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AP World History Chapter 18 Vocabulary Flashcards

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6066536855Ivan III (the Great)Prince of the duchy of Moscow; responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols; took the title of tsar.0
6066536856Third RomeRussia, with Moscow as its capital, claimed to be the successor of the Roman and Byzantine empires.1
6066536857Ivan IV (the Terrible)Confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars; continued policy of expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture.2
6066536858BoyarsThe Russian nobles.3
6066536859CossacksPeasant adventurers with agricultural and military skills recruited to conquer and settle in newly seized lands in southern Russia and Siberia.4
6066536860Time of TroublesEarly 17th-century period of boyar efforts to regain power and foreign invasion after the death of Ivan IV without an heir; ended with the selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613.5
6066536861Romanov dynastyRuled Russia from 1613 to 1917.6
6066536862Alexis RomanovSecond ruler of the dynasty; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over the Orthodox church.7
6066536863Old BelieversRussians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov; many were exiled to southern Russia or Siberia.8
6066536864Peter I (the Great)Tsar from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of western European models9
6066536865St. PetersburgBaltic city that was made the new capital of Russia by Peter I.10
6066536866Catherine the GreatGerman-born Russian tsarina; combined selective Enlightenment ideas with strong centralizing policies; converted the nobility to a service aristocracy by granting them new power over the peasantry.11
6066536867Partition of PolandThree separate divisions of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as an independent state.12
6066536868ObrokLabor obligations of Russian peasants owed either to their landlords or to the state; part of the increased burdens placed on the peasantry during the 18th century.13
6066536869Pugachev rebellionUnsuccessful peasant rising led by Cossack Pugachev during the 1770s; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter.14
6066536870WesternizationProcess in which traditional cultures come under the influence of Western culture.15
6066536871SerfdomInstitution in which a peasant is attached to a feudal estate.16

AP World History Period 6 Flashcards

The Newest Stage of World History: 1914-Present

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4322996588Western Frontwar line between Belgium and Switzerland during World War I; featured trench warfare and massive casualties among combatants0
4322996589Eastern Frontwar zone from the Baltic to the Balkans where Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Russians, and Balkan nations fought1
4322996590Archduke Franz FerdinandAustro-Hungarian heir to the throne assassinated at Sarajevo in 1914; precipitated World War I2
4322996591Nicholas IIRussian tsar (r. 1894-1917); executed in 19183
4322996594Armenian genocidelaunched by Young Turk leaders in 1915; claimed up to one million lives4
4322996595Submarine warfarea major part of the German naval effort against the Allies during World War I; when employed against the US it precipitated American participation in the war5
4322996596ArmisticeNovember 11, 1918 agreement by Germans to suspend hostilities6
4322996599Woodrow WilsonAmerican president who called for self-determination and the League of Nations7
4322996600Treaty of Versaillesended World War I; punished Germany with loss of territory and payment of reparations; did not satisfy any of the signatories8
4322996601League of Nationsinternational organization of nations created after World War I; designed to preserve world peace; the US never joined9
4322996602Indian National Congresspolitical party that grew from regional associations of Western-educated Indians in 1885; dominated by elites; was the principal party throughout the colonial period and after independence10
4322996606M. K. GandhiWestern-educated Indian lawyer and nationalist politician with many attributes of an Indian holy man; stressed nonviolent tactics and headed the movement for Indian independence11
4322996607Satyagraha"truth force"; Gandhi's policy of nonviolent opposition to British rule12
4322996608Mustafa Kemal, Ataturkpresident of Turkey (1923-1938); responsible for westernization of Turkey13
4322996611Mandatesgovernments entrusted to victorious European World War I nations over the colonies of the defeated powers14
4322996612Balfour Declaration1917; British promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine15
4322996613ZionismEuropean Jewish movement of the 1860s and 1870s that argued that Jews return to their Holy Land; eventually identified with settlement in Palestine16
4322996617W.E.R. Du Bois and Marcus GarveyAfrican American leaders with major impact on rising African nationalism17
4322996618Negritudeliterary movement among African Americans and Africans; sought to combat unfavorable stereotypes of African culture and to celebrate African achievements; influenced early African nationalist movements18
4322996619Kellogg-Briand Pact1928; a multnation treaty, sponsored by American and French leaders, that outlawed war19
4322996620Cubist movementheaded by Pablo Picasso; rendered familiar objects as geometrical shapes20
4322996621Fascismpolitical ideology that became predominant in Italy under Benito Mussolini during the 1920s; attacked the weakness of democracy and the corruption and class conflict of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs21
4322996623Mexican Revolution1910-1920; civil war; challenged Porio Diaz in 1910 and initiated a revolution after losing fraudulent elections22
4322996631Sovietcouncil of workers; seized the government of St. Petersburg in 1917 to precipitate the Russian Revolution23
4322996633Russian Communist PartyBolshevik wing of the Russian socialists; came to power under Lenin in the November 1917 revolution24
4322996635Red Armybuilt up under the leadership of Leon Trotsky; its victories secured communist power after the early years of turmoil following the Russian Revolution25
4322996636New Economic Policy (NEP)initiated in 1921 by Lenin; combined the state establishing basic economic policies with individual initiative; allowed food production to recover26
4322996637Supreme Sovietcommunist-controlled parliament of the USSR27
4322996639Joseph StalinLenin's successor as leader of the USSR; strong nationalist view of communism; crushed opposition to his predominance; ruled USSR until his death in 195328
4322996640Collectivizationcreation of large state-run farms replacing individual holdings; allowed mechanization of agriculture and more efficient control over peasants29
4322996642Sun Yatsenhead of Revolutionary Alliance that led the 1911 revolt against the Qing; president of China in 1911, but yielded to Yuan Shikai in 1912; created the Guomindang in 191930
4322996643May Fourth Movementacceptance at Versailles of Japanese gains in China during World War I led to demonstrations and the beginning of a movement to create a liberal democracy31
4322996644Guomindang (National Party)founded by Sun Yatsen in 1919; main support from urban businesspeople and merchants; dominated by Chiang Kai-shek after 192532
4322996645Chiang Kai-shekleader of the Guomindang from 1925; contested with the communists for control of China until defeated in 194933
4322996646Mao Zedongcommunist leader who advocated the role of the peasantry in revolution; led the Communists to victory and ruled China from 1949 to 197634
4322996647Long MarchCommunist retreat under Guomindang pressure in 1934; shifted center of communist power to Shanxi province35
4322996648Totalitarian Statea 20th century form of government that exercised direct control over all aspects of its subjects; existed in Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union, and other Communist states36
4322996649Spanish Civil Warcivil war between republican and autocratic supporters; with support from Germany and Italy,the autocratic regime of Francisco Franco triumphed37
4322996650Import substitution economiesLatin American and other nations' effort to produce what had formerly been imported38
4322996651Corporatismconservative political movement emphasizing the organic nature of society, with the state as mediator between different groups39
4322996652Tojo HidekiJapanese general who dominated internal politics from the mid-1930s; gave the military dominance over civilian cabinets40
4322996654National Socialist (Nazi) Partyfounded by Adolf Hitler in the period of the Great Depression in Germany41
4322996655BlitzkriegGerman term meaning lightening warfare; involved rapid movement of troops and tanks42
4322996656Vichycollaborationist French government established in Vichy in 1940 following defeat by Germany43
4322996657Winston ChurchillBritish prime minister during World War II; exemplified British determination to resist Germany44
4322996658HolocaustGermany's attempted extermination of European Jews and others; 12 million, including 6 million Jews, died45
4322996659United Nationsglobal organization, founded by the Allies following World War II46
4322996661Yalta Conference1945; agreed upon Soviet entry into the war against Japan, organization of the United Nations; left eastern Europe to the Soviet Union47
4322996662Potsdam Conference1945; meeting between the leaders of the US, Britain, and the Soviet Union; allies accepted Soviet control of eastern Europe; Germany and Austria were divided among the victors48
4322996665Muslim LeagueIndian organization that emerged at the end of World War II; backed Britain in the war49
4322996666Muhammad Ali JinnahMuslim Indian nationalist; leader of the Muslim League; worked for a separate Muslim state; first president of Pakistan50
4322996667Land Freedom ArmyAfrican revolutionary movement for reform of Kenyan colonial system; began a conflict in 1952; called the Mau Mau by the British51
4322996668National Liberation Front (FLN)Algerian nationalist movement that launched a guerrilla war during the 1950s; gained independence for Algeria in 196252
4322996669Afrikaner National Partybecame the majority in the all-white South African legislature in 1948; worked to form the rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid53
4322996670Cold Warstruggle from 1945 to 1989 between the communist and democratic worlds; ended with the collapse of Russia54
4322996671Eastern blocthe eastern European countries of Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, and Eastern Germany dominated by the Soviet Union during the cold war55
4322996672Iron Curtainterm coined by Winston Churchill to describe the division between the Western and communist nations56
4322996673Marshall Plan1947 United States program to rebuild Europe and defeat domestic communist movements57
4322996674North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)formed in 1949 under US leadership to group Canada and western Europe against the Soviets58
4322996675Warsaw Pactthe Soviet response to NATO; made up of Soviets and their European satellites59
4322996676Welfare stateGreat Depression-inspired system that increased government spending to provide social insurance and stimulate the economy60
4322996678Green movementrise during the 1970s in Europe of groups hostile to uncontrolled economic growth61
4322996679Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reaganconservative leaders of the 1970s and 1980s; worked to cut welfare and to promote free enterprise; Cold Warriors62
4322996680European Unionbegan by six nations as the European Economic Community (Commons Market); by the 21st century incorporated most of western European states and was expanding eastward63
4322996681New feminisma wave of agitation for women's rights dating from about 1949; emphasized equality between sexes64
4322996682SolidarityPolish labor movement beginning in the 1970s, taking control of the country from the Soviet Union65
4322996683Socialist realismSoviet effort to replace Western literature and arts with works glorifying state-approved achievements by the masses66
4322996684Third Worldterm for nations not among the capitalist industrial nations of the first world or the industrialized communist nations of the second world67
4322996685North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)agreement between the US, Mexico, and Canada that lowered trade barriers68
4322996686Liberation theologycombination of Roman Catholic and socialist principles aiming to improve the lives of the poor69
4322996687Banana republicsconservative, often dictatorial, Latin American governments friendly to the US; exported tropical products70
4322996688Good Neighbor Policyintroduced by US president Franklin Roosevelt in 1933 to deal fairly, without intervention, with Latin American states71
4322996689Alliance for Progress1961 US programs for economic development of Latin America72
4322996690Indira GandhiPrime Minister of India (1966-1977, 1980-1984); daughter of former Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru; dominated Indian politics for several decades73
4322996691Primary productsfood or industrial crops with a high demand in industrialized economies; their prices tend to fluctuate widely74
4322996692Neocolonialismcontinued dominance of new nations by their former rulers75
4322996693Gamal Abdul Nassermember of the Free Officers Movement who seized power in Egypt in a 1952 military coup; became leader of Egypt; formed a state-directed reforming regime; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal in 1956; most reforms were unsuccessful76
4322996695Ayatollah Khomeinireligious leader of Iran following the 1979 revolution; worked for fundamentalist Islamic religious reform and elimination of Western influences77
4322996696ApartheidAfrikaner policy of racial segregation in South Africa designed to create full economic, social, and political exploitation of African majority78
4322996698African National Congress (ANC)South African political organization founded to defend African interests; became the ruling political party after the 1994 elections79
4322996699Nelson MandelaANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected president of South Africa in 199480
4322996701Douglas MacArthurAmerican commander during the war against Japan; headed American occupation government of Japan after the war; commanded United Nations forces during the Korean War81
4322996703Republic of Koreasouthern half of Korea occupied by the US after World War II; developed parliamentary institutions under authoritarian rulers; underwent major industrial and economic growth after the 1950s82
4322996704Democratic People's Republic of Koreanorthern half of Korea dominated by USSR after World War II; formed a communist dictatorship under Kim Il-Song; attacked South Korea to begin the Korean War83
4322996706Great Leap Forwardeconomic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958; proposed small-scale industrialization projects integrated into peasant communities; led to economic disaster and ended in 196084
4322996707People's Liberation Armymilitary, and dominant, arm of the communist structure in China85
4322996708Cultural Revolutioninitiated by Mao Zedong in 1965 to restore his dominance oveer the pragmatists; disgraced and even killed bureaucrats and intellectuals; called off in 196886
4322996711Red Guardstudent brigades active during the Cultural Revolution in supporting Mao Zedong's policies87
4322996712Gang of FourJiang Qing and her allies who opposed the pragmatists after the death of Mao Zedong88
4322996716Communist Party of Vietnamthe primary nationalist party after the defeat of the VNQDD in 1929; led from 1920s by Ho Chi Minh89
4322996717Ho Chi Minhshifted to a revolution based on the peasantry in the 1930s; presided over the defeat of France in 1954 and the unsuccessful US intervention in Vietnam90
4322996718Viet MinhCommunist Vietnamese movement; fought the Japanese during World War II and the French afterwards91
4322996719Viet Congthe communist guerrilla movement in southern Vietnam during the Vietnamese War92
4322996720Mikhail Gorbachevleader of the USSR (1985-1991); inaugurated major reforms that led to the disintegration of the communist regime93
4322996721Glasnostterm meaning openness; Gorbachev policy opening the opportunity to criticize the government94
4322996722Perestroikaterm meaning economic restructuring; Gorbachev policy for the economic rebuilding of the USSR by allowing more private ownership and decentralized economic control95
4322996723Globalizationthe increasing interconnectedness of all parts of the world; opposed by many environmental and social justice groups96
4322996724Multinational corporationsbusiness organizations with connections across political borders97

AP World history 6B Flashcards

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4201135602Scorched EarthA strategy of defensive warfare, in which everything that might be of use to an invading army is destroyed by the defending army as it retreats.0
4201147573Partisansthey are guerrilla warriors fighting in the resistance against occupying armies.1
4202094229Genocidethe act of murdering an entire race.2
4202094230SuperpowerThe term ascribed to both the U.S. and the USSR in recognition of their power, especially their military power, far greater than that of any other country in the world at the time3
4202096381Asymmetrical WarfareWarfare between groups armed and equipped very differently, and often using different strategies, usually between lightly armed guerrilla warriors and conventionally equipped armies of powerful states.4
4202096382Paper TigerThe mocking comment of the Chinese toward the Americans, who had vast arrays of conventional and nuclear weaponry, but could not cope with simply armed warriors, often guerrilla warriors, fighting for their homelands in Korea, etc.5
4202098213Pax AmericanaLiterally, "American peace," a Latin phrase derived by analogy from Pax Romana to designate the relative tranquility established within the American sphere of influence immediately after WWII6
4202098214Marshall PlanAn American program of economic assistance for rebuilding non-communist Europe after WWII, proposed by U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall7
4202099563Sphere of InfluenceThe geopolitical region in which one external power is considered dominant and other powers keep hands off8
4202099564Iron CurtainTerm introduced by Winston Churchill to describe the division of Europe by the Soviet Union spreading its areas of control in Central and Eastern Europe from Western Europe.9
4202100973ContainmentThe postwar policy of the United States, advocated by diplomat George Kennan, to encircle and contain the Soviet Union within limits, through militant confrontation that would stop short of war.10
4202100974Client StateA state that is economically, politically or military dependent on another state11
4202100975McCarthyismA strategy of attacking political opponents by labeling them unpatriotic or even treasonous, named for U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy, who employed it in his campaign against alleged communists.12
4202103017GulagThe acronym of Glavnoye, Upravleniye Ispravitelno Trudovykh Lagerey, the "Chief Administration of Corrective Labor Camps," a department of the Soviet secret police founded in 1934 under Stalin13
4202105593Neo ColonialismThe assertion of power by one country over another, usually through economic dominance. but without formal political authority14
4202105594Prague SpringThe period in the spring of 1968 when it appeared that Prague, and all of Czechoslovakia, would achieve greater freedom of expression and greater independence of control by the USSR15
4202107801Brezhnev Doctrinein 1968 Leonid Brezhnev, head of the USSR gov., declared that the USSR would intervene militarily to prevent any of its satellite countries from claiming independence16
4202107802Domino EffectThe belief, held by many American policymakers, that if one country in a region became communist, others would follow, one after the other.17
4202110427BlitzkriegTranslates as "Lightening War" German military tactic that brought great success18
4202111857Battle of BritainAir war between Britain and Germany with Brits winning out19
4202111858D-DayOften used in the military as the day on which an important operation is to begin; more generally, signifies any date targeted for special action.20
4202113036SttalingradSoviets won decisive battle of the Eastern Front and drove to Berlin21
4202115105Yalta ConferenceWith the war in Europe near end concessions were made to Stalin for assistance against Japanese in the Pacific, important members22
4202116150Potsdam ConferenceHeld to decide the end of WWII, Germany divided into occupation zones, with Truman and Stalin in confrontation leading to the Cold War23
4202116151HolocaustThe extermination of over 6 million Jews and other undesirables by the WWII Nazi's24
4202119200Hiroshima/NagasakiCities of war production chosen as targets for the atomic bomb25
4202121111United NationsWorld peacekeeping body created following WWII26
4202121112NATO(north Atlantic Treaty Organization) free world alliance against the Soviet Union27
4202122996Warsaw PactEastern bloc alliance of countries following the lead of the Soviet Union28
4202124342Massive RetaliationFull scale nuclear attack as a clear option for both superpowers29
4202124343BrinkmanshipNever backing down from a crisis even if pushed to the edge of a nuclear war30
4202126444SputnikFirst satellite launched into space by the Soviet Union creating world fear31
4202126445CIACentral Intelligence Agency (U.S.)32
4202126446KGBThe Committee for State Security (U.S.S.R.)33
4202129410Cuban Missile CrisisNear nuclear global holocaust over Soviet attempts to put missiles into Cuba34
4202130822Vietnam War35

AP World History Unit 4 Flashcards

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5617170167European empires in the americas-empires in the early modern era show a new stage in globalization ***globalization is th bringing together of economies and societies around the world0
5617191229western Europe-it would lead in maritime expansion -Europe was located nearest to the Americas -because of the rich markets in the Indian Ocean, India, China, and Islamic empires had no incentive to look -Europeans felt ¨marginalized¨ -Europe had a growing merchant class that wanted wealth -Europeans wanted to Christianize people -Iron, guns, horses, improved map making, and better seafaring technology gave them an edge1
56172397421492Christopher Columbus is paid by Spain to cross the Atlantic ocean2
5617249033the great dying-the demographic collapse of Native American societies -people there had been isolated and had no natural immunity to certain diseases like smallpox and measles -90% of the 80 million Native Americans (in Mexico, South American, and North America) would die of disease or be killed by Europeans by 16503
5617292474Colombian exchange***massive native mortality rates created a labor shortage in the Americas -millions of African slaves would be imported to solve the problem -network of communication, migration, trade, and the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases from 1500-1800 -will change the way the world functions4
5617306320New World to Old Worldmaize, potatoes, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, silver, tobacco, chocolate5
5617372031old world to new world-wheat, sugar, bananas, coffee, cotton, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, and chickens -the world´s economy would be reshaped in the 1500s -China decided to only accept silver in trade from Europeans -Spain set up hundreds of silver mines in Mexico and Peru -Europe would now dominate world trade and get most of the rewards from it6
5617400548mercantilism-theory that governments should encourage more exports than imports and accumulate as much silver and gold as possible -model for European colonial economies for centuries7
5617428232Spain-it would conquer both the Aztec and Inca empires -developed a colonial society in the Americas -colonists were to make money for themselves and Spain -created a new social order with the Spanish (penninsulares) at the top and mestizos (mixed races), native Americans, and Africans below -Spanish wives typically stayed back in Spain with the children, allowing Spanish men to violate and abuse Native American women8
5617470013Brazil and the Caribbean-Portugal and Spain set up sugar plantations there -this took the sugar market away from Muslims -sugar became the world´s first major industry with intensive labor -80% of all enslaved west Africans wound up in 1 of these 2 regions9
5617490718North America (new world)-Britain and France developed colonial societies there -most colonists were trying to escape European society -no large, centralized empires to defeat -tendency was for local self-government with little monitoring of colonists -entire families came over together -less racial mixing than in South America or th eCarribean10
5617528951Moscowcity that became the center of a new Russian empire that grew from 1450-175011
5617535430Siberia-huge area to the east the Russians conquered for animal furs and mineral wealth -smallpox and measles brought from Moscow killed millions of Siberians -most Siberians ¨Russified¨ (became Russian) and converted to eastern orthodox Christianity12
5617566771Ivan the terribleestablished absolute rule in Russia through the use of a secret police force13
5617581811Peter the GreatRussian Tsar who formed a navy, built the city of St. Petersburg, and westernized Russia14
5617597631consequence of Russian expansion-Russian people became a minority in their own empire as it grew -agriculture, furs, and minerals made it a wealthy European and Asian power in the 1700s -government would be dictatorial -military might (power) would always be a major focus -conquest and state development would happen at the same time15
5617626479Asian empires***They were regional, not global, and did not fundamentally change people's lives16
5617651300Manchunomadic people from the north who invade and take over China in 164417
5617679824Aspects of Qing (Manchu) dynasty-nomadic groups in central Asia are conquered -farmers are given "honorable" status -foot-binding, Neo-Confucianism, civil service exams (now open to all males), and Eunechs are still used -wanted to preserve their own ethnic and cultural identity and remain separate from the Chinese18
5617713961Mughal dynastyduring the Mughal dynasty in India, the religious divide between Muslims and Hindus19
5617814145Akbarsensitive, tolerant Muslim ruler who created a "divine faith" that combined elements of Islam and Hinduism in an effort to promote religious unity20
5617828785AurangzebMuslim emperor would persecute "non-believers", destroy Hindu temples, and push for Muslim control of India21
5617852016motives for European exploration-acquire spices -insert themselves into Indian ocean trade -establish non-Muslim trade routes -first land for cash crops -develop settler colonies and plantations -expand Roman catholocism22
5618083791Portugal-it was a small nation with few goods -had to resort to using violence and piracy -took control of Indian ocean trade -set up "trading post" empire based on the sugar trade in Brazil -in decline by 160023
5618114368Ferdinand Magellanhis crew became the first to circumnavigate the globe (15119-1522)24
5618127227PhilippinesSpain colonized it to challenge Portugal and spread christianity25
5618132560British and Dutch-they challenged Portugal by establishing trading posts (companies) -they were able to build faster, cheaper, and more powerful ships than Portugal26
5618158897East Indian trading companies-trading posts that could buy and sell goods, govern the region, and wage war if necessary -the British set up in India, the Dutch in Indonesia (called the Dutch East Indies) -Asian overland trade remained in the hands of Indian merchants who traveled all over Asia trading and selling goods27
5618180120Japanthey hated European merchants who brought social and technological changes they didn't like (Christianity, social class interaction, guns)28
5618195670Tokugawa Leyasu-Japanese leader who ends feudalism there and found a "shogunate" -sets up caste system -invests heavily in agriculture -tries population control in order to limit the number of people in Japan -bans foreign merchants (except Dutch once a year in a specific location) -bans Japanese people from leaving Japan ***Japan would remain separated off from Europe and most of Asia from 1650-185029
5618249418silver-it was more important than the spice trade in creating a global exchange network -China (it wound up with most of the world's silver), Japan and Spain profited the most30
5618266861Patosi, Brazilhome to the world's largest silver mine31
5618270843encomiendaforced labor (with pay) of Caribbean people by the Spanish to guarantee labor in silver mines and on plantations32
5618279769debt peonagenatives were given loans, then forced to work them off33
5618285068fursby 1500, Europeans had killed almost all of the fur-bearing animals on the continent34
5618292672North America (global commerce)-the British, French, and Dutch began trading gunpowder, weapons, textiles, iron goods, and alcohol to native Americans for furs -native Americans became dependent on European goods, especially alcohol -native women began to marry European men -native men continued to focus on hunting (especially buffalo) -many native animal species became depleted or extinct35
5618337051Russia (global commerce)the desire for furs furthered its expansion36
5741364996Atlantic Slave Trade-10.7 million slaves were shipped from Africa to the New World (15 million more died in the process) -driven by European demand for goods -most slaves were men (the Islamic world preferred females out of east Africa) -slave status was passed down over generations with little hope for freedom ***West Africa was the primary source of slave labor -Native Americans were dying of European diseases -Africans weren't Christian, which meant Europeans could "save" them -Africans were close and readily available (slavery had always existed in Africa)37
5741400778Kongo-huge African kingdom that coordinated the slave trade for Portugal in return for silver ***most slaves wind up in Brazil or the Caribbean working on sugar plantations -the goal was always for plantations (HACIENDAS) to make huge profits38
5741422193Impact of the Atlantic slave trade***slaves had always been the highest form of economic power in Africa (no private ownership of land)39
5741430201impact on Africa-slowed population growth -no investment by Africans into agriculture, industry, or production -women would vastly outnumber men, leading to polygamy -some women would operate their own trading empires -violence and warfare increased (leaders kidnapped) -American crops would be introduced to Africa40
5741449844DhaomeyAfrican kingdom led by a "Queen Mother" whose army raided local villages for slaves41
5741458562Beninexample of an African kingdom that tried to limit the slave trade ***when the Christian king of Kongo tried to do the same thing, the Portuguese turned on him42
5741465434Angola-Portugal now got its slaves from this kingdom south of Kongo -Portugal would set up the first European colony in Africa there43
5741481031Martin Luther-German catholic monk who wanted changes in the Roman Catholic church -protested the sale of INDULGENCES (forgiveness on pieces of paper) and the pope's power -questioned the church's use of finances -wanted a German (non-Latin) bible44
5741497817protestantsGermans who sided with Luther45
5741501314printing press-invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-1400's -helped Luther turn half of the Germans into Protestants -copies of the bible could be printed in German and sold in mass quantities46
5741513790Henry VIIIthe pope would not annul his marriage so he started his won Protestant church in England47
5741519502council of Trentcatholic attempt to reform and end abuses in the church48
5741523109Spain-it would attack Britain to try and make it catholic once again -the British sank the entire Spanish armada (Spain's navy)49
5741530468Thirty Years War-religious war between Catholics and Protestants on German soil -1/3 of Germany's population died -neither side won the war50
5741539885New WorldSpain brought Christianity there and it blended with local religious beliefs51
5741543127ChinaChristianity was unappealing as an "all or nothing" religion that the Chinese feared would destroy their culture52
5741554084changes in Afro-Asian cultures-African slaves would bring food (okra and rice) and music to the new world -religions (like Voodou) became syncretic (combination of Christianity and African religions53
5741566427missionarya person sent on or engaged in a religious mission abroad54
5741569980Islamic worldby 1700, Islam would be spread by missionaries, scholars, and traders instead of soldiers55
5741575650Wahhabi IslamIslamic movement that advocated an austere lifestyle, strict adherence to Islamic law (Sharia) and rejection of western culture56
5741587128China-Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, and Neo-Confucianism would all be practiced into the 1700's -plays, literature, paintings, and novels were popular57
5741600732Indiaseveral different religious movements were occuring there by the 1700's58
5741605007Bhakti-Hindu movement using songs, prayer, dance, poetry, and rituals to achieve union with the divine -it was especially popular among women59
5741613701Sikhism-religious tradition combining elements of Hinduism and Islam -it proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women60
5741624675Scientific Revolution-intellectual and cultural transformation in Europe from 1600-1800 -based on careful observation, controlled experiments, and the formation of laws to explain the universe -it challenges Christian teaching, authority, social hierarchies, and political systems61
5741653621Europe-emerging universities and legal systems that protected them led to experiments in thinking -Europeans were impressed with Muslim scientists and China's value of education and examination62
5741667293Nicolaus Copernicusdeveloped the theory of a sun-centered universe63
5741670060Galileo Galileiused the telescope to validate Copernicus' teachings64
5741675517Isaac Newton-developed laws of gravity and motion, invented calculus, and explained the organization of the universe ***the Roman Catholic church strenuously opposed this type of thinking65
5741685727enlightenment-period in Europe (1600-1800) much like the Renaissance, but geared towards politics -people began to focus on human behavior and the use of reason -permanently weakened organized religion and led to the QUESTIONING of traditional authority (age of Revolution)66
5741705183Adam Smithsaid prosperity comes from individuals seeking profits67
5741709803capitalismeconomic system in which private parties make goods and services available in a FREE MARKET68
5741716259John Lockebelieved sovereignty lies with the people, not the ruler (social contract) and that people have the right to "life, liberty, and property"69
5741727149Jean-Jacques Rousseau-said the role of government is to make laws made through the majority rule of the people -people will obey these laws since they created them70
5741736047Baron de Montesquieudeveloped the concept of separation of powers71
5741739786Voltairewriter who believed that FREEDOM OF SPEECH is the most essential of all rights (highly critical of organized religion)72
5741745752philosophesFrench intellectuals who said individual rights would provide for constant progress73
5741751115deistsphilosophes who believed God was a "watchmaker"74

AP World History Chapter 19 Vocabulary Flashcards

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6157205384Ferdinand of AragonAlong with Isabella of Castile, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World0
6157205385Isabella of CastileAlong with Ferdinand of Aragon, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Ferdinand created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World1
6157205386encomiendasGrants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies2
6157205387CaribbeanFirst area of Spanish exploration and settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda system of colonial management initiated here3
6157205388HispaniolaFirst island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World4
6157205389encomenderoThe holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor. The encomendero was responsible for their integration into the church5
6157205390Bartolomé de Las CasasDominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population of the Spanish colonies; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights6
6157205391Hernán CortésLed expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan7
6157205392Moctezuma IILast independent Aztec emperor; killed during Hernán Cortés' conquest of Tenochtitlan8
6157205393Mexico CityCapital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan9
6157205394New SpainSpanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica; included most of central Mexico; based on imperial system of Aztecs10
6157205395Francisco Vázquez de Coronadoleader of Spanish expedition into northern frontier region of New Spain; entered what is now United States in search of mythical cities of gold11
6157205396Pedro de ValdiviaSpanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established city of Santiago in 154112
6157205397Columbian exchangeBiological and ecological exchange that took place following Spanish establishment of colonies in New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to New World; animals, plants, and diseases of two hemispheres were transferred13
6157205398PotosiMine located in upper Peru (modern Bolivia); largest of New World silver mines; produced 80 percent of all Peruvian silver14
6157205399HuancavelicaLocation of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosí15
6157205400haciendasRural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy16
6157205401consuladoMerchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return17
6157205402galleonsLarge, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion18
6157205403Treaty of TordesillasSigned in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession in New World; reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain19
6157205404letradosUniversity-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions20
6157205405RecopilaciónBody of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in New World; basis of law in the Indies21
6157205406Council of the IndiesBody within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World22
6157205407viceroyaltiesTwo major divisions of Spanish colonies in New World; one based in Lima; the other in Mexico City; direct representatives of the king23
6157205408audienciasRoyal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of New World; there were 10 in each viceroyalty; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates24
6157205409Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz(1651-1695) Author, poet, and musician of New Spain; eventually gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual matters25
6157205410Pedro Alvares CabralPortuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil26
6157205411capitainciesStrips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony27
6157205412PaulistasBackwoodsmen from São Paulo in Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during 17th century28
6157205413Minas GeraisRegion of Brazil located in mountainous interior where gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush29
6157205414Rio de JaneiroBrazilian port; close to mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 176330
6157205415sociedad de castasAmerican social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top, black slaves or Native Americans at bottom, mixed races in middle31
6157205416peninsularesPeople living in the New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain32
6157205417CreolesWhites born in New World; dominated local Latin American economies and ranked just beneath peninsulares33
6157205418amigos del paísClubs and associations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvements rather than political reform34
6157205419War of the Spanish SuccessionResulted from Bourbon family's succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to English and French35
6157205420Charles IIISpanish enlightened monarch; ruled from 1759 to 1788; instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire36
6157205421José de GálvezSpanish minister of the West Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendants for local government37
6157205422Marquis of Pombalprime minister of Portugal from 1755 to 1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; expelled Jesuits; enacted fiscal reforms and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy38
6157205423Comunero RevoltOne of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Colombia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels39
6157205424Tupac Amaru II(1738-1781) Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution40

AP World History Ch29 Flashcards

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4072898047NEP - New Economic Policymost of the economy is converted to private policy - peasants pay for NEP0
4072905961Five Year PlansStalin created it and wanted to create a heavy industry and provide more electricity for Russia. Peasants pay for it.1
4072917038Command Economyproduction is determined by the gov't2
4072921361Peasants pay price for industrializationcollectivization of agriculture, kulaks resist having their land and freedom taken away burn crops and slaughter livestock, kulaks liquidated3
4072928689Poor harvests lead to...famine4
4072931635"Great Purge"Stalin's rivals in communist party and the leadership are killed or sent to gulags, leadership weakened5
4072937334StalinUsed purges to eliminate opposition: army, middle class, large land owners6
4072942295Women are given...more jobs and opportunities from the war7
4072945452Japanese had few...raw material and land8
40729488391915, 21 Demandsmade China a Japanese procterate9
4072952152Zaibatsufour giant corporations - benefitted from Japan's prosperity10
4073172092Military officers/ ultranationalists resentJapan's dependence on imports and foreign trad, there quest is for a colonial empire.11
4073181985Manchurian Incident 1931In September 1931, there was an explosion on railroad tracks that allowed the Japanese to resist against Chinese and take Tokyo. Allowed take over of Manchukuo12
4073189537Rape of Nanjing 1937-1938Japanese troops rape 20,000 women, and kill 200,000 prisoners and civilians and looted and burned the city13
4073207074Who was hit the most during the Depression?Germany and Japan, needed imports of raw material (not self sufficient)14
4073215858What was autarchy?Self sufficiency (economic dependence) - U.S. and Soviets closest to achieving it15
4073225663Parts of AfricaSouth Africa - gold, The Belgium Congo and Rhodesia - copper. All experience mining boom16
4073236948lasci di combattimento "Black Shirts"unemployed veterans and violent youths17
4073244228Benito Mussolini came to power by...march on Rome18
4073255865"Il Duce" -the leader (Benito Mussolini)19
4073257218Who invaded Ethiopia?Benito Mussolini (Italy). Increased warlike intentions 193520
4073278639Hitler's Germanythe economic well-being outweighed the loss of liberty21
4073289080Munich Conference 1938England and France gave into Hitler and gave him part of Czechoslovakia to avoid war (wanted it because he thought there were ethnic Germans there) - appeasement was the result of lingering horrors of WWI, new fascist tactics, and fear of spread of communism22
4073308133BlitzkriegLightening war; military strategy of Germans23
4073278640Who did Russia invade?Poland and Finland24
4073322519Stalingrad... why was it important?Sovieet Oil supply25
4073337802The Japanese invade SE Asia for...Oil26
4073343931Who did US concentrate on defeating first?Germany, because if they waited to long they could create an atomic bomb. Japan took longer to defeat because of it.27
4073356454Atomic bombcould kill people instantly, Hiroshima and Nagasaki28
4073358262Aircraft carriermajor weapon of fight with Japanese29
4073362804What was the purpose of bombing raids?break civilian morale30
4073379020The Final Solutionattempt to exterminate the Jewish people31
4073405557Holocaustgenocide32
4073408705Who else was exterminated by Germans in WWII besides the Jews?Slavs and Poles killed systematically. Homosexuals, Gypsies, and the mentally ill33
4073373951What did Mao adapt to China?Marxism34
4073470196China had few industrial workers so...peasants would lead the revolution35
4073483271What was Mao inspired by...1917 Communist Revolution in Russia - Long March36
4073641657Chang Kai-Shek - Jiang Jieshileader of the Guomindang. 3 million man army to prepare for battle with Communists.37
4073645600Soviet - Japanese Neutrality PactMao doesn't get anymore aid from Stalin38
4074298312Sino - Japanese WarJapan seizes Beijing, Shanghai and other coastal cities The Japanese don't reap the benefits of conquest As the army expanded, The people pay higher taxes and food and fuel become scarce. The war was a drain on manpower and the economy as the war machine became dependent on imported steel, machine tools and OIL!39
4074330033Poor moral and corruption...undermined Nationalists40
4074330882Mao's peasants were...highly disciplined41
4074420345Communist Victory in ChinaCommunists wanted to defeat nationalists because they thought they were greedy, incompetent, and robbing the peasants42
4074434988Military productionended depression and unemployment in US43
4074436378Mein Kampfwritten by Hitler to outline his goals for Germany44
4075338375Anschlussthe invasion and incorporation of Austria into Nazi Germany 1938. Hitler wanted to unify all German speaking nations45
4075358218Germany and Russia sign non aggression pactThis is to make sure Germans don't fight two front war.46
4075360586Germans march into Poland Sept 1 1939England and France declare war47
4075363017Maginot Linefortification along France, Germans go around it48
4075366876Pearl HarborJapan attack US Navy in Hawaii to allow free hand in Pacific.49
4075369945Bataan Death MarchJapanese conquer Phillipines and commit atrocities50
4075372830Battle of MidwayTurning point in War in the Pacific51

AP World History Chapter 6 Flashcards

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6052125751AbbasidsA dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from 750 to about 1250.The Abbasid dynasty controlled the Muslim caliphate from 750 to 1258. It was the second of the two greatest dynasties, overthrowing the Umayyads to gain control, and destroyed by the invasion of the Mongols0
6052125752Abu BakrCompanion of 1st muslim leader after Muhammad. Regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful succesor. The Shi'ah regard him as a traitor of Muhammad. Known as best interpretter of dreams following Muhammad's death.1
6052125753Ali ibn Abi TalibCousin/ son-in-law of Muhammad, regarded by Sunnis as the fourth and finally rightly guided caliph, whereas Shi'as regard him and his descendants as Muhammad's true successors2
6052125754AllahArabic word for God3
6052125755AyanThe wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule4
6052125756Baghdadcapital city of Iraq; as heart of the Arab Empire, it was second only to Constantinople in terms of size and grandeur in 1000 C.E.5
6052125757Battle of River ZabVictory of Abbasids over Umayyds; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital.6
6052125758Battle of SiffinFought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party7
6052125759BedouinArab nomads. They were organized into tribes and groups called clans. These clans provided security and support for a life made difficult by the extreme conditions of the desert. Their settlement is from where the Muslim Empire sprang. This was around the 600s AD and at the Arabian Peninsula.8
6052125760CaliphA supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government9
6052125761DamascusThe Umayyads moved the capital from Mecca to this city.10
6052125762DhimmisA person of a non-Muslim religion whose right to practice that religion is protected within an Islamic society11
6052125763DhowsLarge ships favored by Indian, Persian, and Arab sailors that could carry up to four hundred tons of cargo.12
6052125764Five pillarsThe basic tenets of Islam: Allah is the only god and Muhammad is his prophet; pray to Allah five times a day facing Mecca; fast during the month of Ramadan; pay alms for the relief of the weak and the poor; take a hajj to Mecca13
6052125765HadithsTraditions of the prophet Muhammad14
6052125766HajjPilgrimage to Mecca15
6052125767HijraMuhammad's move to Medina. Start of the Islamic calendar (632 CE)16
6052125768JihadIslamic holy war17
6052125769KarbalaSite of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate18
6052125770Ka'bathe stone cubical structure in the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, believed to have been built by Abraham and regarded by Muslims as the sacred center of the earth19
6052125771KhadijahFirst wife of the prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader20
6052125772MawaliNon-Arab converts to Islam. Not accepted as full members until the Abbasid dynasty21
6052125773MeccaCity in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.22
6052125774MosqueA Muslim place of worship23
6052125775Qu'ranBook composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam.24
6052125776Ramadan(Islam) a fast (held from sunrise to sunset) that is carried out during the Islamic month of Ramadan25
6052125777Ridda WarsWars launched by Caliph Abu Bakr against rebel Arabian tribes from 632-633 just after Muhammad died. The rebels position was that they had submitted to Muhammad as the prophet but owed nothing to Abu Bakr. Most of the tribes were defeated.26
6052125778ShaykhsLeaders of tribes and clans within Bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children.27
6052125779Shi'aBranch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Mainly found in Iran and a small part of Iraq. It is the state religion of Iran. A member of this group is called a Shi'ite.28
6052125780SunniThe largest branch of Islam. After the death of Muhammad, Muslims who accepted Abu Bakr as the first Caliph became known as Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah or "the people of tradition and unification" in order to differentiate them from the Shia, who rejected Abu Bakr's authority in favor of Muhammad's cousin Ali as the next Caliph.29
6052125781Umayyadthe first dynasty of Arab caliphs whose capital was Damascus30
6052125782UmmaThe community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community.31
6052125783WazirChief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire32
6052125784ZakatCharity33

AP Language weeks 20-30 Flashcards

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6125568036sesquipedalianthe writing is deliberately designed for exhibiting the writer's vocabulary0
6125577529stylisticthe author creates purposeful literary effects on the reader using traditional literary elements to a very noticeable degree; for example, a heavy emphasis on imagery or irony Fitzgerald or J.K. Rowling1
6125587090succintthe author's style is clear but generally short; no wasting of words2
6125592350turgidthe author uses language in a way that is convoluted, bloated with words, and potentially difficult for the reader to understand Nathaniel Hawthorne3
6125619599unprintablethe author uses offensive language or ideas throughout his writing4
6125622211vaguethe piece of writing is purposefully unclear, forcing the reader to make many inferences and conclusions; the reader is left wondering if he or she is interpreting correctly Fitzgerald5
6125629987verbosethe author's writing is long-winded and vocabulary-heavy; this style often is read as (unintentionally) boring Nathaniel Hawthorne6
6125632397sensationalistthe writer's style is exaggerated and dramatic; the author is looking for a gossipy response from the reader7
6125651663tongue-in-cheeka style with a subtext that the writer intends for the reader to pick up on; there are frequently word jokes and a subtle nudge-nudge-wink-wink from the author to careful readers8
6125658018satiricala style in which the writer is commenting on society in some mocking but hidden way; the writer will set up situations that mimic but do not directly report what is being mocked9
6581661236Frequently Confused Words1. definition 2.why they are mixed up 3.way to NOT confuse them 4.sentences10
6202923611phased vs fazed1. slowly coming in or out vs. bothered 2. They sound the same. 3.Is it a stage i'm talking about? 4.He was going through a tough phase. & Nothing was going to faze me.11
6202990559further v.s. farther1. metaphorical distance vs. physical distance 2. Similar spelling 3. metaphorical vs. physical 4.He thought further than I. & I ran farther than him.12
6203004602breath vs. breathe1. air vs. to inhale and exhale 2. has the same objective (air) 3.verb vs something 4.His breath was horrible. & I try to not breathe for 5 mins.13
6203016035couldn't care less vs could care less1. I don't care at all vs. I care a little 2. sounds like you're saying the same things 3. Couldn't vs. Could/ What am I saying? 4. I couldn't care less about that school. & I could care less about if he leaves.14
6203033001bear vs. bare1.handle, animal vs. naked 2. sound alike 3. Which is an animal? 4. I could no longer bear the pain. & He had his bare ass out.15
6203036995whether vs. weather1.one thing or another vs. climate 2. sound the same 3. Am I talking about the climate? 4. It doesn't matter whether they leave or stay. & The weather is windy.16
6203079321advise vs. advice1. verb form of to give advice vs. noun, suggestion 2. They sound alike. Similar spelling 3. Which is the action? 4. I advise you not to do that. & What advice do you have for me?17
6203093830irregardless vs. regardless1. not a word vs. without a regard 2. Irregardless sounds like a word; feels like they mean the same thing 3. Double negative? 4. I couldn't care regardless of who it is.18
6203102095affect vs. effect1. verb, to cause change vs. noun, the change 2. Simply don't know the difference/sound the same 3. Action or cause and effect 4. The rain affected my painting. & The storm caused a terrible effect on the destroyed houses.19
6203127674fewer vs. less1. refers to number (things you can count) vs. things that are unaccountable (abstract) 2.heard people use them the same way 3. Can I count it? 4. There were fewer chips than last time. & I had less money after buying the dress.20
6241188434would of vs. would've1.not a word vs. would have 2. speak to fast, so they sound the same 3.would of doesn't make sense 4.I would've called you later.21
6241190247its vs. it's1.belonging to it vs. it is 2.similar pronunciation 3.is it "it is" 4.Its his. & It's raining.22
6241194132every day vs. everyday1.each individual day (adj., noun) vs. common/usual (adj) 2.similar pronunciation 3.is it describing something 4.I go every day. & It's an everyday thing.23
6241280731conscious vs. conscience1.aware, awake vs. what tells you right from wrong 2.similar pronunciation 3.inner self or not awake? 4.He was conscious. & My conscience told me I was wrong.24
6241294817lose vs. loose1.to no longer have vs. baggy 2. similar spelling 3.remembering the number of O's 4.I didn't want to lose. & His pants were too loose.25
6241315209past vs. passed1.yesterday vs. as in to have walked by 2 similar pronunciation 3 remember the different spelling 4 In my past life I was a bear. & I passed my driver's ed final.26
6241337971peek vs peak vs pique1.take a peek, creepers in the window vs. noun. top vs. verb to catch/capture (interest) 2 similar pronunciation 3. 4.Take a peek at my notes. & The peak of the mountain was beautiful. & His shirt piqued my interest.27
6241363329lay vs. lie1.to put vs. to recline 2.not knowing how to use the past tense of lying 3. 4.Lay the pot on the table. & I want to lie down.28
6241405294than vs. then1.comparison vs. time 2.similar spelling 3.Put a "A" if you're comparing and "E" if talkign about time 4.I'd rather do that than this. & I used to do that back then.29
6241411783insure vs. assure. vs. ensureI have purchased insurance vs. I am certain (I assure you) vs. to guarantee (i.e. I can ensure you'll get there) 2. Sound similar 3. 4.I have purchased insurance. & I assure you. & I can ensure you have a seat.30
6303353353your vs. you're1.possession vs. you are 2.similar pronunciation 3. Say you are 4.It's your car. & You're going to do it.31
6303359410on to vs. onto1.verb/proceeding vs. put on/ surface/on top of 2.similar spelling 3.think every day everyday 4.Lets go on to the next part. & Put the cake onto the counter.32
6303387151choose vs. chose1.to do now (present) vs. already done (past tense) 2.close spelling 3.What tense is it in? 4. You can choose were to go. & I chose to do this.33
6303406422patients vs. patience1.person (client) vs. tolerance 2.sound the same 3. C=tolerance 4.There were a lot of injured patients. & I have a lot of patience.34
6303394135lost vs. loss1.past tense of lose vs. not to win 2.similar pronunciation 3. SS-opposite of win 4.I lost my ring. & I loss the match.35
6303420877desert vs. dessert1.abandon vs. sweets 2.spelling error 3. Can I eat it? 4.We were lost in the desert. & We ate dessert after the wedding.36
6303433221accept vs. except1.consent (say yes/give in) vs. but; not including 2.sound similar 3.yes or w/out 4.I accepted my fate. & All except that one.37
6303458069lead vs. led vs. lead1.present tense vs. past tense vs. the element 2.sound similar 3.doing vs did it vs. chemicals?? 4. I'm leading the students. I led the students. I need lead for my pencil.38
6303478305a lot vs. alot1.many vs. not a word 2.spelling not correct 3.together it's not a word 4. I have a lot of work to do.39
6303495449who vs. whom1. having done something (use it instead he/she) vs. doing something 2.not knowing the difference 3.he/she vs.him/her 4. To whom it may concern. (it concerns him. Not it concerns he) Who took my book (he took my book, not him took my book)40
6360434477There vs. their vs. they're1.location vs. belongs to them vs. they are 2. similar pronunciation 3. If it doesn't have an I it's not yours. Everything else is location, but break it up. 4. It's over there. & It's theirs. & They're leaving.41
6360490470all together vs. altogether1. if you can insert "here" after all + bring somewhere w/ others vs. in total/to sum up 2.remember everyday vs. every day 3.can you insert here 4.We're all together. & We're altogether proud of you.42
6360525657poor vs. pour vs. pore1. adj/no $/ badly vs. to dump out vs. noun/hole in your face 2. similar pronunciation 3. 4. I am poor. & Pour it in to the jug. & The pores of Earth.43
6360565776flaunt vs, flout1.to show off vs. to disregard (immediately follow with an object) 2.similar spelling 3. a or o 4. Flaunt it if you got it. & He flouted the law.44
6360584609cite vs. sight vs. site1.give reference to/to give a citation (ticket) vs. seeing vs location 2. similar pronunciation 3. how is it spelled 4.Cite the evidence. & My sight is getting better. & Go to the last website.45
6360597205complement vs. compliment1.2 pieces that make a whole vs. saying something nice 2.similar pronunciation 3. I vs. E 4. Mr. and Mrs. Bill complement each other.46
6360646520who vs. that vs. which1. always infers to people (humans) vs. anything (humans, animals, objects) vs. only refers to things never people 2. all sound right in certain sentences 3. what kind of thing or person are you talking about 4. Who did this. & I did that yesterday. & Which one is it.47
6360672488allusion vs. illusion1. reference vs. fake picture in your head 2. similar spelling 3. If it doesn't have an I it's real 4. He inserted a Bible allusion. & There was an illusion that he has money.48
6360676256bad vs. badly1.adj, describes nouns vs adverbs, describe verbs (come right after/near a verb) 2. similar spelling 3.ly is a verb 4.The room had a bad smell. & The room smelled very badly.49
6360694860good vs. well1.The smell was good. vs. adverb 2.both sound right in certain sentences 3. use it in a sentence 4.I didn't get a good grade in Math class. & I don't feel well.50
6410950066who's vs. whose1.who is vs. belonging to who 2.sounds similar 3. if there's an apostrophe there's an is after 4. Whose is it? & Who's going to the party.51
6410965098disinterested vs. uninterested1.impartial, unbiased vs. bored 2.similar spelling 3. Un means not 4.The teacher saw Sarah disinterested. & I became uninterested.52
6410967534hanged vs. hung1.executed by hanging vs. past tense of hang 2.people think they both are past tense of hang 3. hanged is death 4. He was hanged for murder. We hung out yesterday.53
6411005681lightening vs. lightning1.thunder and rain vs process of getting lighter 2. similar spelling 3. e means bright 4. We were lightning the building. & There was a lot of loud lightening outside.54
6411013477to vs. too vs twodirection vs. extra, amount vs. 2.similar pronunciations 3. two O means a lot 4.I went to the mall. & There was too much homework. & I had two weeks left.55
6411021029accede vs. exceedto agree vs. to be larger than 2.similar spelling 3. a stands for agree 4.I acceded the contract terms. & I will exceed their expectations.56
6411026644precede vs. proceed1.to come before vs. to keep going 2. similar pronunciation 3. E comes before O 4.First grade precedes second. & We will proceed to go on.57
6411061283i.e vs. e.g1.that is vs for example 2.similar spelling 3.i.e doesn't mean in example 4.We did this; i.e. the second one. & I had the notebook that everyone had in second grade; e.g. the one with the stripes58
6411089348figuratively vs. literally1.i am using figurative;metaphorical language vs. it actually happened 2. people don't literally mean stuff when they say literally 3. Literally means dead ass 4. I was figuratively was going to burn the59
6411104172beside vs. besides1.next to vs. in addition, anyway, but 2.similar spelling 3. s means but 4. Put it beside my bed. & That's besides the point.60
6549485377sweat vs. sweet1. perspire/wet armpits vs. adorable or sugary 2.similar spelling 3.Cant eat if i doesn't have two E's 4.There was sweat running down my back. & The candy was way too sweet.61
6549488916overexaggerate vs exaggerate1. not a word vs. to be/speak extra 2.used too commonly 3.putting over isn't a word 4. he exaggerated the situation.62
6549499385Bias vs biased1. noun vs. verb 2. similar meaning 3.ed creates a verb 4.There was bias. & They were biased.63
6549518474orient vs. orientate1. to figure things out vs. not a word 2.similar spelling 3.ones not a word 4.Her eyes flew up to the guard as she sought to orient herself once again.64
6549537404through vs thorough vs threw1. in one side, out the vs. adj, careful vs. past tense to throw 2.similar pronunciation between 2, and similar spelling between 2 3. 4.I went through the tunnel. & The investigation was very thorough. & He threw a bat to the man.65
6549560681emphasis vs. emphasize1. noun;special importance vs. verb; to make or give special importance 2. similar spelling 3. 4.66
6549567394in to vs. into1. to be inside of vs. to go in to67
6549589552pair vs. pare vs. pear1. to, couple vs. verb;to make smaller vs fruit68
6549603866freshman vs. freshmen vs. freshman's vs. freshmen's1. one 9th grader vs many 9th graders vs. belonging to one 9th grader's vs. belonging to many 9th graders 2. 3. 4.69
6549619069countries vs. country's vs. countries'1. many nations vs. belonging to one nation vs. belonging to many nations 2. 3. 4.70
6572835329rapt vs. rapped vs. wrapped1. fascinated vs. knocked, split bars vs. covered in paper 2. 3. 4.71
6572841850use to vs. used to1. not a phrase vs. did before 2. 3. 4.72
6572910274hone in vs. home in1. to get sharper or clearer vs. to get physically closer to a target 2. 3. 4.73
6572922811wreak vs. reek1. to cause (v) vs. stank (adj.) 2. 3. 4.74
6572948042suppose to vs. supposed to1. not a phrase vs. what it says75
6572978719sisters-in-law vs. sister-in-law's1. many wives of your sibling or sisters of your spouse vs belonging to the wife of your sibling 2. 3. 4.76
6572991802quiet vs. quite1.silent vs. just/very 2. 3. 4.77
6573012719receipt vs. recipe1. evidence of the total of your purchases vs. cooking instructors 2. 3. 4.78
6573023079aid vs aide1. person who helps vs. verb to help 2. 3. 4.79
6573033217among vs. between1. use it when there's an uncountable number vs. use it when you count how many are there 2. 3. 4.80
6670200772sall right vs. alright1.okay vs. non-standard 2. 3. 4.81
6670266221eminent vs. imminent1.big deal, famous, well-known vs. (something) is coming 2. 3. 4.Chance is an eminent rapper. & Chance the Rapper's new album is imminent.82
6670282144intolerable vs. intolerant1. can't stand it vs. usually describes a person (usually negative description) 2. 3. 4.83
6670312797imply vs. infer1. to suggest, to hint vs. to come to a conclusion based on evidence 2. 3. 4. A speaker implies. & A listener infers.84
6670338216die vs dye vs dying vs dice1. present tense of to cease living; one gambling cube vs to purposely color vs. (gerund) ing form of "to die" vs. 2 gambling cubes 2. 3. 4.85
6670358421collaborate vs. corroborate1.to work together vs. to verify 2. 3. 4.86
6670408953capital vs. capitol1. the city, or big letters vs. physical government building 2. 3. 4.87
6670438450stationary vs. stationery1.being still (adj) vs. letter-writing paper (noun) 2. 3. 4.88
6670450912censor vs. censure1. to stop people from speaking (verb) vs. the act of stopping people from speaking (noun) 2. 3. 4.89
6670479244amoral vs. immoral1.without morals, no sense of right or wrong vs.(doing) wrong 2. 3. 4.90
6912558227overdo vs. overdue1. to be extra vs. you're late 2. 3. 4.91
6912564699perspective vs. prospective1.viewpoint vs. expected; hopeful 2. 3. 4.92
6912573992principal vs principle1. leader of a school; adj. main or central vs belief or value 2. 3. 4.93
6912587832climactic vs climatic1. of the top, at the climax; of the climate 2. 3. 4.94
6912689346any more vs. anymore1. must be a noun after vs any space longer 2. 3. 4.95
6912705343a part vs. apart1. must be a noun vs. any space longer 2. 3. 4.96
6912713142waist vs. waste1. mid-section/chest to bottom area vs t not use carefully 2. 3. 4.97
6912719048asocial vs. anti-social1. disinterested in social situations vs. actively hate social situations, disorder 2. 3. 4.98
6912755531begin vs. began vs begun1. to start vs. started vs past principle 2. similar spelling 3.Difference in "A, I, and U" 4.I will begin shortly. & I began a few days ago. & The war had begun.99
6912769159rite vs. right vs write1. ceremony vs. not left vs to mark with letters, words, and other symbols 2.same pronunciation 3.spelling 4.The rite of passage. & He's to my right. & I will write this down.100

AP World History Dates Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
4252373679Beginnings of Agriculture8000 B.C.E.0
4252374134Bronze Age3000 B.C.E.1
4252374680Hammurabi's Code1800 B.C.E.2
4252376579Iron Age1300 B.C.E.3
4252377299Assyrian Empire1000 - 700 B.C.E.4
4252379417Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism and Greek Golden Age500 B.C.E.5
4252379916Alexander The Great323 B.C.E.6
4252380445Qin unified China (end of warring period)221 B.C.E.7
4252381051Fall of Mauryan Dynasty184 C.E.8
4252381276Beginning of Christianity32 C.E.9
4252381722End of Pax Romana184 B.C.E.10
4252382191End of Han Dynasty220 C.E.11
4252383355Constantine converts to Christianity312 C.E.12
4252383692Rome capital moved to Constantinople333 C.E.13
4252385749Rise of Gupta320 C.E.14
4252386617Beginning of Trans-Saharan Trade Routes400 C.E.15
4252386884Fall of Rome476 C.E.16
4252387241Justinian rules Byzantine Empire527 C.E.17
4252387945Fall of Gupta550 C.E.18
4252389524Rise of Islam632 C.E.19
4252389780Printing invented in China730 C.E.20
4252390151Battle of Tours732 C.E.21
4252390900Decline of Maya900 C.E.22
42523910791st Schism1054 C.E.23
4252391467Norman Conquest of England1066 C.E.24
4252392135Battle of Manzikert1071 C.E.25
42523924271st Crusade1095 C.E.26
4252396401Genghis Khan Begins conquest of Asia1206 C.E.27
4252401280Mongols sack Baghdad1258 C.E.28
4252401583Marco Polo travels1271 - 1295 C.E.29
4252402467Rise of Ottomans1300 C.E.30
4252402767Mansa Musa's Pilgrimmage1324 C.E.31
4252403141Travels of Ibn Battuta1325 - 1349 C.E.32
4252403808Bubonic Plague1347-1348 C.E.33
4252404268End of Zheng He expedition1433 C.E.34
4252404748Rise of Incas1438 C.E.35
4252405060Ottomans capture constantinople1453 C.E.36
4252405311Aztec Empire at peak1486 C.E.37
4252407831Dias rounded Cape of Good Hope1488 C.E.38
4252408513Columbus Sails1492 C.E.39
4252409046First slaves150240
4252409463Martin Luther151741
4252409657Cortez conquered Aztecs152142
4252410054Pizzaro conquers Incas153343
4252410293Silver discovered at Potosi154544
4252410582Battle of Lapento157145
4252411096Defeat of Spanish Armada By British158846
4252411680Battle Sekigahara (Beginning of Tokugawa)160047
4252411917Jamestown160748
425241245630 years war1618-164849
4252412863Unsuccessful Ottoman seige of Vienna168350
4252413435Glorious Revolution / English Bill of Rights168951
42524142187 years war (French and Indian War)1756 - 176352
4252414758Industrial Revolution begins~176053
4252416648Invention of the Spinning Jenny176754
4252418279American Declaration of Independence177655
4252418527French Revolutionn178956
4252418885Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccination179657
4252419250Haitian Independence180458
4252419552British Abolition of slave trade180759
4252420172Latin America Independence~1810 - 182560
4252420496Congress of Vienna181561
4252421585First Opium War183962
4252423339European revolutions184863
4252423858Commodore Perry opens in Japan185364
4252424160Sepoy Mutiny185765
4252424488End of Russian serfdom186166
4252424737Emancipation Proclamation186367
4252425107German Unification187168
4252425560Berlin Conference188569
4252425713New Zealand gives women suffrage189370
4252426994Battle of Adwa189671
4252426995Spanish-American war189872
4252427208Boer War189973
4252427577Russo-Japanese War190574
4252427977Mexican Revolution~1910 - 192075
4252428317Chinese Revolution191176
4252428597WW1191477
4252428598Russian Revolution191778
4252429173Treaty of Versailles191979
4252429394Stock market crash192980
4252429717Japan invades Manchuria193181
4252429992Italy invades Ethiopia193582
4252430340German blitzkrieg in Poland193983
4252430627Pearl Harbor194184
4252431130Soviets defeat Germans at Satlingrad194385
4252431131End of WWII194586
4252431638Independence and partition of India194787
4252431854Birth of Israel194888
4252432098Chinese Communist Revolution194989
4252432380Korean War1950 - 195390
4252433237Vietnamese defeat French195491
4252433561de-Stalinization of Suez Canal195692
4252433736Ghana gains independence195793
4252434140Cuban revolution195994
4252434141Cuban missile crisis196295
42524349526 day war (Chinese cultural revolution)196796
4252435084Yom Kippur War197397
4252435281Iranian Revolution197998
42524355621st Palestinian Intifada198799
4252436092Tiananmen Square / Fall of Berlin wall1989100
4252436273Namibia gains independence1990101
4252436781Fall of USSR / Gulf War1991102
4252436782genocide in Rwanda1994103
42524370119/112001104
4252437207Great Global Recession2007105

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