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AP World History Test 1 Flashcards

Unless you are the mongols

4783023966	Paleolithic Period	Nomadic Hunters and Gathers-Ended around 8,000 BCE	0
4783029575	Neolithic Period	Began with the introduction of agriculture around 8,000 BCE	1
4783041160	Venus Figurines	Suggested that early civilizations held female deities in high praise.	2
4783105974	Dream Time	Elaborate and complex view of the world: Aboriginal Australian origin theory	3
4783117046	Effects of Agricultural Revolution	Formations of Cities Patriarchy Class Structure Food Storage *Creation of empires	4
4783133166	Uruk	Ancient city of Sumeria	5
4783143431	Sumeria	First Civilization(3500 BC-3000 BC): Built along the Tigris and Euphrates	6
4783150672	Olmecs	"Mother Civilization" of mesoamerica	7
4783152375	Role of Cities in Early Civilizations	Culture "melting pot" Marketplace *Political Capitals	8
4783156010	Examples of Social Inequality	Upperclass enjoyed wealth Rules were less tolerant with lower class (Hammurabi Code) *Division between rich and poor (Upper and Lower)	9
4783164502	Problems with the term civilization...	-implication of solidarity -implication of superiority	10
4783172741	Oxus Civilization	Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex is the modern archaeological designation for a Bronze Age civilisation of Central Asia, dated to ca. 2300-1700 BCE, located in present day northern Afghanistan, eastern Turkmenistan, southern Uzbekistan and western Tajikistan, centered on the upper Amu Darya (Oxus River). (modern Balkh), in what is now northern Afghanistan, and Margiana was the Greek name for the Persian satrapy of Margu, the capital of which was Merv, in modern-day southeastern Turkmenistan	11
4783175804	Norte Chico	First pre-columbian, south american society.(Northern Peru)	12
4783181346	Indus Valley Civilization	An ancient civilization thriving along the Indus River in what is now Pakistan and western India; also sometimes referred to as the Harappan Civilization of the Indus Valley.	13
4783183710	Ishi	Last of a primitive tribe in modern California	14
4783185950	Bantu Migration	The movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000	15
4783188107	Epic of Gildamesh	A famous poem that describes ancient Sumerian life. It is also called the "oldest story in the world"	16
4783188747	Hammurabi Code	A collection of 282 laws from Ancient Babylon. One of the first examples of written law in the ancient world. The consequences required under the laws are harsh and higher social classes are treated more favorably. "Eye for an Eye" is the famous quote associated with this code.	17
4783189233	Patriarchy	A male dominant society	18
4783191589	"Gift of the Nile"	Fertile land , cleaning, transportation, drinking, food, irrigation, trading, natural barrier , papyrus, silt	19
4783193783	Athenian Democracy	A direct democracy where the people themselves elected the leader	20
4783196118	Greco-Persian Wars	Series of conflicts between the Persian Empires and Greek city-states	21
4783200213	Hellenistic Era	Hellenistic Age is a period in history defined as the time between the death of Alexander the Great and the rise of Roman domination. During this time, Greek culture was dominant throughout the Mediterranean	22
4783202394	Alexander the Great	Young leader of united Greece that took over much of the Mediteranian all the way to India	23
4783205774	Julius Caesar	Roman politician and general.He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire (Death-March 15, 44 BC)	24
4783212388	Augustus	The founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor	25
4783213999	Pax Romana	The peace that existed between nationalities within the Roman Empire. (27 BC-180 AD)	26
4783222686	Qin Shihuangdi	First Emporor of the Qin Dynasty	27
4788052780	Roman Republic	A representative democracy	28
4788067128	Peloponnesian war	An ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta	29
4788073280	Legalism	Created laws and rules to help solve China's problems	30
4788074597	Daoism	Tried to solve China's problems by looking at the natural balance of nature.	31
4788079024	Confucianism	Used past values and view of family structure to solve China's problems	32
4788087224	Zoroastrianism	Considered to be "first monotheistic religion"; relied on the belief of the struggle between good and bad struggling forces.	33
4788106305	The Phoenicians	First master sailors and developers of the first alphabet	34
4788116529	The Hittites	Mastered Iron Production	35
4788118439	Assyrians	Very dominant and cruel	36
4788123524	China	Isolated from other river valley civilizations Developed around the yellow river *Had many dynastys	37
4788129247	Judaism	Arguably the second monotheistic religion Ethnic not Universilising	38
4788141731	Abraham	Starter of Judaism and "Father of many nations"	39
4788142635	Islam	Monotheistic religion started by descendent of Ishmael (Abrahams descendent son). Holy Book: Quran	40
4788149575	Christianity	Begun by Jesus Christ- descendent of Isaac (Abraham's second son)	41
4788158252	Socrates, Plato, & Aristotle	Greek philosophers that supported though of self knowlage	42
4788161990	Polis	Small City states in ancient Greece	43
4788164461	Persian Empire	Modern Iran (550 BC to 330 BC) Largest of its time Diverse & multiethnic *Grew stronger from harsh rule of Assyrians and Babylonians	44
4788171844	Greek Gods	Polytheistic religion w/nature based gods with human flaws and qualities.	45
4788176367	Humanism	Striving for person excellence without reliance on anyone else. Became the hallmark of western civilization	46
4788194621	Roman Empire	Originated out of Etruscan conquest of Latin peoples; Adopted greek culture on the Italian Isaac	47
4788203425	12 tables	Roman Laws that protected the lower class	48
4788208217	Fall of Roman Empire(causes)	weak leaders series of plagues reliance on mercenaries Barbarians begin to enter	49
4788223974	Shang Dynasty	(1500-1200 BC)Ancestor worship	50
4788225070	Zhou Dynasty	(1046-256 BC) Mandate of heaven and period of warring states	51
4788228780	Qin Dynasty	(221 BC-507 AD)First empire of China and implimented Legalism	52

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AP World History: Period 2 Flashcards

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5745134733	Israel	Land between the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the Jordan river, occupied by Israelites.	0
5745134734	Hebrew Bible	Also known as the Old Testament. Several collections of materials that originated with different groups, employed distinctive vocabularies, and advocated particular interpretations of past events.	1
5745134735	Abraham	Born in the city of Ur in Southern Mesopotamia. His grandsons Isaac and Jacob succeeded him as a leader of the wandering group he had established. Left his city of birth because he was disgusted by the idol worship, and he and his animals moved to Israel where he supposedly was promised to he and his disciples by a covenant with the god Yahweh. He and his followers were nomadic.	2
5745134736	Jewish Diaspora	When Jews spread from Israel to western Asia and Mediterranean lands in antiquity, and can still be found there today. The synagogue was built/created during this time.	3
5745134737	Phoenicia	-In present day Lebanon -Developed small city states that revolved around commerce. -Invented the first alphabet -City of Carthage near Tunis, Hannibal was great military leader of Punic Wars -Religion was Polytheistic.	4
5745134738	Carthage	A city located in present day Tunisia, founded by the Phoenicians. Major commercial center and naval power in the Western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century BCE.	5
5745134739	Zoroastrianism	A religion originating in ancient Iran with the prophet Zoroaster. Centered on single benevolent deity-Ahuramazda, who engaged in a twelve thousand year struggle with demonic forces before prevailing and restoring a pristine world. Emphasis on truth telling, purity, and reverence for nature. Choose sides in the struggle between good and evil. Rewarded in afterlife by doing good things for Ahuramazda.	6
5745134740	Polis	Greek term for "city-state". An urban center and the agricultural territory under it's control. Characteristic form of political organization in souther and central Greece in the Archaic and Classical periods. Some polis' were oligarchic, others were democratic.	7
5745134741	Hoplites	A heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic and Classical periods who fought in the close-packed phalanx formation. Superior to all military forces for awhile, made up of middle and upper class citizens supplying their own equipment.	8
5745134742	Democracy	A system of government in which all citizens have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections, as in the Greek city-state Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E.	9
5745134743	Republic	A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.	10
5745134744	Tyrant	A Greek term used to describe someone who seized and held power in violation of the normal procedures and traditions of the community. Appeared in Greek city-states and often took advantage of the disaffection of the emerging middle class and, by weakening the old elite, unwittingly contribution of democracy.	11
5745134745	Sacrifice	A gift given to a deity, often with the aim of creating a relationship and gaining favor, and obligating the god to provide some benefit to the sacrificer, sometimes in order to sustain the deity and thereby guarantee the continuing vitality of the natural world.	12
5745134746	Herodotus	Heir to the technique investigation developed by the Greeks in the late Archaic period. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands. Chronicled the Persian Wars between the Greek city-states and the Persian empire.	13
5745134747	Persian Wars	Conflicts between the Greek city-states and the Persian empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt through Darius' punitive expedition that failed at Marathon and the defeat of Xerxes' massive invasion of Greece by the Spartan-ed Hellenic League. Herodotus chronicles these events.	14
5745134748	Xerxes	Son of Darius, ruler of Persia. Was defeated by the Greeks.	15
5745134749	Trireme	Greek and Phoenician warship of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. It was sleek and light, powered by 170 oars arranged in three vertical tiers. Manned by skilled sailors, it was capable of short bursts of speed and complex maneuvers.	16
5745134750	Socrates	Athenian philosopher who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior. Made enemies by revealing the ignorance and pretensions of others, culminating in his trial and execution by the Athenian state.	17
5745134751	Peloponnesian War	A protracted and costly conflict between the Athenian and Spartan alliance systems that convulsed most of the Greek world. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism. Possession of a naval empire allowed Athens to fight a war of attrition. Sparta prevailed because of Athenian errors and Persian financial support.	18
5745134752	Alexander the Great	King of Macedonia in northern Greece. He conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread the Greek culture around the Middle East.	19
5745134753	Hellenistic Age	The age in which Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam in the seventh century C.E.	20
5745134754	Roman Republic	The period from 507-31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate.	21
5745134755	Paul	A Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus he became Christian. Traveled preaching his religion and establishing churches. Began the process of separating Christianity and Judaism.	22
5745134756	Aqueducts	A conduit, either elevated or under ground, using gravity to carry water from a source to a location-usually a city that needed it. The Romans built many of these in a period of substantial urbanization.	23
5745134757	Constantine	A Roman emperor. After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity the favored religion.	24
5745134758	Qin Dynasty	In the Wei Valley of eastern China. The ruler was Shi Huangdi. They had a totalitarian structure and forced the individual to support the state. Ignored Confucianisms non-violent ideas and embraced legalism. Abolished passing on land to the eldest son (primogeniture). Abolished slavery, created a unified China with standards like weights, measures, coinage, and laws. Lots of roads to help move the army. Very oppressive labor projects led to a rebellion and brought the Qin down.	25
5745134759	Shi Huangdi	Founder of the short lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire. Remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states.	26
5745134760	Han Dynasty	Took over the Qin Dynasty. Followed the mandate of heaven. Set the stage for imperial China that exists today. Agriculture was big and was used to pay taxes. Human labor was common, built canals between the Yellow and Yangzi river. All able bodied men donate a month to public works. Most important export was silk. Capital was Chang'an. Decline was due to lack of border maintenance, nomads taking over.	27
5745134761	Gentry	The class of prosperous families in China, next in wealth below the rural aristocrats, from which the emperors drew their administrative personnel. Respected for their education and expertise.	28
5745134762	Great Wall of China	Built to protect the borders of the Chinese empire.	29
5745134763	Moche	Civilization of north coast of Peru. An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples.	30
5745134764	Maya	Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucantan peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a singe empire. Major contributions in mathematics, astronomy, and the development of the calendar.	31
5745134765	Teotihucan	A powerful city-state in Central Mexico. It's population was about 150,000 at it's peak in 600 C.E.	32
5745134766	Swidden Agriculture	Farming system where farmers move on from one place to another when the land becomes exhausted.	33
5745134767	Vedas	Early Indian sacred knowledge-long preserved and communicated orally by Brahmin priests and eventually written down. Religious texts that include the thousand poetic hymns to various deities.	34
5745134768	Varna System	Based on skin color and evolved into the caste system: -Brahmin, Kshatriya (warrior), Vaishya (merchants), Shundra Peasants, and the Untouchables. Reincarnation through immortal essence=atman.	35
5745134769	Karma	In Indian tradition, the residue of deeds performed in past and present lives that adheres to a spirit and determines what form it will assume in it's next cycle of life.	36
5745134770	Moksha	The Hindu concept of the spirit's liberation from the endless cycle of rebirths. There are various avenues, such as physical disciplines, meditation, and acts of devotion to the gods.	37
5745134771	Siddhartha Gautama	Founder of Buddhism. Preached the middle path, and the 4 noble truths. 1. Life is suffering 2. Suffering arises from desire. 3. The solution to suffering lies in curbing desire. 4. Desire can be controlled through the eightfold path.	38
5745134772	Mahayana Buddhism	One of the two branches of Buddhism. The focus is on the reverence of Buddha. Enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment.	39
5745134773	Theravada Buddhism	One of two branches of Buddhism. Downplays the importance of gods and emphasizes austerity and the individuals search for enlightenment.	40
5745134774	Mauryan Empire	The first centralized empire in India. Collected 25% agricultural taxes. Had a very large army, and also had coinage. Had Hindu rulers, one by the name of Ashoka. After this empire collapses, there was no central government in India for 500 years.	41
5745134775	Gupta Empire	Ruled North and Central India, but NOT the South. Considered the Golden Age of India. A "theatre state". Hinduism dominated, and the collapse was due to the huns.	42
5745134776	Ashoka (Asoka)	The third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India. He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.	43
5745134777	Bhagavad-Gita	The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit.	44
5745134778	"Theater State"	Term historians use for a state that aquires prestige and power by developing attractive cultural forms and staging elaborate public ceremonies to attract and bind subjects to the center.	45
5745134779	Islam	Religion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his deaeth into the Quran. Islam calls on all people to recognize one creator god- Allah- who rewards or punishes believers after death according to how they led theirs lives.	46
5745134780	Muslim	An adherent of the Islamic religion; a person who subits to the will of God.	47
5745134781	Muhammad	Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.	48
5745134782	Mecca	City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, a ritual center of the Islamic religion.	49
5745134783	Umma	The community of all Muslims. A major innovation agaisnt the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community.	50
5745134784	Caliphate	Office established in succesion to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic Empire; also the name of that Empire.	51
5745134785	Quran	Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca.610 and his death in 632; the sacred text is of the religion of Islam.	52
5745134786	Ulama	Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies.	53
5745134787	Sunni	Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries.	54
5745134788	Shi'ite	Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Shi'ism is the state religion of Iran.	55
5745134789	Sufi	Mystic fraternities in Islam. The spread of the doctrines and rituals of certain Sufis from city to city gave rise to the first geographical extensive Islamic religious organizations.	56
5745134790	Papacy	The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head.	57
5745134791	Schism	A formal split within a religious organization; any division or separation of a group or organization into hostile factions	58
5745134792	Holy Roman Empire	Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.	59
5745134793	Investiture Controversy	Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands.	60
5745134794	Monasticism	Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. It was a prominent element of medieval Christianity and Buddhism. Monasteries were the primary centers of learning and literacy in medieval Europe.	61
5745134795	Hagia Sophia	Lasting importance from the time of Justinian and his influential wife the empress Theodora is the architectural tradition represented by Hagia Sophia, the great domed cathedral of Constantinople.	62
5745134796	Horse Collar	Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles.	63
5745134797	The Crusades	When the Christians tried to take back land from the Muslims through a series of wars and battles.	64
5745134798	Pilgrimage	Journey to a sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins. Other religions also have pilgrimage traditions, such as the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and the pilgrimages made by early Chines Buddhists to India in search of sacred Buddhist writings.	65
5745134799	Secular	Concerned with non-religious subjects.	66
5745134800	Ethics	A system of moral principal.	67
5745134801	Ideologies	The body of a doctrine, myth or belief that guides and individual or social movement, institution, class, or large group.	68
5745134802	Bureaucracies	Government by many bureaus, administrators and petty officials.	69
5745134803	Rationalism	The principle or habit of accepting reason as the supreme authority in matters of opinion, belief, or conduct.	70
5745134804	Humanism	A variety of ethical theory and practice that emphasizes reason, scientific inquiry, and human fulfillment in the natural world and often rejects the importance of belief in God.	71
5745134805	The Twelve Tables	The earliest written collection of Roman laws, drawn up by patricians about 450 B.C. that became the foundation of Roman law.	72
5745134806	Hinduism	A general term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the indian subcontinent since antiquity. Hinduism has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices. It spread along the trade routes to Southeast Asia.	73
5745134807	Brahma	"The Creator," the first member of the Trimurti, with Vishnu the Preserver and Shiva the Destroyer. Related with Hinduism.	74
5745134808	Buddhism	A religion, originated in India by Buddha (Gautama) and later spreading to China, Burma, Japan, Tibet, and parts of southeast Asia, holding that life is full of suffering caused by desire and that the way to end this suffering is through enlightenment that enables one to halt the endless sequence of births and deaths to which one is otherwise subject.	75
5745134809	Qanat	Ancient type of water-supply system developed and still used in arid regions of the world. A qanat taps underground mountain water sources trapped in and beneath the upper reaches of alluvial fans and channels the water downhill through a series of tunnels, often several kilometres long, to the places where it is needed for irrigation and domestic use. The development of qanats probably began about 2,500 years ago in Iran, their technology then spreading eastward to Afghanistan and westward to Egypt.	76
5745134810	Satrap	The governor of a province in the Achaemenid Persian Empire, often a relative of the king. He was responsible for protection of the province and for forwarding tribute to the central administration. Satraps in outlying provinces enjoyed considerable autonomy.	77
5745134811	Dualistic	The theory that the universe has been ruled from its origins by two conflicting powers, one good and one evil, both existing as equally ultimate first causes	78
5745134812	Totalitarian	Characterized by a government in which the political authority exercises absolute and centralized control	79
5745134813	Primogeniture	Right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son	80
5745134814	Imperial	Relating to or associated with an empire	81
5745134815	Rig Veda	A collections of 1, 017 Sanskrit hymns composed about 1500BC earlier; Hinduism's oldest text.	82
5745134816	Jainism	Religion founded in the 6th century BC as a revolt against Hinduism	83
5745134817	Aristocracy	The most powerful members of a society	84
5745134818	Despotism	A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)	85
5745134819	Empire	A group of countries under a single authority	86
5745134820	Monarchy	An autocracy governed by a monarch who usually inherits the authority	87
5745134821	Republic	A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them	88
5745134822	Achaemenid	558- 333B.C.E, first Persian Empire, founded by Cyrus who capitalized on weakening Syrian and Babylonian empires. Peak was under Darius	89

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AP World History (Unit 1) Flashcards

Foundations

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4871230104	"Out of Africa" thesis vs. multiregional thesis	The "Out of Africa" thesis states that Homo sapiens sapiens emerged in Africa and then migrated from there, and is the most widely accepted theory by scientists, while the multiregional thesis states homo sapiens sapiens emerged simutaneously throughtout the world and descended from earlier hominid groups that had already left Africa	0
4871230105	Paleolithic Era	- "Old Stone Age" - a long period of human development before the development of agriculture	1
4871230106	Neolithic Era	- "New Stone Age" - 10,000 - 4000 BCE - was marked by the discovery and mastery of agriculture	2
4871230109	Nomadic hunters/gatherers	- a group of people who have no fixed home and move according to the seasons from place to place in search of food, water, and grazing land - normally the men would hunt and the women would be the gatherers	3
4871230110	Ice Age	A cold period marked by episodes of extensive glaciation	4
4871230111	Civilization	- literally means "living in cities" - contains five features of civilitzation: complex institutions, advanced technology, advanced city, written communcation, and specialization of labor	5
4871230112	Neolithic Revolution	- began around 8,000 BCE - it was the gradual shift from a nomadic lifestyle of hunting and gathering to a settled, stationary lifestyle with agricultural production and domestication of animals	6
4871230113	Domestication of plants and animals	- the taming of animals and plants for human use, such as work or as food - this allowed the humans to remain in one place	7
4871230116	Patrilineal/patrilocal	- patrilineal relates to a social system in which inheritance rights and family descent is traced though the father - patrilocal refers to the pattern where married couples live with or near the husband's parents/family	8
4871230118	Metalworking	The process of working with metals to create individual parts, assemblies, or large scale structures	9
4871230120	Foraging	The act of searching for food and provisions	10
4871230121	Sedentary agriculture	- farming system in which the farmer remains settled in one place - domestication of plants and animals	11
4871230122	Shifting cultivation	A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period	12
4871230123	Slash-and-burn agriculture	A form of agriculture in which an area of forest is cleared by cutting and burning and is then planted, usually for several seasons, before being left to return to forest	13
4871230124	Matrilineal	It relates to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother	14
4871230125	Cultural diffusion	A social process resulting in the transfer of beliefs, values, and social activities (like games or sports) from one society to another	15
4871230126	Independent invention	The development of the same culture trait or pattern in many different culture hearths (that developed independently of each other) as a result of comparable needs and circumstances.	16
4871230127	Specialization of labor	The specialization of cooperative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles	17
4871230128	Gender division of labor	- feature of the Stone Age society - due to basic physical differences, various food-gathering tasks and everyday activities tended to be assigned by sex. Although, this did not necessarily mean men's roles were superior to women. But over time, gender division of labor led to inequality of sexes, despite technological advances that have made physical differences less important.	18
4871230129	Metallurgy and metalworking	- metallurgy: the study of metals and their properties / the science and technology of extracting metals form their ores, refining them, and preparing them for use - metalworking: the process of working with metals to create individual parts, assemblies, or large scale structures	19
4871230130	Fertile Crescent	an arc of cultivable land characterized by wooded hillsides and alluvial valleys which runs northwestward along the Zagros Mountains of Iran, loops around the northern rim of the Syrian Desert, and extends southward parallel to the eastern shore of the Mediterranean - the Tigris-Euphrates and Jordan river valleys are also conventionally considered part of the Fertile Crescent - the earlist physical traces of farming settlements in the world are located in this region	20
4871230131	Gilgamesh	- ancient Sumerian king (city-state of Uruk) - ruled: 2700 BCE - credited with having been a demigod of superhuman strength who built a great city wall to defend his people from external threats - the 'Epic of Gilgamesh' is thought to be the first story	21
4871230132	Hammurabi's Law Code	- established high standards of behavior and stern punishments for violators - relied heavily on the principle of 'lex talionis' (the law of retaliation / an eye for an eye) - there was no way of escaping it.. Hammurabi had statues all over his kingdom with the laws inscribed onto it so that everyone knew what they were	22
4871230133	Egypt	- ruled by pharohs - agriculture-based society - patriarchal society - built irrigation systems / pyramids as royal tombs - hieroglyphic writing - referred to the area of the ribbon of land bordering the lower third of the Nile - the Red/Mediterranean Sea and hostile deserts discouraged foreign invaders	23
4871230134	Egyptian Book of the Dead	- a common name for the ancient Egyptian funerary texts - constituted a collection of spells, charms, passwords, numbers and magical formulas for use by the deceased in the afterlife, describing many of the basic tenets of Egyptian mythology. - intended to guide the dead through the various trials that they would encounter before reaching the underworld - knowledge of the appropriate spells was considered essential to achieving happiness after death	24
4871230135	Pyramids	- monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt - used as burial sites for pharaohs - within the pyramid was everything the deceased needed in the after life; including possessions, gold, jewels, and jars containing their vital organs that were removed during mummification - massive structure with a rectangular base and four triangular sides	25
4871230136	Hieroglyphics	- system of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts - used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt	26
4871230137	Indus valley civilization	- first society here was the Harappan - there isn't very much information on it because most Harappan physical remains are now below the water table and scholars can't decipher records - reflected a strong concern for fertility - Aryans migrated here (they had a well-defined social order) - built dams (to prevent flood), city walls, a fortified citadel, and a large granary	27
4871230138	Early China	- agriculture-based society - written communication - specialized labor - absence of organized religion of official priesthood - society based on family - patriarchal - occasionally women played prominent roles - bronze metallurgy - horse drawn chariots - pottery - East & Central Asia	28
4871230139	The Celts	The first ethnic group to establish a widespread presence in Europe - society based on close-knit tribal groups - lived north of Danube River - they remain in France, Britain and Spain - 500 BCE: began to migrate - no written language, oral tradition- myths, songs, folktales - conquered by the Romans	29
4871230140	The Hitties and iron weapons	- Indo-European migrants - introduced iron metallurgy to Mesopotamians	30
4871230141	The Assyrians and cavalary warfare	- built a powerful and intimidating army by organizing forces into standardized units under command of professional officers appointed because of merit, skill, bravery, rather than noble birth/family connections - supplemented infantry with cavalry forces and light horse-drawn chariots (borrowed from Hittites)	31
4871230142	The Persian Empire	- Ancient Middle Eastern empire comprising modern day Iran. The Persian Empire dominated the Middle East from the middle of the 6th century BCE to about the end of the 5th century BCE - later conquered by Alexander the Great.	32
4871230143	The Hebrews and monotheism	- this group was the first and only religion of the time to worship only one god - Yaweh -Abraham is considered to be the father of the Hebrews	33
4871230144	The Phoenicians and the alphabet	- this group created the alphabet in which many modern languages have evolved from - became one of the most widely used writing systems, spread by Phoenician merchants across the Mediterranean world, where it was assimilated by many other cultures and evolved - began in 1050 BC, and gradually died out during the Hellenistic period as its evolved forms replaced it	34
4871230145	The Lydians and coinage	- this group invented the coin - Greek city-states adopted coinage from this group and it is still used in modern times	35
4871230146	Greek city-states	- Ancient Greece was made up of city-states, also known as Polis - they were developed out of the political chaos of the 1100's (BCE) - each Polis was independent and so a range of political institutions developed across the Balkan Peninsula and Aegean Islands - the largest city-states were Athens and Sparta	36
4871230147	Democracy	A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them	37
4871230148	Persian Wars	- conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire - ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon - chronicled by Herodotus.	38
4871230149	Peloponnesian War	The Delian League, once formed to unite the Greeks against the Persians, was increasingly dominated by the Athenians, who felt free to use its treasury to finance public building projects in their polis; this behavior by the arrogant Athenians caused much resentment among other League members and, with the involvement of Sparta, ultimately resulted in a disastorous civil conflict which is the Peloponnesian War.	39
4871230150	Alexander the Great	successor of Philip II; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures; great leader	40
4871230151	Hellenistic Era	The time between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE and the expansion of the Roman empire.	41
4871230152	Homer	Ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey	42
4871230153	Socrates and Plato	- two ancient Greek philosophers who concluded that the mind is separable from the body and continues after the body dies - were rationalists (truth is reached not via our senses but via our thoughts)	43
4871230154	Aristotle	- Greek philosopher - a pupil of Plato / the tutor of Alexander the Great / the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics - he profoundly influenced Western thought - disagreed with Plato's theory / promoted a moderate democracy, order, and acceptance of roles / taught geocentrism (earth is center of universe) / defined the four elements	44
4871230155	Western scientific thought	- scientific method - basis for modern science	45
4871230156	Roman Republic	The ancient Roman state from 509 BC until Augustus assumed power in 27 BC. was governed by an elected Senate but dissatisfaction with the Senate led to civil wars that culminated in a brief dictatorship by Julius Caesar.	46
4871230157	Plebians and patricians	Plebians were Roman common people while patricians were Roman aristocrats and wealthy classes	47
4871230158	Punic Wars	A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.	48
4871230159	Julius Caesar	- Roman military and political leader - He was instrumental in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire - Dictator	49
4871230160	Roman Empire	The territories ruled by ancient Rome which at one time encompassed most of the Mediterranean world and parts of France, England, and Germany. The empire lasted from 27 BCE to 395 CE.	50
4871230161	Qin, Han, Tang Dynasties	- First three dynasties of China that we have recordings of. - First of 'centralized' China.	51
4871230162	Shi Huangdi	- founder of the Qin Dynasty (from 247 BC to 221 BCE), - the first emperor of a unified China	52
4871230163	Chinese tributary system	Form of conducting diplomatic and political relations with China before the fall of the Qin Dynasty	53
4871230164	The Silk Road	Ancient trade routes that extended from the Roman empire in the west to China in the east	54
4871230165	Nara and Heian Japan	Vast division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. The Heian period is considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art, especially poetry and literature. Nara: agricultural in nature, centered around villages. Most of the villagers followed the Shinto religion, based around the worship of natural and ancestral spirits.	55
4871230166	The Fujiwara clan	dominated the Japanese politics of Heian period	56
4871230167	Lady Murasaki and "The Talke of Genji"	First novel of Japanese literature	57
4871230168	Central Asia and Mongolia	Historically been closely tied to its nomadic people and the Silk Road. As a result, it has acted as a crossroads for the movement of people, goods, and ideas between Europe, the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia	58
4871230169	The Aryan invasion of India	Aryans invaded and destroyed Indus River civilization, settled, moved to Ganges River.	59
4871230170	Dravidians	One of the main groups of people in India; probably descended from the Indus River culture that flourished at the dawn of Indian civilization over 4,000 yrs. ago	60
4871230171	Indian caste system	- simple division of society into four castes: Brahmin (Priests/Priestesses), Kshatriya (Warriors), Vaishya (Skilled Workers), Shudra (Unskilled workers), with the "Untouchables" (Dalit) below everyone - arranged in a hierarchy - socially the caste system was more complicated, with many more castes and sub-castes and other divisions (like Jati)	61
4871230172	Ashoka	- third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 BCE) - he converted to Buddhism - stone edicts (the earliest surviving Indian writing) - built wells, inns, and trees on roads to facilitate trade - grandson of Chanragupta Maurya	62
4871230173	Constantinople/Byzantine Empire	Made into second capital by Constantine in attempts to help Rome turn its economy around	63
4871230174	Justinian	- Byzantine emperor in the 6th century CE - reconquered much of the territory previously ruled by Rome - initiated an ambitious building program (he built the Hagia Sofia) - known for issuing most famous compilation of Roman Law	64
4871230175	Early Medieval Europe "Dark Ages"	A period in history between the last emperor of Rome, 475 A.D., and the Renaissance, about 1450 (15th century). Art production during this period was dominated by the Catholic Church.	65
4871230176	Feudalism	A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land	66
4871230177	Charlemagne	- became King of the Franks in 768 CE - he built an empire spanning present-day France, Germany, and part of Italy - a close ally of the Church, he was crowned Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III in 800 CE after helping the pope defeat rebellious Roman nobles - he also spread Christianity to the conquered peoples on the fringes of his Empire	67
4871230178	Mohammed and the foundation of Islam	In 610 or earlier, he received the first of many revelations: Allah transmitted to him through the angel Gabriel. Believed in the five pillars: (1) "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his Prophet." (2) Pray facing Mecca five times a day. (3) Fast during the month of Ramadan which enhances community solidarity and allowed the faithful to demonstrate their fervor. (4) The zakat, tithe for charity, strengthened community cohesion. (5) The haji, pilgrimage to the holy city Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba.	68
4871230179	Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates	Umayyad: Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam. Abbasid: Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam (750 C.E.) A caliph is a political and religious successor to Muhammad.	69
4871230180	Bantu and their migrations	skilled farmers and herders who moved from West Africa to south and east in search of fertile land when Sahara started drying out; they spread knowledge of farming, ironworking knowledge, and language across African continent from 500 B.C. and A.D. 1500.	70
4871230181	Nubia	- area south of Egypt - the kingdom of Kush in Nubia invaded and dominated Egypt from 750 to 664 BCE	71
4871230182	Ghana	- kingdom in West Africa during the fifth thought the thirteenth centuries whose rulers eventually converted to Islam - its power and wealth was based on dominating trans-Saharan trade	72
4871230183	Olmec	- early Mesoamerican society (1st) - 1200-100 BCE - centered around sites at San Lorenzo, La Venta, Tres Zapotes and that influenced later Maya - the "rubber people"	73
4871230184	Maya	- brilliant Central American society - 300 - 1100 - known for math, astronomy, and a sophisticated written language	74
4871230185	Andean societies	- Second millenium BCE - in the central Andes and Pacific coast of South America - semi/urbanized cultures - economic surplus?	75
4871230186	Mississippian culture	- last of the mound-building cultures of North America - flourished between 800 and 1300 C.E. - featured large towns and ceremonial centers - lacked stone architecture of Central America.	76
4871230187	Anasazi	- Native American culture flourishing in southern Colorado and Utah and Northern New Mexico and Arizona from about 100 AD - descendents include the present-day Pueblo people - culture includes Basket Maker phase, and later marked by creation of cliff dwellings and expert artisanship - they worshipped in subterranean buildings called kivas	77
4871230188	Cultural diffusion vs. independent innovation	Cultural diffusion is a social process resulting in the transfer of beliefs, values, and social activities (like games or sports) from one society to another while independent innovation is the development of the same culture trait or pattern in many different culture hearths (the developed independently of each other) as a result of comparable needs and circumstances	78
4871230189	Aristocracy	- a government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility - the wealthiest, most priveliged members of society	79
4871230190	Parliamentary bodies	Senate and voting bodies?	80
4871230191	Oligarchy	A government in which only a small group of people hold the power	81
4871230192	Republics/Democracies	- Republic: state or country that is led by people who do not base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people living in that state or country. - Democracy: form of government in which policy is decided by the preference of the majority in a decision-making process, usually elections or referendums, open to all or most citizens.	82
4871230193	Theocracy	- a government thought to be guided by a divine power - controlled by religious leaders	83
4871230194	Slavery vs. serfdom	- Slavery: the condition of being owned by another person and being made to work without wages - Serfdom: A medieval peasant who was forced to work the land of a lord's manor in exchange for protection. They were little more than slaves.	84
4871230195	War	state of widespread conflict between states, organisations, or relatively large groups of people, which is characterised by the use of violent, physical force between combatants or upon civilians	85
4871230196	Trade routes	sequence of pathways and stopping places used for the commercial transport of cargo	86
4871230197	Polynesian migrations	mariners with canoes who migrated to Hawaii, Samoa, Fiji, Tahiti, New Zealand, Marquesas, and Easter Island	87
4871230198	Eurasia's great age of migrations	People, mainly from Central Asia, migrated outward. In particular, Europe was flooded by an influx of Germanic and Asiatic invaders that were seen as barbaric invaders but eventually settled there.	88
4871230199	Polytheism	Belief in more than one God	89
4871230200	Zoroastiranism	- Persian religion based on the teaching of the 6th century BCE prophet Zarathustra - its emphasis on the duality of good and evil and on the role of individuals in determining their own fate would influence later religions	90
4871230201	The Ten Commandments	- Hebrew law governing religioius belief and behavior - set forth by God and brought to the people by Moses	91
4871230202	The Torah	- first five books of the Old Testament (in the bible) - most sacred book in Judaism	92
4871230203	The Talmud	The collection of ancient rabbinic writings on Jewish law and tradition (the Mishna and the Gemara) that constitute the basis of religious authority in Orthodox Judaism	93
4871230204	YHWH	The Hebrew name for God, sometimes translated into "I AM" or "the One Who Is" or "The One Who Causes to Be What Is"	94
4871230205	Abraham	The first patriarch in the Bible. Abraham was asked by God to sacrifice his son, Isaac, and was rewarded for being prepared to do so. He is considered by Jewish people as the father of the Israelites through his son Isaac, and by Muslims as the father of Arab peoples through his son Ishmael.	95
4871230206	Moses and the Exodus from Egypt - Passover	Passover to celebrate the day the Jews were led out of Egypt and into their land by Moses.	96
4871230207	David and Solomon	- kingdom period of the Hebrews with the capital in Jerusalem - at this time the Egyptian and Hittite Empires were receding and it allowed for the Hebrews to establish a kingdom - King David ruled Israel from 990 BCE to 968 BCE; and his son Solomon ruled after him until 928 BCE. David enlarged his kingdom and brought it to the peak of political and military power. Solomon "ruled over all the kingdoms west of the Euphrates River from Tiphsah to Gaza; he was at peace with all his neighbors"	97
4871230208	Jewish Diaspora	The global dispersion of the Jewish people from their ancestral homeland (in modern-day Israel), with a history dating back millennia.	98
4871230209	Vedism (Rig-Veda)	early Indian religion, heavy emphasis on the 4 Vedas, priests very important-performed complex rituals, sacrifice brought you closer to the gods	99
4871230210	Hinduism (Upanishads, Mahabharata, Bhagavad-Gita)	Upanishads- later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas (concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe); sacred writings in Hinduism; utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority Mahabharata- Massive ancient Indian epic that was developed orally for centuries; it tells of an epic civil war between two family branches. Bhagavad-Gita - the sacred 'song of God' composed about 200 BC and incorporated into the Mahabharata (a Sanskrit epic)	100
4871230211	Samsara, Karma, Dharma	Samsara- the Hindu cycle of death and rebirth (reincarnation) Karma- the belief that a person's actions determines their destiny in their next incarnation Dharma- a person's religious and moral duties	101
4871230212	Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva	- Gods of Hinduism: 1: Brahma- god of creation 2: Vishnu- god of protection 3: Shiva- god of destruction	102
4871230213	Laws of Manu	200 BCE > 200 CE - support of caste system	103
4871230214	Buddhism	- founded by Siddhartha Guatama (the Buddha) - originated between 535 and 528 BCE - based on the 4 Noble Truths - no caste system - promoted by King Ashoka (Mauryan Dynasty)	104
4871230215	Four Noble Truths	- the foundation of Buddhist thought 1: life is pain 2: pain is caused by desire 3: elimination of desire will bring an end to pain 4: living a life based on the Noble Eightfold Path will eliminate desire	105
4871230216	Eightfold Path	- final truth of the Buddhist Four Noble Truths that called for leading a life of balance and constant contemplation	106
4871230217	Siddhartha Gautama	- founder of Buddism - born a prince but left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering - he wandered the forests of India for 6 years seeking enlightenment - he believed in the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path where you aim to reach nirvana - known as the Buddha	107
4871230218	Nirvana	- Buddhist concept of a state of spiritual perfection and enlightenment in which distracting passions are eliminated	108
4871230219	Theravada (Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism)	In Hinayana, the Buddha is the Teacher and in Mahayana the Buddha is God.	109
4871230220	Daoism	- Chinese philosophy with origins in the Zhou Dynasty - associated with legendary philosopher Laozi - self-sufficient - created to try and end the period of warring states - "Wu Wei" - SOCIAL and politcal - coexist with nature - go with the flow	110
4871230221	Tao-te Ching and the I Ching	the philosophical book in verse supposedly written by Lao-tzu	111
4871230222	Laozi	- the "Old Master" who encouraged people to give up worldly desires in favor of nature - founder of Daoism	112
4871230223	Confucianism	- philosophy based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Kong Fuzi (Confucius) - created to try and end the period of warring states - social and political - 3 principles: Ren, Li, Xiao - focused on education (liberal arts) - junzi - optimistic	113
4871230224	Analects	- main book of Confucianism - profoundly influenced Chinese political and cultural traditions - after his death, some of his pupils compiled the master's sayings and teachings and it became known as this	114
4871230225	K'ung Fu-tza (Confucius)	- Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi (551-479 BCE) - his doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials - founder of Confucianism	115
4871230226	Mandate of Heaven	Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China.	116
4871230227	Judeo-Christian tradition	a set of beliefs and ethics held in common by Judaism and Christianity	117
4871230228	Jesus of Nazareth	- born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth - his life and teachings are the basis of Christianity - believing him to be the son of God, his disciples proclaimed him the Messiah and savior of humankind	118
4871230229	The Bible (Old and New Testament)	- holiest book of Christianity - split up in two: the Old Testament and the New Testament	119
4871230230	Crucifixion and Resurrection (Easter)	- Crucifixion: the son of God, Jesus, died on the cross in which all sins were forgiven / Good Friday - Resurrection: three days after the Crucifixion of Jesus, he rose again / Easter Sunday	120
4871230231	Peter and Paul	Apostles of Jesus who spread his teachings / Christianity after his death	121
4871230232	Constantine and the Edict of Milan	The persecution of Christians ended in 313 CE when emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan. He granted freedom of religion to all citizens. They also gave back property that was seized from Christians. Constantine was influenced to do this because his mother was a devout Christian	122
4871230233	Saint Augustine	He worked to reconcile Christianity with Greek and Roman philosophical traditions, especially Platonism, and to articulate Christianity in terms that were familiar and persuasive to the educated classes	123
4871230234	Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism (Great Schism of 1054)	Divided medieval Christianity into Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church	124
4871230235	Islam (the Qur'an)	- Islam's holy book (Similar to the Bible and Torah) - the transcription of Muhammad's revelations from the angel Gabriel	125
4871230236	Allah	- God of the monotheistic religion of Islam	126
4871230237	Mohammed	- 570-632 CE - born in Mecca / died in Medina - founder of Islam - regarded by Muslims as a prophet of God - his teachings make up the Qu'ran, the Muslim holy book - came to beleive that one true God, Allah was speaking to him through the archangle Gabriel and he passed the religion onto others	127
4871230238	Mecca	- city in western Saudi Arabia - birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad - ritual center of the Islamic religion (holiest city of Islam)	128
4871230239	The Kaaba	- a cuboidal building in Mecca and is the most sacred site in Islam - focal point for prayer	129
4871230240	Medina (the Hegira)	- Medina is the second holiest city of Islam, after Mecca - The Hegira was the flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Median which was instrumental to the founding of the religion of Islam	130
4871230241	Sunni vs. Shiite	- two branches of Islam - Sunni: members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad - Shiite: believes that its religious leader should be chosen based on heredity	131
4871230242	Sufism	A mystic tradition within Islam that teaches that people can find God's love by having a personal relationship with God.	132
4871230243	Nomadic hunters/gatherers	- a group of people who have no fixed home and move according to the seasons from place to place in search of food, water, and grazing land - normally the men would hunt and the women would be the gatherers	133
4871230244	Climate changes	Any change in global temperatures and precipitation over time due to natural variability or to human activity.	134
4871230245	Ice Age	A cold period marked by episodes of extensive glaciation alternating with episodes of relative warmth	135
4871230246	Civilization	- literally means "living in cities" - contains five features of civilitzation: complex institutions, advanced technology, advanced city, written communcation, and specialization of labor	136
4871230247	Neolithic Revolution	- began around 8,000 BCE - it was the gradual shift from a nomadic lifestyle of hunting and gathering to a settled, stationary lifestyle with agricultural production and domestication of animals	137

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AP Literature & Composition Flashcards

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3182488474	allegory	universal symbol or personified abstract	0
3182504321	alliteration	repetition of a similar sound	1
3182506557	allusion	reference to a literary or historical event, person, or place	2
3182511274	anapestic	metrical foot in poetry that consists of two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable	3
3182518290	anaphora	regular repetition of the same word or phrase at start of successive lines	4
3182525563	anecdote	brief story or tale by character in a piece of literature	5
3182528313	antagonist	force that is in opposition to the main character	6
3182531108	antithesis	juxtaposition of sharply contrasting ideas in balanced ideas	7
3182542795	apostrophe	address or invocation to something that is inanimate	8
3182544345	archtype	recurrent design that is identifiable in a wide range of literature	9
3182552041	assonance	repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds	10
3182554706	asyndeton	style where conjunctions are omitted	11
3182559638	attitude	sense expressed by the tone of voice and the mood of a piece of writing	12
3182565315	ballad	a narrative poem	13
3182567261	ballad stanza	composed of a stanza of four lines	14
3182571526	blank verse	verse form that most resemble common speech	15
3182575248	caesura	pause in a line of verse	16
3182577553	caricature	depiction where a character's features are exaggerated	17
3182583821	chisamus	order of terms in first of two parallel clauses in reversed in the second	18
3182592261	colloquil	ordinary language of a specific area	19
3182594307	conciet	fanciful expression in writing or speech; an elaborate metaphor	20
3182598165	connotation	image that a word suggests two rhyming lines of iambic pentameter	21
3182605446	consonance	repetition of a sequence of two or more consonants, but with a change in the interviewing vowell	22
3182617761	couplet	two rhyming lines of iambic pentameter	23
3182620876	dactylic	metrical foot in poetry consisting of two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable	24
3182631221	denotation	dictionary definition of a word	25
3182658614	denoument	final resolution of the main play	26
3182659806	dialect	language and speech idiosyncrasies of a area, region, or group of people	27
3182667209	diction	choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing	28
3182676909	dramatic monologue	poem in the form of a speech or narrative by an imagined person, in which the speaker inadvertently reveals aspects of their character while describing a particular situation or series of events	29
3182702687	elegy	poetic lament upon the death of a particular person	30
3182705530	enjambment	continuation of a sentence from one line or couplet to the next	31
3182715221	epic	long narrative poem often concerned with founding of a nation or developing a culture, main character starts small and becomes the hero	32
3182724780	exposition	sets the scene, introduces characters, and establishes situation	33
3182731425	fable	short story, typically with animals as characters, conveying a moral	34
3182734024	farce	play or scene in a play or book characterized by broad humor, wild antics, and slapstick humor	35
3182747258	flashback	earlier events are inserted into the normal chronology of the story	36
3182756181	foreshadowing	hinting of events to come	37
3182758432	formal diction	language that is lofty, dignified, and impersonal	38
3182772416	free verse	poetry that has varying line lengths, lack of traditional meter and non-rhyming lines	39
3182787259	genre	class of literature such as epic, narrative, or poetry	40
3182801934	hyperbole	gross exaggeratoin	41
3182803446	iambic	metrical foot in poetry containing an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable	42
3182807444	idyll	short poem describing a country or pastoral scene, praising the simplicity and peace of rustic life	43
3182829461	imagery	anything that involves any or all of the five senses	44
3182830928	informal diction	everyday speech	45
3182832541	in medias res	in the midst of things	46
3182835285	irony	expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect	47
3182843412	jargon	specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group	48
3182848448	limited point of view	perspective confined to a single character	49
3182853808	loose sentence	main idea is stated at the end of a sentence	50
3182856308	lyric	any short poem in which speaker expresses intense personal emotion rather than describing a narrative or dramatic situation	51
3182874164	message	misleading term used for theme	52
3182875356	metaphor	comparison between two unlike things that omits use of like or as	53
3182883587	meter	regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry	54
3182886644	metonymy	figure of speech in which a commonly associated feature is use to name or designate something	55
3182906279	mood	figure of speech that emphasizes by conscious understatement	56
3182914758	motif	recurrent thematic element in an artistic or literary work a dominant theme or central idea	57
3182924622	narrative structure	literary element, described as the structural framework that underlies the order and manner in which a narrative is presented to a reader, listener, or viewer	58
3182933960	narrator	account of connected events, presented to a reader or listener in a sequence of written or spoken words	59
3182938608	ode	lyric poem in the form of an address to a particular subject, often elevated in style or manner and written in varied or irregular meter	60
3182950222	onomatopoeia	words that phonetically imitates or suggests the source of the sound that it describes	61
3182954875	overstatement	use of exaggeration as a rhetorical device or figure of speech	62
3182958181	oxymoron	figure of speech that combines contradictory terms	63
3182961141	parable	succinct story, in prose or verse, which illustrates one or more instructive principles, or lessons, or (sometimes) a normative principle	64
3182967676	paradox	statement or proposition that despite sound reasoning from acceptable premises, leads to a conclusion that seems senseless, logically unacceptable, or self-contradictory	65
3182980324	parallel structure	refers to having the same grammatical structure each part is equal	66
3182987496	parody	piece or writing or music that deliberately copies another work in a comic or satirical way	67
3183009223	pastoral	relates to the countryside with an idealized image of rural life and nature	68
3183011184	periodic sentence	complex sentence in which the main clause is left unfinished until the end in order to create the effect of anticipation or suspense	69
3183011185	persona	identity or role that somebody assumes	70
3183012891	personification	giving life-like qualities to inanimate objects	71
3183014597	petrarchan sonnet	14 line poem that has an eight-line stanza with the rhyming scheme abbaabba followed by six lines with various rhyme schemes, cd cd cd or cde cde	72
3183014598	plot	story or sequence of events in a novel, play, or movie	73
3183017987	protagonist	the central (main) character	74
3183017988	quatrain	verse of poetry consisting of four lines	75
3183019087	realism	practical understanding and acceptance of the actual nature of the world, rather than an idealized or pastoral view	76
3183020701	refrain	line or group of lines that recurs at regular intervals in a poem, especially at the ends of verses	77
3183020702	rhetorical question	question asked for effect that neither expects	78
3183025956	rhyme	similarity in the sound of word endings, especially in poetry	79
3183025957	rhythm	in poetry, the pattern formed by stressed and unstressed syllables	80
3183028805	omniscient point of view	narrator tells the story of several different characters	81
3183028806	occasional poem	written for/or about a particular occasion	82
3183030690	litote	negative statement to say something else	83
3183030691	falling action	transition from the climax of the story that leads to a resolution	84
3183039820	extended metaphor	metaphor that's comparison is spread out throughout a paragraph rather than within a sentence	85
3242895131	rising action	part of the story where the conflicts become more intense	86
3242911600	sarcasm	another form of irony, mockery or scorn of another	87
3242916077	satire	use of wit to criticize faults	88
3242938905	scansion	analysis of verse according to its metrical structure	89
3242963761	setting	time and place a narrative occurs	90
3242967301	shakespearean sonnet	sonnet form used by shakespeare, composed of three quatrains and a terminal couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern ababab cdcdcd efefef gg	91
3242977445	shaped verse	poetry in which the typographical arrangement of words, is as important in conveying the intended effect as the conventional elements of the poem, such as meaning of words, rythm, rhyme, and so on	92
3243015238	simile	comparison between two different things, containing "like" or "as"	93
3243025844	soliloquy	act of speaking one's thoughts aloud when by oneself or regardless of any hearers, especially by a character in a play	94
3243046329	speaker	person who speaks formally before an audience; lecture, orator	95
3243051342	stanza	group of lines forming the basic recurring metrical unit in a poem; a verse	96
3243059489	stereotype	a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing	97
3243068601	stock character	stereotypical person whom audiences readily recognize from frequent recurrences in a particular literary tradition	98
3243089689	structure	framework of a work of literature; the organization or over-all design of a work	99
3243106668	symbolism	figure of speech where an object, person, or situation has another meaning other than its liberal meaning	100

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AP World History Unit III Flashcards

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5892152643	West Africa	Stateless societies; matriarchal; polytheistic and anamist; illiterate; gold and salt; limited agruculture; Ghana-Mali-Songhay	0
5892152644	G.M.S	Ghana, Mali, Songhay. Order of societies in West Africa	1
5892152645	Groits	(W Africa) Poets and Bards	2
5892152646	Camels	Introduced to W Africa from Arabia; changed trade because they could go for 10 days without water and withstand the long trek across the Sahara.	3
5892152647	Timbuktu	Major trade city in W Africa; propped up by trans Saharan trade made possible by camels; had urban trade centers and libraries, home to one of the largest universities in World History; Great Mosque of Djenne built; orphanages, schools, and libraries built around mosque.	4
5892152648	Islam and W Africa	Islam Spread out of Arabia; Revived trans Saharan trade; matriarchy turned to patriarchy; became literate	5
5892152649	East Africa	Conversion to Christianity (similar to Constantine); Swahili Coast	6
5892152650	Swahili Coast	String of about 30 East African City States that were very involved in the commercial life of the Indian Ocean basin	7
5892152651	Swahili Language	Fusion language between Bantu and Arabic (similar to Ladino- Hebrew and Spanish)	8
5893420987	Ghana Empire	(4c-11c) gold "money;" salt was a necessity- dried salt in large transportable discs; kings eventually adopt Islam; never establish a highly centralized Empire	9
5893420988	Mali Empire	More centralized government; moved to monotheism; shift to patriarchy; ISLAM; become literate; growth of urban centers such as Timbuktu; leader- Mansa Musa	10
5893420989	Mansa Musa	Great leader of Mali; depicted similar to European king; shows that he was equal not inferior	11
5893420990	Songhay	Leader - Sunni Ali	12
5893420991	Sunni Ali	(r. 1464-1492) powerful king; brought about slavery; enslaved people in order to convert them to Islam	13
5893420992	Vikings	Homeland in Scandinavia; (800-1050) established a civilization in Newfoundland; passed on orally in Sagas; archaeological evidence was found that proves Vikings actually came to America before Columbus did	14
5893420993	American Web	Much less extensive than Eurasian trade; prohibited by geography and climate (Amazon Forest) occurred north to south in drastically different climate and vegetation zones	15
5893420994	Chickens	Not native to the Americas, but found on the coast of South America; probably came from Polynesia	16
5893420995	Maize	Diffused from Mesoamerica	17
5893420996	Sweet Potato	Thrived in Polynesia	18
5893420997	Mayans	Lived on Yucatán peninsula broken up into city states such as Chichin-Itza. Mayans developed astronomy and the calendar had a ball game that diffused through the Americas. Lacked River systems. Developed pictograph (Hieroglyph) writing.	19
5893485064	Chichin-Itza	Mayan city state; had pyramids and observatories	20
5893518974	Pictograph (Hieroglyph) Writing	type of writing developed by Mayans	21
5893522548	Quetzalcoatl	Mayan god of wisdom and learning; body of a snake with feathers and the head of a jaguar. Snake represents underworld, bird represents sky/heaven, jaguar represents land/earth.	22
5894374971	Aztec	formed an empire that resembled the centralized government of Afro-Eurasia; located in central Mexico; arid climate; desert to the north; unified by common beliefs; had tools, Aztec sunstone calendar, and language; no pack animals; no wheel; wooden tools; took POW from neighboring tribes, drugged them, and then sacrificed them	23
5894478404	Why did Aztecs eat the hearts of the people they conquered?	To assimilate the strengths of the warrior they conquered.	24
5894480971	Inca	"People of the Sun;" Principal deity was the sun god, Inti; land based trade; All reads lead to Cuzco (capital); walls built to withstand earthquakes; walls made of seemingly random looking rocks, but they were not random and fit together perfectly.	25
5894500453	Inti	Inca Sun god and principal deity	26
5894504992	Pacho Mama	Inca mother earth	27
5894823830	Sui Dynasty	reunification	28
5894842524	Tang Dynasty	Had an odd shape so it gained control of the Silk Road. Resurrected and perfected the imperial exam system liberal attitude towards all religions such as the spread of Buddhism in China because of empress well golden age of foreign relations with other countries such as Persia Korea and Japan Confucianism was important China became the dominant regional power of Asia. New technology such as the movable print gun powder mechanical clocks and better porcelain. More cosmopolitan and industrialize culture and economy.	29
5895020854	Empress Wu	Only female in person Chinese history of the world alone (not in the place of a son until he's of age) New irrigation system invented Buddhism as a state religion and financed many Buddhist temples.	30
5895020855	Buddhist Monastaries	Many people want to join the monasteries the people to join were originally baggers but money was brought in by the silk road to make Buddhist monasteries wealthy. Some thought the Monks and nuns became lazy because of their riches	31
5895020856	Japan	Archipelago part of Pacific Ring of fire some cold and mountainous places lived by Shinto nature religion; had a medieval suicide ritual and samurai code of Bushido	32
5895585356	Korea	Appendage of china; becomes tribute states; adopts lots of Chinese culture; geographically close to china; however Korea remain politically independent; developed its own alphabet called Hangul; taken over by Japan in 1930's	33
5895585357	Vietnam	Government practices copied heavily from China; heartland fully incorporated into Chinese state for more than 1000 years	34
5895585358	Mongols	Nomadic people who are brought into the arms of civilization because of contact with the Chinese created a vast you ration empire and invaded China to create the Yuan Dynasty that brought the fall of the Song Dynasty. Tried to invade Japan but failed because of the kamikaze winds	35
5895585359	Asikaga Age	Shoguns fought for power; laws were unclear; less efficient than kamakura; armies of samurai protected the country	36
5895585360	Pre-Islamic Arabia	Nomadic Arabs known as the Bedouins; herded sheep and camels in seasonal migration; lived in fiercely independent clans and tribes that often engage in war; recognized a variety of God's, ancestors and nature spirits; value personal bravery, group loyalty, and hospitality; greatly treasured highly expressive or a poetry; sedentary Village based agriculture practiced in scattered places; saddest draw increasingly important trade routes that connected the Indian Ocean world with that of the Mediterranean	37
5895585361	Mecca	Had a distinctive role in Arabia; site of the Kaaba, which is the most prominent religious Toronto in Arabia and house representations of 360 deities. Kaaba was a destination for many pilgrims. Located on the periphery of two rows of the stations the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Empire; location gave them familiarity with larger world and allowed them to live among some Christians and some Zoroastrians; influenced monotheism	38
5895726673	Quraysh	Dominant tribe who controlled access to the Kaaba; wealthy people who taxed local trade that accompanied annual pilgrimage season	39
5895726674	Pre-Islamic Religion	Lived among some Christians and some Zoroastrians; influenced monotheism; Recognized Allah before Mohammed; identified Allah with Yahweh; Allah supreme god of Arab pantheon; regarded themselves as children of Abraham.	40
5895726675	Muhammad	Born in Mecca to Quraysh family; Lost his parents when he was young; cared for by uncle; shepherd who later became a trader; traveled this far north as Syria; married a wealthy widow and prosperous merchant named Khadijah; undertook periods of withdrawal and meditation in the mountains; had overwhelming religious experience that left him convinced that he was Allah's messenger for the Arabs; commissioned to bring Arab scripture back in their language revelations weekend and 610 and continued periodically over the next 22 years; last prophet	41
5895726676	Quran	Sacred Scriptures of Islam where Muhammad's revelations were recorded; words of divine; read to recite, not for info; demanded social justice; challenged polytheism and the clan social structure (fighting and violence)	42
5895726677	Islam	Radically monotheistic and drew heavily on Jewish and Christian monotheism; goal was to return to the old and pure religion of Abraham from which the Jews Christians and Arabs deviated; submission to Allah meant Paradise afterlife and divine state of mind; denounced hoarding of wealth, exploitation of poor, charging of interest on loans, corrupt business deals, the abuse of women and neglect of widows and orphans	43
5895726678	Muslim	"One who submits"	44
5895726679	Umma	Just and moral society of Islam; community of all believers, replacing tribal, ethnic, or racial identities; bound by common belief; core message of the Quran; the remembrance of God	45
5895726680	First pillar of Islam	Heart of Islamic message; no God but God and Mohammed is the messenger of God	46
5895726681	Second pillar of Islam	Ritual prayer performed five times per day; cleansing, bowing, kneeling, prostration; expressed submission to Allah despite busy life; living in presence of God	47
5895726682	Third pillar of Islam	Almsgiving; reflect the Quran's demands for social justice; required believers to give generously to the poor	48
5895726683	Fourth pillar of Islam	Established a month of fasting during Ramadan; abstain from food, drink and sexual relations from first light of dawn till sundown; self purification; reminder of needs of the hungry	49
5895726684	Fifth pillar of Islam	Encouraged pilgrimage to Mecca known as the hajj, during which believers from all over the Islamic world assembled once a year and put on identical simple white clothing as they reenacted key events in Islamic history	50
5895726685	Jihad	"The struggle;" sometimes recognized as sixth pillar; struggle against greed and selfishness	51
5893507499	Choc	Principal God of the Maya people; rain god; related to maize	52
5895814870	Other people's reaction to Muhammad	Muhammad's claim to be messenger of Allah, monotheism, call for social reform, condemnation of Mecca's business practices, and apparent disloyalty to his own tribe enraged the wealthy families of Mecca and in 622 Mohammed and his band of followers emigrated to a more welcoming town of Yathrib	53
5895814871	Yathrib	City of the profit; agricultural settlement; mixed Arab and Jewish population; invited Muhamed to serve as an arbitrator of their intractable conflicts	54
5895814872	Hijra	"The journey;" The emigration to Yathrib; momentous turning point in the early history of Islam in there after mark the beginning of a new Islamic calendar	55
5895890345	Sharia	"A path to water;" law regulated every aspect of life	56
5895890346	Super tribe	New community or Umma that took place in Medina; membership was a matter of belief rather than birth; community grew rapidly; all Authority, political and religious, concentrated in the hands of Muhammad; introduced radical changes; usury outdated; tax-free market places established; mandatory payments to support poor	57
5895890347	Islamic military power	Muhamed declared independence from original affiliation with Judaism; Jewish groups allied with his enemies and Muhamed acted harshly to suppress them by exiling enslaving and killing them; Islamic community expanded rapidly to reach throughout Arabia; military power converted many; end of incessant warfare and maternal gain made Islam appealing; consolidation of Islamic control throughout Arabia; in 630 Muhamed entered Mecca itself purging the Kaaba of its idols and declaring it a shrine to the one God Allah; by Mohammed's death most of Arabia had come under the control of the new Islamic state	58
5895890348	Islamic politics and religion	No distinction between political and religious law	59
5896023172	Other Islamic religious practices	Up to four wives allowed at once; no alcohol or pork; no gambling	60
5896023173	Why Islam was enticing	Easy to learn and practice; no priesthood; teaches equality such as racial equality and no slavery	61
5896023174	People of the book	Christians and Jews who were allowed to practice Judaism and Christianity if they paid a tax	62
5896092570	Dar-al-Islam	Unity of believers	63
5896092571	Sunni	Majority of Arabs who believe that authority should be chosen by the Umma/citizens	64
5896092572	Shi'ite	Minority of the Arabs who believe that the only legitimate rulers our mail descendants of Muhammad	65
5896092573	Dhimini	Tax	66
5896092574	Golden age of Islam	Under three caliphates	67
5896092575	Convivencia	Christians Jews and Muslims living together in Muslim Spain	68
5896092576	Spanish	Fusion of Arabic and romance	69
5896092577	Ladino	Fusion of Spanish and Hebrew	70
5896092578	Mozarabic	Christian language	71
5896092579	Bathing in islamic spain	Had Bath establishments similar to Romans; had water provided by qanats; re-introduced bathing inIslamic Spain	72
5896092580	Qanats	Canals	73
5896092581	Islamic Spain	Sciences mathematics and algebra and medicine such as eye surgery and great medical text thrive	74
5896092582	Galen	Greek medical texts reintroduced in Islamic Spain	75
5896092583	Translation school in Cordoba	A Muslim, Christian, and a Jew translate Greek text into Arabic, romance, and Latin. Greek texts introduced into Western Europe combined with Christianity and formed scholastication; helped bring about renaissance	76
5896092584	Manor system	Self-sustaining and self-sufficient System of living	77
5896092585	Feudal system	Weak system consisting of many different kingdoms with kings that were Visigothic warlords; think waffle	78
5896092586	Lief Erikson	Responsible for settlements of Vikings	79
5896092587	Pope Urban II	Called for the crusades at the Council of Claremont	80
5896092588	Council of Claremont	Counselor at which the Crusades were called for	81
5896092589	Crusades	Series of wars to take back the holy land of Jerusalem	82
5896092590	Positive outcomes of the crusades	Crossbows, gunpowder, new fruit such as dried fruit, apricot, and citrus; trade routes reopen for the first time after classical civilizations	83
5896092591	European Renaissance	Revive Greco Roman culture only, not the government	84
5896092592	Chinese Renaissance	Revived Chinese government AND culture	85
5896092593	Buddhism changing through the silk road	Temples became more ornate; some practices were abandoned	86
5896092594	Cities in Europe	Life in cities were unhygienic	87
5896092595	Ibn Battuta	Muslim who traveled along the trans-Saharan trade route	88
5896092596	Marco Polo	Christian who traveled along the Silk Road	89
5896092597	Greater Zimbabwe	Trade networks brought bananas to Africa	90
5896092598	Phonecians	Diffuse alphabet	91
5896092599	Mozambique	Urban center in present day Angola	92
5896092600	Mobadishu	Urban center in present day Somalia	93
5896092601	Indian Ocean trade network	Most important trade network besides the silk road that contradicts the idea that Africa was cut off from the rest of civilization	94
5896092602	Angkor	Buddhist temple flanked with images of gods. Drew on Buddhist and Hindu traditions of India.	95
5896092603	How Islam spread	Islam spread by Arabic merchants	96
5896092604	Kiev	Russian civilization that did a great deal of borrowing from the Mediterranean civilization of the Byzantine Empire. Eventually taken over by the Mongols.	97
5896918028	India	Caste system, Hinduism, and vast cultural diversity remained, but parts fell under the control of Muslim rulers	98
5896918029	Land equalization system	Landry distribution that helped the division between rich and poor	99
5896918030	Grand canal	Facilitated trade; extension of the silk road; urban cities grew along the grand Canal and encouraged urbanization; Construction began in the Sui Dynasty, but was was improved during the Tang and Song Dynasties	100
5896918031	Chang'an	Embodiment of heaven on earth where centralized government meetings took place; symbolized the mandate of heaven	101
5896918032	Huangzhou	Huge Chinese urban center with a population of about 1 million people	102
5896918033	Foot binding	Restrained women to the house; represented feminine beauty standard- small things, delicacy	103

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AP World Unit 5 Chapter 18 Flashcards

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3255335320	Steam Engine	Provided an in animate and almost limitless source of power beyond that of wind, water or muscle and could be used to drive any number of machines as well as locomotives and oceangoing ships.	0
3255335321	In what respects did the roots of the Industrial Revolution lie within Europe? In what ways did that transformation have global roots?	Europe's internal development that favored innovation. It's highly competitive states provided "insurance against economic and technological stagnation." Another factors was the European royals' unusual alliance with their merchant classes"	1
3255335322	What is distinctive about Britain that may help to explain its status as the breakthrough point of the Industrial Revolution	Britain was the most highly commercialized of Europe's larger countries. British aristocrats had been interested in the world of business. It's a policy of religious tolerance welcome people technical skills regardless of their faith. checks on royal authority provide freer arena for private enterprise than anywhere else in Europe. Science in Britain was more concerned with observation, experiment, precise measurements, mechanical devices, and practical commercial applications. They had a ready supply of coal and iron ore.	2
3255335323	British Royal Society	And association of natural philosophy is established in 1660, saw its role of promoting useful knowledge. It established mechanics' libraries, published broadsheets and pamphlets on recent scientific advances and held frequent scientific lectures and demonstrations.	3
3255335324	Indian Cotton Textiles	Centered in India.	4
3255335325	How did the industrial revolution transform British society?	The British Aristocracy declined, urban wealth became more important.	5
3255335326	Middle-class values	Benefited most conspicuously from the industrialization. Ideas of thrift and hard work, the rigid morality, and cleanliness characterized middle-class culture. The sensual value of that culture was "respectability" The term that combined social status and virtuous behavior.	6
3255335327	How did Britain's middle classes change during the 19th century?	There agitation resulted in the reform bill of 1832 which broad and the right boat too many men of the middle class. Middle-class women worked productively alongside their husbands; by the late 19 century however some middle-class women began to enter teaching, clerical, in nursing professions. By the end of the 19th century this a growing class represented about 20% of Britain's population and provided new employment opportunities for women as well as men.	7
3255335328	Lower Middle Class Value		8
3255335329	Karl Marx	He was led to the conclusion that industrial capitalism was an inherently unstable system doomed to collapse a revolutionary of people that would give birth to a classless socialist society bus and in forever and should end conflict between rich and poor	9
3255335330	How did Karl Marx understand the industrial revolution? In what ways did his ideas have an impact in the industrializing worlds of the 19th century?	He believed it was unstable and doomed to collapse. The Soviet Union was the first who took his ideas and created a pure form of communism.	10
3255486842	Labour Party	The Labour Party was established in the 1890s and it advocated a reformist program and a peaceful democratic transition to socialism, BUT largely rejecting the class struggle and revolutionary emphasis of classical Marxism	11
3255502250	Proletariat	Working class; Marx had expected industrial capitalist society's to polarize into a small wealthy class it a huge increasingly impoverished proletariat.	12
3255549712	Socialism in the United States	United States benefited greatly from the Industrial Revolution. It's supported a more capitalist society rather than socialist. Socialism never really took major root in the U.S.	13
3255582129	What were the differences between industrialization in the United States and that in Russia?	The United States was the western world's most exuberant democracy in the 19 century while Russia remained the sole outpost of absolute monarchy in which the state exercise far greater control over individuals and society than anywhere else in the Western world. And autocratic Russia, change was far more often initiated by the state itself, and it's continuing efforts to catch up with the more powerful and innovative states in Europe, whereas in the United States chain bubbled up from the people of society	14
3255689857	Why did Marxist socialism not take root in the United States?	Because the US was doing so well economically within a capitalist society. The countries remarkable economic growth generated on average a higher standard of living for American workers. Workers with property generally found socialism less attractive than those without	15
3255725642	Progresses	Pushed for specific reforms, such as wages and hours legislation, better sanitation standards, antitrust laws, and a greater governmental intervention in the economy.	16
3255750725	Russian Revolution	The in Norma's hardships of World War I coupled with the immense social tension of industrialization within a still autocratic political system, sparked the Russian Revolution of 1917. That masses of people quickly brought to power the most radical of the socialist groups operating in the country the Bolsheviks led by charismatic Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov.	17
3255765746	What factors contributed to the making of a revolutionary situation in Russia by the beginning of the 20th century?	In the 1860s, Russia began a program of industrial development, which was more heavily directed by the state then was the case in Western Europe or the United States.	18
3256234005	Caudillos	Military strongmen Who were enabled to achieve power as defenders of order and property, although they too succeeded one another with great frequency	19
3256469770	Latin American Export Boom	Latin American exports to the industrializing countries now needed the food products, raw materials, and markets of these new nations. Latin American landowners, businessmen, and governance proved eager to supply those needs, and in the 60 years or so after by 1850, and export been increased the value of Latin American goods sold abroad by a factor of 10.	20
3256497040	Mexican Revolution	In Mexico in the early 20th century, middle-class reformers joined with workers and peasants to overthrow the long dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz.	21
3256556257	Did Latin America follow or diverge from the historical path of Europe during the 19th century?	Latin America was falling Europe in terms of its economy's grabbing and producing more than ever, a middle-class population appearing, urbanization.	22
3256586888	Dependent development	Critics saw this as a new form of colonialism expressed in the power exercised by foreign investors	23

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World History Final Terms Flashcards

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6874420527	Abolitionist	A person who opposes, or is against, slavery.	0
6874459797	Absolute Monarchy	A government in which the king or queen has total power.	1
6874465472	Age of Exploration	Period between 1400 and 1700 during which Europeans explored many of the world's oceans and continents.	2
6874466872	Agricultural Revolution	Rapid development of new agricultural techniques and technology that allowed farmers to increase harvests.	3
6874468347	Alexander the Great	A king from Macedonia in northern ancient Greece.	4
6874470845	Allied Forces	The countries opposed to the Axis powers in World War II.	5
6874470846	Anti-Semitism	Mistreatment of people of Jewish heritage.	6
6874475189	Archduke Franz Ferdinand	Archduke whose assassination sparked WWI.	7
6874476917	Avesta	Sacred writings of the religion of Zoroastrianism.	8
6874481316	Balance of Power	The ways in which economic, military, and political control are distributed among different states.	9
6874484634	Battle of Midway	Naval battle in WWII that caused major damage to Japanese fleet.	10
6874487768	Bill of Rights	First 10 amendments to the United States Constitution.	11
6874487769	Blitzkrieg	German word that translates as "lightning war."	12
6874490630	Bourgeoisie	Class of wealthy and middle-class property owners throughout Europe.	13
6874490631	Bubonic Plague	A contagious, often fatal, epidemic disease.	14
6874492761	Caliphate	A line of Islamic leaders.	15
6874492762	Capitalism	Economic system in which economic decisions are made through the free behavior of producers and consumers.	16
6874494038	Caste System	Class system in which class is inherited from one's family.	17
6874496686	Checks and Balances	System of dividing power between multiple branches of government.	18
6874496687	Christianity	Monotheistic religion whose primary belief is that Jesus is the son of God and the Messiah.	19
6874499289	City-state	An area that controlled surrounding agricultural regions and was not under the control of an empire or another government.	20
6874499290	Civil Rights	Privileges given to the citizens of a nation in accordance with the law.	21
6874502083	Civilization	Complex form of social organization involving governments, culture, and social hierarchies.	22
6874503391	Code of Hammurabi	Code of laws. It is considered to be the oldest surviving example of written laws.	23
6874506338	Colonialism	The policy of extending political and economic control over another area or nation (colony).	24
6874508119	Columbian Exchange	The exchange of plants, animals, people, disease, and culture between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas.	25
6874510020	Concentration Camp	A camp in which people are detained or confined.	26
6874512407	Constantinople	Capital city of the Byzantine Empire and the largest and wealthiest city of medieval Europe.	27
6874512408	Consumer	An individual who buys goods or services.	28
6874515008	Crusades	A series of military expeditions blessed by the Catholic Church that sought to restore access to the Holy Land	29
6874515009	Cuneiform	Oldest known example of written script.	30
6874517743	Declaration of Independence	A document explaining the American colonies' reasons for breaking away from Great Britain.	31
6874517744	Democracy	government in which the people hold ruling power	32
6874519360	Diffusion	The spread of ideas, disease, technology, etc. among places	33
6874520901	Divine Right of Kings	Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent	34
6874525340	Enlightenment	an era of scientific advancement that spread across the world during the 1700s	35
6874526910	Fertile Crescent	An arc of fertile land where many of civilizations started.	36
6874526911	Feudalism	A system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service to a greater lord.	37
6874529059	Four Noble Truths	as taught by the Buddha, the four basic beliefs that form the foundation of Buddhism	38
6874530225	Free Trade	System of buying and selling between countries that is carried out with no government involvement.	39
6874530226	French Revolution	A period of rebellion and political change in France.	40
6874535666	Hernan Cortes	Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)	41
6874535691	Hiroshima	The Japanese city that was destroyed when the United States military dropped an atomic bomb on it.	42
6874537801	Holocaust	Systematic murder of 6 million Jews by the Nazi government of Germany during World War II.	43
6874539412	Iconoclasm	The intentional destruction of religious images used in worship.	44
6874539413	Ideology	a system of social or political ideas	45
6874542367	Industrialization	Development of industries for the machine production of goods	46
6874542368	Islam	The monotheistic religious faith of Muslims.	47
6874545113	Job Specialization	Process by which a division of labor occurs as different workers specialize in different tasks or jobs over time.	48
6874547789	John Locke	English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights, and the people can remove that leader and choose another.	49
6874552913	Louis XIV	King of France known as the Sun King.	50
6874553995	Magna Carta	Document that limited the power of the English King	51
6874555258	Manhattan Project	A secret project to create the Atomic bomb.	52
6874556954	Martin Luther	A German monk who was disgusted with the corruption in the Catholic Church.	53
6874556955	Mecca	Holy city of Islam	54
6874562959	Medieval Europe	Europe during the Middle Ages.	55
6874562960	Mestizo	A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.	56
6874564745	Migration	movement from one region to another	57
6874567434	Monarch	A king or queen	58
6874568754	Monopoly	Exclusive control by one group of people	59
6874568755	Monotheism	Belief in one God	60
6874568756	Muhammad	Founder of Islam	61
6874572792	Nationalism	A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country	62
6874573968	Nomadic	Prior to agriculture, this type of group traveled looking for food and shelter.	63
6874575656	Oligarchy	A government ruled by a few powerful people	64
6874577496	Paleolithic	Old stone age	65
6874579346	Patriarchy	A society or social organization dominated by men.	66
6874579347	pax Romana	Roman Peace	67
6874582383	Polytheism	Belief in many gods	68
6874584134	Popular Sovereignty	A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.	69
6874584135	Primary Source	A document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study.	70
6874585532	Propaganda	Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.	71
6874585533	Protestant Reformation	A widespread, often bloody, revolt against church authority during the Renaissance	72
6874587867	Reincarnation	Belief that the soul is reborn	73
6874587868	Renaissance	A rebirth or revival in Greek and Roman traditions	74
6874589361	Republic	a form of government in which citizens elect their leaders	75
6874590871	Rule of Law	principle that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern	76
6874594003	Secondary Source	Information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event	77
6874594004	Secular	concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters	78
6874596981	Silk Road	A network of trade routes over land and sea linking Europe and Africa to Asia.	79
6874596982	Social Class	A group that shares social, economic, or educational status.	80
6874596983	Social Contract	an agreement in which people give power to a government in exchange for its protections	81
6874601619	Ten Commandments	Laws from the Hebrew scriptures that dictate how to behave and how to worship.	82
6874601620	Theocracy	A government controlled by religious leaders	83
6874603845	Thomas Hobbes	An English philosopher whose theory of the social contract calls for an all-powerful government that restrains people's worst impulses.	84
6874619724	Winston Churchill	British politician best known for his leadership of Great Britain during World War II.	85
6874631045	World War I	The war was notable for its mass casualties due to new types of weapons, the destruction of several empires, and the creation of the League of Nations.	86
6874631046	World War II	The war saw tens of millions killed and the emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as the world's superpowers.	87
6874633787	Ziggurats	temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped	88
6874634755	Zoroastrianism	Religion that emphasizes good and evil and the ability of an individual to influence his or her life.	89

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AP World History 2 Flashcards

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5001809315	Peloponnesian War	431-404 BCE. A war between Athens and Sparta. Athens had a plague in 430, and their best general, Pericles, died. Sparta won. Both states left bankrupt, exhausted, and demoralized.	0
5001833688	Alexander the Great	336-323 BCE. Tutored by Aristotle. Conquered Persia and Egypt. Territory stretched from Mediterranean to India.	1
5001839118	Hellenism	Influence of Greek Culture on the empires they conquered	2
5001841582	Qin Dynasty	221-206 BCE. "First" chinese dynasty. Ruled by Shihuangdi. Legalism policy. Collapsed after Shihuangdi died.	3
5001851201	Yellow Turban Revolt	184-204 CE. Peasant uprising. Yellow river flooded, resulting in an epidemic and more poverty. 360,000 armed followers. Followed Daosim; looked forward to the Golden Age of equality and social harmony. Quelled by Han Dynasty.	4
5002343642	Gupta Dynasty	320-550 CE. Located in South Asia. Hinduism/Buddhism. Caste system. Mostly prosperous land. Still had untouchables w/ bells around their necks.	5
5002356095	Achaemenid Dynasty	553-330 BCE. Located in Persia. Made a political system based on previous examples. Main religion was Zorostrianism.	6
5002374097	Cyrus	557-530 BCE. An emperor during the Achaemenid Dynasty. Most famous for letting the Jews back into Jerusalem.	7
5002380427	Darius	522-486 BCE. Third emperor during Achaemenid Dynasty. Ruled during the most prosperous time. Organized the government,	8
5002385066	Ahura MAzda	The Creator God in Zoroastrianism. Engaged in eternal battle with evil, known as ANgra Mainyu.	9
5002390917	Herodotus's Histories	440 BCE. Greek history, describing the Achaemenid vs Greek states. Founding work of history in western literature.	10
5002401895	Battle of Marathon	490 CE. Greeks beat Persians in battle.	11
5002469791	Ban Zhao	45-116 Ce. Woman writer. Famous work was called Lessons for Women.	12
5002473653	Vedas	Collections of poems, hymns, prayers, and rituals. Compiled by Brahmins. Showed early Indian Societies and ritual sacrifices.	13
5002480900	Upanishads	Gives spiritual vision and philosophical arguments. Has fundamental teachings of karma, samsara, moksha, atman, and the Brahman.	14
5002488665	Siddhartha	Historical founder of Buddhism.	15
5002490667	Theravada	Teachings of the Elders. Buddha was a wise teacher, but not divine.	16
5002500888	Mahayana	Great Vehicle. Bodhisattvas. Spread into China.	17
5002503338	Bhagavad Gita	Stories based around Prince Arjuna, and Lord Krishna. Fulfill his duty as a warrior and establish Dharma.	18
5002511534	Karma	Action and consequence	19
5002513429	Samsara	reincarnation	20
5002513430	Moksha	Nirvana	21
5002515422	Atman	Human Soul	22
5002517178	Brahman	Absolute Almighty	23
5002518854	Dharma	Right way of living.	24
5002521963	Saint Paul	Founded several churches in Asia Minor and Europe. Counseled women to be subjects to their husbands.	25
5002525024	Perpetua	Christian Martyr. Married noblewoman, mother to an infant. Executed because she was christian	26
5018591674	Kamasutra	Indian Hindu text. Widely considered to be the standard work on human sexual behaviour in Sanskrit literature. A portion of the work consists of practical advice on sexual intercourse.	27

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AP World History: Chapter 3 Flashcards

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6142646502	Ashoka	(r. 268-232 B.C.E.) The third king of the Mauryan dynasty (ca. 320-185 B.C.E.), the first Indian ruler to support Buddhism.	0
6142646503	dharma	A Sanskrit term meaning correct conduct according to law or custom; Buddhists, including Ashoka, used this concept to refer to the teachings of the Buddha.	1
6142646504	monsoon	A term referring both to seasonal winds in South Asia blowing northeast in spring and early summer and southwest in fall and winter, and to the heavy seasonal rains they bring.	2
6142649857	Indus River Valley	Site of the earliest complex society on the indian subcontinent (2600-1700 B.C.E.), characterized by brick cities, drainage systems, open plazas, and broad avenues.	3
6142649858	Sanskrit	A language, such as Latin, Greek, and English, belonging to the Indo-European language family and spoken by Indo-Aryan migrants to north india around 1500-1000 B.C.E.	4
6142654732	Rig Veda	A collection of 1,028 Sanskrit hymns, composed around 1500-1000 B.C.E. but written down 1000 C.E. One of the most revealing sources about Indo-Europeans who settled in north India.	5
6142654733	Vedic religion	Religious belief system of Indo-European migrants to north India: involved animal sacrifice and elaborate ceremonies to ensure that all transitions in the natural world - day to night, or one season to the next - proceeded smoothly.	6
6142657300	nomads	A term for people who migrate seasonally from place to place to find grass for their animals. They do not usually farm but tend their herds full-time.	7
6142657301	varna	From the Sanskrit word for "color": the four major social groups of ancient Indian society, ranked in order of purity (not wealthy or power): Brahmin priests at the top, then warriors, then farmers and merchants, and finally dependent laborers.	8
6142657302	jati	A term, sometimes translated as "subcaste," for groups of five thousand to fifteen thousand people in modern India. Many, but not all, Indians marry someone from the same jati and share meals on equal footing only with people of the same jati.	9
6142657303	karma	The sum of one's deeds in this and all earlier existences that determines one's rebirth in the next life.	10
6142659712	Jainism	An Indian religion founded around the same time as Buddhism that emphasizes right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct: a key tenet is not to harm any living beings.	11
6142659713	Buddha	The founder of the Buddhist religion, Siddhartha Gautama (ca. 630-550 B.C.E.); also called the Buddha, or the enlightened one.	12
6142659714	nirvana	A Sanskrit word that literally means "extinction," as when the flame on a candle goes out. In Buddhism the term took broader meanings: those who followed the Eightfold Path and understood the Four Noble Truths would gain true understanding.	13
6142662154	Mauryan dynasty	(ca. 320-185 B.C.E.) A dynasty that unified much of the Indian subcontinent. Relying on trunk roads, it exercised more control in the cities than in the countryside.	14
6142666095	chakravartin	Literally "turner of the wheel," a Buddhist term for the ideal ruler who patronized Buddhism but never became a monk.	15
6142667698	ceremonial state	State whose ruler sponsored religious observances and construction of religious edifices in the hope that his subjects would willingly acknowledge him as ruler. Usually contrasted with rulers who depended on sheer force to govern.	16
6142667699	lay Buddhist	A Buddhist devotee who observes the five precepts not to kill, steal, commit adultery, lie, or drink alcohol, but continues to live at home and does not join the Buddhist order.	17
6142668703	dhows	Small sailboats used in the Indian Ocean made from teak planks laid edge to edge, fastened together with coconut fiber twine, and caulked to prevent leaking.	18

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