| 2338888696 | ayllu | Andean lineage group or kin-based community | | 0 |
| 2338888697 | Ghana | First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. | | 1 |
| 2338888698 | humanists | European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later. | | 2 |
| 2338888699 | Ibn Khaldun | Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city. | | 3 |
| 2338888700 | Il-Khan | A 'secondary' or 'peripheral' khan based in Persia. The Il-khans' khanate was founded by Hulagu a grandson of Genghis Khan. It controlled much of Iran and Iraq | | 4 |
| 2338888701 | investiture | controversy Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands. | | 5 |
| 2338888702 | Kamakura Shogunate | The first of Japan's decentralized military governments. (1185-1333). | | 6 |
| 2338888703 | quipu | System of knotted colored cords used by pre-literate Andean peoples to transmit information. | | 7 |
| 2338888704 | Khubilai Khan | Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294) and founder of the Yuan Empire. | | 8 |
| 2338888705 | Kievan Russia | State established at Kiev in Ukraine ca. 879 by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population. | | 9 |
| 2338888706 | Latin West | Historians' name for the territories of Europe that adhered to the Latin rite of Christianity and used the Latin language for intellectual exchange in the period ca. 1000-1500. | | 10 |
| 2338888707 | Li Shimin | One of the founders of the Tang Empire and its second emperor (r. 626-649). He led the expansion of the empire into Central Asia | | 11 |
| 2338888708 | mamluks | Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria. | | 12 |
| 2338888709 | Mansa Musa | Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world | | 13 |
| 2338888710 | Ming Empire | Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He | | 14 |
| 2338888711 | monasticism | Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. (Primary Centres of Learning in Medieval Europe) (261) | | 15 |
| 2338888712 | papacy | The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head | | 16 |
| 2338888713 | Rashid al-Din | Doctory, historian and adviser to the Il-khans, created some of the most concise writing on the Mongol Empire | | 17 |
| 2338888714 | Scientific Revolution | The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. | | 18 |
| 2338888715 | shamanism | The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia | | 19 |
| 2338888716 | Srivijaya | A state based on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, between the 7th and 11th centuries C.E. It amassed wealth and power by a combination of selective adaptation of Indian technologies and concepts, and control of trade routes | | 20 |
| 2338888717 | technology transfer | The communication of specific plans, designs, or educational programs necessary for the use of new technologies from one society or class to another. | | 21 |
| 2338888718 | Tenochtitlan | Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. | | 22 |
| 2338888719 | Teotihuacan | A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600. | | 23 |
| 2338888720 | Timur | Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, maintained his empire. | | 24 |
| 2338888721 | tribute system | A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies. | | 25 |
| 2338888722 | Yi Kingdom | The Yi dynasty ruled Korea from the fall of the Koryo kingdom to the colonization of Korea by Japan. | | 26 |
| 2338888723 | Yuan Empire | Empire created in China and Siberia by Khubilai Khan. | | 27 |
| 2338888724 | Hanseatic League | Alliance of trading cities that established and maintained a trade monopoly over most of Northern Europe and the Baltic for a time in the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period (ie between the 13th and 17th century). | | 28 |
| 2338888725 | Medicis | powerful and influential Florentine family from the 13th to 17th century, first achieved power through banking. They were instrumental in the development of Florence as the epicenter of Renaissance | | 29 |
| 2338888726 | Abbasid | Arabic dynasty (750-1258) that replaced the Ummayyads, founded by Abu al-Abbas and reaching its peak under Harun al-Rashid | | 30 |
| 2338888727 | abolitionism | antislavery movement | | 31 |
| 2338888728 | absolutism | political philosophy that stressed the divine right theory of kingship: the French king Louis XIV was the classic example | | 32 |
| 2338888729 | Abu Bakr | First caliph after the death of Muhammad | | 33 |
| 2338888730 | Achaemenid empire | first great Persian empire (558-330 BCE), which began under Cyrus and reached its peak under Darius | | 34 |
| 2338888731 | Aeschylus | Greek tragedian, author of the Oresteia | | 35 |
| 2338888732 | Age grades | Bantu institution in which individuals of roughly the same age carried out communal tasks appropriate for that age | | 36 |
| 2338888733 | ahimsa | Jain term for the principle of nonviolence to other living things or their souls | | 37 |
| 2338888734 | Ahmosis | Egyptian pharaoh c. 1500 BCE, founder of the New Kingdom | | 38 |
| 2338888735 | Ahura Mazda | Main god of Zoroastrianism who represented truth and goodness and was perceived to be in an eternal struggle with the malign spirit Angra Mainyu | | 39 |
| 2338888736 | al-Andalus | Islamic Spain | | 40 |
| 2338888737 | Allah | God of the monotheistic religion of Islam | | 41 |
| 2338888738 | Ali'i nui | Hawai'ian class of high chiefs | | 42 |
| 2338888739 | Amon-Re | Egyptian god, combination of the sun god Re and the air god Amon | | 43 |
| 2338888740 | Angkor | Southeast Asian khmer kingdom (889-1432) that was centered around the temple cities of Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat | | 44 |
| 2338888741 | Anti-semitism | a prejudice against Jews, and the political, social, and economic actions taken against them | | 45 |
| 2338888742 | Antonianism | African syncretic religion, founded by Dona Beatriz, that taught that Jesus Christ was a black African man and the heaven was for Africans | | 46 |
| 2338888743 | Apartheid | South African system of "separateness" that was implemented in 1948 and that kept the black majority in a position of political, social, and economic subordination | | 47 |
| 2338888744 | Appeasement | British and French policy in the 1930s that tried to maintain peace in Europe in the face of German aggression by making concessions | | 48 |
| 2338888745 | Arianism | early Christian heresy that centered around teaching of Arius (250-336 CE) ans contained the belief that Jesus was a mortal human being and not coeternal with God; Arianism was the focus of Council of Nicaea | | 49 |
| 2338888746 | Artha | Hindu concept for the pursuit of economic well-being and honest prosperity | | 50 |
| 2338888747 | Arthashastra | Ancient Indian political treatise from the time of Chandragupta Maurya; its authorship was traditionally ascribed to Kautalya, and it stressed that war was inevitable | | 51 |
| 2338888748 | Aryans | Indo-European tribes who settled in India after 1500 BCE, their union with indigenous Dravidians formed the basis of Hinduism | | 52 |
| 2338888749 | ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) | Regional organization established in 1967 by Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and the Philippines; the organization was designed to promote economic progress and political stability; it later became a free-trade zone | | 53 |
| 2338888750 | Assyrians | Southwest Asian people who built and empire that reached it height during the eighth and seventh centuries BCE, it was known for a powerful army and a well-structured state | | 54 |
| 2338888751 | Astrolabe | Navigational instrument for determining latitude | | 55 |
| 2338888752 | Aten | monotheistic god of Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten (reigned 1353-1335 BCE) and a very early example of monotheism | | 56 |
| 2338888753 | Audiencias | Spanish courts in Latin America | | 57 |
| 2338888754 | Australopithecus | oldest known ancestor of humans, lived from around 40 million down to around one million years ago, walked on two legs | | 58 |
| 2338888755 | Austronesians | People who as early as 2000 BCE began to explore and settle islands of the Pacific Island basin | | 59 |
| 2338888756 | Avesta | book that contains the holy writings of Zoroastianism | | 60 |
| 2338888757 | Aztec Empire | Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reign of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I. | | 61 |
| 2338888758 | Axum | African kingdom centered in Ethiopia that became an early and lasting center of Coptic Christianity | | 62 |
| 2338888759 | Balfour Declaration | Statement issued by Britain's foreign secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. | | 63 |
| 2338888760 | Bantu | African peoples who originally lived in the area of present-day Nigeria; around 2000 BCe they began a centuries-long migration that took them to most of sub-Saharan Afric; the Bantu were very influential, especially linguistically | | 64 |
| 2338888761 | Bedouins | Nomadic Arabic tribespeople | | 65 |
| 2338888762 | benefice | Grant froma lord to a vassal, usually consisting of land, which supported the vassal and signified the relationship between the two | | 66 |
| 2338888763 | Berlin Conference | Meeting organized by German chancellor Otto von Bismarck in 1884-1885 that provided the justificatin for European colonization of Africa | | 67 |
| 2338888764 | Bhagavad Gita | "Song of the Lord," an Indian short poetic work drawn from the lengthly Mahabharata that was finished around 400 CE and that expressed basic Hindu concepts such as karma and dharma | | 68 |
| 2338888765 | Bakti | Indian movement that attempted to transcend the differences between Hinduism and Islam | | 69 |
| 2338888766 | Black Hand | Pre-WWI secret Serbian nationalistic society; one of tis members, Gavrilo Princip, assassinated Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand and provided the spark for the outbreak of the Great War | | 70 |
| 2338888767 | Blitzkrieg | German style of rapid attack through the use of armor and air power that was used in Poland, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands, and France in 1939-1940 | | 71 |
| 2338888768 | Boddhisatvas | Buddhist conceot regarding individuals who had reached enlightenment but who stayed in this world to help others | | 72 |
| 2338888769 | Bolshevik | Russian communist party headed by Lenin | | 73 |
| 2338888770 | Bourgeoisie | Middle class in modern industrail society | | 74 |
| 2338888771 | Boyars | Russian nobles | | 75 |
| 2338888772 | Brahmins | Hindu caste of priests | | 76 |
| 2338888773 | Brezhnev Doctrine | Policy developed by Leonid Brezhnev (1906-1982) that claimed for the Soviet union the right to invade any socalist country faced with internal or external enemies; the doctrine was best expressed in Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia | | 77 |
| 2338888774 | Buddha | The "enlightened one," the term applied to Siddhartha Gautama after his discoveries that would form the foundation of Buddhism | | 78 |
| 2338888775 | Buddhism | Religion, based on Four Noble Truths, associated with Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 BCE), or the Buddha; its adherents desired to eliminate all distracting passion and reach nirvana | | 79 |
| 2338888776 | Bunraku | Japanese puppet theater | | 80 |
| 2338888777 | Bushido | The "way of the warrior," the code of conduct of the Japanese samurai that was based on loyalty and honor | | 81 |
| 2338888778 | Byzantine Empire | Long-lasting empire centered at Constantinople; it grew out of the end of the Roman empire and carried legacy of Roman greatness and was the only classical society to survive into the moderna ge; it reached its peak during the reign of Justinian (483-565) | | 82 |
| 2338888779 | Caesaropapism | concept relating to the mixing of political and religious authority, as with the Roman emporeres, that was central to the church vs. state controversy in medieval Europe | | 83 |
| 2338888780 | Cahokia | Largue structure in modern Illinois that was constructed by the mound-building peoples; it was the third largest structure in the Americas before the arrival of the Europeans | | 84 |
| 2338888781 | Caliph | "deputy," Islamic leader after the death of Muhammad | | 85 |
| 2338888782 | Capetian | Early French dynasty that started with Hugh Capet | | 86 |
| 2338888783 | Capitalism | An economic system with origins in early modern Europe in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market | | 87 |
| 2338888784 | Capitulations | Highly unfavorable trading agreements that the Ottoman Turks signed with the Europeans in the 19th century that symbolized the decline of the Ottomans | | 88 |
| 2338888785 | Carolingians | Germanic dynasty that was named after its most famous leader, Charlemagne | | 89 |
| 2338888786 | Carthage | North African kingdom, main rival to early Roman expansion, that was defeated by Rome in the Punic Wars | | 90 |
| 2338888787 | Catal Huyuk | Important Neolithic settlement in Anatolia (7250-6150 BCE) | | 91 |
| 2338888788 | Cathars | Medievale heretics, also known as the Albigensians, who considered the material world evil; their followersr renounced wealth and marriage and promoted an ascetic existence | | 92 |
| 2338888789 | Catholic Reformation | 16th century Catholic attempt to cure internal ills and confront Protestantism; it was inspired by the reforms of the Council of Trent and the actions of the Jesuits | | 93 |
| 2338888790 | Caudillos | Latin American term for 19th century local military leaders | | 94 |
| 2338888791 | Central Powers | WWI term for the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire | | 95 |
| 2338888792 | Chaghatai | One of Genghis Khan's sons, whose descendantsruled Central Asia through the Chaghatai khanate | | 96 |
| 2338888793 | Zen Buddhism (Chan Buddhism) | Most popular branch of Buddhism in China, with an emphasis on intuition and sudden flashes of insight instead of textual study | | 97 |
| 2338888794 | Chanchan | Capital of the pre-Incan, South American Chimu society that supported a large population of fifty thousand | | 98 |
| 2338888795 | Chavin cult | Mysterious but very popular South American religion (1000-300 BCE) | | 99 |
| 2338888796 | Chimu | Pre-Incan South American society that fell to Incas in the 15th century | | 100 |
| 2338888797 | Chinampas | agricultural gardens used by Mexica (Aztecs) in which fertile muck from lake bottoms was dredged and built up into small plots | | 101 |
| 2338888798 | Chivalry | European medieval code of conduct for knights based on loyalty and honor | | 102 |
| 2338888799 | Chola | Southern Indian Hindu kingdom (850-1267), a tightly centralized state that dominated sea trade | | 103 |
| 2338888800 | Hinduism | main religion of India, a combination of Dravidian and Aryan concepts; Hinduism's goal is to reach spiritual purity and union with the great world spirit, its important concepts include dharma, karma, and samsara | | 104 |
| 2338888801 | Holocaust | German attempt in World War II to exterminate the Jews of Europe | | 105 |
| 2338888802 | Home front | The name given to the part of war that was not actively involved in the fighting but which was vital to it. | | 106 |
| 2338888803 | Hominid | primate that walks upright, has opposable thumbs, and possesses a large brain; only living members are humans | | 107 |
| 2338888804 | Homo erectus | Hominids who are believed to have walked completely upright like modern people do, called "Upright Man". | | 108 |
| 2338888805 | Homo sapiens | A species of the creatures Hominid who have larger brains and to which humans belong, dependent of language and usage of tools. | | 109 |
| 2338888806 | Homo sapiens sapiens | the newest human breed, originating c. 120,000 years ago, of which all humans in the world today are descendants | | 110 |
| 2338888807 | Hundred Days of Reform | A series of reforming edicts and laws in China. The empress used support from Manchu officials and soldiers (that had been threatened) to lock up the emperor and get rid of reformers | | 111 |
| 2338888808 | Huitzilopochti | Sun god and patron deity of the Aztecs | | 112 |
| 2338888809 | Dhow | Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull. | | 113 |
| 2338888810 | Chucuito | Pre-Incan South American society that rose in the twelfth century and fell to the incas in the fifteenth century. | | 114 |
| 2338888811 | City-state | urban areas that controlled surrounding agricultural regions and that were often loosely connected in a broader political structure with other city-states. | | 115 |
| 2338888812 | Cohong | specially licensed Chinese firms that were under strict government regulation | | 116 |
| 2338888813 | collectivization | process beginning in the late 1920s by which Stalin forced the Russian peasants off their own land and onto huge collective farms run by the state; millions died in the process | | 117 |
| 2338888814 | COMECON | the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, which offered increased trade within the Soviet Union and eastern Europe; it was the Soviet alternative to the United States; Marshall Plan. | | 118 |
| 2338888815 | Communalism | a term, usually associated with India, that placed an emphasis on religious rather than national identity. | | 119 |
| 2338888816 | Communism | Philosophy and movement that began in middle of the 19th century with the work of Karl Marx; it has the same general goals as socialsim, but it includes the belief that violent revolution is necessary to destroy the bourgeois world and institute a new world run by and for the proletariat. | | 120 |
| 2338888817 | Confuciansim | Philosophy that emphasizes order, the role of the gentleman, obligation to society, and reciprocity | | 121 |
| 2338888818 | Congress of Vienna | Meeting in 1815 of the victorious powers (England, Russia, Prussia, and Austria) in order to determine the settlement of Europe after the defeat of Napoleon; established a system of international diplomacy for the 19th century and beyond | | 122 |
| 2338888819 | Conquistadores | Spanish adventurers like Cortes and Pizarro who conquered Central and South America in the 1500s | | 123 |
| 2338888820 | Constitutionalism | movement in England in the 1600s that placed power in the hands of Parliament as part of a constitutional monarchy and that increasingly limited the power of the monarch; the movement was highlighted by the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution | | 124 |
| 2338888821 | Containment | Concept associated with the U.S. and specifically with the Truman Doctrine during the cold war that revolved around the notion that the U.S. would contain the spread of communism | | 125 |
| 2338888822 | corporation | a concept that reached mature form in the 1860s in England and France; it entailed private businesses owned by thousands of individual and institutional investors who financed the business through the purchase of stocks. | | 126 |
| 2338888823 | Corpus iuris civilis | "Body of the Civil Law', the Byzantine emporer Justinian's attempt to codify all Roman law | | 127 |
| 2338888824 | Criollos | Creoles, people born in the Americas of Spanish or Portuguese ancestry | | 128 |
| 2338888825 | Cro-Magnon | Homo sapiens sapiens, who appeared 40 thousand years ado during the Paleolithic age and were the first human beings of the modern type. | | 129 |
