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AP Language and Composition TERMS Flashcards

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7245246576abstract / concretepatterns of language reflect an author's word choice. Abstract words (for example, wisdom, power, and beauty)0
7245246577acronyma word formed from the first or first few letters of several words, as in OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries).1
7245246578actionin narrative writing is the sequence of happenings or events. This movement of events may occupy just a few minutes or extend over a period of years or centuries.2
7245246579alliterationthe repetition of initial consonant sounds in words placed closely next to each other, as in "what a tale of terror now their turbulency tells." Prose that is highly rhythmical or "poetic" often makes use of this method.3
7245246580allusiona literary biographical, or historical reference, whether real or imaginary. It is a figure of speech (a fresh, useful comparison) employed to illuminate an idea. A writer's prose style can be made richer through this economical method of evoking an idea or emotion, as in E. M. Forster's biblical allusion in this sentence: "Property produces men of weight, and it was a man of weight who failed to get into the Kingdom of Heaven."4
7245246581analogya form of comparison that uses a clear illustration to explain a difficult idea or function. It is unlike a formal comparison in that its subjects of comparison are from different categories or areas.5
7245246582analysisa method of exposition in which a subject is broken up into its parts to explain their nature, function, proportion, or relationship. Analysis thus explores connections and processes within the context of a given subject.6
7245246583anecdotea brief, engaging account of some happening, often historical, biographical, or personal. As a technique in writing it is especially effective in creating interesting essay introductions and also in illuminating abstract concepts in the body of the essay.7
7245246584antecedentin grammar refers to the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers, in writing, it also refers to any happening or thing that is prior to another or to anything that logically precedes a subject.8
7245246585antithesisthe balancing of one idea or term against another for emphasis.9
7245246586antonyma word whose meaning is opposite to that of another word.10
7245246587aphorisma short, pointed statement expressing a general truism of an idea in an original or imaginative way. Marshall McLuhan's statement that "the medium is the message" is a well-known contemporary example.11
7245246588archaiclanguage is vocabulary or usage that belongs to an earlier period and is old-fashioned today. the word "thee" for "you" is an example that is still in use in certain situations.12
7245246589archetypesspecial images or symbols that, according to Carl Jung, appeal to the total racial or cultural understanding of a people. Such images or symbols as the mother archetype, the cowboy in American film, a sacred mountain, or spring as a time of renewal tend to trigger the "collective unconscious" of the human race.13
7245246590argumentationa formal variety of writing that offers reasons for or against something. Its goal is to persuade or convince the reader through logical reasoning and carefully controlled emotional appeal14
7245246591assonancedefined generally as likeness or rough similarity of sound. Its specific definition is a partial rhyme in which the stressed vowel sounds are alike but the consonant sounds are unlike, as in late and make. Although more common to poetry, assonance can also be detected in highly rhythmic prose.15
7245246592assumptionin argumentation is anything taken for granted or presumed to be accepted by the audience and therefore unstated. Assumptions in argumentative writing can be dangerous because the audience might not always accept the idea implicit in them.16
7245246593audiencethat readership toward which an author directs his or her essay. In composing essays, writers most acknowledge the nature of their expected readers- whether specialized or general, minimally educated or highly educated, sympathetic or unsympathetic toward the writer's opinions, and so forth. Failure to focus on the writer's true audience can lead to confusion in language and usage, presentation of inappropriate content, and failure to appeal to the expected reader.17
7245246594balancein sentence structure refers to the assignment if equal treatment in the arrangement of coordinate ideas. It is often used to heighten a contrast of ideas.18
7245246595begging the questionan error or a fallacy in reasoning and argumentation in which the writer assumes as a truth something for which evidence or proof is actually needed.19
7245246596causal analysisa form of writing that examines causes and effects of event20
7245246597characterizationthe creation of people involved in the action. It is used especially in narrative or descriptive writing. Authors use techniques of dialogue, description, reportage, and observation in attempting to present vivid and distinctive characters.21
7245246598chronology / chronological orderthe arrangement of events in the order in which they happened. Chronological order can be used in such diverse narrative situations as history, biography, scientific process, and personal account.22
7245246599cinematic techniquein narration, description, and occasionally exposition is the conscious applications of film art to the development of the contemporary essay.23
7245246600classificationa form of exposition in which the writer divides a subject into categories and then groups elements in each of those categories according to their relationships with one another.24
7245246601clichean expression that once was fresh and original but that has lost much of its vitality through overuse. Because expressions like "as quick as a wink" and "blew her stack" are trite or common today, they should be avoided in writing.25
7245246602climactic orderingthe arrangement of a paragraph or essay so that the most important items are saved for last.26
7245246603coherencea quality in effective writing that results from the careful ordering of each sentence in a paragraph and each paragraph in the essay. If an essay is coherent, each part will grow naturally and logically from those parts that come before it.27
7245246604colloquial languageconversational language used in certain types of informal and narrative writing but rarely in essays, business writing, or research writing. Expressions like "cool", "pal" or "I can dig it" often have a place in conversational settings. However, they should be use sparingly in essay writing for special effects.28
7245246605comparison / contrastas an essay pattern treats similarities and differences between two subjects. Any useful comparison involves two items from the same class. Moreover, there must be clear reason for the comparison or contrast. Finally, there must be a balance treatment of the various comparative or contrasting points between the two subjects.29
7245246606conclusionare the endings of essays. Without a conclusion, an essay would be incomplete, leaving the reader with the feeling that something important has been left out.30
7245246607conflictin narrative writing, the clash or opposition of events, characters, or ideas that makes the resolution of action necessary.31
7245246608connotation / denotationare terms specifying the way a word has meaning.32
7245246609contextthe situation surrounding a word, group of words, or sentence. Often the elements coming before or after a certain confusing or difficult construction will provide insight into the meaning of importance of that item.33
7245246610coordinationin sentence structure refers to the grammatical arrangement of parts of the same order or equality in rank.34
7245246611declarative sentencemakes a statement or assertion.35
7245246612deductiona form of logic that begins with a generally stated truth or principle and then offers details, examples, and reasoning to support the generalization. In other words, it is based on reasoning from a known principle to an unknown principle, from the general to the specific, or from a premise to a logical conclusion.36
7245246613definitionin exposition is the extension of a word's meaning through a paragraph or an entire essay.37
7245246614descriptionin the prose essay is a variety of writing that uses details of sight, sound, color, smell, taste, and touch to create a word picture and to explain or illustrate an idea.38
7245246615developmentrefers to the way a paragraph or an essay elaborates or builds upon a topic or theme.39
7245246616dialoguethe reproduction if speech or conversation between two or more persons in writing.40
7245246617dictionthe manner of expression in words, choice of words, or wording. Writers much choose vocabulary carefully and precisely to communicate a message and also to address an intended audience effectively.41
7245246618digressiona temporary departure from the main subject in writing. It must serve a purpose or be intended for a specific effect.42
7245246619discourse (forms of)relates, conventionally, to the main categories of writing- narration, description, exposition, and argumentation.43
7245246620divisionis that aspect of classification in which the writer divides some large subject into categories.44
7245246621dominant impressionis description is the main impression or effect that writer's attempt to create for their subject.45
7245246622editorializingto express personal opinions about the subject of the essay. It can have a useful effect in writing, but at other times an author might want to reduce it in favor of a better balanced or more objective tone.46
7245246623effecta term used in causal analysis to describe the outcome or expected result of a chain of happenings.47
7245246624emphasisindicates the placement of the most important ideas in key positions in the essay.48
7245246625episodicrelates to that variety of narrative writing that develops through a series of incidents or events.49
7245246626essaythe name given to a short prose work on a limited topic. They take many forms, ranging from personal narratives to critical or argumentative treatments of a subject. Normally they convey the writer's personal ideas about the subject.50
7245246627etymologythe origin and development of a word -- tracing a word back as far as possible.51
7245246628evidencematerial offered to support an argument or a proposition; typical examples include facts, details, and expert testimony.52
7245246629examplea method of exposition in which the writer offers illustrations in order to explain a generalization or a whole thesis.53
7245246630exclamatory sentencesin writing express surprise or strong emotion.54
7245246631expert testimonyas employed in argumentative essays and in expository essays is the use of statements by authorities to support a writer's position or idea.55
7245246632expositiona major form of discourse that informs or explains.56
7245246633extended metaphora figurative comparison that is used to structure a significant part of the composition or the whole essay.57
7245246634fablea form of narrative containing a moral that normally appears clearly at the end.58
7245246635fallacyin argumentation is an error in logic or in the reasoning process.59
7245246636figurative languageas opposed to literal language is a special approach to writing that departs from what is typically a concrete.60
7245246637flashbacka narrative technique in which the writer begins at some point in the action and then moves into the past in order to provide crucial information about characters and events.61
7245246638foreshadowa technique that indicates beforehand what is to occur at a later point in the essay.62
7245246639framein narration and description is the use of a key object or pattern- typically at the start and end of the essay- that serves as a border or structure for the substance of the composition.63
7245246640general / specific wordsthe basis of writing, although it is wise in college composition to keep vocabulary as specific as possible.64
7245246641generalizationa broad idea or statement. All generalizations require particulars and illustrations to support them.65
7245246642genrea type or form of literature -- for example, short fiction, novel, poetry, or drama.66
7245246643grammatical structurea systematic description of language as it relates to the grammatical nature of a sentence.67
7245246644horizontal / verticalparagraph and essay development refers to the basic way a writer moves either from one generalization to another in a carefully related series of generalizations or from a generalization to a series of specific supporting examples.68
7245246645hortatory stylea style in which someone or something wants someone to take part in something69
7245246646hyperboleexaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally70
7245246647hypothetical examplesfunctional examples that can be used when a speaker explains a complicated topic71
7245246648identificationthe action or process of identifying someone or something or the fact of being identified72
7245246649idiomatic languagea type of informal English that have a meaning different from the meaning of words in the expression73
7245246650ignoring the questionwhen you are asked a question and you don't want to answer it74
7245246651illustrationthe action or fact of illustrating something75
7245246652imageryvisually descriptive or figurative language76
7245246653inductionthe action or process of inducting someone to a position or organization77
7245246654inferenceinvolves arriving at a decision or opinion by reasoning from known facts or evidence.78
7245246655interrogative sentencessentences whose grammatical form shows that is a question79
7245246656introductionthe action of introducing something80
7245246657ironythe expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite81
7245246658issuean important problem or topic for debate or discussion82
7245246659jargonspecial words associated with a specific area of knowledge or a particular profession. Writers who employ this either assume that readers know specialized terms or take care to define terms for the benefit of the audience.83
7245246660juxtapositionthe fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect84
7245246661levels of languagea system of sounds that serve as the building blocks for the higher linguistic levels85
7245246662linear orderthe irreflexive version of total order.86
7245246663listinga list or catalog87
7245246664logicreasoning conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity.88
7245246665metaphora figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which is not literally applicable89
7245246666metonymya figure of language in which a thing is not designated by its own name but by another associated with or suggested by it, as in "The Supreme Court has decided" (meaning the judges of the Supreme Court have decided).90
7245246667mooda temporary state of mind or feeling91
7245246668motifa decorative design or pattern92
7245246669mytha widely held but false belief or idea93
7245246670narrationthe action or process of narrating a story94
7245246671non sequitura conclusion or reply that doesn't follow logically from the previous statement95
7245246672objective / subjectiveobjective perspectives are ones that are not influenced by feelings or emotions. subjective perspectives are influenced by these things96
7245246673onomatopoeiathe formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named97
7245246674orderthe arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method98
7245246675overstatementthe action of expressing or stating something too strongly99
7245246676paradoxa statement appears to contradict itself100
7245246677paragrapha distinct section of a piece of writing, usually dealing with a single theme and indicated by a new line101
7245246678parallelismthe state of being parallel or of corresponding in some way102
7245246679paraphrasea rewording of something written or spoken by someone else103
7245246680parentheticalrelating to inserted as a parenthesis104
7245246681parodyan imitation of the style of a particular writer105
7245246682periphrasisthe use of indirect and circumlocutory speech or writing.106
7245246683personathe aspect of someone's character that is presented to or perceived by others.107
7245246684personificationthe attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.108
7245246685persuasionthe action or fact of persuading someone or of being persuaded to do or believe something.109
7245246686point of viewa particular attitude or way of considering a matter.110
7245246687post hoc, ergo propter hocin logic it is the fallacy of thinking that a happening that follows another must be its result. it arises from a confusion about the logical causal relationship.111
7245246688process analysisa form of technical writing and expository writing "designed to convey to the reader how a change takes place through a series of stages112
7245246689progressionthe process of developing or moving gradually towards a more advanced state.113
7245246690proportiona part, share, or number considered in comparative relation to a whole.114
7245246691propositiona statement or assertion that expresses a judgment or opinion.115
7245246692purposethe reason for which something is done or created or for which something exists.116
7245246693refutationthe action of proving a statement or theory to be wrong or false.117
7245246694repetitionthe action of repeating something that has already been said or written.118
7245246695rhetoricthe art of using words effectively in speaking or writing. it is also the art of literary composition, particularly in prose, including both figures of speech and such strategies as comparison and contrast, definition, and analysis.119
7245246696rhetorical questiona question asked only to emphasize a point, introduce a topic, or provoke thought, but not to elicit an answer.120
7245246697rhythmin prose writing it is a regular recurrence of elements or features in sentences, creating a patterned emphasis, balance, or contrast.121
7245246698sarcasmthe use of irony to mock or convey contempt.122
7245246699satirethe humorous or critical treatment of a subject in order to expose the subject's vices, follies, stupidities, and so forth. Its intention is to reform by exposing the subject to comedy or ridicule.123
7245246700sensory languagelanguage that appeals to any of the five senses--sight, sound, touch, taste, or smell.124
7245246701sentimentalityin prose writing it is the excessive display of emotion, whether intended or unintended. Because it can distort the true nature of a situation or an idea, writers should use it caustiusly, or not at all.125
7245246702seriesa number of things, events, or people of a similar kind or related nature coming one after another.126
7245246703settingthe place or type of surroundings where something is positioned or where an event takes place.127
7245246704similea figurative comparison using "like" or "as".128
7245246705slanga kind of language that uses racy or colorful expressions associated more often with speech than with writing. it is colloquial English and should be used in essay writing only to reproduce dialogue or to create a special effect.129
7245246706spatial orderitems arranged according to their physical position or relationships130
7245246707statisticsthe practice or science of collecting and analyzing numerical data in large quantities131
7245246708stylea manner of doing something.132
7245246709subordinationthe action or state of subordinating or of being subordinate.133
7245246710syllogisman argument or form of reasoning in which two statements or premises are made and a logical conclusion is drawn from them. As such, it is a form of deductive logic--reasoning from the general to the particular.134
7245246711symbola mark or character used as a conventional representation of an object, function, or process135
7245246712synonyma word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word or phrase in the same language, for example shut is a synonym of close.136
7245246713themethe central idea in an essay; it is also termed the thesis. Everything in an essay should support this in one way or another.137
7245246714thesisthe main idea in an essay; when stated as a sentence it appears early in an essay (normally somewhere in the first paragraph) serving to convey the main idea to the reader in a clear and emphatic manner.138
7245246715tonethe writer's attitude toward his or her subject or material. An essay writer may have an objective one, subjective, comic, ironic, nostalgic, critical, or a reflection of numerous other attitudes. it is the voice that writers give to an essay.139
7245246716topic sentencethe main idea that a paragraph develops; not all paragraphs have one, often the topic is implied.140
7245246717transitionthe process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another.141
7245246718understatementa method of making a weaker statement than is warranted by truth, accuracy, or importance.142
7245246719unitythe state of being united or joined as a whole.143
7245246720usagethe action of using something or the fact of being used.144
7245246721voicethe way you express your ideas to the reader, the ton you take in addressing your audience; it reflects your attitude toward both your subject and your readers.145
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APES Flashcards

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3736197205CoalAvailability - Significant reserves of coal are found in 38 states and underlie nearly half a million square miles, or about 13 percent of the nation's land mass. Technology- "Clean" coal technology is a collection of technologies being developed to mitigate the environmental impact of coal energy generation. Economics - It is our Nation's most abundant and affordable energy resource. Environmental/Health - The burning of coal has many negative effects. The main being air pollution due to the release of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and heavy metals, from factories leading to smog, acid rain, toxins in the environment.0
3736272055OilAvailability - The global supply of crude oil, other liquid hydrocarbons, and biofuels is expected to be adequate to meet the world's demand for liquid fuels for at least the next 25 years. Technology- More emphasis has been placed on technologies that reduce cost and improve efficiencies.Technological advances have improved the breakeven economics on wells for both shale oil and gas wells. Economics - The economics have improved due to operators making better decisions on fluid choices, rigs and pressure pumping. Environmental/Health - The burning of coal has many negative effects. The main being air pollution due to the release of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and heavy metals, from factories leading to smog, acid rain, toxins in the environment.1
3736327067Natural GasAvailability - There is an abundant amount of natural gas in the world and it is expected to last for millions of years. Technology- Over the past few decades the oil and natural gas industry has transformed into one of the most technologically advanced industries including innovations like: Hydraulic Fracturing also called "Fracking", offshore drilling technology, slimhole drilling, and many others. Economics/Environmental/Health - Natural gas is abundant (many decades of supply), emits no health-damaging particulates, unlike coal, has CO2 emissions that are about 50-60% less/kWh than of coal (reduces GW), and is low-cost, about 3.50-4.00 dollars/million Btu, which promotes economic growth and job creation.2
3736559178Nuclear FissionAvailability - Technology- Nuclear fission energy is a competitive and mature low-carbon technology. Technology- Thorium, traveling wave reactors, mini reactors, fission batteries Economics -nuclear power is cost competitive with other forms of electricity generation, except where there is direct access to low-cost fossil fuels.Nuclear power plant construction is typical of large infrastructure projects around the world, whose costs and delivery challenges tend to be under-estimated. COSTLY Environmental/Health - The products of nuclear fission are on average far more radioactive than the heavy elements which are normally fissioned as fuel, and remain so for significant amounts of time, giving rise to a nuclear waste problem.3
3736694734HydroelectricAvailability - Rivers allow this source of energy to be very accessible. Technology- The most common type of hydroelectric power plant uses a dam on a river to store water in a reservoir. Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in turn activates a generator to produce electricity. Economics - It is a very cheap source of energy. The main cost is the building of the dam. Environmental/Health - The dam that is used can disrupt the natural flow of the river which can lead to issues in the surrounding habbitats4
3736981810SolarAvailability - Anywhere sunlight can be utilized! Technology - There are three primary technologies by which solar energy is commonly harnessed: photovoltaics (PV), which directly convert light to electricity; concentrating solar power (CSP), which uses heat from the sun (thermal energy) to drive utility-scale, electric turbines; and heating and cooling systems, which collect thermal energy to provide hot water and air conditioning. Economics - Even though solar energy can be very effective and its renew-ability makes it ideal, however the cost to make the technology to make solar energy is very high and expensive to maintain. Environmental/Health - Solar energy is not only renewable. It is also very clean which makes it very good potential energy source5
3742059405WindAvailability- It depends on the time of year and the weather so not dependable, but plentiful when it is windy. Technology- Wind turbines are grouped together in places called Wind farms- usually consisting of several hundred wind turbines. Economics- More stable than fossil fuels, because there is no shortage of wind, but the cost of the turbines and turbine maintenance have to be accounted for. Now they are cheaper to make than they used to be. Environmental/Health- Very clean energy, renewable resource. Only issue is the land it uses, but most wind farms share their land with agricultural farms.6
3742253087GeothermalAvailability- Hydrothermal resources - reservoirs of steam or hot water - are available primarily in the western states, Alaska, and Hawaii. However, Earth energy can be tapped almost anywhere with geothermal heat pumps and direct-use application Technology- Currently, the most common way of capturing the energy from geothermal sources is to tap into naturally occurring "hydrothermal convection" systems, where cooler water seeps into Earth's crust, is heated up, and then rises to the surface. Once this heated water is forced to the surface, it is a relatively simple matter to capture that steam and use it to drive electric generators Economics- Geothermal power is a low cost energy source that diversifies the fuel supply and benefits the transitioning power grid. Environmental/Health- Emissions are low. Only excess steam is emitted by geothermal flash plants. No air emissions or liquids are discharged by binary geothermal plants, which are projected to become the dominant technology in the near future.Salts and dissolved minerals contained in geothermal fluids are usually re-injected with excess water back into the reservoir at a depth well below groundwater aquifers. This recycles the geothermal water and replenishes the reservoir.7
3742324738Nuclear FussionAvailability - Nuclear fusion is highly available but nuclear plants are few in demand because of the possible negative outcomes Technology- Fusion power is the generation of energy by nuclear fusion. Fusion reactions are high energy reactions in which two lighter atomic nuclei fuse to form a heavier nucleus. Economics - Fusion power offers the prospect of an almost inexhaustible source of energy for future generations, but it also presents scientific and engineering challenges. Environmental/Health - Clean energy that is almost is close to inexhaustible make it look ideal however events such as the Three Mile Island accident and Chernobyl show how it can go very wrong8
3742458046BiomassAvailability-According to the National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) greatest availability of crop residues is within the Corn Belt, and among counties along the Mississippi River in the central Mississippi Valley. Biomass and waste are inherently a local energy supply Technology- Biomass technologies break down organic matter to release stored energy from the sun. The process used depends on the type of biomass and its intended end-use.-- Biofuels and Bio-power Economics-Making use of our biomass energy resources such as agricultural waste and municipal solid waste can reduce energy costs, and the money spent for this energy stays within the local economy. By providing an alternative for many locations, biomass or waste can supply fuel for industrial facilities that have a high thermal or electrical demand. Environmental/Health-The most obvious environmental benefit of biomass is the displacement of fossil fuel usage, and the corresponding reduction in air pollution and acid rain. Another beneficial environmental impact is the recycling of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Waste doesn't go to landfills. Still has air pollution though9
3742505465Solid WasteAvailability-The enormous increase in the quantum and diversity of waste materials generated by human activity has made solid waste an abundant source of energy. Technology- Technologies to convert solid waste into energy include Thermochemical Conversion, Biochemical Conversion, and Physico-chemical Conversion Economics - Benefits include: electricity generation at a cheaper rate compared to grid, very small disposal cost or landfill maintenance cost for the local bodies. Environmental/Health- This is good for the environment because waste that would usually be found filling landfills and polluting the Earth are recycled and reused to make energy that is clean and renewable.10
3742527148Gas HydratesAvailibilty- They may represent one of the world's largest reservoirs of carbon-based fuel. However, with abundant availability of natural gas from conventional and shale resources, there is no economic incentive to develop gas hydrate resources, and no commercial-scale technologies to exploit them have been demonstrated Technology-Proposed methods of gas recovery from hydrates generally deal with disassociating or "melting" in-situ gas hydrates, by heating the reservoir beyond the temperature of hydrate formation or decreasing the reservoir pressure below hydrate equilibrium. Depressurization is considered to be the most economically promising method for the production of natural gas from gas hydrates. Economic- Depends on how the power is extracted, but higher gas prices. Environmental/Health- Assessments of gas hydrate as an energy resource have often been overly optimistic, based in part on its very high methane content and on its worldwide occurrence in continental margins. Although these attributes are attractive, geologic settings, reservoir properties, and phase-equilibria considerations diminish the energy resource potential of natural gas hydrate.11
3742595181TidalAvailability-Tides are more predictable than wind energy and solar power. Not many sites with sufficiently high tidal ranges or flow velocities, thus constricting its total availability. Technology- Special buoys, turbines, and other technologies can capture the power of waves and tides and convert it into clean, pollution-free electricity. Economic- Traditionally suffered from relatively high cost and limited availability. Environmental/Health-Unlike fossil-fueled power plants, wave and tidal energy facilities generate electricity without producing any pollutant emissions or greenhouse gases. Since the first wave and tidal energy facilities are currently being deployed, the full environmental impacts of wave and tidal power remain uncertain but are projected to be small.12
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AP Language Vocabulary Flashcards

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3565933177Antithesisa rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect.0
3565949435Bombasthigh-sounding language with little meaning, used to impress people.1
3565958576AnaphoraThe deliberate repetition of the first part of the sentence in order to achieve an artistic effect2
3565967555Authorityarguments that draw on recognized experts or persons with highly relevant experience are said to rest on authoritative backing or authority.3
3565975948Claimto state or assert that something is the case, typically without providing evidence or proof4
3565996311Epigraphan inscrpition that can in a quotation or saying at the beginning or a book or chapter5
3566002610Genrea category of an artistic composition, as in music or literature that can be characterized by it's form, style, or subject of matter6
3566010800Anecdotea short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person7
3566017545Backingbody of experience and evidence that supports the warrant8
3566034652Aphorisman observation that contains the general truth.9
3566046082Connotationan idea or feeling that a word invokes a literal meaning10
3566054138Ad Populuma fallacious argument that concludes that a proposition is true because many or most people believe it11
3566063804Archetypea stereotypical or reoccurring character type12
3566077893Claim of Policya claim asserting that specific courses of action should be instituted as solutions to problems13
3566096004Denotationthe literal meaning of a word14
3566105114Concrete LanguageWords which appeal to the five sences15
3566112125Ironythe expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite16
3566116266Caricaturedevice used in descriptive writing and visual arts where particular aspects of a subject are exaggerated to create a silly or comic effect.17
3566121363Anti-climaxa rhetorical device which can be defined as a disappointing situation or a sudden transition in discourse from an important idea to a ludicrous or trivial one18
3566129472AllusionAn expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference.19
3566134357DeductiveA method of reasoning from the general to the specific.20
3566144746Ambiguityuncertainty or inexactness of meaning in language21
3566150576Colloquialisminformal word or phrase that is used in familiar or ordinary conversation.22
3566158506Euphemisma mild or indirect word substituted for one that is considered to be too harsh when referring to something unpleasant.23
3566166219Invectivehighly critical or insulting language24
3566177016Personificationa figure of speech in which human qualities are given to animals, objects, or ideas25
3566184734Expositorytype of writing that the author's purpose is to explain, define, and describe the subject to their readers.26
3566193533Clausea group of related words containing a subject that tells readers what the sentence is about, and a verb that tells readers what the subject is doing27
3566199936Didacticisma particular philosophy in art and literature that emphasizes the idea that different forms of art and literature ought to convey information and instructions along with pleasure and entertainment.28
3566207360Antecedenta pronoun refers back to its antecedent29
3566218418Devicesomething used in writing to add a special effect30
3566223497Excerpta passage or quotation taken or selected from a book, document, film, or the like31
3566231956Point of Viewthe position from which something or someone is observed, or in fictional writing, the narrator's position in relation to the story being told.32
3566238776Stylea literary element that describes how an author uses words.33
3566244447Prosaica style that lacks abstract ideas or another word for common, simple.34
3566252856Dichotomya division or contrast between two things that are or are represented as being opposed or entirely different.35
3566262182Oxymorona figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction36
3566268971Discoursethe presentation of language in its entirety while performing an intellectual inquiry in a particular area or field37
3566278044Ethosan ethical appeal which involves persuasion by the character involved. It is a means of convincing others of the character or credibility of the persuader.38
3566290649Rebuttala statement that contradicts something previously stated39
3566303442Narrativeprovides details of what has happened40
3566316625Credibilitya trustworthy, reliable source.41
3566326154StanceHow a writer already feels about a topic.42
3566331138Syllogisma form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn from two given or assumed propositions, each of which shares a term with the conclusion, and shares a common or middle term not present in the conclusion43
3566334963Prosea form of language that has no formal metrical structure.44
3566340797Juxtapositiona literary technique in which two or more ideas, places, characters and their actions are placed side by side in a narrative or a poem for the purpose of developing comparisons and contrasts.45
3566349943Clichesphrases or opinions that are overused and show that there is a lack of original thought on the matter46
3566355173Elegiac"mournful" or "sad"47
3566359141Parodyan imitation of the style of a particular writer, artist, or genre with an exaggeration for comic effect.48
3566363016Dogmawhen an opinion is settled by an authority.49
3566373396Hypothetical Examplea fictional example that can be used when a speaker is explaining a complicated topic that makes the most sense when it is put into more realistic or relatable terms.50
3566381499Refuteto prove a person, argument, or statement to be false51
3566393754Authority of the Subjectclaiming something should be followed even though the advice wasn't given by an expert on the subject52
3566420848In media respractice of beginning an epic or other fictional form by plunging into a crucial situation that is part of a related chain of events; the situation is an extension of previous events and will be developed in later action.53
3566427980Imageryuse figurative language to represent objects, actions and ideas in such a way that it appeals to our physical senses.54
3566433939Conceita figure of speech in which two different objects are compared with the help of similes or metaphors.55
3566437691Hyperbolean over-exaggeration in order to create emphaisis56
3566443113ContemplationThoughtful observation or study57
3566451118Subordinate Clausea clause, typically introduced by a conjunction, that forms part of and is dependent on a main clause58
3566455915Claim of Valuemaking a judgement on a subject that either can be approving or disapproving, or also be attempting to prove a certain thing right or wrong.59
3566466144Dissonancethe use of harsh sounding words that is used to create a disturbing effect.60
3566470584Imperative Moodgiving a command or request to do something in a sentence61
3566485040Treatisea formal, written article or book that deals with the facts, evidence and conclusions on one subject62
3566488440Enumerateto list or count off one by one63
3566492408Enunciateto express in clear or defined terms64
3566496014Parallelismthe use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same; or similar in their construction, sound, meaning or meter.65
3566500508Sarcasma literary and rhetorical device that is meant to mock with often satirical or ironic remarks with a purpose to amuse and hurt someone or some section of society simultaneously.66
3566503896Homilya tedious moralizing talk67
3566507827Inversiona literary technique in which the normal order of words is reversed in order to achieve a particular effect of emphasis or meter.68
3566512069Mooda literary element that evokes certain feelings or vibes in readers through words and descriptions69
3566518705Qualifiera word that qualifies the meaning of another, as an adjective or adverb70
3566522464Understatementthe presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is.71
3566529319Themethe subject of a piece of writing72
3566536757Genrea specific type of music, film, or writing73
3566542093Climaxthe peak/turning point of the plot in a story74
3566551208Epiloguea section or speech at the end of a book or play that serves as a comment on or a conclusion to what has happened.75
3566553420SolecismA grammatical mistake in speech or writing.76
3566557576Periodic SentenceA sentence in which the main clause or its predicate is withheld until the end77
3566559463RegionalismThe theory or practice of emphasizing the regional characteristics of locale or setting, as by stressing local speech.78
3566564098Post HocA fallacy in which one event is said to be the cause of a later event simply because it occurred earlier.79
3566567781Semanticsone of the important branches of linguistics that deals with interpretation and meaning of the words, sentence structure and symbols, while determining the reading comprehension of the readers how they understand others and their interpretations.80
3566572534Jargontechnical or specialized words that are only understood by those who are of the same group or profession.81
3566575940EllipsisA series of dots (usually three "...") that usually indicates an intentional omission of a word, sentence, or whole section from a text without changing its original meaning.82
3566579506MalapropismThe mistaken use of a word in place of a similar-sounding one.83
3566583697Transitionwords and phrases that provide a connection between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.84
3566587250Annotationa comment or explanation attached to text, image, or other data.85
3566591321Begging the Questiona fallacy in which the premises include the claim that the conclusion is true.86
3566602933Apostrophea figure of speech in which the poet addresses an absent person, an abstract idea, or a thing.87
3566607256Cynicisman inclination to believe that people are motivated purely by self-interest; skepticism.88
3566610361Figure of SpeechWord or phrase used in a non-literal sense to add rhetorical force to a spoken or written passage89
3566633231Synactic FluencyAbility to create a variety of sentence structures, appropriately complex and/or simple and varied in length.90
3566636407Abstract LanguageRefer to ideas or concepts that have no physical reference91
3566639970ExplicationProcess of making something clear92
3566647886Diatribeforceful and bitter verbal attack against someone or something93
3566651972Lyricalexpressing the writers emotions in an imaginative and beautiful way94
3566655340Slippery Slopean idea or course of action which will lead to something unacceptable, wrong or disastrous95
3566659189Motifrecurring element that has symbolic significance in a story96
3566662872Voicethe individual writing style of an author that deals with syntax, diction, punctuation, development of a character, etc...97
3566667282Sign Warranta general rule indicating the relevance of a claim.98
3566670992Non Sequiturconclusion or statement that does not logically follow from the previous argument or statement99
3566674610Punjoke exploiting different possible meanings of a word or words that sound the alike but dont mean the same100
3566677762Metonymysubstitution of a name or attribute for what thing is meant for101
3566680485Symbolthing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract102
3566684276Anachronismthing belonging or appropriate to a period other than that in which it exists, especially a thing that is conspicuosly old fashioned103
3566687293CoherenceQuality of being logical and consistent104
3566696247Conveymake an idea, impression, or feeling known or understandable to someone105
3566701083Faulty Emotional Appealsbasing an argument on feelings, especially pity or fear, often to draw attention away from the real issue.106
3566703870Pacingthe speed of a story's action, dialogue or narration107
3566707816Stipulative Definitionproposes that the language shall be used in a certain way108
3566712881Allegoryuses symbols to narrate, using characters and events to stand for ideas or events109
3566721156Parablea simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson110
3566726996Extended Metaphorlonger comparisions that are used to make the comparision more clear in the reader's mind111
3566726997Onomatopoeiaa word that imitates the natural sound of a thing.112
3566730730Digressionwhen there is an interruption in the main plot line in a narrative.113
3566733992Witgenerally intellectually based, but it is used in a quick fashion and is generally humorous.114
3566737583Euphonypleasing sounding words115
3566745762PathosAppeal to Emotion116
3566748703RepetitonThe repeating of a word or phrase for emphasis117
3566750822ModeAn unspecific critical term usually identifying a broad, but identifiable literary method, mood, or manner, that is not tied exclusively to a particular form or genre.118
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AP Flashcards

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5738122614eucmeneportion of earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement0
5738122615CartographyOriginated from Chinese, Greek, and North African Scholars...the art of map making1
5738122616ErastothenesHead librarian of Alexandria during the third century BCE , was one of early cartographers2
5738122617Ptolemypublished his "Guide to Geography" which included rough maps of the landmasses.3
5738210048George Perkins MarshMade "Man and Nature, or Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action" provided first description of the extent to which Human's had shaped natural systems4
5738350197cultural geographyCultural landscapes , human-environment relations5
5738350198quantitative revolutionstressed the use of empirical measurements and modern technology to explain geographic patterns6
5738350199remote sensingprocess of capturing images of earth from airborne platforms7
5738350200Geographic Information System (GIS)are a family of software programs that enables geographers to map, analyze, and model spatial data8
5738350201Human GeographyBroadly defined as the study of human activities on Earth's surface but has major subcategories9
5738350202Functional Regionsreferred to as nodal regions , tie together because of social and economic relations10
5738350203formal regionhave characteristics that are relatively uniform from one place to another within a region11
5738350204perceptual regiona region which exists in them minds of people and varies, such as the Deep American South12
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AP Language Dec. 9th Flashcards

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5651606241GrimForbidding or uninviting0
5651606242IrascibleHaving or showing a tendency to be easily angered1
5651665396ThreateningHaving a hostile or deliberately frightening quality or manner2
5651665397VibrantFull of energy and enthusiasm3
5651665398AmbivalentHaving mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone4
5651665399BriskActive, fast, and energetic5
5651665400CynicalBelieving that people are motivated by self-interest; distrustful of human sincerity or integrity; doubtful as to whether something will happen or whether it is worthwhile6
5651665401ElegiacHaving a mournful quality7
5651665402FranticWild or distraught with fear, anxiety, or other emotion8
5651665403HostileUnfriendly; antagonistic9
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APES Flashcards

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4791092385Organic vs. inorganic compoundsThe distinction between inorganic and organic compounds is not always clear. Organic chemists traditionally refer to any molecule containing carbon as an organic compound and by default this means that inorganic chemistry deals with molecules lacking carbon.0
4791094155Kinetic vs. potential energyA simple cartoon film ,consisting simple explanation on the difference between Potential and Kinetic energy.Potential energy is the stored energy in an object due of its position or its configuration whereas Kinetic energy is the energy which a body possesses because of its motion.1
4795666021Radioactive decay and half lifethe time required for one half the atoms of a given amount of a radioactive substance to disintegrate. 2. Also called biological half-life. Pharmacology. the time required for the activity of a substance taken into the body to lose one half its initial effectiveness.2
4795667345Law of conservation of matterthe principle that in any closed system subjected to no external forces, the mass is constant irrespective of its changes in form; the principle that matter cannot be created or destroyed. Expand. Also called law of conservation of mass, conservation of matter.3
47956741421st law of thermodynamicsThe first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy, adapted for thermodynamic systems. The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system is constant; energy can be transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed.4
47956741432nd law of thermodynamicsThe second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system always increases over time, or remains constant in ideal cases where the system is in a steady state or undergoing a reversible process.5
4804596008Entropya thermodynamic quantity representing the unavailability of a system's thermal energy for conversion into mechanical work, often interpreted as the degree of disorder or randomness in the system.6
4804596009Speciesa group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding. The species is the principal natural taxonomic unit, ranking below a genus and denoted by a Latin binomial, e.g., Homo sapiens.7
4804596010Populationall the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country.8
4804597623Communitya group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common.9
4804597624Ecosystema biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.10
4804597638Biospherethe regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the earth (or analogous parts of other planets) occupied by living organisms.11
4804599734Producers/autotrophsAn organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances using light or chemical energy. Green plants, algae, and certain bacteria are autotrophs.12
4804601597Consumers/heterotrophsA heterotroph is known as a consumer in the food chain. Consumers are organisms that cannot make their own food supply. They use the food that producers make, or they eat other organisms. Animals are consumers.13
4804603343Decomposersan organism, especially a soil bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate, that decomposes organic material14
4804603344Photosynthesisthe process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct.15
4804604452Respirationa process in living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances.16
4804605351Adaptiona change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited17
4804605352Gene poolthe stock of different genes in an interbreeding population.18
4804606529Natural selectionhe process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution.19
4804608040Biological diversitythe variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.20
4804610334Genetic diversityis the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. It is distinguished from genetic variability, which describes the tendency of genetic characteristics to vary. Genetic diversity serves as a way for populations to adapt to changing environments.21
4804610335Species diversitySpecies diversity refers to the measure of diversity in an ecological community. Species diversity takes into consideration species richness, which is the total number of different species in a community. It also takes into account evenness, which is the variation of abundance in individuals per species in a community.22
4804611337Extinctionthe state or process of a species, family, or larger group being or becoming extinct.23
4804611338Food chaina hierarchical series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food.24
4804614216Food weba system of interlocking and interdependent food chains.25
4804614217Tropic leveleach of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem, comprising organisms that share the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy.26
4804614218Biomassthe total mass of organisms in a given area or volume.27
4804617566Pyramid of energy flowAn energy pyramid is a graphical model of energy flow in a community. The different levels represent different groups of organisms that might compose a food chain. From the bottom-up, they are as follows: Producers — bring energy from nonliving sources into the community.28
4804618830Pyramid of biomassA pyramid of biomass is a more accurate indication of how much energy is passed on at each trophic level. Biomass is the mass of living material in each organism multiplied by the total number of organisms in that trophic level.29
4804620775Biogeochemical cyclesIn Earth science, a biogeochemical cycle or substance turnover or cycling of substances is a pathway by which a chemical substance moves through both biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) components of Earth.30
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AP Language Vocab Section 11 Flashcards

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5796485552animusDefinition: strong dislike or enmity; moving spirit POS: N Synonyms: animosity, hostility, bile, spirit, temper, mind, ACRIMONY, RANCOR, GRUDGE, BIAS Antonyms: PARTIALITY, SYMPATHY, FAVOR, PREDILECTION0
5796486347dissimulateDefinition: to disguise or conceal under a false appearance; hide the truth POS: V Synonyms: dissemble, beard, camouflage, cloak, deceive, fake, feign, mask, pretend, FAKE, DISGUISE, DISSEMBLE Antonyms: uncover, show, unmask, REVEAL, MAKE KNOWN, PUBLICIZE1
5796486348eminentDefinition: high in station, rank, or repute, outstanding, distinguished, famous, noteworthy, remarkable POS: adj Synonyms: prominent, distinguished, esteemed, famed, illustrious, outstanding, preeminent, prominent, prestigious Antonyms: common, inconspicuous, inferior, insignificant, obscure, ordinary, unimportant, UNCELEBRATED, UNREMARKABLE, MUNDANE, INSIGNIFICANT, MEDIOCRE2
5796486600equivocal or equivocateDefinition: allowing the possibility or several different meaning, as a word or phrase, especially with intent to deceive or misguide; saying something that seems to be true but can be taken different ways POS: adj or V Synonyms: ambiguous, ambivalent, dubious, evasive, muddled, puzzling, unclear, vague, lie, elude, escape, evade, wheezle, prevaricate, eschew, hedge Antonyms: certain, clear, definite, sure, determined, obvious, plain, CONFRONT, FACE, CLARIFY3
5796486601excoriateDefinition: to denounce or berate severely; to strip or rub off the skin of something (to flay); make raw and sore POS: V Synonyms: abrade, chafe, flay, fret, gall, peel, rub, scarify, scratch, skin, strip, denounce violently, chafe, lambaste, denounce verbally Antonyms: cover, compliment, EXTOL, PRAISE, LAUD, APPLAUSE, CLAIM, COMMEND4
5796486766expurgateDefinition: to amend by removing words, passages, etc. deemed offensive or objectionable; remove objectionable words from a passage POS: V Synonyms: bleep, bowdlerize, cleanse, decontaminate, purge, purify, sanitize, purify, censor Antonyms: dirty, open, allow, permit, TAINT, SULLY, INTERPOLATE5
5796486900imminentDefinition: likely to occur at any moment; about to occur POS: adj Synonyms: impending, forthcoming, immediate, impending, inevitable, likely, looming, possible, probable, unavoidable, approaching, upcoming, menacing, proximate Antonyms: avoidable, distant, escapable, later, never, unlikely, doubtful, far, future, REMOTE6
5796486901insidiousDefinition: intended to entrap or beguile; developing something without attracting attention POS: adj Synonyms: dangerous, subtle, artful, astute, corrupt, crafty, crooked, cunning, deceitful, deceptive, willy, tricky, sly, treacherous, dangerous, gradual Antonyms: fair, honest, open, sincere, HONEST, OPEN, ABOVE BOARD7
5796487057recumbentDefinition: lying down; leaning, resting, lying down POS: adj Synonyms: reclining, leaning, flat, horizontal, level, sprawling, supine, prone Antonyms: upright, ERECT8
5796487058relegateDefinition: consign or dismiss to an inferior rank or position; move to a lower position or condition; to send into exile or banish POS: V Synonyms: downgrade, lower, demote Antonyms: upgrade, PROMOTE9
5796487059renegeDefinition: go back on a promise, undertaking, or contract POS: V Synonyms: default, reverse, welsh, renounce, repeal, back down, back out, recant Antonyms: honor10
5796487416sentientDefinition: having the power of perception by the senses; anything that can feel or perceive POS: adj Synonyms: conscious, alert, apperceptive, attentive, awake, aware, feeling, informed, knowing, aware, emotional, responsive, sensitive, impressionable, susceptible Antonyms: insensible, oblivious, unaware, unconscious, unmindful, unwitting, CLOSED, UNREACTIVE, UNRECEPTIVE, OBLIVIOUS, INSENSATE,11
5796487417spleneticDefinition: peevish, spiteful, having to do with the spleen, bad-tempered, whiny; irritable, peevish POS: adj Synonyms: bitter Antonyms: happy, kind, easy going, complacent, forgiving, cheerful12
5796487622termagantDefinition: a violent, turbulent, or brawling woman POS: N Synonyms: disruptive, fractious, raucous, rebellious, rowdy, unruly, strew, virago, nagging, scolding, shrew, brawling woman Antonyms: calm, compliant, obedient, quiet, arranged, behaved, SAINT13
5796487744torporDefinition: sluggish inactivity or inertia; lethargic indifference; a state of suspended physical powers and activities; dormancy, as of a hibernating animal; absence of moving or feeling POS: N Synonyms: apathy, disinterest, dormancy, drowsiness, dullness, idleness, impassivity, lethargy, lassitude, sluggishness Antonyms: action, consciousness, diligence, industry, interest, liveliness, VIGOR, ANIMATION, ACTIVITY14
5796487982truncheonDefinition: the club carried by a police officer used as a weapon; to beat with a club (V) POS: N Synonyms: baton, bat, bludgeon, stick, weapon, baton, cudgel15
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2007 AP Language Vocabulary Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5346287669EndowedQuality0
5346287670SeldomRare1
5346287671DeclaratorySpeak loudly2
5346287672RestitutionRestoration of something lost or stolen to its owner3
5346287673IntrinsicEssential4
5346287674ReiterateClarify5
5346287675DecrySpeak so little of6
5346287676CompulsionIrresistible behavior toward something7
5346287677VigilanceWatchful to detect danger8
5346287678ProvincialType of land9
5346287679TreatiseFormal written work10
5346287680Base (adj)Morally low11
5346287681IntrospectionSelf awareness12
5346287682IdiosyncraticMode of behavior13
5346287683SatietySatisfied14
5346287684ContemptuousDisrespectful15
5346287685TenorThe course of thought that is written/spoken16
5346287686EmpiricalGaining knowledge from experiment/experience17
5346287687CallousLack of care18
5346287688ConstituentComposing something19
5346287689Appropriated (v)To take something without permission20
5346287690EloquenceFormal speech21
5346287691ResonanceLoud/lasting effect22
5346287692ConsummateShowing high degree of skill23
5346287693UnabashedNot embarassed24
5346287694MeritocracyGovernment chosen by people who select based on their abilities25
5346287695PetulantBad tempered26
5346287696ReconcileRestore relation27
5346287697ComplacencyA feeling of smug28
5346287698PermeateSpread throughout29
5346287699PecuniaryRelating to money30
5346287700ExaltedHigh power31
5346287701ExemplarExcellent model32
5346287702QualmsFeeling of doubt, worry, or fear33
5346287703GenialFriendly34
5346287704MaximStatement expressing a general truth35
5346287705ZealousGreat energy; enthusiasm36
5346287706Self-effacingNot claiming attention for oneself37
5346287707AscribeSource; reference38
5346287708DecayThe state of rotting or decomposition39
5346287709ElicitDraw a response from someone in reaction to someone40
5346287710DiatribeVerbal attack against someone /something41
5366938416Quaintcute42
5366940595Disparagerepresent as little worth43
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AP Flashcards

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6853881277Storm ThurmondDixiecrat/ state right candidate0
6853881278George WallaceAmerican independent party candidate1
6853881279Accords with the axis of powerWWII treaty2
6853881280MacArthurWWII general in pacific3
6853881281MacArthurKorean War general4
6853881282Panmunjom AccordsKorea peace treaty5
6853881283Tet attacksTurning point of Vietnam war6
6853881284Paris AccordsVietnam peace treaty7
685388128520th AmendmentAmmendment: congress begins term on January 23, pres on Jan 208
685388128621st AmendmentAmendment: repealed eighteenth amendment9
685388128722nd AmendmentAmendment: limited the president to two terms or ten years in office10
685388128823rd AmendmentAmendment: D.C. Given three electoral votes11
685388128924th AmendmentAmendment: abolished poll taxes12
685388129025th AmendmentAmendment: established procedures in case of presidential disability13
685388129126th AmendmentAmendment: all citizens eighteen years or older given right to vote14
685388129227th AmendmentAmendment: congress prohibited from changing its pay for the current congressional term15
6853881293Feminine mystiqueBook about feminism written in 60s by Friedan16
6853881294Brown v. Board of educationSeparate but equal is never equal17
6853881295WarrenJudge in brown v board18
6853881296BakkeReversed affirmative action discrimination19
6853881297Marcus GarveyProposed back to Africa movement20
6853881298Malcolm XBlack power; violent; nation of islam21
6853881299Fair DealTruman reform movement22
6853881300TrumanDesegregated military; employment act; raised minimum wage23
6853881301TrumanExpanded social security; proposed civil rights program24
6853881302New FrontierJfk reform movement25
6853881303JFKProposed Medicare, civil rights act, aid to education, public housing, mass transit26
6853881304Great SocietyLyndon Johnson's reform movement27
6853881305Lyndon JohnsonMedicare/ Medicaid; civil rights act; voting rights act; 60 education acts; housing act; immigration act; war on poverty28
6853881306Atlantic CharterGreat Britain and America defend their ideals of their countries29
6853881307Harry TrumanEnded discrimination in armed forces30
6853881308Dwight EisenhowerAppointed earl warren to Supreme Court; sent federal troops to little rock31
6853881309JfkDefended freedom riders32
6853881310Lyndon JohnsonAppointed thurgood Marshall to supreme court33
6853892589Kennonperson who first proposed detainment to truman34
6853893535Yalter Conferenceconference that divided germany, berlin, created UN, and US asked Russia to invade Japan35
6853897130Mao Zedongto whom did China fall in '4936
6853899094Marshall Plangave money to Europe post wwii37
685390633938th parallelwhat parallel divided korea38
6853908873Dwight Eisenhowermassive retaliation; new look; brinkmanship39
6853912153DullesSecretary of State who defined brinkmanship40
6853914432Eisenhower Doctrinemade US policemen of middle east41
6853915772Truman Doctrinemade US policemen of western EU42
6853920871Lyndon Johnsonincreased involvement in Vietnam43
6853922585Ho Chi Minhresisted french colonization of vietnam44
6853940689Dwight Eisenhowerproposed unification elections of vietnam to be held in '5645
6853942736Diemamerican appointed leader of South Vietnam46
6853956565Nixon Doctrinepolicemen of asia; US would aid, but no ground troops47
6853958992Daytonhelp asia, but no ground troops48
6853968236Carter Doctrineended Dayton during hostages; RU expands into Afghanistan; policemen of E. Middle East49
6853972276Reagan Doctrineanti-commi policemen of the world50
6853985896MarshallTruman secretary of state who proposed giving money to europe51
6853990627Joseph McCarthyjunior senator from Wisconsin; anti commi52
6854002490Test Ban TreatyUs-Ussr- no testing nuclear weapons in air space and water53
6854008063SALT I accordslimits ABM systems54
6854010300Panama Canal TreatyCarter- returns panama canal at the end of the century55
6854012770Camp David AccordsCarter- Peace between Israel and Egypt56
6854013807SALT IIceiling on missiles but not ratified bc soviets invadaed Afghanistan so back to Cold War57
6854017708STARTreduction in NAFTA58
6854018847NAFTAUS/MX/C clinton59
6854054841Orville FaubusArkansas Governor60
6854067438Goldwater"extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice" ran against jonhson61
6854100488Eldridge Cleaverblack panther presidential candidate62
6854114742Spiro AgnewNixon VP who dealt with the press63
6854139676Ayatollah KhomeniIranian leader angered by botched rescue attempt64
6854142208Oliver Northmarine colonel who headed Iran/contra65
6854159367Michael Dukakisran against george bush66
6854192388Taylorismproduction more important than individual67
6854201501FERApost depression cash grants to states68
6854204669Keynesian Economygovernment spending to stimulate economy69
6854210719AAAfarmers destroy surplus do decrease inflation70
6854213330NRAcooperation bt govt and industry, set up work code and wages, end child labor and competitionm but unconstitutional71
6854219061WPAtemporary work relief after depression (monkey hill)72
6854220276PWAmore business oriented work relief following depression73
6854226641FHAloans for people to buy housing74
6854229911Hatch Actrestrictions on fed office holders from using their position to help get re-elected75
6854239224G.I. Bill of Rightsrange of benefits for returning WWII vets76
6854246745Taft-Harley Actanti-union act; Truman Vetoes, but overriden by Congress77
6854250258DeweyRepublican who ran against Truman78
6854259841Point IVTruman aid to underdeveloped countries79
6854268406Pusan Perimeterfirst battle of korean war80
6854273381Inchon LandingTurning point in korea81
6854302176Khrushchevtsar during cuban missile crisis82
6854337263Wallaceblocked door to alabama83
6855396973HumphreyLBJ VP84
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While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!