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AP Literature and Composition all terms Flashcards

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3707468346abstractiona concept or value that cannot be seen (love, honor, courage, death) which the author usually trues to illustrate by comparing it metaphorically to a known, concrete object0
3707468347allegoryA narrative in which characters and settings stand for abstract ideas or moral qualities1
3707469742alliterationIt is a stylistic device in which a number of words, having the same first consonant sound, occur close together in a series.2
3707469743allusionA direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art.3
3707470768ambiguityWhen an author leaves out details/information or is unclear about an event so the reader will use his/her imagination to fill in the blanks4
3707472022anaphoraA rhetorical figure of repetition in which the same word or phrase is repeated in (and usually at the beginning of) successive lines, clauses, or sentences.5
3707472023antagonistA character or force in conflict with the main character6
3707472024aphorismA brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life.7
3707474001apostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.8
3707474002asideA device in which a character in a drama makes a short speech which is heard by the audience but not by other characters in the play9
3707474003assonanceRepetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity10
3707475520balladA narrative poem written in four-line stanzas, characterized by swift action and narrated in a direct style. A long poem in verse form that tells a story.11
3707477321bildungsromanA coming of age story; a type of novel concerned with the education, development, and maturing of a young protagonist.12
3707479681blank verseUnrhymed iambic pentameter13
3707479682cacophonyA harsh, discordant mixture of sounds14
3707481964caesuraA natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line.15
3707483275canonWorks generally considered by scholars, critics and teachers to be the most important to study or read, which collectively constitute the "masterpieces" or "classics" of literature.16
3707483276characterizationActions, dialogue, and narrative description that reveal a sense of a character's personality to the reader.17
3707484825climaxThat point in a plot that creates the greatest intensity, suspense, or interest; usually the point at which the conflict is resolved18
3707484826comic reliefAn amusing scene, incident, or speech introduced into serious or tragic elements, as in a play, in order to provide temporary relief from tension, or to intensify the dramatic action.19
3707486202conceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects.20
3707486203connotationAll the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests21
3707488098conventionConforming to accepted standards22
3707490545consonanceRepetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.23
3707891725cosmic ironyType of irony where it seems that God or fate is manipulating events so as to inspire false hopes, which are inevitably dashed.24
3707490546coupletA pair of rhymed lines that may or may not constitute a separate stanza in a poem.25
3707491623dissonancea harsh and disagreeable combination, especially of sounds26
3707493446Deus ex machinaan unexpected power or event saving a seemingly hopeless situation, especially as a contrived plot device in a play or novel27
3707493447dialectA regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.28
3707493448dictionA writer's or speaker's choice of words29
3707494894denoumentthe resolution of the conflict in a story's plot; a final outcome30
3707496704dopplegangerIt means double-walker; it is often portrayed as an evil twin; a double or second self; a twin or a shadow of a protagonist; depicts conflict with the soul31
3707894512dramatic ironyIrony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play.32
3707496705dystopiaan imagined place or state in which everything is unpleasant or bad, typically a totalitarian or environmentally degraded one33
3707496706elegya poem of serious reflection, typically a lament for the dead.34
3707498031end rhymeA word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line35
3707498032enjambmentthe continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line, couplet, or stanza.36
3707500026epicA long narrative poem, written in heightened language, which recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society37
3707500027epigramA concise but ingenious, witty, and thoughtful statement.38
3707502332epigrapha quotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work suggestive of the theme.39
3707502333epilogueshort speech at conclusion of dramatic work40
3707503554epiphanyA moment of sudden revelation or insight41
3707503555epistolaryA novel depicted chiefly through letters; through correspondence42
3707504720euphonypleasant, harmonious sound43
3707504721expositionA narrative device, often used at the beginning of a work that provides necessary background information about the characters and their circumstances.44
3707504752fableA brief story that leads to a moral, often using animals as characters45
3707507634falling actionEvents after the climax, leading to the resolution46
3707509074figurative languageWriting or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid47
3707509075flashbackA method of narration in which present action is temporarily interrupted so that the reader can witness past events48
3707509076flat characterA character who embodies a single quality and who does not develop in the course of a story49
3707510716foilA character who is in most ways opposite to the main character (protagonist) or one who is nearly the same as the protagonist. The purpose of this type of character is to emphasize the traits of the main character by contrast only50
3707510717folkloreoral tradition of a group; includes proverbs, prayers, common expressions, superstitions, beliefs, narrative tales, and legends51
3707511751footA metrical unit composed of stressed and unstressed syllables.52
3707513402iamba metrical foot consisting of one short (or unstressed) syllable followed by one long (or stressed) syllable53
3707513403frame taleA narrative structure in which the external story exists solely to house the primary internal story54
3707515047foreshadowingA narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader.55
3707516250genreA category or type of literature (or of art, music, etc.) characterized by a particular form, style, or content.56
3707516251haikuA japanese form of poetry, consisting of three unrhymed lines of five, seven, and five syllables57
3707517640heroic coupleta couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentamenter and written in an elevated style58
3707517641hubrisExcessive pride or arrogance that results in the downfall of the protagonist of a tragedy59
3707520137hyperboleA figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor60
3707520138idiomA common, often used expression that doesn't make sense if you take it literally.61
3707520139imageryDescription that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)62
3707521831in medias resA Latin term for a narrative that starts not at the beginning of events but at some other critical point.63
3707522917internal rhymeA word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line64
3707524202inversionA reversal of the usual order of words.65
3707524203ironyA contrast or discrepancy between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually does happen.66
3707524204memoiran account of one's personal life or experiences67
3707525340lyric versea shorter poem expressing an emotional state in a single, unified impression68
3707525341metaphorA comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared without using like or as69
3707525342meterA regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry70
3707528048metonomyA figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated (such as "crown" for "royalty").71
3707529104microcosmthe world in miniature; a smaller world that represents a larger world or system72
3707529105motifA recurring theme, subject or idea73
3707529106monologueA long speech in a play or story, delivered by a single person, when other characters are present on stage74
3707529107narratorPerson telling the story75
3707532218near rhyme/slant rhyme/approximate rhymerhymes created using word with similar, but not identical, sounds76
3707532219novellaa fiction work that is longer than a short story but shorter than a novel77
3707534716odeA lyric poem usually marked by serious, respectful, and exalted feelings toward the subject.78
3707534717onomatopoeiaA word that imitates the sound it represents.79
3707534718paradoxA statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.80
3707535686parableA simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson81
3707535687parallelismThe repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns in a paragraph or series of sentences.82
3707535688parodyA work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect83
3707537196pastoralA poem set in tranquil nature or even more specifically, one about shepherds.84
3707733764personificationA figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes85
3707733765prologueA speech, passage, or event coming before the play or novel86
3707733766prosewritten or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.87
3707735138protagonistMain character in a story88
3707735139punA joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words that sound alike but have different meanings.89
3707735140quatrainA four line stanza90
3707736213quintet5 line stanza91
3707736214refrainA line or set of lines repeated several times over the course of a poem.92
3707737980rhymeRepetition of sounds at the end of words93
3707737981rhyme schemeA regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem94
3707739981rising actionA series of events that builds from the conflict. It begins with the inciting force and ends with the climax.95
3707739982round characterA character who demonstrates some complexity and who develops or changes in the course of a work96
3707741899satireA literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.97
3707741900septet7 line stanza98
3707743524sestet6 line stanza99
3707743546settingThe context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs.100
3707745598short storyA brief work of fiction that can be read in one sitting101
3707745599simileA comparison of two things using like or as102
3707745600slangA type of language that consists of words and phrases that are regarded as very informal, are more common in speech than writing, and are typically restricted to a particular context or group of people103
3707746904soliloquyA long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage104
3707746905sonnet14 line poem in iambic pentameter105
3707746906stanzaA fixed number of lines of verse forming a unit of a poem106
3707748570static characterA character that does not change from the beginning of the story to the end107
3707748571stock characterA character type that appears repeatedly in a particular literary genre, one which has certain conventional attributes or attitudes, such as the witch, the damsel in distress, etc.108
3707748572styleThe author's choices regarding language, sentence structure, voice, and tone in order to communicate with the reader.109
3707748573symbolismA person, place or object which has a meaning in itself but suggests other meanings as well110
3707750359synechdocheA figure of speech in which a part of something us used to represent the whole, or occasionally, the whole is used to represent a part. Examples: To refer to a boat as a "sail"; to refer to a car as "wheels"; to refer to the violins, violas, etc. in an orchestra as "the strings".111
3707750360synesthesiaWhen one kind of sensory stimulus the subjective experience of another. Ex: The sight of the red ants makes you itchy. In literature, __________ refers to the practice of associating two or more different senses in te same image. Red Hot Chili Pepper's song title,"Taste the Pain" is an example.112
3707751532syntaxLanguage rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences113
3707751533themeA message about life or human nature that the writer shares with the reader.114
3707752813tragedyA dramatic composition, often in verse, dealing with a serious or somber theme, typically that of a great person destined through a flaw of character or conflict with some overpowering force, as fate or society, to downfall or destruction.115
3707752814tragic flawA weakness or limitation of character, resulting in the fall of the tragic hero.116
3707752815toneA writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.117
3707754283verisimilitudethe appearance of being true or real118
3707897705verbal ironyA figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant119
3707755758villanelleA 19 line form using only two rhymes and repeating two of the lines according to a set pattern120
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AP Literature and Composition Vocabulary Flashcards

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2496049458abstracta style in writing that is typically complex, discusses intangible qualities like good and evil, and seldom uses examples to support its points0
2496049459academican adjective describing style; dry and theoretical writing; piece of writing seems to be sucking all the life out of its subject with analysis1
2496049460accentin poetry, the stressed portion of a word; sometimes set, often a matter of opinion2
2496049461aestheticadj.: "appealing to the senses"; noun: coherent (logically connected) sense of taste3
2496049462aestheticsthe study of beauty; "What is beauty?" "Is the beautiful always good?"4
2496049463allegorya story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself; many fables have this quality; true ones are even more hard and fast; example: Orwell's Animal Farm5
2496049464alliterationthe repetition of INITIAL consonant sounds; consonant clusters coming closely cramped and compressed6
2496049465allusiona reference to another work or famous figures; can be classical (refers to Greek and Roman mythology or literature), topical (refers to current event), or popular (refers to something from pop culture--TV show or hit movie)7
2496049466anachronismGreek for "misplaced in time"; something or someone that isn't in its correct historical or chronological time--i.e., Brutus wearing a watch8
2496049467analogya comparison usually involving two or more symbolic parts; employed to clarify an action or relationship9
2496049468anecdotea short narrative10
2496049469antecedentthe word, phrase, or clause that determines what a pronoun refers to11
2496049470anthropomorphismwhen inanimate objects, animals, or natural phenomena are given human characteristics, behaviour, or motivation--"In the forest, the darkness waited for me, I could hear its patient breathing."12
2496049471anticlimaxoccurs when an action produces far smaller results than one had been led to expect; frequently comic13
2496049472antiheroa protagonist who is markedly unheroic: morally weak, cowardly, dishonest, or any number of other unsavory qualities14
2496049473aphorisma short and usually witty saying; astute observation--"Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely." (Lord Acton)15
2496049474apostrophea figure of speech wherein the speaker talks directly to something that is nonhuman, absent, or dead16
2496049475archaismthe use of deliberately old-fashioned language, used to create a feeling of antiquity17
2496049476asidea speech (usually just a short comment) made by an actor to the audience, as though momentarily stepping outside of the action on stage18
2496049477aspecta trait or characteristic19
2496049478assonancethe repeated use of vowel sounds--"Old king Cole was a merry old soul."20
2496049479atmospherethe emotional tone or background that surrounds a scene21
2496049480ballada long, narrative poem, usually in regular meter and rhyme; typically has a naive folksy quality that sets it apart from epic poetry22
2496049481bathoswhen the writing of a scene strains for grandeur it can't support and tries to jerk tears from every little hiccup; intends to be dramatic but goes to the extreme of becoming ridiculous23
2496049482pathoswhen the writing of a scene evokes feelings of dignified pity and sympathy24
2496049483black humorthe use of disturbing themes in comedy; morbid humor used to express the absurdity, insensitivity, paradox, and cruelty of the modern world, ordinary characters or situations exaggerated beyond normal limits of satire or irony25
2496049484bombastpretentious, exaggeratedly learned language; one tries to be eloquent by using the largest, most uncommon words26
2496049485burlesquebroad parody, one that takes a style or form, such as tragic drama, and exaggerates it into ridiculousness; achieves its effects through caricature, ridicule, and distortion, devoid of any ethical element; interchangeable with parody27
2496049486cacophonyusing deliberately harsh, awkward sounds--the sound of midday traffic28
2496049487cadencethe beat or rhythm of poetry in a general sense e.g., iambic pentameter; can be gentle and pulsing, conversational, and even vigorous, marching29
2496049488cantothe name for a section division in a long work of poetry; divides a long poem into parts the way chapters divide a novel--like in Dante's Inferno30
2496049489caricaturea portrait (verbal or otherwise) that exaggerates a facet of personality31
2496049490catharsisdrawn from Aristotle's writings on tragedy; refers to the "cleansing" of emotion an audience member experiences, having lived (vicariously) through the experiences presented on stage; purging of emotions through a form of art, in this case, literature32
2496049491chorusthe group of citizens who stand outside the main action on stage and comment on it33
2496049492classictypical; an accepted masterpiece34
2496049493classicalrefers to the arts of ancient Greece and Rome and the qualities of those arts35
2496049494coinage (tech. term: neologism)a new word, usually one invented on the spot36
2496049495colloquialisma word or phrase used in everyday conversational English that isn't a part of accepted "schoolbook" English; slang words, informal English37
2496049496complex, densetwo terms carrying the similar meaning of suggesting that there is more than one posibilty in the meaning of words (image, idea, opposition); there are subtleties and variations; there are multiple layers of interpretation; the meaning is both explicit and implicit38
2496049497conceitrefers to a startling or unusual metaphor, or to a metaphor developed and expanded upon over several lines39
2496049498controlling imagewhen the image of conceit dominates and shapes the entire work40
2496049499connotationwhat a word suggests or implies, not its literal meaning--i.e., dark meaning dangerous instead lacking of light41
2496049500denotationthe literal meaning of a word42
2496049501consonancethe repetition of consonant sounds WITHIN words--"A flock of sick, black-checkered ducks."43
2496049502coupleta pair of lines that end in rhyme44
2496049503decorumin order to observe, a character's speech must be styled according to his or her social station, and in accordance with the occasion--bum speaks like a bum about bumly things45
2496049504dictionauthor's choice of words, choice of specific words46
2496049505syntaxauthor's choice of words; refers to the ordering and structuring of the words47
2496049506dirgea song for the dead, tone is typically slow, heavy, and melancholy48
2496049507dissonancethe grating of incompatible sounds49
2496049508doggerelcrude, simplistic verse, often in sing-song rhyme--i.e., limericks50
2496049509dramatic ironywhen the audience knows something that the characters in the drama do not51
2496049510dramatic monologuewhen a single speaker in literature says something to a silent audience52
2496049511elegya type of poem that meditates on death or mortality in a serious, thoughtful manner; often use the recent death of a noted or loved person as a starting point; also memorialize specific dead people53
2496049512elementsthe basic techniques of each genre of literature54
2496049513enjambmentthe continuation of a syntactic unit from one line or couplet of a poem to the next with no pause--i.e.,55
2496049514epica very long narrative poem on a serious theme in a dignified style; typically deal with glorious or profound subject matter--i.e., great war, heroic journey, battle with supernatural, etc.56
2496049515mock-epicparody form that deals with mundane events and ironically treats them as worthy of epic poetry57
2496049516epitaphlines that commemorate the dead at their burial place; usually a line or a handful of lines, often serious or religious, but sometimes witty and even irreverent58
2496049517euphemisma word or phrase that takes the place of a harsh, unpleasant, or impolite reality--i.e., passed away for died, let go for fired59
2496049518euphonywhen sounds blend harmoniously60
2496049519explicitto say or write something directly and clearly61
2496049520farcetoday it's used to refer to extremely broad humor; in earlier times, it was used to mean a simply funny play; a comedy (generic term for play then, btw, no implication of humor)62
2496049521feminine rhymelines rhymed by their final two syllables--running, gunning; properly, the penultimate syllables are stressed and the final syllables are unstressed63
2496049522foila secondary character whose purpose is to highlight the characteristics of a main character, usually by contrast64
2496049523footthe basic rhythmic unit of a line of poetry, formed by a combination of two or three syllables, either stressed or unstressed65
2496049524foreshadowingan event or statement in a narrative that in miniature suggests a larger event that comes later66
2496049525free versepoetry written without a regular rhyme scheme or metrical pattern67
2496049526genrea subcategory of literature--i.e., scientific fiction, detective stories->types of fiction68
2496049527Gothic, Gothic novelform first showed up in the middle of the 1700s, heyday of popularity for sixty years; sensibility: mysterious, gloomy, sinister69
2496049528hubristhe excessive pride or ambition that leads to the main character's downfall--like Caesar70
2496049529hyperboleexaggeration or deliberate overstatement: He has a watermelon head.71
2496049530implicitto say or write something that suggests and implies but never says it directly or clearly; reading between the lines72
2496049531in medias resLatin for "in the midst of things;" one of the conventions of epic poetry73
2496049532interior monologuea term for novels and poetry, not dramatic literature; refers to writing that records the mental talking that goes on inside a character's head; related, but not identical to the stream of consciousness; tends to be coherent, as though the character is actually talking74
2496049533inversionswitching the customary order of elements in a sentence or phrase--Yoda speech!75
2496049534*ironycomes in a variety of forms; a statement that means the opposite of what it seems to mean, deeper than sarcasm though; an undertow of meaning76
2496049535lamenta poem of sadness or grief over the death of a loved one or over some other intense loss77
2496049536lampoona satire78
2496049537loose sentencesentence is clear in the beginning, begins with main clause, followed by subordinates and modifiers79
2496049538periodic sentenceleaves the completion of its main clause to the end, often produces effect of suspense80
2496049539lyrica type of poetry that explores the poet's personal interpretation of and feelings about the world; when used to describe a tone, refers to a sweet, emotional melodiousness81
2496049540masculine rhymea rhyme ending on the final stressed syllable--spent, went82
2496049541means, meaningliteral meaning-concrete and explicit; emotional meaning83
2496049542melodramaa form of cheesy theater in which the hero is very, very good, the villain mean and rotten, and the heroine oh-so-pure84
2496049543metaphora comparison, or analogy that states one thing IS another--His eyes were burning coals.85
2496049544metonyma word that is used to stand for something else that it has attributes of or is associated with---"the crown" referring to the king, "The pen is mightier than the sword." (pen reps writers and ideas, sword reps war)86
2496049545nemesisthe protagonist's archenemy or supreme and persistent difficulty87
2496049546objectivitytreatment of a matter as impersonal or as an outside view of events88
2496049547subjectivitytreatment of a matter using the interior personal view of a single observer and is typically coloured with that observer's emotional responses89
2496049548onomatopoeiawords that sound how they're spelled--boom, splat90
2496049549oppositiona pair of elements that contrast sharply, not necessarily "conflict," rather a pairing of images, each becomes more striking and informative because it's placed in contrast to the other one; creates mystery and tension, can be obvious or lead to irony, not always though91
2496049550oxymorona phrase composed of opposites; a contradiction92
2496049551parablea story that instructs like a fable or an allegory93
2496049552paradoxa situation or statement that seems to contradict itself, but on closer inspection, it does not---"It's raining, but I don't believe that it is."94
2496049553parallelismrepeated syntactical similarities used for effect--He likes playing the piano, eating cookies, and reading lengthy novels.95
2496049554paraphraseto restate phrases and sentences in your own words, to rephrase; not an analysis or interpretation96
2496049555parenthetical phrasea phrase set off by commas that interrupts the flow of a sentence with some commentary or added detail97
2496049556parodywhen a specific work is exaggerated to ridiculousness98
2496049557pastorala poem set in a tranquil nature or even more specifically, one about shepherds99
2496049558personathe narrator in a non-first-person novel. in third person, get an idea of author's personality, but isn't really the author's personality; shadow-author100
2496049559personificationgiving an inanimate object human qualities or form--The darkness of the forest became the figure of a beautiful, pake-skinned woman in night-black clothes.101
2496049560plainta poem or speech expressing sorrow102
2496049561point of viewthe perspective from which the action of a novel (or narrative poem) is presented103
2496049562omniscient narratorthird-person narrator who sees into each character's mind and understands all the action that's going on104
2496049563limited omniscient narratorthird-person narrator who generally reports only what one character (usually main character) sees, reports only thoughts of that one character105
2496049564objective/camera-eye narratorthird-person narrator who only reports on what would be visible to a camera, doesn't know what the character is thinking unless character speaks of it106
2496049565first-person narratornarrator who is a character in the story and tells the story from his or her point of view; when crazy, a liar, or very young, narrator is unreliable107
2496049566stream of consciousness techniquemethod is like first-person, but instead of the character telling the story, the author puts the reader in the character's head108
2496049567preludean intro poem to a longer work or verse109
2496049568protagonistthe main character of a novel or play110
2496049569punusually humorous use of a word in such a way to suggest two or more meanings111
2496049570refraina line or set of lines repeated several times over the course of a poem112
2496049571requiema song or prayer for the dead113
2496049572rhapsodyan intensely passionate verse or section of verse, usually of love or praise114
2496049573rhetorical questiona question that suggests an answer115
2496049574satireexposes common character flaws to humor; attempts to improve things by pointing out people's mistakes in the hope that once exposed, such behaviours will become less common--hypocrisy, vanity, greed116
2496049575similelike a metaphor but softens the full-out equation of things, often, but not always, by using like or as117
2496049576soliloquya speech spoken by a character alone on stage; meant to convey the impression that the audience is listening to the character's thoughts; not meant to imply that the actor acknowledges the audience is listening118
2496049577stanzaa group of lines roughly analogues in function in verse to the paragraph's function in prose119
2496049578stock charactersstandard or cliched character types: the drunk, the miser, the foolish girl, etc.120
2496049579subjunctive mooda mood that represents an act or state (not as a fact but) as contingent or possible; wishful thinking--if I were you, if he were honest121
2496049580suggestto imply, infer, indicate; you have to pull out the meaning yourself122
2496049581summarya simple retelling of what you've just read; covers more material than paraphrase, more general, includes all the facts123
2496049582suspension of disbeliefdemand made of a theater audience to accept the limitations of staging and supply the details with imagination124
2496049583symbolisma device in literature where an object reps an idea125
2496049584techniquethe methods, the tools, "how-you-do-it" ways of the author126
2496049585themethe main idea of the overall work; the central idea; topic of discourse or discussion127
2496049586thesisthe main position of an argument; the central contention that will be supported128
2496049587tragic flawin tragedy, weakness of character in an other wise good/great individual that leads to his demise129
2496049588travestya grotesque parody130
2496049589truisma way-too-obvious truth131
2496049590utopiaan idealized place; paradise132
2496049591zeugmathe use of a word to modify two or more words, but used for different meanings--On the fishing trip, he caught three trout and a cold.133
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Chapter 2 - AP Biology Flashcards

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4852486283Matteranything that takes up space and has mass0
4852486284Elementany substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance1
4852486351Compounda substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio2
4852490417Trace Elementsan element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts3
4852490418Atomthe smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element4
4852492665Neutronan electrically neutral particle (a particle having no electrical charge), found in the nucleus of an atom5
4852492666Electrona subatomic particle with a single negative charge; one or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom6
4852494039Protona subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom7
4852494040Atomic Nucleusan atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons8
4852503101Atomic Numberthe number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol9
4868984292Atomic Mass; Atomic Weightthe total mass of an atom, which is the mass in grams of one mole of the atom10
4852503102Mass Numberthe sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus11
4852504882Daltona measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles12
4852505952Isotopeone of several atomic forms of an element, each containing a different number of neutrons and thus differing in atomic mass13
4852507504Radioactive Isotopean isotope that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy14
4852515526Energythe capacity to do work (to move matter against an opposing force)15
4868996549Energy Levelsthe different states of potential energy for electrons in an atom16
4852515527Potential Energythe energy stored by matter as a result of its location or spatial arrangement17
4852517057Electron Shellan energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom18
4852518580Valence Shellthe outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom19
4852518581Valence Electronsthe electrons in the outermost electron shell20
4852520764Orbitalthe three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time21
4852522165Moleculetwo or more atoms held together by covalent bonds22
4852522166Single Bonda chemical bond in which one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms23
4852523255Chemical Bondan attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms; the bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells24
4852523256Double Bonda chemical bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms25
4852525162Nonpolar Covalent Bonda chemical bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms26
4852531855Polar Covalent Bondthe shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive27
4852528770Valencethe bonding capacity of an atom generally equal to the number of unpaired electrons in the atom's outermost shell28
4852530501Electronegativitythe attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond29
4852534027Cationan ion with a positive charge, produced by the loss of one or more electrons30
4852535554Aniona negatively charged ion31
4852535555Ionan atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge32
4852540315Ionic Bonda chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions33
4852540316Ionic Compoundcompounds resulting from the formation of ionic bonds; a salt34
4852543538Hydrogen Bonda type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule35
4869017960Structural Formulaa type of molecular notation in which the constituent atoms are joined by lines representing covalent bonds36
4869020113Molecular Formulaa type of molecular notation indicating only the quantity of the constituent atoms37
4869037211van der Waals interactionsweak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that are brought about by localized charge fluctuations38
4869042990Chemical Reactionsa process leading to chemical changes in matter; involves the making and/or breaking of chemical bonds39
4869067997Reactanta starting material in a chemical reaction40
4869069825Productan ending material in a chemical reaction41
4869071751Chemical Equilibriumin a reverse chemical reaction, the point at which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction42
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APES Flashcards

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4955477750Land owned by a community of government that is available for use by citizens is called a(n)open access renewable resource0
4955484280Air, water, soil, plans and wind, as well as processes such as photosynthesis, are all examples ofnatural capital1
4955487860The population of the world has been increasing...exponentially2
5337095703The interdiscplinary subject that combies information from the physical sciences and the social sciences to learn how the Earth works is calledEnvironmental science3
5337099500Which factor is used by the United Nations to classify a nation as developed or developing?Degree of industrialization4
5337109478What generalization about developing countries (LDCs) is true?They use about 12% of the world's total resources5
5337113604An example of environmentally sustainable economic development ispollution prevention6
5337126434If everyone on earth consumed resources at the same level as an average citizen of the US, we would needFive more Earths7
5337212600We buy a table that is made from a beautiful tropical hardwood. The table's price is high. Even so, the price does not usually includethe cost to the environment of removing the tree that the lumber came from8
5337216548One millionth of a gram is a ____ grammicro-9
5337220096According to the World Health Organization (WHO), poverty often results in premature death due to all of the following reasons exceptthe availability of clean drinking water10
5337223075Affluence results in a safer, often more environmentally managed society in all ways exceptincreased resource use11
5337228833The amount of biologically productive land and water neeeded to supply the people in a particular area with resources, and to absorb and recycle the wastes and pollution produced by such resource use is called theecological footprint12
5337231907All of the following are tenants of the Principles of Sustainability exceptfossil fuel recharging13
5337234649What is the current strategy regarding pollution?emphasis should be placed on prevention since is works better and is cheaper in the long run than cleanup initiatives14
5352039612Small inputs of this substance, commonly a limiting factor in aquatic ecosystems, can result in algal blooms and dead zones.Phosphorous15
5352043059Aerobic respiration requiresGlucose and oxygen16
5352056972Sulfur is added to the atmosphere in all the following ways- Anaerobic Decomposition in Swamps - Sea Spray - From Volcanoes -from acid rain deposition17
5352103453Also known as mineralization, this process is carried out by decomposers and returns nutrients in organic matter back to the soilAmmonification18
5352155747Fragmenting one large park or preserve into many small parks with human habitation in between them is most likely to lead to what?reduction in species diversity19
5352166393An ecosystem can survive without...Consumers20
5352172721The very necessary process of breaking down the dead bodies or wastes from organisms is the job ofDetrivores21
5352184624anthropogenicChanges and pollution in nature that is caused by humans22
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AP Literature Terms 2 Flashcards

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7282436019CacophonyIn poetry, using deliberately harsh, awkward sounds.0
7282436020CaricatureA portrait (verbal or otherwise) that exaggerates a facet of personality.1
7282436022CatharsisA release of strong emotions. Refers to the "cleansing" of emotion an audience member experiences during a play.2
7282436023ColloquialismA word or phrase used in everyday conversational English that isn't a part of accepted "school-book" English. Informal diction.3
7282436024ConceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects.4
7282436025ConnotationEverything other than the literal meaning that a word suggests or implies.5
7282436026CoupletTwo consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme6
7282436027Dactyl3 syllables - stress on the first7
7282436028ConsonanceThe repetition of consonant sounds within or at the end of words words (rather than at their beginnings)8
7282436029DenotationA word's literal meaning.9
7282436030Dimetertwo foot line10
7282436031DictionThe words an author chooses to use.11
7282436032DirgeA song for the dead. Its tone is typically slow, heavy, depressed, and melancholy12
7282436033Dramatic IronyWhen the audience knows something that the characters in the drama do not.13
7282436034ElegyA type of poem that meditates on death or mortality in a serious, thoughtful, usually mournful manner.14
7282436035EnjambmentA run-on line of poetry in which logical and grammatical sense carries over from one line into the next.15
7282436036EpitaphLines that commemorate the dead at their burial place.16
7282436037English Sonnet (Shakespeare)a poem that is fourteen lines in length. It is divided into three quatrains and a concluding couplet, which has a rhyme scheme a-b-a-b c-d-c-d e-f-e-f g-g. The units marked off by the rhymes and the development of the thought often correspond.17
7282436038EuphemismA word or phrase that takes the place of a harsh, unpleasant, or impolite reality.18
7282436039Feminine rhymelast two syllables rhyme (lawful and awful) more complex19
7282436040EuphonyWhen sounds blend harmoniously.20
7282436041FoilA secondary character whose purpose is to highlight the characteristics of a main character, usually by contrast.21
7282436042FootThe basic rhythmic unit of a line of poetry, formed by a combination of two or three syllables, either stressed or unstressed.22
7282460503ForeshadowingAn event of statement in a narrative that in miniature suggests a larger event that comes later.23
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AP History Flashcards

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5276597998Book of the DeadAncient Egyptian book that was put in tombstones to help those in their afterlife0
5276600456Agriculture SurplusAgriculture surpluses increased populations and lead to specialization of jobs1
5276602558BarteringThe exchange of goods without money2
5276604539River Valley CivilizationsCivilizations settled near rivers with fertile land for agruculture3
5284536304Social StratificationHierarchy of positions based on economic production.4
5284538749HammurabiBabylonias king who wrote the first set of laws: Hammurabis Code5
5284538750ConfucianismPhilosophy created by Confucius that believed in education, patriarchy, live life simple6
5284541757Han DynastyLargest dynasty in China. Silk Road was first established during Han(206 BC-220 AD)7
5284541758Roman EmpireDynasty in Rome that started as a republic and8
5284544730Laws of ManuLaws of Hindu culture that came from religious text9
5284544731ChristianityMonotheistic religion. Believed in Jesus, God, 10 Commandments,10
5284547117JudaismFirst monotheistic religion, holy book is the Torah11
5284547118BuddhismOriginated in India, believes in reincarnation and nirvana12
5284549566HinduismReligion from India that beleived in dhrama13
5284549567ConstantineEmperor who changed that capital in Rome and made Christianity the officail religion of Rome14
5284552103Caste System15
5284554397Qin ShihaungdiFirst emperor of Qin. Unified China, focused on centralized administration.16
5284554939Terrra Cotta SoldiersSoldiers that were burried with Qin to serve him in the afterlife17
5309278961MongolsNomadic group who controleed all of Asia18
5309278962Calvary19
5309281550PlagueThe black plague was a disease that spread all over Europe causing an enormous decrease in the population.20
5309289843Silk RoadsRoads from China to Europe where the main product Silk from China was transported and traded. Many merchants came on these roads for Chinese products. Some brought and got ideas or new products.21
5309312816Tang ChinaEmpire in China, imperial dyansty that was ruled by Tang22
5309315452Tang Chinas response to BuddhismAccepted Buddhism and built Buddhist schools,23
5309315453Chang'anChang'an is the name of one of the most important ancient capital cities of China. Known as the eastern center of the Silk Road24
5309317439IslamReligion that spread all over Eastern Hemisphere that caused caliphates25
5309319713British East India Company(1600-1858) a private company with the east indies which ended up controlling most of India26
5309486281Dutch West India Companytrading company founded in the Dutch Republic in 1602 to protect that state's trade in the Indian Ocean and to assist in the Dutch war of independence from Spain.27
5309486282Joint StockInvestors combine their wealth by buying shares of stock.28
5309488696Indian Ocean TradeTravelers and merchants traded in the Indian ocean for spices.29
5309499369Colombian ExchangeAfter Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas, Europeans traveled to the Americas to trade or establish colonies30
5309501128European ExchangeEurope traded in Silk Roads, Indian Ocean and Americas. They built buildings on specific places to trade easier/ get more access.31
5309501142European ExplorersChristopher Columbus, Prince Henry,32
5309503381Small PoxDisease that began in Europe and was spread to the Americas. It caused fevers and small pox on skin33
5309505338"New World" CropsCorn, beans, potatoes, grapes, chilies34
5309505339PotatoesCrop from Americas that was taken to Ireland and they made it part of their diet. Their population increased but then they has a famine.35
5309506685CaravelsLarge ships used to travel w/ bigger loads36
5309506686Magnetic CompassUsed to navigate Invented in China37
5309508556AstrolabeUsed the stars and sun for navigation. Invented by Greek astronomer.38
5309510391Religious syncretismDiffusion of religions. When two or more religions blend into a new system. Vodoun in Caribbean, Cults of Saints in South America39
5309510392MercantalismEurope got cheap raw materials and Americas got expensive furniture40
5309511754Silver TradeGlobal trade of silver began when Europeans travled to potosi (silver mine in Bolovia) they made slaves work in these mines and it was taken to China who needed it.41
5309511755Spanish ColonyColonies in South America controlled by Spain.42
5309513622English ColonyBritish brought their culture North America. Had less racial mixing43
5309513623Zheng HeTraverler from China who traveled around the world to spread Chinese influenece.44
5309514308Ming Dynasty1368 to 1644 The Ming became one of the most stable but also one of the most autocratic of all Chinese dynasties.Ruled by Zhu Yuanzhang45
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AP Psychology AP Exam Flashcards

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6724718089heart failurea person with type A personality is at risk for developing what?0
6724721593did not take into account personal thoughts/feelingsa major objection in the early Skinner approach is it...1
6724727981universal facial expressions across culturesa consistent research finding in facial expressions/emotions is...2
6724733065cerebral cortexmost active part of brain in decision making3
6724736882hallucinationsperceptions of nonexistent sensory stimulation (voices)4
6724739625syntaxthe rules of grammar5
6724741927instincta generally programmed action pattern6
6724753522hypnosisan induced heightened suggestibility in the individual7
6724760031episodic memorythe collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.8
6724777048general adaptation syndrome (GAS)three predictable stages the body uses to respond to stressors9
6724779179approach-approach conflicta conflict between two desired gratifications10
6724793753james-lange theorythe theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.11
6724796855cognitive dissonance theorythe theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.12
6724804044dopaminean increase in this hormone can lead to schizophrenia13
6724809291gestalt principlesthe idea that we perceptually organize things into whole parts14
6724815684antisocial disorderdisorder in which person exhibits dishonesty, trouble with authority figures, and absence for remorse15
6724822829androgenyexhibiting both male and female characteristics16
6724828543experimental methodseeks to establish cause-effect relationship17
6724839094standardizationsets the norms against which the performance of later test takers can be evaluated18
6724842435significant differencea difference not likely due to chance19
6724846014negative reinforcementincreasing behaviors by stopping a negative stimuli, when removed strengthens the response (NOT PUNISHMENT)20
6724858574learned helplessnessthe hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversion events21
6724869039metacognitionthinking about thinking22
6724872484left cerebral hemispherespeech function primarily localized in23
6724876271inability to make and carry out plansdamage to frontal lobe leads to ...24
6724877239psychoanalysisthe phenomenon of transference25
6724880631behavioral therapycriticized for not treating underlying cause of disorder26
6724886621barbituratesdrug that acts as a central nervous system depressant27
6724892244responses reinforced in pastemphasis of behavior therapist's28
6724900937formation and modification of schema'semphasis of cognitive theorists29
6724906824hear soundswhen stimulated, the left temporal lobe causes patients to30
6724917830parasympathetic nervous systemestablishes homeostasis after a flight-or-flight response31
6724919342factor analysisdetermines the primary components of intelligence32
6724923559there is an inherent language acquisition devicechomskys view of language33
6724927493fluid intelligencethe ability to solve new problems, use logic in new situations, and identify patterns34
6724933691phi phenomenonwhen a pair of lights moving quickly appear as one single light35
6724941303the movement of Na and K ions across the membrane creating an action potentialoccurs when a neuron is stimulated to its threshold36
6724945234REM sleepcharacterized by rapid eye movements, more dreaming and bodily movement, and faster pulse and breathing37
6724952902self-fulfilling prophecya prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true due to positive feedback between belief and behavior.38
6724958458bipolar cellscones and rods generate neural signals that activate...39
6724960859smellthe thalamus does NOT control...40
6724967824experimenta scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.41
6724971614preoperational stagein Piaget's theory lasts from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age. During this stage, language development is rapid, but the child is unable to understand the mental operations of concrete logi42
6724977181frequencydetermines the pitch of a tone43
6724979474innatehumanistic psychologists believe drive toward self actualization is44
6724983778foveavisual acuity is best in the45
6724985966hippocampusarea of brain most affected by amnesia46
6724996579Rorschach & TAT testreveal subjects personalities by eliciting response to vague stimulus47
6725005352receptors, afferent neurons, inter neurons, efferent neurons, effector'scorrect sequence of neural chain48
6725008354its conclusions can be verified or refuted by subsequent studiesa study can only be considered scientific if...49
6725013663rootingbabies tendency for a baby to turn toward touch when cheek is touched50
6725022296terminal buttonswhere neurotransmitters are typically stored51
6725029263Hubel & Wieselshowed many cortical cells respond most strongly to specific visual information52
6725043512stimulus generalizationtendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned53
6725048480bipolar and ganglion cellsphoto receptors relay visual info to the brain through...54
6725057601psychotic disordershallucinations are a symptom of55
6725060267predicting children's success in schoolbinet's efforts to measure intelligence were directed at56
6725068115specific phobiatraining in construction of an anxiety hierarchy an relaxation techniques is part of treatment for what?57
6725072889esteem needsmaslow's hierarchy of needs states the needs to respect ourselves and others is classified w/i the category of58
6725082657sympatheticpart of nervous most immediately activated during sudden fear59
6725091292Schchater & Singerview emotion as a result of cognitive labels of psychological changes60
6725095369fundamental attribution errorthe tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositio61
6725099539phonemesbasic sounds of language62
6725103305clinical disordersMMPI provides information about..63
6725106691variable ratiopartial reinforcement most resistant to extinction64
6725111318conservationrefers to the ability to determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of the container, shape, or apparent size. (7-11 yrs)65
6725120613procedural memorymemory of autonomic activities like handwriting and riding a bike66
6725122594brocas areaa region of the brain concerned with the production of speech67
6725128692reliabilitycorrelation between scores obtained on 2 halves of a test yields info about68
6725150522myelinmost involved in electrical aspect69
6725156845cognitivetherapy interested in the processing strategies of children70
6725167056classical conditioninga learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone71
6725170337hindsight biasthe tendency to think that we could have predicted something that has already occurred that we probably would not have been able to predict.72
6725173937irislight enters the eye through the opening in the73
6725178329eclectic approachincorporates a variety of therapeutic principles and philosophies in order to create the ideal treatment program to meet the specific needs of the patient or client.74
6725183654unfullfilled needsdisorders are most caused by... according to humanistic psycholigsts75
6725189407colorblindgenotype XXY means76
6725191876PNSsomatic nervous system is part of77
6725194403basilar membranefound in inner ear78
6725200404sublimationmature type of defense mechanism where socially unacceptable impulses or idealizations are unconsciously transformed into socially acceptable actions or behavior, possibly resulting in a long-term conversion of the initial impulse79
6725807865varianceprovides the most info about how spread out a distribution of scores is80
6725811493omission traininga behavior-analytic term that refers to a specific form of punishment in which a positive event is withdrawn contingent on the occurrence of a target behavior81
6725817166mental seta framework for thinking about a problem. It can be shaped by habit or by desire82
6725821492hindbrain and midbrainthe brain stem is comprised of ...83
6725823923regulating emotionthe limbic system plays an important role in84
672583217095%what percent of population scores between 70-130 on the WISC85
6725834709fixed-ratio schedulea schedule of reinforcement where a response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses86
6725840702over justification effectoccurs when an expected external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person's intrinsic motivation to perform a task.87
6725847162approach- avoidance conflictoccur when there is one goal or event that has both positive and negative effects or characteristics that make the goal appealing and unappealing simultaneously88
6725851882identify origin of soundthe fact that our ears are on the side of our head helps us to89
6725857704shape constancywhen people's perception of the shape of an object does not change regardless of changes to the object's orientation.90
6725864762mere-exposure effecta psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them91
67258708936 monthswhen do babies gain the ability to sit up on their own?92
6725875390importance of physical contact to developmentharlow's monkey experiment illustrated...93
6725880134early 20'swhen do symptoms of schizophrenia usually develop?94
6728467375anthropologistsfirst to contend that an individuals way of thinking are shaped primarily by cultural values/ideas95
6728476773dopaminemost associated with the experience of pleasure96
6728483490cross-sectional researchprimary research method used by developmental psychologists97
6728488674learningbrain lesions in the hippo campus will lead to impairment with..98
6728496145diea person with major injuries to the medulla oblongota will99
6728503285psychoanalytic view of behaviorview that behavior is motivated by inner, unconscious forces100
6728510246maniacharacterized by abnormally elevated or expansive mood101
6728514351melatoninhormone essential to sleep regulation102
6728525067retinatransduces visual images103
6728530727alertnessnor epinephrine receptors appear to produce104
6728610024cerebellumLearning and memory Judges time Emotions Sounds Textures Voluntary movement105
6728610025hippocampusConsolidation of memory from short to long term106
6728625506hypothalamusHunger, thirst, temperature, sexual behavior, reward and pleasure107
6728647470spontaneous recoverythe appearance of a stimulus after a pause108
6728652238sleep stage 1Hallucinations Light Sleep Sensory Stimulu slow theta waves109
6728655552sleep stage 2sleep spindles Body temperature drops Heart rate drops Sleep talking occurs in this stage110
6728664764sleep stage 3/4Slow delta waves are produced in the brain Hard Sleep Bedwetting & Sleepwalking occur in this stage111
6728773718psychoanalytic therapyLook to uncover the patient's repressed unconscious issues and emotions freud112
6728776691humanistic therapyBoost self esteem, help realize potential and possibility for growth and self actualization rogers113
6728787418cognitive therapyConfront patient to show that their thoughts are irrational and counterproductive beck and ellis114
6728793799behavior modification therapyCorrect negative behavior by replacing the behavior with positive incentives and rewards skinner115
6728797741systematic desensitizationReplace behaviors such as a phobia or obsession by subbing fear or anxiety with positive behavior or incentives116
6728813467groupthinkmake decisions thinking it is okay the group influence117
6728816650deindividualismmob mentality, loss of self-awareness in group situations118
6728820165social facilitationschools/sports keep same age or level together119
6728822204cognitive dissonanceinconsistent, you do something even though you do not want to120
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