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Ap world history Flashcards

3288748304	Why was the christian church decline in africa &asia	Asia:1368 chinese ensured faith gone with ming dynasty Africa: ethopia took over	0
3288748305	Variations in church	Church of east 636: survived assault of Islam,abandonment of religious art Church of 635: lite true using Buddhist and daoist concepts	1
3288748306	Dome of rock (687-691)	Jews: contained a stone in which Abraham was going to sacrifice his son Isaac to God Christians: a place Jesus visited	2
3288748307	Ethiopia	Christian island in Muslim sea protect by geography &distance from Islamic communities,scriptures Judaism and Jerusalem, 12 churches linked underground	3
3288748308	Contrast	Byzantium:wealthy,urbanized,cosmopolitan New Rome:Constantinople capital Eastern: military structures centralized	4
3288748309	Caesaropism	Relationship between church an state	5
3288748310	Connection	Byzantine empire:central trade of Eurasia,Islamic world& Christian west borrowed Ancient Greek learnings	6
3288748311	Connection	Kievan rude borrowed Byzantine arch styles,Cyrillic alphabet, we icons, monistic tradition,political ideals	7
3288748312	Change	Urban life,$ exchange, militarized societies	8
3288748313	Buddhism &christian	Belief in church	9
3288748314	Change year 1000	Expansion & growth? Economic growth,women more rights,urbanization, trade:spices, drugs, stones	10
3288748315	Change: crusades (Holy wars)	European expansion, church power, warfare	11
3288748316	Interaction Islamic word		12

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6545380114	Hominids	-appeared 3 to 4 million years ago in southern/eastern Africa -humanlike creatures called primates -Mary and louis leaky excavated hominid fossils in the great rift valley -"Lucy", an australopithecine fossil, found in 1974	0
6545397215	Homo Sapiens	-homo sapiens, modern humans emerged 100,000 to 200,000 years ago -earliest variant, the Neanderthals, appeared 100,000 to 250,000 years ago -more advanced Cro-Magnon, appeared 60,000 to 100,000 years ago during the Paleolithic Age	1
6545417145	Paleolithic Era- Old Stone Age	-predates agricultural societies -social groups: extended families grew into clans; clans mixed with neighboring groups to form tribes with sophisticated organization, including chiefs, leaders, and religious figures -organized warfare with progressively more advanced and diverse weapons: rocks, clubs, knives, spears, axes, and bows and arrows -ability to control fire -worship of deities; religious rituals included sacrifice to gods, goddesses, and spirits -expression through arts and music; examples include cave paintings and flutes	2
6545462661	Pastoral society	-these societies are typically nomadic and focused on carrying for herds and flocks -they are more socially stratified than hunters and gatherers, but not as established as agriculturalists of the early river valley civilizations -various pastoral societies developed throughout Afro-Eurasia depending on local plants and animal life -pastoralists created problems when overgrazing, which led to erosion in some areas	3
6545510725	Neolithic Era- Origins	-earliest evidence of sedentary agriculture dates to between 10,00 and 8,000 BCE -called new stone age (8000-5000 bce) the origins of agricultural society -domestication of animals and cultivation of crops -the earliest method of cultivation was slash-burn agriculture	4
6545528888	Neolithic Era- Culture	-agriculture allowed for a food surplus, which in turn led to an increase in population -Jericho, in modern-day Israel, was one of the world's first Neolithic villages -early industries developed in pottery, metallurgy, and textiles	5
6545545024	Bantu Migrations	-movement of africans across the continent of Africa (3000 bce- 500 ce) -Niger-Congo related languages, and compilations, spoken by Kru, Wolof, Ibo, Mande, and Yorba, all parts of the Bantu family of languages -Bantus reached their limits by 1000 bce; established decentralized governments - "segmentary societies" - that governed through family and kinship groups -each village (usually 100 people) was ruled by a council made up of male heads of families, and a village chief; a group of villages formed a district (usually the highest form of government)	6
6545572855	Bronze Age	-metallurgy originated with the use of copper -in the Neolithic era, copper was combined with tin to create bronze -bronze tools and weapons were first used in Mesopotamia (c 400-3000 bce)	7
6545597864	Hittites	-the Hittites were from Ancient Anatolia and established their empire around 1600 bc at its height, mid 14th century bc, under Suppilulium I, it included most of Asia Minor and parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia. The empire ended with the end of the Bronze Age and broke into several independent "Neo-Hittite" city states, some of which survived until the 8th century bc -after 1180 bc, turmoil in the Levant took place and it is believed to have been associated with the unexpected arrival of the Sea Peoples -Hittite civilization is known most from cuneiform texts, and from documents found in Egypt and the middle east	8

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3684106645	Abbasid Caliphate	The third Islamic Caliphate, descended from Muhammad's youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib.	0
3684121647	Achaemenid Empire	The first Persian Empire, founded by Cyrus the Great.	1
3684133914	Akan	Peoples of the Gulf of Guinea, one of the biggest Ethnic groups in West Africa today.	2
3684147978	Akhenaten	Pharaoh of the Egyptian New Kingdom who instituted the first ever monotheistic religion, worshiping the sun-disk.	3
3684161506	Akkadian Empire	The world's first empire, founded by Sargon, located in Mesopotamia.	4
3684167384	Aksum	An Empire in northern Ethiopia and Eritrea, known for trade.	5
3684201415	Alexander the Great	Ancient Greek King of Macedon, who conquered a majority of the Middle East.	6
3684227066	Amun Re	Egyptian god related to the sun, or one of the stages of the sun cycle.	7
3684241807	Analects	The teachings of Confucius.	8
3684244702	Apostles	One of the 12 original followers of Jesus Christ.	9
3684250224	Arabian Nights	A collection of Middle Eastern stories compiled in Arabic during the Islamic Golden Age.	10
3684260694	Aristotle	A Greek philosopher and scientist.	11
3684268973	Ashoka	Mauryan Emperor who built a series of pillars with Buddhist Edicts.	12
3684295969	Assyrians	One of the major Mesopotamian Kingdoms, named for its original capital.	13
3684298545	Astrolabe	An Astronomical 'computer' which calculates the user's position based on the position of the Sun and stars.	14
3684316463	Athens	A city state of Ancient Greece, ruled by a direct democracy of just the land owning men.	15
3684340056	Atman	Part of the universal Brahman in Hinduism.	16
3684352776	Aztec	Peoples in Meso-America, specifically central Mexico.	17
3684357247	Babylon	A city state, and later kingdom, of Ancient Mesopotamia. Home of the Epic of Gilgamesh and Hammurabi.	18
3684362420	Baghdad	A city in Iraq, which was the intellectual center for the Islamic world. Capital of the Abbasid Caliphate.	19
3684370096	Battle of Hastings	A battle in 1066 which began the Norman invasion of England.	20
3684384750	Battle of Tours	A battle in 732, where Charles Martel prevented the Islamic invaders from invading France.	21
3684398643	Berbers	Ethnic group indigenous to North Africa.	22
3684405408	Bible	The Christian holy book.	23
3684408749	Brahmin	The highest caste (priests, teachers of sacred knowledge) in Hinduism.	24
3684418511	Bubonic Plague	Also known as the Black Death, this plague wiped out one third of the world's population.	25
3684428697	Buddhism	A spiritual practice that formed as an offshoot of Hinduism.	26
3684438729	Caliphate	An Islamic state led by a successor to the prophet Mohammed.	27
3684447052	Carolingian Dynasty	Frankish empire named after Charlemagne.	28
3684467055	Carthage	A coastal city in northern Africa, whose inhabitants were involved in the Punic Wars.	29
3684475481	Chaghatai	A khanate ruled by the second son of Ghengis Khan.	30
3684491522	Charlemagne	The King of the Franks, who united much of Western Europe. He was crowned Holly Roman Emperor by the Pope in Christmas Day in 800.	31
3684518202	Chavin	An ancient civilization in the Andes in Peru.	32
3684537659	Chinampas	Man-made islands in a marshy area for farming, Developed in Mesoamerica, in the Valleys of Mexico.	33
3684552117	Christianity	One of the major world religions. Believers follow the Bible, and believe in the death and Resurrection of Jesus.	34
3684561220	Chu Hsi	A Song Dynasty Confucian scholar, who led the School of of Principle.	35
3684577972	City States	Cities in a civilization with their own, independent governments.	36
3684583237	Confucius	A Chinese teacher, scholar, and philosopher. His teachings were written down in the Analects.	37
3684620933	Constantine	Was the Emperor of Rome. He instituted Christianity in the Roman Empire.	38
3684639608	Constantinople	Formerly the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire/Byzantium Empire. Now Istanbul.	39
3684670556	Corvus	A boarding device used by the Romans on their ships.	40
3684679955	Crusades	A series of wars declared by the Pope, involving a long trek of bloody massacres.	41
3684696569	Cuneiform	One of the first 5 writing systems, found in Mesopotamia.	42
3685708878	Daimyo	One of the great lords, who functioned as a vassal for the shogun.	43
3687277960	Daoism	A philosophical, religious tradition from China, which entails living in harmony with the namesake of this belief.	44
3687286135	Fertile Cresent	The area of land between/around the Tigris, Euphrates, and Nile Rivers where some of the first recorded civilizations emerged.	45
3687293800	Feudalism	The system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands in exchange for military service, while the peasants lived on their lord's land and gave him a share of the produce, in exchange for military protection.	46
3687319780	Fiefdom	One of the central elements of Feudalism.	47
3687332344	Five Pillars of Islam	These are the central tenants of being a Muslim. They are: Shahada: A profession of faith Salat: Daily prayer, 5 times a day Zakat: Giving charity Sawm: Fasting during the month of Ramadan Hajj: A pilgrimage to Mecca	48
3687375665	Flying Money	The first paper currency, originating in China during the Silk Road era.	49
3687379983	Franks	A group of people in north western Europe.	50
3687381598	Genghis Khan	A Mongol invader who conquered much on the East. His rule united a large portion of the land.	51
3687463297	Ghana	One of the great African Empires.	52
3687479401	Gilgamesh	The story of a hero and his lover, written in Ancient Mesopotamia, in Babylon. This is the first love story, and a story about mortality.	53
3687539771	Golden Hoarde	A Mongol Khanate established in the 13th century. It expanded into modern day Russia.	54
3687554012	Griots	Storytellers who maintain an oral tradition in West Africa.	55
3687576747	Guilds	A Medieval association of craftsmen and merchants.	56
3687598855	Gupta	One of the empires of Ancient India. It was mostly Hindu.	57
3687601189	Hammurabi	A king of Babylon who created a comprehensive law code.	58
3687607245	Han	A Chinese empire, which lasted from 206 BCE to 221 CE.	59
3687640340	Hanseatic League	A coalition of European countries which controlled trade.	60
3687644709	Harappan	This civilization formed in the Indus valley. They died out somewhat mysteriously.	61
3687657489	Harun al Rashid	The fifth Abbasid Caliph. He is the person that the stories in Arabian Nights are told to.	62
3687664976	Hellenistic	Referring to art or culture brought in by Alexander the Great and his Greek forces.	63
3687667491	Hieroglyphs	The Egyptian system of writing, which involved pictographs.	64
3687669858	Hinduism	A religion found mainly in India and Nepal, believing in reincarnation and with an elaborate caste system.	65
3687682864	Hittites	An Ancient Anatolian peoples.	66
3687692794	Hominid	The great apes.	67
3687699339	Homo sapiens	Human beings.	68
3687700522	Huns	Nomadic peoples from Eastern Europe. Led by Attila, they conquered large portions of Europe.	69
3687708127	Hunter/Gatherer	A society based on getting food in two methods.	70
3687709694	Hyksos	A group of Asiatic peoples who took over Egypt during the Middle Kingdom.	71
3687714518	Ibn Battuta	Medieval Muslim traveler and scholar.	72
3687719187	Indian Ocean Trade Routes	Trade routes that connected the coasts of Asia and East Africa, going through the Indian Ocean.	73
3687727831	Indulgences	A way for people to pay their way to heaven.	74
3687733815	Islam	A monotheistic, Abrahamic religion. The Qur'an (or Koran) is their holy text.	75
3687742644	Judaism	The original Abrahamic religion. Their holy text is the Tanach, which contains the Torah, the Nevi'im, and the Kethuvim.	76
3687752399	Khanates	A political entity ruled by a Khan or Khagan.	77
3699098983	Kongo	A Kingdom in West-Central Africa.	78
3699114925	Kublai Khan	Fifth Khagan of the Mongol Empire.	79
3699122122	Li Po	A Chinese poet. Also known as Li Bai.	80
3699136226	Liege Homage	A Feudal Custom of giving one prince or sovereign some tribute or honor.	81
3699150977	Lombards	Germanic Peoples. Also known as the Longbeards.	82
3699154978	Magna Carta	The charter issued by King John of England, saying that everyone, even the king, is subject to the law.	83
3699187083	Magyars	A group from Eastern Europe. Also known as Hungarians.	84
3699197984	Mansa Musa	A King from Mali, who made a pilgrimage to Mecca.	85
3699207451	Mayan	A pre-Colombian civilization in Northern-Central America.	86
3699234859	Marco Polo	An Italian Merchant who traveled to China and other Central-Asian cultures.	87
3699255129	Mauryan	A Dynasty in India, which was mainly Buddhist.	88
3699268179	Mecca	Islam's holiest city.	89
3699276267	Meroe	An ancient city on the east bank of the Nile.	90
3699281923	Ming	The Chinese dynasty between the Yuan and the Manhcu/Qing Dynasty. Lasted from 1386 until 1644.	91
3699299977	Moche	A civilization from northern Peru.	92
3699311242	Moldboard	A curved iron plate attached above a plowshare to lift and turn the soil.	93
3699317981	Monasticism	A religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work.	94
3699334312	Mongols	An East-Asian ethnic group. Includes Genghis Khan.	95
3699345182	Narmer	The first Pharaoh of both Upper and Lower Egypt, which were united under his rule.	96
3699357814	Neo Confucianism	An offshoot of a Chinese religion, which originated with Han Yu and Li Ao in the Tang Dynasty.	97
3699386612	Neolithic Revolution	A huge movement where people began to settle down and farm.	98
3699402432	Olmec	The first major civilization in Mexico.	99
3699416081	Open Field System	Under this system, each manor or village had two or three large fields, which were divided into many narrow strips of land. The strips were cultivated by individuals or peasant families. One field would be left open to allow for shifting of fields.	100
3699433418	Ostrogoths	A branch of the later Goths.	101
3699438021	Paleolithic	The Stone Age.	102
3699444378	Pastoralism	The branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock.	103
3699452124	Pillow Book	A book of observations and musings recorded by Sei Shōnagon during her time as court lady to Empress Consort Teishi during the 990s and early 1000s in Heian Japan.	104
3699458722	Plato	Ancient Greek philosopher who founded the Academy.	105
3699468510	Primogeniture	Succession belonging to the firstborn child.	106
3699472303	Punic Wars	A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage.	107
3699477730	Qing/Manchu	The last Chinese Dynasty before the movement to Communism. Lasted from 1644 until 1912.	108
3699487466	Quran	The religious text of Islam, which has been claimed to be written by Mohammed.	109
3699498637	Ramayana	The Indian epic about an Indian King, who is a reincarnation of Vishnu, who attempts to rescue his wife from his mortal foe.	110
3699523507	Reconquista	A series of wars a battles between Christians and Muslims for control of the Iberian Peninsula.	111
3699535416	Rig Veda	An ancient Indian collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns.	112
3699539804	Roman Empire	The government after the Roman Republic, which lasted from 27 BCE until 476 CE.	113
3699541508	Roman Republic	The government after the Roman Kingdom, which lasted from 509 BCE until 27 CE.	114
3699550823	Royal Road	An ancient highway reorganized a rebuilt by the Persians.	115
3699566072	Samurai	A member of the powerful military caste in Japan.	116
3699569541	Satrap	A governor of an ancient Persian province.	117
3699577518	Sea Peoples	A confederacy of naval raiders who harried the coastal towns and cities of the Mediterranean region between approximately 1276-1178 BCE.	118
3699585405	Seljuks	A group of Turks who formed an Empire in the Middle East. The First and Second Crusades were launched against them.	119
3699627508	Shamanism	A practice that involves a practitioner reaching altered states of consciousness in order to perceive and interact with a spirit world.	120
3699646267	Shogun	A commander in chief in feudal Japan.	121
3699654346	Siddhartha	The Buddha's first name.	122
3699658754	Silk Road	A trade route linking China with the West (including Rome).	123
3699662618	Slash and Burn	A method of agriculture in which existing vegetation is cut down and burned off before new seeds are sown.	124
3699666685	Socrates	A Greek philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy.	125
3699672413	Songhai	An Empire that was the largest in African history at its peak.	126
3699681896	Sparta	A Greek city state. It was the dominant land military power.	127
3699690089	Sui	The Chinese dynasty before the Tang. It lasted from 581 until 618.	128
3699733054	Sumerian	One of the earliest urban societies to emerge in the world, and an ancient Mesopotamian culture.	129
3699736482	Sundiata	Prince and founder of the Mali Empire.	130
3699740429	Sung	The Chinese dynasty before the Yuan. It lasted from 960 until 1279.	131
3699748044	Tale of the Genji	A classic work of Japanese literature written by the noblewoman and lady-in-waiting Murasaki Shikibu in the early years of the 11th century, around the peak of the Heian period.	132
3699754957	Tang	The Chinese dynasty before the Sung. It lasted from 618 until 907.	133
3699760283	Tenochitlan	An Aztec city state in the Valley of Mexico.	134
3699773776	Teotihuacan	An ancient Meso-American city in a sub valley of the Valley of Mexico.	135
3699785546	Terrace Farming	A type of farming that consists of different steps of land that were developed in various places around the world.	136
3699793027	Timbuktu	A historical city of the Mali Empire.	137
3699798205	Tokugawa Shogunate	The last feudal Japanese military government which existed between 1603 and 1867.	138
3699803785	Torah	The first five books of the Jewish holy texts, supposedly written by Moses.	139
3699810022	Vandals	An East Germanic tribe.	140
3699817488	Vassals	A serf that hold lands in exchange for homage.	141
3699826903	Vedas	The oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism.	142
3699830707	Vikings	Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of northwestern Europe.	143
3699836683	Visigoths	Germanic peoples who caused the final collapse of the Roman Empire.	144
3699840922	Yuan	The Mongol ruled Chinese Dynasty. It lasted from 1271 until 1368.	145
3699844082	Ziggurats	Ancient Mesopotamian temples, said to house the gods.	146
3699847017	Zimbabwe	A landlocked country in southern Africa known for its dramatic landscape and diverse wildlife.	147
3699850852	Zoroastrinism	A dualistic religion of a good god (Ahura Mazda) and an evil god (Angra Mainyu).	148
3803424019	Absolute Monarchy	A form of government in which the monarch has absolute power among his or her people.	149
3803427826	Akbar the Great	Mughal Emperor from 1556 until his death. He was the third and one of the greatest rulers of the Mughal Dynasty in India.	150
3803432976	Bill of Exchange	An unconditional order in writing, addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay, on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time, a certain sum in money to a specified person.	151
3803444679	Boyars	A member of the old aristocracy in Russia, next in rank to a prince.	152
3803448393	British East India Co.	An English, and later British, joint-stock company, formed to pursue trade with the East Indies.	153
3803454545	Capitalism	An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.	154
3803454577	Caravel	A small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century by the Portuguese to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean.	155
3803459266	Colombian Exchange	A period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds.	156
3803466206	Cossacks	A group of predominantly East Slavic-speaking people who became known as members of autonomous, semi-military communities, predominantly located in Ukraine and in Russia.	157
3803468336	Cotton Gin	A device for removing the seeds from cotton fiber.	158
3803470813	Devshirme	A system that took place under the Ottoman Empire, where the sultan would collect Christian boys from the Balkans and turn them into his slaves.	159
3803486174	Dutch East India Co.	A chartered company in 1602, with a 21-year monopoly on Dutch spice trade. It is often considered to have been the first multinational corporation in the world and it was the first company to issue stock.	160
3803489785	Elizabeth I	Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess. The fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. She defended England against the Spanish Armada.	161
3803504487	Encomendia	A grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area.	162
3803507724	Fly Shuttle	One of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution. It allowed a single weaver to weave much wider fabrics.	163
3803516916	Ivan the Great	Grand Prince of Moscow and Grand Prince of all Rus'.	164
3803519329	Ivan the Terrible	Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547 and Tsar of All the Russias from 1547 until his death in 1584.	165
3803532240	Janissaries	A member of the Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's guard between the 14th and 19th centuries.	166
3803534571	Martin Luther	A German theologian who nailed 95 Theses to the door of a church.	167
3803550618	Mercantilism	The economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.	168
3803554043	Middle Passage	The stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade.	169
3803560298	Mughal	An empire based in the Indian Subcontinent, established and ruled by a Muslim Persianate dynasty of Chagatai Turco-Mongol origin.	170
3803565623	Ottoman	An empire founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia.	171
3803569001	Peter the Great	Ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May 1682 until his death.	172
3803574114	Power Loom	A mechanized loom powered by a line shaft, and was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution.	173
3803583890	Romanovs	The second dynasty, after the Rurik dynasty, to rule over Russia, which reigned from 1613 until the abdication of Czar Nicholas II.	174
3803585435	Safavid	One of the most significant ruling dynasties of Persia after the fall of the Sasanian Empire - following the Muslim conquest of Persia.	175
3803592972	Serfs	An agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate.	176
3803595429	Spanish Armada	A Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from A Coruña in August 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England.	177
3803611751	Spinning Jenny	A multi-spindle spinning frame.	178
3803617346	Steam Engine	An engine that uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power.	179
3803619577	Suleiman the Magnificent	The tenth and longest-reigning Great Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.	180
3803624315	Treaty of Tordesillas	An agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers.	181
3803627790	Water Frame	A water-powered spinning frame.	182
3803631156	Yongle Emperor	The third emperor of the Ming dynasty in China.	183
3803638325	Zheng Hi	A Hui court eunuch, mariner, explorer, diplomat, and fleet admiral during China's early Ming dynasty. One of the most traveled explorers of his period.	184
4152701895	American Revolution	Political upheaval against Britain, from 1765 to 1783.	185
4152707358	Declaration of the Rights of Man	A fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights.	186
4152717155	Declaration of the Rights of Woman	Written in 1791 by French activist, feminist, and playwright Olympe de Gouges in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man.	187
4152723535	Estates General	A legislative and consultative assembly of the different classes of French subjects.	188
4152728866	French Revolution	Political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, which overthrew the monarchy and established a republic. This was a very short lasting change.	189
4152736844	Glorious Revolution	The overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians. Also called the Revolution of 1688.	190
4152744233	Gunpowder Empires	A term used to describe the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires.	191
4152747556	Hagia Sophia/Sancta Sophia	A former Greek Orthodox Christian patriarchal basilica,, later an imperial mosque in Istanbul, Turkey. It was built in 537. It became a mosque in 1453.	192
4152759099	Haitian Revolution	A successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection that took place in the former French colony of Saint Domingue that lasted from 1791 until 1804.	193
4152761395	Huguenots	French Protestants inspired by the writings of John Calvin in the 1530s.	194
4152768822	Justinian	A Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565. He sought to revive the empire's greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the historical Roman Empire.	195
4152773974	Magellan	A Portuguese explorer who organised the Castilian expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth.	196
4152778539	Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth	A dualistic state, a bi-confederation, of two Eastern European countries ruled by a common monarch. It was one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th- and 17th-century Europe.	197
4152790217	Reign of Terror	A period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between two rival political factions, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution".	198
4152794871	Seven Years War	A war fought between 1755 and 1764, the main conflict occurring in the seven-year period from 1756 to 1763. It involved every great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire, and affected Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. It is considered the greatest European war since the Thirty Years War of the 17th century.	199
4152801627	Single Whip Reform	The Ming Dynasty implenented this in 1581. It ordered that all land taxes in China be paid in silver.	200
4152811441	Taj Mahal	A mausoleum on the south bank of the Yamuna river in the Indian city of Agra. It was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan, to house the tomb of his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal.	201
4152820172	Timur the Lame	A Turco-Mongol conqueror and the founder of the Timurid Empire in Persia and Central Asia. He was also the first ruler in the Timurid dynasty.	202
4152824734	Thirty Years War	A series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. It was one of the longest, most destructive conflicts in European history. Initially a war between Protestant and Catholic states, it gradually developed into a more general conflict involving most of the great powers of Europe.	203
4152834978	Zamindars	The landholders of demarcated areas, responsible for collecting revenue for the monarchy and rose into prominence during the British colonial era, owing to the opportunity availed by the British in India.	204
4152837948	Armenian Genocide	The Ottoman government's systematic extermination of its minority Armenian subjects inside their historic homeland, which lies within the present-day Republic of Turkey. The number of victims is estimated at between 800,000 and 1.5 million.	205
4152843297	Balkans	A peninsula and a cultural area in Southeast Europe with different and disputed borders.	206
4152848052	Berlin Conference	This regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power. Also known as the Congo Conference or West Africa Conference.	207
4152853853	Boers	The descendants of the original Dutch settlers of southern Africa. Also known as Afrikaners.	208
4152858331	Boxer Rebellion	A Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there.	209
4152868630	Commodore Perry	He served in several wars, most notably in the Mexican-American War and the War of 1812. He played a leading role in the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854.	210
4152881831	Communism	A social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of the specific society, which is a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money, and the state.	211
4152887784	Congo Free State	A large state in Central Africa that was in personal union with the Kingdom of Belgium under Leopold II.	212
4152892050	Dhimmi	Specific non-Muslim individuals living in Muslim lands, who were granted special status and safety in Islamic law in return for paying the capital tax.	213
4152897737	Hong Xiuquan	The leader of the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty, establishing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom over varying portions of southern China, with himself as the "Heavenly King" and self-proclaimed brother of Jesus Christ.	214
4152901861	Influenza Epidemic	The pandemic of 1918-1919 killed more people than the Great War, known today as World War I (WWI), at somewhere between 20 and 40 million people.	215
4152905606	Mahdi Rebellion	A British colonial war of the late 19th century, which was fought between the Mahdist Sudanese of the religious leader Muhammad Ahmad bin Abd Allah, and the forces of the Khedivate of Egypt, initially, and later the forces of Britain.	216
4152912243	Meiji Restoration	A chain of events that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji.	217
4152916745	Moro Rebellion	An armed conflict between Moro indigenous ethnic groups and the United States military which took place in the southern Philippines but was unconnected to the Spanish-American War in 1898.	218
4152919278	Napoleon	A French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars.	219
4152924077	Opium Wars	Two wars in the mid-19th century involving Anglo-Chinese disputes over British trade in China and China's sovereignty.	220
4152927357	Pact of Umar	A treaty between the Muslims and the Christians of either Syria, Mesopotamia or Jerusalem that later gained a canonical status in Islamic jurisprudence. The pact contains a list of rights and restrictions on non-Muslims.	221
4152934008	Scramble for Africa	The invasion, occupation, division, colonization and annexation of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914.	222
4152936720	Sepoy Rebellion	A rebellion in India against the rule of the British East India Company, that ran from May 1857 to June 1858. The rebellion began as a mutiny of sepoys of the East India Company's army.	223
4152942094	Shaka Zulu	One of the most influential monarchs of the Zulu Kingdom.	224
4152948695	Socialism	A range of economic and social systems characterized by social ownership and democratic control of the means of production; as well as the political ideologies, theories, and movements that aim at their establishment.	225
4152951937	Social Darwanism	A name given to various theories of society which emerged in the United Kingdom, North America, and Western Europe in the 1870s, and which claim to apply biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to sociology and politics.	226
4152955292	Spanish American War	A conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States, the result of U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence.	227
4152959103	Spanish Flu	The influenza of 1918-1919.	228
4152963982	Suez Canal	An artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.	229
4152969173	Tanzimat Reforms	A series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire that brought the culture, education, religion and society more in line with Europe and the United States and western ways.	230
4152970843	Treaty of Nanking	Signed on 29 August 1842 to mark the end of the First Opium War (1839-42) between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Qing Dynasty of China.	231
4152979585	White Man's Burden	A poem by the English poet Rudyard Kipling. It was described by Senator Henry Cabot as "rather poor poetry, but good sense from the expansion point of view".	232
4153002313	Young Turks	The perpetrators of the Armenian Genocide. Their movement emerged in reaction to the absolutist rule of Sultan Abdul-Hamid II.	233
4153010572	Zimmerman Letter/Zimmerman Telegram	An internal diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January, 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico in the event of the United States' entering World War I against Germany.	234
4153015102	Zionism	A nationalist and political movement of Jews and Jewish culture that emerged in the 19th century, and supports the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel (roughly corresponding to Palestine, Canaan or the Holy Land).	235
4153020032	Zulu Wars	A war fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom.	236
4153123462	Cixi	A Chinese empress dowager and regent who effectively controlled the Chinese government in the late Qing dynasty for 47 years from 1861 until her death in 1908.	237

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AP world history paleolithic age Flashcards

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4766442463	Early hominids emerge where and when ?	Eastern Africa, 3-4 million years ago	0
4766445128	Homosapiens (modern humans) first appear when	100-200 thousand years ago	1
4766449020	What and when happened that led people spreading across the globe	Migration led to people spreading across the planet, by 10,000 BC	2
4766498684	When did the early humans cross the land bridge Biringia, where did it lead them	15,000 years ago, with led us to the americas	3
4766503450	Out of Africa theory	The theory that early humans spread around the globe in search of food	4
4766525515	When did early Homosapiens emerge in Africa	250,000 years ago	5
4766528776	Multi-regional theory	We simultaneously evolved around the world	6
4766532421	What causes migration	Food shortage, water, temperature	7
4766538269	What is used to determine age of once living things	Radio carbon dating	8
4766544102	What helped the early humans survive	- them adapting the environment to suit - use of tools -Bipedalism - language - complex cooperative social structure	9
4766563347	Australopithecus africanus (south ape) how tall were they, how big was there brian, how well could they comminicate, when did they become extinct	They were 3'5" and they had 500cc sized brain, they had limited speech and they had opposible thumbs, they became extinct 3.5 million years ago	10
4766586185	Homo erectus ( upright man) How large were brains, what did they accomplish	They had a larger brain 1000cc, improved tool use, they controlled fire.	11
4766605281	Homosapiens (concouse thinking man) How big was there brain, and how good were there tools	They had the largest brain, in the frontal lobe - they had the most sophisticated tools and social organization	12
4766637364	Neanderthals, where were the first of them originated, what were they named after, how tall were they, how big were there brains, how did they get food	Around 200,000 years ago, Neander valley Germany, they stood about 5.5 feet tall with a bulky body, had slightly larger brains, they hunted and foraged for food.	13
4766659031	What did neanderthals believe, what tools did they have, how big were there groups, what did they live in, did they practice medicine.	They believed in animism, had knives and spear points, lived in groups betwen 35-50, lived in shelters made of branches and animal skin, they did practice medicine.	14
4766676968	Homo sapeins sapeins (modern humans)originated where and when and dominated what, what was there body structure	Originated in africa about 50,000 years ago, dominated neanderthals, they had taller less stocky body then neanderthals	15
4766701204	Cro-Magnon people had what body structure, how was there speech, how was there variety of tools, also had what	They had similar structure to modern humans(had more hair), they had a increased compacity for speech, they had a wide variety of tools, they had exess crap wich means they have more time	16
4766710405	how much of human history were humans hunters and gatherers	95%	17
4766712146	In paleolithic society food was ______ not _______	gathered not produced	18
4766719474	When was all inhabited parts of the earth covered	13,000 bc	19
4766720899	Archeological finds	choppers, saws, use of fire	20
4766723421	How have early humans hurt the environment	They have hunted several animals to extinction	21
4766725775	Were the early humans decided by gender roles and why	no, because they both worked to produce food	22
4766729776	Animism	Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.	23
4766732950	Nomadic culture precludes what	accumulation of land based wealth, more likely determines status	24
4766747005	Donalds car		25

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AP World History - Period 5 Flashcards

AP World History period 5: 1750-1900.
Original from MrsBHatchTEACHER

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6289101658	Development of machines (steam and internal combustion engines); coal and oil	What made fossil fuel exploitation possible? What types of fossil fuels were most commonly used between 1750 and 1900?	0
6289101659	"fossil fuels"	The "____________________" revolution greatly increased the energy available to human societies.	1
6289101660	1. Concentrated labor into a single location 2. Led to increased degree of specialization of labor	What are 2 important changes that occurred as a result of the development of the factory system?	2
6289101661	Spread from Northwest Europe to other parts of Europe, the United States, Russia, and Japan.	Where did the new methods of production spread from? Where did they spread to?	3
6289101662	Second half of the nineteenth century; new methods of production in steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery	When was the "second industrial revolution"? What methods of production did it involve?	4
6289101663	Industrialists sought raw materials and new markets for the increasing amount and array of goods produced in their factories.	What led to new patterns of global trade further integration of the global economy between 1750 and 1900?	5
6289101664	Need of raw materials and greater food supply; profits used to purchase finished goods. Ex. cotton, palm oil, sugar, wheat, meat, guano, metals, and minerals	What needs led to the growth of export economies that specialized in "single natural resources"? Examples? What were the profits used for?	6
6289101665	Rapid increase of productivity caused by industrial production; Ex. textile production in India	What led to the decline of agriculturally based economies between 1750 and 1900? Example?	7
6289101666	"consumer markets"; Ex. British and French attempts to "open" the Chinese economy	The rapid development of industrial production encouraged industrialized states to seek out new _____________________ for their finished goods. Provide some examples:	8
6289101667	Metals and global demand for gold, silver, and diamonds; Ex. copper mines in Mexico and gold/diamond mines in South Africa	What led to the development of extensive mining centers between 1750 and 1900? Examples?	9
6289101668	Who provided the ideological inspiration for economic changes between 1750 and 1900? Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill	Who provided the ideological inspiration for economic changes between 1750 and 1900?	10
6289101669	Stock markets, insurance, gold standard, and limited liability corporations	What "financial instruments" came into extensive use between 1750 and 1900?	11
6289101670	Railroads, steamships, telegraphs, and canals	What major transportation and communication developments occurred between 1750 and 1900?	12
6289101671	Better working conditions, limited hours, and gain increased wages	What gains did newly developed workers' organization hope to achieve?	13
6289101672	Opposed capitalist exploitation of workers; Ex. Utopian socialism, Marxism, and anarchism	Why did some workers promote alternative visions of society? Examples?	14
6289101673	Qing China and Ottoman Empires	What imperial governments from the era 1750-1900 resisted economic change and attempt to maintain pre-industrial forms of economic production?	15
6289101674	Economic reforms in Meiji Japan, development of factories and railroads in Tsarist Russia, China's Self-Strengthening movement, and Muhammad Ali's development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt	What are some examples of state-sponsored visions of industrialization?	16
6289101675	State pensions and public health in Germany, expansion of suffrage in Britain and public education	What are some examples of reforms that some regions instituted in response to criticism of global capitalism?	17
6289101676	Middle class and industrial working class	What new classes developed between 1750 and 1900?	18
6289101677	Family dynamics, gender roles, and demographics changed	What changes occurred in family life and gender roles between 1750 and 1900?	19
6289101678	Unsanitary conditions and new forms of community	What changes occurred as a result of rapid urbanization between 1750 and 1900?	20
6289101679	British in India and the Dutch in Indonesia	Which states' existing colonies were strengthened between 1750 and 1900?	21
6289101680	British, Dutch, French, Germans, Russians, Americans, and Japanese	Which states established new empires throughout Asia and the Pacific between 1750 and 1900?	22
6289101681	Spain and Portugal	Which states' influence declined between 1750 and 1900?	23
6289101682	Britain - South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand France - Algeria	Which states established settler colonies between 1750 and 1900? Where?	24
6289101683	Economic imperialism; Ex. British and French in China with the Opium Wars, or British and U.S. heavy investment in Latin America	What economic practice did many powerful states employ outside of their established empire between 1750 and 1900? Examples?	25
6289101684	Expansion of U.S. and European influence over Tokugawa Japan	What influenced the emergence of Meiji Japan?	26
6289101685	The United States and Russia	Who emulated European transoceanic imperialism between 1750 and 1900?	27
6289101686	Led to the contraction of the Ottoman Empire; Ex. establishment of independent states in the Balkans, semi-independence in Egypt, French & Italian colonies in North Africa, and British influence in Egypt	How was the Ottoman Empire affected by anti-imperial resistance? Examples?	28
6289101687	Cherokee nation, Siam, Hawai'i, and the Zulu Kingdom	What are some examples of states that developed at the edges of existing empires between 1750 and 1900?	29
6289101688	Nationalism; Ex. German nation, Filipino nationalism, and Liberian nationalism	What new ideology helped to foster new communal identities between 1750 and 1900? Examples?	30
6289101689	New racial ideologies; Ex. Social Darwinism	How was imperialism often justified?	31
6289101690	Questioned established traditions in all areas of life; preceded revolutions and rebellions against government	What are the defining characteristics "enlightenment thought" and role did it play in politics between 1750 and 1900?	32
6289101691	Voltaire & Rosseau; encouraged observation and inference; critiqued role religion played in public life; political ideas focused on individual, natural rights, and the social contract	List some examples of "thinkers" (intellectuals) from the enlightenment era. What did they encourage? What did they critique? What did their political ideas focus on?	33
6289101692	1. American Declaration of Independence 2. French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen 3. Bolivar's Jamaica Letter	List 3 important examples of revolutionary documents from the enlightenment era:	34
6289101693	expansion of rights, abolition of slavery, and the end of serfdom	What major social and political shifts did Enlightenment thinking inspire between 1750 and 1900?	35
6289101694	1. language 2. religion 3. social customs 4. territory	Between 1750 and 1900, newly imagined national communities were built around a sense of commonality typically based on what four things?	36
6289101695	Wahhabi rebellion against Ottomans Challange of Marathas to Mughal sultans	What centralized imperial governments witnessed rebellions/revolutions between 1750 and 1900?	37
6289101696	U.S., Haiti, and mainland Latin America	American colonial rebellions facilitated the emergence of independent states in what regions?	38
6289101697	1. American Revolution 2. French Revolution 3. Haitian Revolution 4. Latin American independence movements	What are the 4 major independence movements that occurred between 1750 and 1900?	39
6289101698	Brazil, Cuba, and the Guyanas	What areas witnessed significant slave resistance between 1750 and 1900?	40
6289101699	Indian Revolt and Boxer Rebellion; questions about political authority and growing nationalism	Name two anticolonial movements that occurred in Asia between 1750 and 1900? What inspired these movements?	41
6289101700	Taiping Rebellion, The Ghost Dance, and the Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement	Name several important rebellions between 1750-1900 that were based on religious beliefs/millenarianism.	42
6289101701	Tanzimat Movement and the Self-Strengthening Movement	What are some examples of imperial reforms that were implemented in response increasing rebellions between 1750 and 1900?	43
6289101702	liberalism, socialism, and communism	What new political ideologies were inspired by the rebellions of 1750-1900?	44
6289101703	demands for women's suffrage and an emergent feminism	What are some examples of the challenges to gender hierarchies between 1750 and 1900?	45
6289101704	changes in demography that presented challenges to existing living patterns	What influenced migration between 1750 and 1900?	46
6289101705	Changes in food production and improving medical conditions	What contributed to global rise in population between 1750 and 1900?	47
6289101706	The nature of new modes of transportation	What influenced the significant global urbanization of the 19th century?	48
6289101707	manual laborers and specialized professionals	What sorts of individuals chose to relocate in search of work between 1750 and 1900?	49
6289101708	coerced and semi-coerced labor migration; Ex. slavery, Chinese and Indian indentured servitude, and convict labor	What types of labor did the global capitalist community continue to rely on between 1750 and 1900? List some examples.	50
6289101709	Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific, Lebanese merchants in the Americas, and Italians in Argentina	Provide some example of temporary and seasonal migrants who returned to their home societies rather than permanently relocating.	51
6289101710	due to the physical nature of the labor in demand; left women to take on roles in the home society that were previously occupied by men	Why did migrant workers of the 19th century tend to be male? How did this change women's roles in the home societies?	52
6289101711	Chinese in SE Asia, the Caribbean, and the Americas; Indians in E & S Africa, the Caribbean, and SE Asia	What are some examples of ethnic enclaves created by migrants in different parts of the world?	53
6289101712	transplanted culture and facilitated the development of migrant support networks	What role did ethnic enclaves play in migrants' lives?	54
6289101713	1. ethnic and racial prejudice 2. regulation of the increasing flow of people across their borders	What are some of the ways in which receiving societies reacted to immigrants?	55

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AP World History Ch. 4 Flashcards

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4829881748	Isolate	To set them apart from others	0
4829881749	Debated	Discussed by considering opposing viewpoints	1
4851299775	Epic Poem	A long poem that tells the deeds of a great hero, such as the Iliad and the Odyssey of Homer.	2
4851321280	Arete	In early Greece, the qualities of excellence that a hero strives to win in a struggle or contest.	3
4851339903	Polis	The early Greek city-state, consulting of a city or town and its surrounding countryside.	4
4851347970	Acropolis	In early Greek city-states, a fortified gathering place at the top of a hill that was sometimes the site of temples and public buildings.	5
4851385092	Agora	In early Greek city-states, an open area that served as a gathering place and as a market.	6
4851406180	Assemble	To gather; to meet together.	7
4851408811	Phalanx	A wall of shields created by foot soldiers marching shoulder to shoulder in a rectangular formation.	8
4851423412	Imply	To express indirectly through reference or association.	9
4851433537	Tyrant	A ruler who seized power by force from the aristocrats, gained support from the newly rich and poor, and maintained power by using hired soldiers and fighting tactics.	10
4851450893	Democracy	"The rule of many"; government by the people, either directly or through their elected representatives.	11
4851468470	Oligarchy	"The rule of few"; a form of government in which a select group of people exercises control.	12
4851471581	Helot	In ancient Sparta, a captive person who was forced to work for the conqueror.	13
4851492872	Ephor	One of the five men elected each year in ancient Sparta who were responsible for the education of youth and conduct of all citizens.	14
4854205078	Classical	Authoritative, traditional; relating to the literature, art, architecture, and ideals of the ancient Greek and Roman world.	15
4854214935	Age of Pericles	The period between 461 B.C and 429 B.C when Pericles dominated Athenian politics and Athens reached the height of its power.	16
4854221894	Direct Democracy	A system of government in which the people participate directly in government decision making through mass meetings.	17
4854225649	Ostracism	In ancient Athens, the process for temporarily banning ambitious politicians from the city by popular vote.	18
4854230933	Strategy	A plan or method.	19
4854232421	Oracle	In ancient Greece, a sacred shrine where a god or goddess was said to reveal the future through a priest or priestess.	20
4854242272	Tradegy	A form of drama that portrays a conflict between the protagonist and a superior force and having a protagonist who is brought to ruin or extreme sorrow, especially as a result of a fatal flaw.	21
4854244306	Philosophy	An organized system of thought, from the Greek for "love of wisdom".	22
4854244307	Method	A systematic plan for doing something	23
4854246213	Socratic Method	The method of teaching used by the Greek philosopher Socrates; it employs a question-and-answer format to lead pupils to see things for themselves by using their own reason.	24
4854246214	Ethics	Moral principles; generally recognized rules of conduct.	25
4854270562	Hellenistic Era	The age of Alexander the Great; period when the Greek language and ideas were carried to the non-Greek world.	26
4854278022	Subsidizing	Aiding or promoting with public money.	27
4854280334	Founder	One who founds or establishes.	28
4854283678	Epicureanism	The school of thought development by the philosopher Epicurus in Hellenistic Athens; it held that happiness is the chief goal of life, and the means to achieve happiness was the pursuit of pleasure.	29
4854292683	Stoicism	The school of thought developed by the teacher Zeno in Hellenistic Athens; it says that happiness can be achieved only when people gain inner peace by living in harmony with the will of God and that people should bear whatever life offers.	30

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AP World History Unit 4 Flashcards

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5983045294	The world became truly global	the western hemisphere came into continued contact with the eastern hemisphere. Technological innovations, strengthened political organization, and economic prosperity all contributed to this change that completely altered world trade patterns.	0
5983152531	Maritime trade dominated the world	Technological advancements and willingness of political leaders to invest in it meant that sea-based trade became much more important. As a result, old land-based empires lost relative power to the new sea-based powers.	1
5983899527	European Kingdoms gained world power	The relative power and prosperity of Europe increased dramatically during this time in comparison to empires in the longer-established civilizations areas.	2
5983956731	Nomads began to a thing of the past	Nomads continued to play an important role in trade and cultural diffusion, and they continued to threaten the borders of the large land-based empires. However, their power dwindled as travel and trade by water became more important.	3
5983993135	Labor systems were transformed	The acquisition of colonies in North and South America led to major changes in labor systems. After many Amerindians died from disease transmitted by contact with Europeans, a vigorous slave trade from Africa began and continued throughout most of the era. Slave labor became very important all over the Americas. Other labor systems, such as the mita and encomienda in South America, were adapted from previous native traditions by the Spanish and Portuguese.	4
5984000947	"Gunpowder Empires" emerged in the Middle East and Asia	Empires in older civilization areas gained new strength from new technologies in weaponry. Basing their new power on "gunpowder," they still suffered from the old issues that had plagued land-based empires for centuries: defense of borders, communication within the empire, and maintenance of an army adequate to defend the large territory. By the end of the era, many were less powerful than the new sea-based kingdoms of Europe.	5
5984022577	The ottoman empire	Founded by Osman, the Ottoman Empire included a collection of Turkish tribes from Asia Minor. In 1453 they conquered Constantinople and ended the Byzantine Empire. From Constantinople (soon to be called Istanbul) they launched raids into the Balkans of Europe.Under Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottomans controlled land on three continents. They took land from Baghdad to Belgrade and laid siege to Vienna. The Siege of Vienna (1530) was a turning point in Ottoman expansion and European unity to fight Muslim invaders.They used an extensive civil service and bureaucracy (like what other groups?) they maintained a large, multiethnic empire for 600 years. The Sultan was an absolute ruler; however, he allowed for petition from the people. Their wealth came from the control of the Dardanelles and Black Sea.Great army of mounted and foot soldiers; made use of Janissaries, Balkan Christians captured as boys who became skilled soldiers. Slaves were used for labor.Most Turks were Sunni; however, Orthodox Christians and Jews also made up sizable portions of the empire. The empire was culturally diverse largely due to trade connections and diversity of lands governed. The merchant class was important.Women had more equality than other areas, including the right to own property.	6
5984070322	The Mughal Empire	Continuation of the Delhi Sultanate - descendents of the Mongol invaders (hence Mughal) o Land included modern day India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan o Strong military required high taxes o Military service was rewarded with land grants - upset regional rulers o Muslim authority over Hindus; Akbar married a Hindu woman and tried to reconcile with the majority Hindi population o Sikhism emerges in some areas - a combination of Islam and Hinduism o Limited trade o The Taj Mahal was built during this time. It is an "Islamic" building.	7
5984082961	Tokugawa Japan	A "gunpowder empire" emerged in Japan, unusual in the sense that Japan was not an expansive land- based empire. The Japanese daimyos, or regional lords, had operated fairly independently from the shoguns before the early 17th century, when these military, feudalistic leaders were unified under one powerful family, the Tokugawa. The emperor was still honored as the ceremonial leader, as reflected in the name given to the Tokugawa government. The "tent" government that temporarily replaced the emperor emerged. The tent government eventually settled in Edo (modern Tokyo), and ruled their independent subjects by instituting alternate attendance, the practice of daimyos spending every other year at the Tokugawa shogun's court. This requirement meant that daimyos had limited time to focus on building armies back home, and they also had to maintain expensive second homes in Edo. (Compare to how Louis XIV controlled the French nobles). The Tokugawa shoguns had less patience with Christian missionaries from the west than the Chinese did. Their aversion to Europeans was based partly on their observation of the Spanish conquest of the Philippines, a fate that they did not want to share. They also worried that Europeans might conspire with the daimyos to destroy Tokugawa control. In the 1630s the shogunate literally "closed Japan," by forbidding all Japanese from going abroad and expelling all Europeans from Japan. They carefully controlled trade with other Asians, and European traders could come no closer than nearby islands. These policies were strictly enforced as far as the shoguns were able to, although daimyos on far islands were difficult to control.	8
5984091265	The Ming and Early Qing Dynasties in china	The Ming Emperors continued to rule China until the mid-1600s, but the dynasty was in decline for many years before that. Although its cultural brilliance and economic achievements continued until about 1600, China had some of the same problems that the Muslim empires had: borders difficult to guard, armies expensive to maintain, and transportation and communication issues.	9
5984110902	Factors that weakened the Ming China	1) Climatic change - A broad change of climate swept from Europe to China during the 1600s, with the weather turning much colder. This change seriously affected agriculture and health, and also contributed to serious famine across China. These conditions led frustrated peasants to frequent rebellion. 2) Nomadic invasions - The 1500s saw the reemergence of the Mongols as a regional power, this time with the help and support of Tibet. In gratitude, the Mongols bestowed the Tibetan leader with the title of Dalai Lama, or "universal teacher" of Tibetan Buddhism. The Japanese also attacked Korea, a Chinese tributary state, requiring Ming armies to defend the area. 3) Pirates - As sea-based trade became more and more important, the number of pirates also increased in the Chinese seas, just as they did in the Americas. Pirates were both Chinese and Japanese, and they lay in wait for ships going in and out of Chinese ports. 4) Decline of the Silk Road - After so many centuries, the famed Silk Road trade finally fell into decline during this era. New technologies and European control meant that more and more trade was conducted by water, and land-based trade decreased. 5) Inept rulers - The last emperors lived in luxury in the Forbidden City, and had little to do with governing the empire. For example, the last emperor was so disengaged that he did not know that he was under attack until the enemy literally was climbing over the palace walls.	10
5984121772	The early Qing dynasty	The Manchus (from Manchuria) finally overthrew the Ming Dynasty in 1644. The Manchus had been asked by the Mings to help fight off the Mongols and the Japanese. After fighting the Mongols and Japanese off, they decided to take China as their own. They called themselves the Qing ("pure") Empire because they saw themselves as restoring China to glory. The Qing Dynasty was to rule China until 1911, and in the years before 1750, the empire was very strong. The emperors ruled under many of the same precepts that China had always had, such as the Mandate of Heaven, which they saw as justification for their takeover. The Manchu did keep their ethnic identity, forbidding intermarriage between Manchus and Chinese. They also outlawed the Chinese from learning the Manchurian language, and they required Chinese men to shave their heads and grow long queues at the back of their heads as a sign of submission. Despite the problems that China faced as a land-based Gunpowder Empire, the early Qing Dynasty - until the late 18th century - ruled over a "golden age" of Chinese civilization. Two of its early emperors had long and prosperous reigns: Kangxi (1661-1722) and Qianlong (1736-1795). Kangxi was an enlightened, brilliant ruler whose many talents illustrate the era. He was a Confucian scholar, poet, and supporter of education, but he was also a conquering warrior who understood the importance of military might. China was so prosperous in these early Qing days that Qianlong cancelled taxes on several occasions because the government simply didn't need the money.	11
5984138189	Chinese contact with Europeans	East-west contacts between China and Europe intensified during the early Qing Dynasty. One type of contact - Christian missionaries from the west - had probably come to China as early as the 7th century, but the plague and the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty had all but stopped the interchange. Contact revived during the 16th century when the Jesuits first began arriving in China. The Jesuit priests were an order of the Catholic Church that specialized in international missionary work. One of the early Jesuits, Matteo Ricci, very much impressed the Chinese, who admired his education, brilliance, and respect for Chinese customs and accomplishments. The Jesuits dazzled their hosts with European science and technology. For example, they were able to use their math skills to correct Chinese calendars that up until then had miscalculated solar eclipses. They prepared maps of the world, and charmed the Chinese with gadgets (like chiming clocks), and the emperors saw to it that Jesuits had a special place in their courts. However, they had limited success in converting people to Christianity. After the Pope condemned what he called "ancestry worship," Kangxi ordered the end to Jesuit ministries. The Jesuits did inspire trade demands as word about the riches and sophistication of Qing China got back to Europe. Chinese products - tea, porcelain, silk, wallpaper, and decorative items - became quite fashionable among the European elite, and Europeans commonly saw Kangxi as a great philosopher king. The Chinese reacted by opening the southern port of Canton to Europeans, but again, the Middle Kingdom (thought they were the center of the world) was very wary of foreign contact, and so they closely supervised the trade. (contrast with the Japanese)	12
5984144104	Cultural and intellectual life in china	Based upon Chinese traditions Neo-Confucianism Civil Service Exams Printing press increased the number of books, including novels which Confucian scholars condemned o Journey to the West was an account of the journey of the Buddhism monk Xuan Zang to India where he learned the Buddhism that would be brought to China	13
5984152158	Congo	African merchant princes connected to the Atlantic Trade network economy. Women traders used marriage to European merchant to ensure power. Set up trade with Portuguese. Converted to Christianity. Became a major center of the slave trade.	14
5984186401	Benin West Africa	trade economy. palace in walled city. skilled in bronze work.	15
5984195228	SONGHAI: Sudanic	trade controlled salt, gold and copper. Was once controlled by Mali. Sunni Ali was the leader who brought Timbuktu and other trading cities and under his control. lacked gunpowder, was defeated by Moroccan forces in 1591 difficult to find evidence.	16
5984223662	European Empires	1) Portugal - power came from exploration and colonization; important in the early slave trade; first to set up trading centers along Africa's coast and to trade directly with India and China through maritime trade 2) Spain - unified by the marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand; wealth came from exploration and colonization; expelled Muslims and Jews; Inquisition; Spanish control of Latin America; decimation of the Native Americans; beginning of American slave trade 3) England - power from trade and colonization; mercantilism - economic system where the "mother country" has colonies and restricts them to trade only with the mother; long history of Constitutionalism - power to Parliament and limited monarchy; King Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth bring England to its height in power and prestige 4) France - power from trade and colonization; Louis XIV highlighted the system of absolutism - total power to the monarchy; controlled nobles by having them live at Versailles	17
5984230235	Patterns of Social and gender change	Major cities included Paris, London, and Amsterdam o Rise of the bourgeoisie - middle class emerges o Rising gap between poor and everyone else o Marriages take place later in life; less likely to be arranged than before; more freedom for women ' o More women become educated o Renaissance brings a new age of art and literature to Europe o Reformation brings an end to unified European Catholicism	18
5984239600	Russia	For the AP World History Exam, Russia is considered "nonwestern." During this time period, Russia converted to Orthodox Christianity and began to have more contacts with the West. Peter the Great made it his goal to "westernize" Russia. He mandated western style clothing, education, and military structures. Russia becomes a major power in world affairs.	19
5984248116	Exploration and Colonization of the Americas	Upon the arrival of Europeans, the Americas had millions of inhabitants. Some were advanced and some were primitive. The Aztecs and Incas had unified large segments of land and people under their control. The Europeans, primarily the Spanish began the systems that would decimate the populations of the Americans and set in motion the eventual Atlantic Slave Trade. Major changes and results from the interaction between Europeans and Native Americans (Columbian Exchange) included: 1) Diseases - small pox, tuberculosis, measles, and influenza attacked the Native Americans who did not have the immune systems to fight exposure; Europeans contracted a more deadly form of syphilis 2) Animals - pigs, cows, and horses were taken to the Americas leading to an increase in transportation and food stuff 3) Crops - Native American crops of corn, squash, beans, tomatoes, potatoes, and chilies led to a population increase in Europe	20
5984262878	Major population shifts	• A rise in the population of Europe - Europe's population had been decimated by the 14th century plague epidemic, so during the 15th and 16th centuries, population levels were growing to match previous levels. • A decrease in the population of the Americas - This trend may run counter to common knowledge, but it does reflect the decimation of Amerindian populations by their encounters with Europeans. For example, in the late 15th century North America had almost 4 million people, Mexico had more than 21 million, the Caribbean and Central America each had almost 6 million, and South America (Andes and Lowlands) had almost 30 million. By 1700 the entire western hemisphere had only 13 million, a decrease from 67 million or so in 1500. Even though Europeans had settled in both North and South America by 1700, their numbers were too few to make an overall demographic difference. No overall population decrease occurred in Africa - Again, counter to common belief, the slave trade did not decimate the populations of Africa. By 1700 Africa had more than 60 million people, almost doubling their population in 1000. To be sure, some areas of Africa did reflect huge population losses, and logically those were places where the slave trade was most vigorous. Because the Atlantic trade was so much larger than the Saharan trade, areas most affected were along Africa's west coast, such as the Gold Coast and Slave Coast to the north, the Bight of Biafra in the middle, and Angola in the south. Between 1000 and 1700 C.E., the populations of Asia - including the Middle East, Indian, and East Asia - more than doubled to a total of about 415 million. Clearly, overall world population grew, and the majority of people by the end of the time period still lived in the Middle East and Asia. The Columbian Exchange almost certainly caused some environmental changes that help to explain the population trends listed above. For example, maize and cassava (a nutritious plant used in modern day in tapioca) were transported by Portuguese ships from Brazil to Angola in southwest Africa. Angolans cultivated the crops, which adapted very well to their land. Some historians believe that this exchange provided the base for the population increase that followed, despite the fact that many Angolans were captured and deported to the New World as slaves. Likewise, the Andean potato eventually became the staple for poor people in Europe, sustaining population growth despite the number of people that began to migrate to the New World.	21
5984282067	Major environmental changes	Soil exhaustion - Plantations in the Americas tended to rely on single crops, a process that depletes the soil of nutrients, and since land was plentiful, often the planters just moved on to clear more land. For example, in the Caribbean, instead of rotating sugar with other crops, planters found it more profitable to clearly new lands when yields began to decline. Eventually, they moved on to other islands. 2) Deforestation - The Spanish first cut down forests in the Caribbean to make pastures for the cattle they brought, and deforestation accelerated when more areas were cleared for plantations. In North America, shipbuilding in the northern English colonies took its toll of forests. In all of the Americas, the forests near the coasts were the first to go, so that deforestation was significant in many areas by 1750. 3) Deforestation was also taking place in Europe during this period. Timber was needed for ships, buildings, wagons, barrels, and many other items. The Little Ice Age that began in Europe during the 1590s made wood shortages worse. People burned wood to keep warm, and by the mid- 17th century, forests were growing scarce and wood prices skyrocketed. This wood shortage encouraged the use of coal for fuel, and since England had coal in great supply, deforestation almost certainly helped their economy grow. However, deforestation had many negative effects, especially on the poor. 4) The Little Ice Age spread as far as China, where it caused hardship that led people to rebellion and discontent, a condition that contributed to the mid-17th century demise of Ming China.	22
5984300578	What are the debates about the timing and extent of European predominance in the world economy?	The first argument is that Europe was visionary in thinking and that a few greats, such as Prince Henry the Navigator and Sir Isaac Newton spurred others on. The idea was that a "great man" such as one just mentioned caused Europe to be great. The second argument is that European culture caused Europe to ultimately dominate the world. From the Renaissance, Europeans developed the idea that life on earth was to be enjoyed and dominated. A third theory is economic. Europe needed markets and resources, so they went and got them. A final theory is that political theory was the driving force for Europe dominating the world. Monarchs needed monarchs to finance wars and increase their power.	23

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AP World History Early and Classical Civilizations Vocab Flashcards

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3712400661	Paleolithic	"Old Stone Age" a prehistoric period that lasted from about 2,500,000 to 8000 B.C., during which people made use of crude stone tools and weapons Nomadic hunters and gatherers.	0
3712401544	Neolithic	"New Stone Age" a prehistoric period that began about 8000 B.C. and in some areas ended as early as 3000 B.C. during which people learned to polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops, and raise animals It helped start civilizations.	1
3712402225	australopithecines	aka hominid, a fossil bipedal with both apelike and human characteristics in Africa The importance of australopithecines are that they were the first adaptation of an ape that was bipedal that eventually led to the evolution of the Homo sapien. Known as the ancestor to the modern human being.	2
3712402828	nomad	a member of a group that has no permanent home, wandering from place to place in search of food and water Before a sedentary lifestyle was common, most people were nomads. People stopped being nomads around the Agricultural Revolution.	3
3712417918	barter	a form of trade in which people exchange goods and services without the use of money This was common before currency was established and showed the value of things by trade.	4
3712417919	cuneiform	a system of writing with wedge-shaped symbols, invented by the Sumerians around 3000 B.C. When people started writing, cuneiform was the first form of writing in Mesopotamia and shows how their brains developed.	5
3712417083	Ur	a Sumerian city-state, the center of a Sumerian cities was the walled temple with a ziggurat in the middle. There the priests and rulers appealed to the gods for the well-being of the city-state This was the biggest city-state and it was important because it was like the first Capitol.	6
3712417084	Mesopotamia	"land between the rivers" one of the first civilizations located in the Fertile Crescent and organized into city-states This was the earliest civilization and it reflects a settlement pattern that has occurred throughout history.	7
3712417085	cultural diffusion	the spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another This shows how ideas/products get spread around and cultures mix.	8
3712416632	city state	a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit. City states were like countries in close proximity and they were important because it determined land and the rules between each of them.	9
3712416633	Hammurabi	a noted lawgiver, military leader, diplomat, and administrator of a vast empire. He ruled the Babylonian Empire from 1792 B.C. to 1750 B.C. and created Hammurabi's Code of Laws. He established the first set of laws and this developed the political aspects of civilization even further.	10
3712416634	Epic of Gilgamesh	A poem and among the earth's earliest literary works portraying a mythological Sumerian king from about the 3rd millennium BCE filled with the stories about spirits, monsters, and gods. This is important because it shows how Sumerians were pessimistic and afraid of death and the afterlife.	11
3712416088	theocracy	a government in which the ruler is viewed as a divine figure (religious leader)	12
3712416089	polytheism	a belief in many gods Most early religions were polytheistic.	13
3712414213	Qin	a short lived Chinese dynasty that replaced the Zhou Dynasty in the third century B.C. Ruled by Shi Huangdi, a cruel leader, who practiced legalism. made census, durable features	14
3712413858	Shi Huangdi	Ruled during the Qin dynasty. Unified China. direct and violent.	15
3712413859	Confucianism	a system of philosophical ideas that were formed by Chinese teacher and philosopher, Confucius. Believed that strong personal virtue led to a solid political life. System of ethics.	16
3712413438	Daoism	philosophy associated with Laozi stressed need for alignment with Doa or cosmic force. emphasized harmony with nature (Yin and Yang)	17
3712413439	Legalism	very strict and brutal way of ruling; no free thinking (Shi Huangdi)	18
3712415845	hieroglyphics	The ancient Egyptian form of writing that combined logographic and alphabetic elements It is important because historians still have not deciphered hieroglyphics.	19
3712415846	pharaoh	a king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader This is important because it shows how across most early civilizations leaders were tied to religion.	20
3712415411	Harappan	another name for the Indus Valley civilization that arose along the Indus River, possibly as early as 7000 B.C.; characterized by sophisticated city planning	21
3712415412	Mohenjo Daro	an ancient city of the civilization of the Indus Valley (2600-1700 B.C.), now an archaeological site in Pakistan, southwest of Sukkur. This is important because it was one of the earliest civilizations and showed the difference between a civilization and a site.	22
3712414997	Mandate of Heaven	In Chinese history, the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority This is important because it shows that the Chinese believed that royal authority came from heaven.	23
3712411534	Ashoka	A ruler of the Mauryan Empire who converted to Buddhism. advised by Kautilya	24
3712414998	Shang	The Shang Dynasty lasted from 1700 B.C. to 1027 B.C. and they were the first to leave written records. They built elaborate palaces and tombs. This is important because this rule was lead and controlled very well, fought many wars, and left the most evidence of their existence.	25
3712411301	Chandragupta	Founder of the Mauryan empire.	26
3712411302	regionalism	The practice of regional rather than central systems of administrations.	27
3712411101	caste system	A social structure system.	28
3712411102	Hinduism	the main religion of India which includes the worship of many gods and the belief that after you die you return to life in a different form	29
3712410899	Upanishads	epic poems with mysticism; serves as the basis of Hinduism	30
3712410900	Vedas	sacred teachings; Aryans brought ancient books explained origins of Hinduism	31
3712410525	Siddhartha	the personal name of Buddha, founder of Buddhism	32
3712410526	Buddhism	a path of practice and spiritual development leading to Insight into the true nature of reality. Buddhist practices like meditation are means of changing yourself in order to develop the qualities of awareness, kindness, and wisdom to achieve nirvana.	33
3712410232	Minoans	an inhabitant of Minoan Crete or member of the Minoan people. culture of Crete, near ancient Greece.	34
3712410233	Phoenicians	a member of a Semitic people inhabiting ancient Phoenicia and its colonies. The Phoenicians prospered from trade and manufacturing until the capital, Tyre, was sacked by Alexander the Great in 332 BC.	35
3712414211	Zhou	The Zhou Dynasty ruled from 1100-221 B.C. and included a lot of Shang culture. It was ruled by feudalism (control over different regions by members of the royal family and trusted members, and contained the period of Warring States (the later years of Zhou after being attacked by nomads). This is important because it was the longest dynasty in Chinese history and contained many innovations.	36
3712414212	patriarchal	relating to a social system in which the father is the head of the family This is important because it shows the social order of all of the first empires/classical civilizations.	37
3712409766	Socrates	An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes.	38
3712410524	Nirvana	in Buddhism, the release from pain and suffering achieved after enlightenment	39
3712409767	Persian Wars	the wars fought between Greece and Persia in the 5th century bc, in which the Persians sought to extend their territory over the Greek world.	40
3712413860	Analects	The teachings of Confucius (551-479 BCE) compiled by his disciples	41
3712409400	Peloponnesian War	The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) was an ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. Historians have traditionally divided the war into three phases.	42
3712409401	Alexander the Great	He conquered most of the ancient world from Asia Minor to Egypt and India, which began the Hellenistic culture which was a blending of Greek, Persian, Indian, and Egyptian influences. Died young, empire fell apart.	43
3712410026	Abraham	He was the first prophet in Judaism, the first monotheistic religion. He spoke to Yahweh (God) and almost killed his first son, Isaac, in a test of faith from Yahweh.	44
3712413440	Era of Warring States	rulers merely figureheads. the time during 404-201 BCE during the fall of the Zhou empire.	45
3712410027	Torah	The bible or holy book in Judaism. aka Old Testament.	46
3712408685	plebians	A commoner (Classical Rome)	47
3712409765	polis	an ancient Greek city state.	48
3712408686	aristocracy	One of the highest classes in societies	49
3712412941	mean people	a group of people in Chinese social structure who performed rough transportation and other unskilled jobs and suffered from the lowest possible social status	50
3712408687	Punic Wars	The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. At the time, they were probably the largest wars that had ever taken place. The term Punic comes from the Latin word Punicus (or Poenicus), meaning "Carthaginian", with reference to the Carthaginians' Phoenician ancestry.	51
3712412942	scholar gentry	Civil servants appointed by the emperor of China to do day-to-day governance. Popular around Qin and Han dynasties.	52
3712408340	direct democracy	(aka puredemocracy) a form of democracy in which people decide (e.g. vote on, form consensus on) policy initiatives directly.	53
3712408976	Hellinism	of or relating to Greek history, language, and culture. Spread throughout classical civilizations.	54
3712408341	Twelve Tables	law codes that applied to all in Rome	55
3712408977	patricians	an aristocrat or noblemen	56
3712408124	Senate	controlled by aristocrats and was the legislative body	57
3712412694	bureaucracy	A type of government developed in Classical China. Important decisions are made by state officials rather than representatives.	58
3712412695	civil service	Exams made for bureaucrats.	59
3712408126	Julius Caesar	Roman patrician who formed the First Triumvirate and who was the victor in Rome's second civil war. Declared himself "Dictator for Life."	60
3712412208	Silk Roads	A famous trading route that Classical China, Persia, India and the Mediterranean used.	61
3712407707	Augustus	the founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor	62
3712412209	Aryans	Semi-nomadic group of people who spoke the parent language of many Indo-European languages.	63
3712407708	Pax Romana	the peace that existed between nationalities within the Roman Empire	64
3712412210	Maurya	dynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century BCE following invasion by Alexander the Great.	65
3712406766	Jesus	Jewish man spread word of God. formed huge following of believers. Too powerful, contradicted government, crucified.	66
3712408125	Consuls	two men who shared executive power	67
3712406767	Diocletian	a Roman emperor born of low class and rose up through military ranks	68
3712411535	Gupta	Indian dynasty, most achievements during this time.	69
3712406768	Constantine	Emperor of Rome who stopped the persecution of Christians and in 324 made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire; in 330 he moved his capital from Rome to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople (280-337)	70

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AP Literature Terms To Know Flashcards

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3607912659	allegory	hidden meaning typically moral or political	0
3607914266	alliteration	the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of words	1
3607915739	allusion	reference to an outside work (biblical, historical, mythological)	2
3607917596	anadiplosis	repetition of the last word of a preceding clause (ex: truth brings freedom; freedom brings responsibility)	3
3607921211	analogy	comparison between two things, typically on the basis of their structure for explanation/clarification	4
3607932442	anecdote	a short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person	5
3607936392	antagonist/protagonist	antagonist=adversary protagonist=leading character in literary work	6
3607938140	antecedent	a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another	7
3607939372	aphorism	a pithy observation that contains a general truth: packs a punch of wisdom	8
3607940738	apostrophe	a character is speaking directly to an inanimate object	9
3607942775	bildungsroman	a novel dealing with one person's formative years or spiritual education	10
3607944965	biography/autobiography	bio=written about someone else auto=written by self	11
3607947562	bowdlerize	remove material that is considered improper or offensive: especially when it weakens the resul	12
3612818008	burlesque	an absurd or comically exaggerated imitation of something	13
3612819349	catharsis	the purging or purification of the emotions through the evocation of pity and fear, as in tragedy	14
3612821298	characterization: direct vs indirect	direct=tells audience what it is indirect=shows reader something and traits have to be inferred	15
3612823113	clause	a unit of grammatical organization: consists of subject and predicate	16
3612825217	cliche	a phrase or opinion that is overused and betrays a lack of original thought	17
3612827532	conceit	to have excessively favorable opinion of oneself	18
3612829683	conflict	any struggle against opposing forces	19
3612830311	connotation	the associated or secondary meaning of a word in addition to its primary meaning	20
3612831471	consonance	the repetition of the same consonant two or more times in short succession	21
3612832996	denotation	literal meaning of the word "dictionary definition"	22
3612833810	denouement	final outcome of the story	23
3612834859	diction	word choice	24
3612835422	didactic	intended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive	25
3612836391	doppelganger	often figured as a ghostly twin, shadow, or mirror (image of the protagonist)	26
3612838873	double-entendre	a phrase that could have two meanings or that could be understood in two different ways	27
3612841038	dramatic irony	audience knows something the characters do not	28
3612842285	envoy	a short closing statement of prose or poetry that either dedicates the work or summarizes the main ideas with a single thought	29
3612847463	epigram	a concise poem dealing pointedly and often satirically	30
3612851692	epitaph	a brief literary piece commemorating a deceased person	31
3612852772	eponym	a person from whom something takes or is said to take its name	32
3612854310	euphemism	nice way to say something not so nice	33
3612855596	extended metaphor	metaphor throughout a long passage (all the way through the work)	34
3612858758	false syllogism	a false argument that implies an incorrect conclusion	35
3612859743	fiction vs. nonfiction	fiction=not real nonfiction=real	36
3612860515	figurative language	uses words or expressions wth a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation	37
3612861781	first person	story is narrated one person at a time	38
3612862645	flashback	transition in a story to an earlier time	39
3612863413	foil	character serves to bring out attributes of another character	40
3612864391	foreshadowing	hints of what is to come later on in the novel	41
3612865619	genre	category of literary composition	42
3612866232	gothic novel	combines fiction, horror, death, and Romanticism	43
3612868108	hero	faces danger/adversity from a position of weakness for some greater good	44
3613927350	historical narrative	takes place in the past, but is a made up story (based on real aspects of the past)	45
3613929510	historical novel	tries to convey the spirit, manners, and social conditions of a past age with realistic detail and fidelity	46
3613932523	homily	a sermon given by a priest in a Roman Catholic Church after a scripture has been read	47
3613935361	homonyms	sound alike and spelled alike but have different meanings	48
3613937646	homophones	sound alike but have different meanings and spellings	49
3613939467	hyperbole	exaggeration-rhetorical device	50
3613940951	idiom	phrase not taken literally...a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words (e.g., rain cats and dogs, see the light )	51
3613941891	imagery	description that appeals to our five senses	52
3613946617	implied metaphor	compares two unlike things but without mentioning one of them	53
3613948514	in media res	narrative that begins in the middle of a story, usually at some crucial point of action	54
3613950378	infer vs imply	infer=gather/deduce imply=suggest something indirectly	55
3613953160	inference	a conclusion arrived at through logical processes	56
3613963026	irony	conveys a meaning that is opposite of its literal meaning	57
3613963864	irony of situation	actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended; outcome is opposite	58
3613967203	loose sentence	main clause followed by phrases that modify the main clause	59
3613969679	malapropism	using an incorrect word in place of one that is similar in pronunciation	60
3613972914	metaphor	comparison using is	61
3613973862	metonymy	word or phrase that is used to stand in for another word (ex: suit for business executive, or the track for horse racing)	62
3613979058	mood	overall atmosphere created by the tone	63
3613980879	moral (NOT morale)	principles of right conduct; distinction between right and wrong	64
3613984206	motif	a recurring element that has symbolic significance in a story	65
3613987145	narrative	a story or account of events/experiences	66
3613988235	nom de plume	pseudonym/pen name	67
3613989435	novel	a long narrative (prose) which describes fictional characters and events	68
3613991253	novella	shorter than a novel	69
3613994521	nuance	a subtle degree of difference in meaning/feeling/tone	70
3613995621	onomatopoeia	mimics sound of the action it refers to	71
3613997848	oxymoron	two contradictory words put together in one phrase	72
3613998950	paradox	a statement that contradicts itself but can still be true	73
3614000349	paraphrase	restatement of speech or writing	74
3614003560	parallel structure vs. parallelism	ps=repetition of grammatical form p=uses elements identical in sound, meaning, or meter to add symmetry (emphasis); intact phrasing/not changed	75
3614011320	parody	work that closely imitates for comic effect or ridicule	76
3614014654	pedantic	overly concerned with details/overly scholarly (word, phrase, or general tone)	77
3614017190	periodic sentence	has the main clause (predicate) at the end	78
3614018931	personification	giving human actions to non-living things	79
3614021210	phrase	group of words that express a concept and is used within a sentence	80
3614025924	picaresque novel	genre that depicts a roguish hero of low social class who lives by his wits in a corrupt society	81
3614028854	plot	action that occurs in a story (events)	82
3614029773	point of view	perspective the story is told from	83
3614030748	prose	"ordinary writing"/paragraph form	84
3614032028	proverb	short saying that is widely used to express an obvious truth	85
3614037135	pseudonym	pen name	86
3614037136	pun	play on words	87
3614038025	realism	portrays life in a faithful, accurate manner unclouded by false ideals	88
3614039133	repetition	repeating a word	89
3614040122	rhetoric	use of exaggeration on display; effect use of language (persuasion)	90
3614042146	rhetorical devices	technique an author uses to convey a meaning with the goal of persuading them	91
3614044733	rhetorical modes	method of presenting a subject through writing or speech/argument cause and effect	92
3614048940	rhetorical question	question asked in order to make a point rather than elicit an answer	93
3614050397	roman a clef	story based on real characters and events known to the author but presented under fictitious names (critiques)	94
3614054826	satire	vices, follies, etc. are held up to ridicule ideally with the intent of shaming	95
3614057017	semantics	relationship between signifiers (words) and what they stand for; their denotation	96
3614060355	simile	comparison using like or as	97
3614062473	spoonerism	an error in speech or deliberate play on words in which corresponding sound (letters) are switched between two words	98
3614065562	style	the way an author writes (diction, syntax, figurative language)	99
3615664893	syllogism	rhetorical device that starts an argument with a reference to something general and then draws a conclusion about something more specific	100
3615668776	symbol	an object (or word) to represent an abstract idea	101
3615672005	syntax	sentence structure; how words and phrases are arranged	102
3615677700	theme	universal truth (central topic/meaning of the work as a whole)	103
3615682930	thesis	summarizes the main point or claim of an essay	104
3615685288	third person limited	the narrator only knows thoughts and feelings of one character	105
3615688718	third person omniscient	narrator knows all thoughts, actions, and feelings of all characters	106
3615690363	tone	author's attitude toward the subject	107
3615692127	tragedy	main character is brought to ruin or suffers extreme sorrow due to their tragic flaw	108
3615695784	understatement/litotes	attributes less importance than the subject would seem to demand	109
3615698750	verbal irony	describes something in a way other than it seems	110
3615702398	verse	division/group of words in a poetic composition	111
3615706294	voice	writing style of the author (uniqueness)	112
3615712340	medieval literature	middle ages: three main topics were chivalry, magic, and love	113
3615717052	Elizabethan literature	Renaissance; highly stylized (Shakespeare): time of discovery (late 18th century)	114
3615724169	Romanticism	emphasized inspiration, subjectivity, and primacy of the individual	115
3615721456	Victorianism	novels were much more popular as literacy rates rose (a focus on the highly moralistic, straitlaced language and behavior of Victorian morality)	116
3615728904	Modernism	broke with classical and traditional forms of literature	117

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AP WORLD CHAPTER 15 REVIEW Flashcards

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3755725168	When did the Protestant Reformation begin, who started it, and what was the ahem of the document that started it?	It began in 1517, started by Martin Luther with the Ninety-Five Theses.	0
3755737379	What abuses within the Catholic Church did Luther have issues with?	The luxurious life of the popes, the corruption and immortality of some clergy, the churches selling of indulgences, and other aspects of church life and practice.	1
3755751650	What was Luther's view of "salvation"?	That it came from faith alone.	2
3755759349	What attracted the kings and princes to the Protestant idea?	They found justification for their own independence and opportunity to gain the lands and taxes previously held by the church.	3
3755770499	What attracted middle-class urban dwellers to the Protestant idea?	They found a new religious legitimacy for their growing role in society.	4
3755780716	What attracted commoners to the Protestant idea?	A new religious idea served to express their opposition to the entire social order.	5
3755787917	What invention helped spread Reformation thinking quickly throughout?	The printing press.	6
3755796297	Describe the religious conflict that affected French society in the 16th century.	Violence between Catholics and the Protectant minority, Huguenots.	7
3755809551	Name and explain the decree that ended the religious conflict between the Catholics and Huguenots.	The Edict of Nantes which granted a substantial amount of religious toleration.	8
3755824287	Describe the 30 year war and the treaty that ended it.	it was a catholic-protestant struggle that was horrifically destructive and ended with the Peace of Westphalia that reshuffled borders and an agreement that each state was sovereign, authorized to control religious affairs within its own territory.	9
3755840234	What did Catholics accomplish at the Council of Trent?	-clarified and reformed their unique doctrines and practices -set about correcting the abuses and corruption that had stimulated the protestants movement of placing a new emphases on the education of priests and their supervision by bishops.	10
3755899990	Where did the Portuguese missionaries go to spread their faith?	Africa and Asia.	11
3755904098	Where did the Spanish missionaries go to spread their faith?	America.	12
3755909119	Where did the Russian Orthodox missionaries go to spread their faith?	Siberia.	13
3755916711	What 2 elements did Spanish America and the Philippines share that allowed missionaries to have so much success there?	-Overwhelming European presence -Experiences variously in military conquests, colonial settlement, missionary activity, forced labor, social disruptions, and disease.	14
3755967486	In what ways did missionaries in Spanish America violently disrupt/uproot native religions?	-destroyed religious images and rituals -shamed religious offenders	15
3755988953	Why were missionary efforts to spread Christianity so much less successful in China than in Spanish America?	The Ming and Qing dynasty were very strong and powerful.	16
3756012058	Describe the Europeans missionary strategy in China.	Get permission from the authorities to operate in the country.	17
3756032025	Unlike Christianity, how did Islam continue to spread throughout the Afro-Eurasian world?	Suffs, holy men, scholars, and merchants.	18
3756051209	What accounts for the emergence of reform/renewal movements within the Islamic world?	The growing difficulties of the Islamic world, such as the weakening of the Ottoman Empire.	19
3756082156	How did Luther's concept of religious individualism parallel to the ideas of Wang Yangming?	Both shared the thought that the thing that needed to be achieved could be alone.	20
3756098087	How did Luther's concept of religious individualism parallel to the ideas of some Buddhist monks?	Both wanted said thing to be found by who required it.	21
3756106012	Describe kaozheng.	research based on evidence	22
3756122063	Describe the devotional form of Hinduism known as bhakti.	Through songs, prayers, dances, poetry, and rituals.	23
3756152160	In what ways does Sikhism go against traditional Hindu beliefs/practices?	They developed their own sacred books, created a central place of worship and pilgrimage in the Golden Temple of Amritsar, and prescribed certain dress requirements for men.	24
3756206222	How did leaders of the scientific revolution believe truth and knowledge would be acquired?		25
3756216841	Explain factors that allowed the scientific revolution to begin in Europe.	Europeans historical development as a reinvigorated and civilization arguably gave rise to conditions uniquely favorable to the scientific emperprice.	26
3756400719	Explain what prevented the scientific revolution from beginning in the Islamic world.	Science was patronizing by a variety of local authorities.	27
3756422236	What was revolutionary about the scientific revolution? Who made this breakthrough?	A book that stated that at the center of all things lies the sun, discovered by Nicolous Copernicus.	28
3756682831	What beliefs did European Enlightenments thinkers share?	The power of knowledge to transform human society, a satirical, critical style, a commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry.	29
3756718674	What ideas did John Locke develop?	Offered principles for constructing a constitution government, a contract between rulers and ruled that was created by human ingenuity rather than different prescribed.	30
3756733724	What is deism?	They believed in rather abstract and remote deity.	31
3756744618	Describe the beliefs of Jean-Jacques Rousseau.	He believed that women were fundamentally different from and inferior to men and urged that "the whole education of women ought to be relative to men."	32
3756766758	Describe the Romantic movement in art and literature.	it appealed to emotion, intuition, passion, and imagination.	33
3756787283	Explain the the arguments developed by Charles Darwin.	All life was in constant change, that an endless and competitive struggle for survival over millions of years constantly generated new species while casting others into extinction.	34
3756820909	Explain Karl Marx's view of human history.	It emphasized change and struggle conflicting social classes successfully drove the process of historical development.	35
3756844626	How did Marx and Darwin's thoughts on "progress" differ from those held by Enlightenment thinkers?	They thought more of conflict and struggle then reason and education.	36
3756853306	Explain the theories developed by Sigmund Freud.	He argued that in the center of each person lay primal impulses towards sexuality and aggression, which were barely held in check by thin layer of social conscience derived from civilization.	37
3756879683	What European ideas was China most interested in? Why?	Europeans techniques for predicting eclipses, reforming the calendar, and making accurate maps.	38
3756894342	Why did science face opposition in the Islamic world?	Those there found the Plague to be Gods wrath against these who tried to find his secrets.	39

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