001Didacticdescribes writing intended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive21
5002082270Ellipsisthe leaving out of one or more words not necessary for a phrase to be understood (...)22
5002087388Epiphanythat moment in the story where a character achieves realization, awareness or a feeling of knowledge after which events are seen through the prism of this new light in the story23
5002095232Ethospersuasive appeals that refer to the trustworthiness or credibility of the writer or speaker24
5002099419Euphamisma kinder, gentler way of saying a brutal truth25
5002112197Figurative languagelanguage used by writers to produce images in readers' minds and to express ideas in fresh, vivid, and imaginative ways26
5002119596Genrea category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter27
5002127631Homilya religious discourse that is intended primarily for spiritual edification rather than doctrinal instruction; a sermon28
5002133110Hyperbolean exaggeration in literature29
5002135328Imagerywriting that appeals to the five senses30
5002139403Invectiveinsulting, abusive, or highly critical language31
5002150130Ironya contrast between what the expectations of a situation are and what is really the case (can be dramatic, verbal or situational)32
5002156770Juxtapositionthe act of placing two or more things side-by-side to emphasize their differences33
5002161893Litotesunderstatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary (ex: you won't be sorry, MEANING you'll be glad)34
5002176778Logosrefers to the logical consistency of the message -- the clarity of the claim, the logic of its reasons, and the effectiveness of its supporting evidence35
5002183186Metaphora figure of speech that compares (either directly or indirectly/implied) two unlike things without using"like" "as" or "than"36
5002194864Metonymy (Synecdoche)figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated (sometimes the name of a part that makes up the whole - ex: suit is used to refer to a business executive)37
5002203802Motifa distinctive feature or dominant idea in an artistic or literary composition38
5002209364Non Sequitura conclusion or statement that does not logically follow from the previous argument or statement39
5002212999Onomatopeiawords spelled exactly as they sound40
5002215598Oxymorona combination of contradictory words side-by-side (ex: cruel kindness)41
5002219513Pacingthe movement of a literary piece from one point or section to another42
5002224598Parallelismsimilarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses (ex: "I came, I saw, I conquered" - because all phrases begin with "I" and all verbs are past tense, this creates parallel structure)43
5002240677Parodyan imitation of a particular writer, artist or a genre, exaggerating it deliberately to produce a comic effect44
5002246810Paradoxa seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or proposition that when investigated or explained may prove to be well founded or true45
5002253014Pathosoften associated with emotional appeal; persuading by appealing to the reader's emotions46
5002258738Pedantican adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish47
5002268193Periodic Sentencea long and frequently involved sentence, marked by suspended syntax, in which the sense is not completed until the final word (ex: With a quick shake, fingers down, like the fingers of a pianist above the keys, he dipped his hands in the bichloride solution.")48
5002283040Personificationa figure of speech that gives human qualities to non-human things49
5002294712Point of Viewthe perspective from which a story is told (first person, third person omniscient, or third person limited omniscient)50
5002308031Polysyndentonliterary device in which several coordinating conjunctions are used in succession in order to suggest a list is endless (much like the asyndeton)51
5002315767Repititiona literary device that repeats the same words or phrases a few times to make an idea clearer52
5002324044Rhetorical Questiona question asked merely for effect with no answer expected53
5002327374Sarcasmverbal irony used to mock or convey contempt54
5002330173Satirea work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule55
5002337124Shifta change in the mood, tone, or subject matter of a piece of literature56
5002339859Similea figure of speech that makes a comparison, showing similarities between two different things (like,as,than)57
5002344971Stylean evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices58
5002351157Syllepsisa kind of ellipsis in which one word (usually a verb) is understood differently in relation to two or more other words, which it governs (like zeugma)59
5002360850Syllogismfrom the Greek for "reckoning together," a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (first "major," second "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion (ex: All men are mortal, Socrates is mortal)60
5002378113Symbolanything that represents or stands for something else (natural, conventional, literary)61
5002382517Synecdochea literary device in which a part of something represents the whole or it may use a whole to represent a part (similar to metonymy - ex: the phrase "gray beard" refers to an old man)62
5002394999Syntaxthe way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences; a set of language rules that dictate how words from different parts of speech are put together in order to convey a complete thought63
5002405588Tautologya formula that is true in every possible interpretation; redundancies of propositional logic64
5002415894Tonesimilar to mood, describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both65
5002420347Understatementthe ironic minimalizing of fact, presenting something as less significant than it is66
5002428691Zeugmarhetorical term for the use of a word to modify or govern two or more words (that usually come after it) although its use may be grammatically or logically correct with only one (ex: "You are free to execute your laws, and your citizens, as you see fit.")67
5765829645AnadiplosisRepeating the last word of a clause at the beginning of he next clause68
5765829646Double entendreA phrase or figure of speech that could be understood in two different ways69
5765829647EpithetDescribes a place, a thing or a person in such a way that it helps in making the characteristics of a person, thing or place more prominent than they are70
5765829648EpistropheRepeats the ends of successive clauses with the same word71
5765829649MalapropismThe accidentally humerous use of an incorrect word in place of another word with a similar sound72
5765829650ParaleipsisRhetorical device in which an idea is deliberately suggested through a brief treatment of a subject while most of the significant points are omitted73
5765829651ProlepsisAnticipation; device showing events expected to happen74
5765829652SynaesthesiaConfusing of the senses75
5765829653VernacularThe use of ordinary, everyday and plain language in speaking or writing76
5765829654WitThe clever expression of ideas that awaken amusement and pleasure77
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