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AP World History Ch. 2 Flashcards

3222322376	civilization	Societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups.	0
3222327963	Mesopotamia	Literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys.	1
3222330194	Sumerians	People who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 BCE; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states.	2
3222335892	cuneiform	A form of writing developed by the sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets.	3
3222337440	ziggurats	Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes.	4
3222339985	city-state	A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king.	5
3222436308	Babylonians	Unified all of Mesopotamia c.1800 BCE; empire collapsed due to foreign invasion c.1600 BCE.	6
3222439620	Hammurabi	(r. 1792-1750 BCE) The most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law.	7
3222442544	pharaoh	Title of kings of ancient Egypt.	8
3222445411	pyramids	Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs.	9
3222446950	Kush	An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c.1000 BCE; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries.	10
3222449555	Indus River	River sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization.	11
3222451769	Harappa	Along with Mohenjodaro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern.	12
3222455477	Aryans	Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society.	13
3222460040	Vedas	Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century BCE	14
3222463059	Mahabharata	Indian epic of war, princely honor, love, and social duty; written down in the last centuries BCE; previously handed down in oral form.	15
3222467667	Upanishads	Later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas; utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority.	16
3222469990	Yellow River	Also known as the Huanghe; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China.	17
3222472561	ideographs	Pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing.	18
3222474980	Shang	First Chinese dynasty for which archaeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished 1600 to 1046 BCE.	19
3222481407	Olmecs	People of a cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico c.1200 BCE; featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing system.	20
3222489392	Chavin de Huantar	Chavin culture appeared in highlands of Andes between 1800 and 1200 BCE; typified by ceremonial centers with large stone buildings; greatest ceremonial center was Chavin de Huantar; characterized by artistic motifs.	21
3222497027	Phoenicians	Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean.	22
3222499155	monotheism	The exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization.	23

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Period 6 AP World History Flashcards

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4025204589	Imperialism	the economic and political domination of a weaker nation by a stronger one or ones	0
4025204590	Nationalism	Pride/ love for one's country	1
4025204591	White Lotus rebellions	Chinese rebellions led by Buddhists who were frustrated over taxes and government corruption	2
4025204592	Taiping Rebellions	Chinese rebellions led by a religious zealot claiming to be the brother of Jesus who recruited an army nearly a million strong and nearly succeeded in bringing down the Manchu government	3
4025204593	Self- Strengthening Movement	1861 - 1895, was a period of institutional reforms initiated in China during the late Qing dynasty following a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers (trying to get its act together!)	4
4025204594	Sino-French War	1883 war in which the Chinese lost count Byron of Vietnam to the French (their French colony there call Indochina)	5
4025204595	Sino-Japanese war	War: China (Qing dynasty) vs. Japan-> both fighting over control of Korea	6
4025204596	Treaty of Shimonoseki	In 1895, in this treaty China was forced to hand over control of Taiwan to Japan and grant Japanese trading rights	7
4025204597	Spheres of influence	is a spatial region or concept division over which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity, accommodating to the interests of powers outside the borders of the state that controls it.	8
4025204598	Boxers	Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists	9
4025204599	Boxer Protocol	Demanded that China pay the Europeans and Japanese retribution from the Boxer rebellions and apologize to them	10
4025204600	Commodore Matthew Perry	In 1853 this man arrived in Japan to demand that Japan open its doors to trade and diplomatic relations w/ U.S. & other countries	11
4025204601	Meiji Restoration	Ushered in an era of Japanese westernization after which Japan emerged as a world power (restored emperor Meiji to power)	12
4025204602	Boer Wars	(1899-1902) War: British vs. South Africans -> fought for control over resources in South Africa	13
4025204603	Muhammad Ali	Ruler of Egypt after Napoleon tries to make it part of French empire and fails	14
4025204604	Suez Canal	Canal completed in 1869 that connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean	15
4025204605	Berlin Conference of 1884	-conference in which European powers resolved claiming issues to African Congo	16
4025204606	Franco-Prussian War	A war which, once won, consolidated German Catholic regions under Prussian control	17
4025204607	Emancipation Edict	Abolished serfdom in Russia	18
4025204608	Russification	-process that happened in 1860s in Russia when Alexander III tried to suppress anything anti-Russian	19
4025204609	Monroe Doctrine	Declared by U.S. President Monroe and said that the western part of the U.S. was off limits for Europeans to colonize/ take	20
4025204610	Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine	Added by President Roosevelt that said that the U.S. would intervene in financial disputes between European powers and countries in the Americas (if doing so would help maintain the peace)	21
4025576748	Estates General	"Governing body" for France & represented the 3 estates (clergy, nobles, & peasants)	22
4025576749	National Assembly	In France 3rd estates break away because they are mad and declare themselves this	23
4025576750	Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen	1st declaration made by the National Assembly recognizing the natural rights and based on the ideas of the Enlightenment (doromac)	24
4025576751	Convention	Under 2nd French constitution these people become the new ruling body, it quickly abolishes the monarchy and proclaims France a republic	25
4025576752	Committee of Public Safety	In France, an all powerful enforcer of the Revolution and murderer of anyone who was anti-revolutionary	26
4025576753	Maximilien Robespierre	Leader of the French committee of public safety and his followers were called Jacobins	27
4025576754	Directory	Established after the 3rd French constitution, and established a new 5 man government called this	28
4025576755	Napoleon Bonaparte	Military leader,Tried to expand France's realm and become emperor of it all, was exiled twice	29
4025576756	Battle of Waterloo	What battle was Napoleon defeated at?	30
4025576757	Napoleonic Codes	(1804) recognized the French citizens (men) and institutionalizes some of the Enlightenment ideas	31
4025576758	Congress of Vienna	Where European powers come together to talk about how to keep the balance of power and prevent another Napoleon from happening	32
4025576759	Pierre Toussaint L'Ouverture	Former slave who led the Haiti slave revolt	33
4025576760	Jacques Dessalines	Takes over governing after L'Ouverture is captured	34
4025576761	Simon Bolivar	Creole and Venezuelan who is sent to Europe for education comes back to Venezuela independent to keep Napoleon from getting it	35
4025576762	Gran Columbia	Simon bolivar wants this independent confederation of states, lasts (1819-1830)	36
4025576763	Pedro II	Person who declares Brazil independent	37
4025576764	Miguel Hidalgo	In Mexico: A creole priest who sympathized with those who had been abused under Spanish colonialism, & led a revolt against Spanish rule	38
4025576765	Treaty of Córdoba	Treaty that established Mexican independence from Spain	39
4025576766	Britain	Where did the industrial revolution start?	40
4025576767	Flying shuttle	Sped up the weaving process; invented by John Kay	41
4025576768	Spinning Jenny	Capable of spinning vast amounts of thread; invented by John Hargreaves	42
4025576769	Eli Whitney	Inventor of the cotton gin and interchangeable parts	43
4025576770	Steam engine	Ran on steam, and fueled the industrial revolution	44
4025576771	Charles Darwin	Developed the concept of natural selection and survival of the fittest	45
4025576772	Assembly line	-created by Henry Ford to make things more quickly, each worker only does one job in making the product w/ this	46
4025779083	Social Darwinists	Applied Charles Darwin's biological theory of natural selection to sociology	47
4025779084	Indian National Congress	In 1885 a group of well-educated Indians formed this to begin a path towards India's independence	48
4025779085	Opium war	War the was fueled between the British and Chinese over trading Opium; British wins war(s)	49
4025779086	Treaty of Nanjing	First of the unequal treaties that China signs after losing the first Opium war to Britain; this treaty puts Britain as favorable	50

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AP World History: Unit 5 Key Terms Flashcards

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3758314228	Origins of Industrial Revolution	- Technological innovations in the 1700s led to industrialization, the mass production of goods using machine power (rather than hand power). - Began in England thanks to the availability of workers, numerous natural resources (most notably coal and iron ore), an expansive canal network and easily navigable rivers, a large number of wealthy individuals willing to invest capital in new businesses, and a government that encouraged capitalistic efforts. - The textile industry was the first to industrialize . - At first machines were powered by wind and water, but by the late 1700s, the steam engine was powering machines, as well as making changes in the transportation industry . - Within a century, industrialization had spread throughout western Europe to Russia, the United States, and Japan. For the first time in history, nations shifted from agricultural-based societies to ones based on manufacturing.	0
3758329749	Industrial Revolution: New Machines	- The advent of mechanization revolutionized the production of goods. - Key inventions included the flying shuttle and the spinning jenny - designed to make cotton spinning quicker and more efficient. - At first machines were powered by wind and water (thus most early factories were located along rivers), but by the late 1700s, the steam engine was powering machines, as well as making changes in the transportation industry. - The first steamship was built just after the turn of the 19th century, soon followed by the first steam-powered trains. - Advances in steam power and steel production (for example, the Bessemer process) revolutionized the transportation industry. Steamships and railroads were used to transport cargo. Rail lines connected industrial centers to mines and ports.	1
3758333226	Effects of Industrial Revolution on Society	- Mass production of goods drove down the price of consumer items, and the resulting increase in demand encouraged the development of quicker and more efficient methods of production. The standard of living rose. - The working class developed as a larger group of people who worked in factories and mines. - Rapid urbanization occurred as people moved from the countryside to the cities in search of work. - Urbanization led to the building of tenements to accommodate a growing workforce; overcrowded conditions led to the spread of disease. - Women, who in agrarian societies worked on the farm, saw their roles change, as men became the wage earners. Although many women did work in factories, a large number now stayed at home, especially as the size of the middle class increased. - A new middle class emerged.	2
3758337847	Political and Economic Effects of Industrialization	- Governments passed legislation protecting workers (for example the establishment of a minimum wage). - Unions were formed to protect workers' rights. - Industrialization caused many to reconsider the ownership of production and of products. Adam Smith articulated his laissez-faire philosophy in The Wealth of Nations, while Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels condemned capitalism and promoted socialism. - Industrialization led to a rise in the global demand for products such as cotton and indigo used as raw materials in factories.	3
3758340261	Factory System: Social Impact	- Before industrialization, societies were agriculturally based. Although in some places in Europe the domestic system existed, in which individuals worked on one part of production (for example, making doth from wool), most people still worked on farms. - As the mass production of goods drove down the price of consumer items, demand increased. Cheaper goods were more affordable; as a result, the standard of living rose for most Europeans. - Conditions in the factories in the early years were harsh and dangerous. Workers received little pay, worked long hours, and faced unsafe working conditions. Over time, governments stepped in to pass laws to protect workers (such as minimum-wage legislation). - Labor unions also emerged as workers organized to protect their rights and gain fair treatment in the workplace.	4
3758347133	Factory System: Economic Impact	- Developed as a way to house large and expensive machines in a single location near a source of power, in order to mass-produce goods. - Mass production saw a significant increase in the development of interchangeable parts (parts that were uniformly produced and thus could be easily replaced and fixed) and the creation of the assembly line. - Competition among factories encouraged the development of quicker and more efficient methods of production.	5
3758347134	American Revolution Causes	- The thirteen British colonies in North America resented legislation passed by the British Parliament levying taxes to pay off their debts accumulated during the Seven Years/French and lnd1an War and infringing on their rights. - Under the banner "No taxation without representation" they sought the right to govern themselves. - In 1774, the Continental Congress was formed to oversee the colonists' and anti-British actions, and on July 4, 1776, the Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. - The declaration, greatly influenced by Enlightenment thinking, provided the colonists with a justification for seeking independence from the crown, arguing that government is based on the consent of the governed and that the purpose of government is to protect and secure the rights of its citizens.	6
3758352877	American Revolution: Impact	- War began, and with the aid of France, the colonists forced the British to surrender in 1781. - Following the end of the war, the newly formed United States of America emerged as a federal republic with a government based on popular sovereignty. - This revolution had an enormous influence on subsequent revolutions around the world, most notably the French and Haitian revolutions.	7
3758353974	French Revolution: Causes	- In 1789, King Louis XVI summoned representatives to a meeting of the Estates General to convince them of the necessity of raising taxes. - France was deeply in debt as the result of excessive domestic and foreign spending. - Representatives from the Third Estate, which equaled over 95 percent of the population, met with the king to convince him to approve extensive social, economic, and political reforms that would accord them more rights and protections. With each of the three estates receiving one vote, a favorable outcome was unlikely. - In June 1789, the Third Estate broke away from the Estates General and declared themselves the National Assembly. The following month, with the storming of the Bastille, revolution spread from the streets of Paris to the peasants in the country. - Under the banner "life, liberty, and fraternity, the National Assembly wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man, which identified the natural rights of citizens, stated the equality of all men, and expressed the belief that sovereignty belonged to the people.	8
3758358645	National Assembly	- In June 1789, the Third Estate broke away from the Estates General and declared themselves the Natural Assembly. - Greatly influenced by Enlightenment thinkers and the success of the American Revolution. - Under the banner "life, liberty, and fraternity," they wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man, which identified the natural rights of citizens, including the protection of private property, and stated the equality of all men and the belief that sovereignty belonged to the people. - A new constitution adopted in 1791 established a constitutional monarchy allowing the king to retain some power. - Unhappiness with this new form of government led to the creation of a new constitution and the end of the National Assembly.	9
3758364129	French Revolution: Convention to Napoleon	- A new constitution gave the convention the power to govern; the convention abolished the monarchy. - A group of radicals seized control, and the Committee on Public Safety was created; led by Maximilien Robespierre, the Jacobins jailed and killed anyone suspected of antirevolutionary thought or action. - A new constitution, drawn up in 1795, ended this phase of the revolution and led to the creation of a five-man Directory. .- The Directory lost power in a 1799 coup d'etat led by General Napoleon Bonaparte, who named himself emperor in 1804 and began to conquer France's neighbors. - Napoleon ruled until 1814; the following year the Congress of Vienna met and restored the monarchy to France.	10
3758368004	Napoleon Bonaparte	- A general in the French army who gained control of France in a coup d'etat in 1799, seizing control from the Directory, a small group of governing aristocrats. - He instituted a new constitution and crowned himself emperor in 1804. - His political and social reforms brought much needed stability to a country that had been in the midst of revolution since 1789 . - His Civil Code extended political and legal equality to all adult men, and religious toleration was promoted. - His armies conquered much of Europe, and monarchs across the continent were replaced with his family members. - His invasion of Russia in 1812 ended in disaster when his troops were unable to continue fighting in the harsh conditions of a bitter cold Russian winter . - After his failure in Russia, his enemies, led by the British, forced him into exile in 1814.	11
3758370621	Congress of Vienna	- A meeting held from 1814 to 1815 in Vienna and attended by representatives of the nations that had defeated Napoleon Bonaparte . - The goal was to restore Europe to the way it was prior to the French Revolution. - Led by Prince Metternich of Austria, the representatives wanted to reestablish boundaries, restore legitimate monarchs, and negotiate a balance of power in the hopes of preventing any one nation in Europe from ever gaining too much power. - An unstated goal of the congress was to limit growing nationalistic desires, which had emerged as a strong new force after the French Revolution. - Although the balance of power would be subsequently tested, it was not until World War I that Europe would again be faced with a war that would have a lasting effect upon the entire continent.	12
3758373058	Latin American Independence Movement	- The American and French Revolutions and the ideals of the Enlightenment inspired independence movements in Latin America. - Beginning with a successful slave revolt, Haiti was the first nation in Latin America to declare its independence (1804). - Creole leaders, resentful of the power and privilege of the peninsulares, spread revolutionary ideas throughout Spanish and Portuguese colonies. - The majority of Spanish and Portuguese colonies gained their independence in the early 1800s, taking advantage of Napoleon's invasion of Europe. - Notable independence leaders included Miguel Hidalgo, who gathered together the indigenous and mestizo populations of Mexico, and Simon Bolivar, a Creole who fought against Spanish rule in South America. - Although most of Latin America had independence by 1825, power continued to be concentrated in the hands of the elite, a combination of Creoles, caudillos, and military leaders, a trend that continued through to the 20th century .	13
3758375995	Simon Bolivar	- A Creole from South America who led a successful revolutionary movement against Spanish rule. - Inspired by Enlightenment ideals and the success of the American and French Revolutions. - For over a decade he led military campaigns against the Spanish, ultimately winning independence for Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. - Together with Jose de San Martin, he gained independence for Argentina and Chile. - Hoped to unify the independent nations into a single state, Gran Colombia, but was unsuccessful.	14
3758379182	Haitian Revolution	- The French colony of Saint Domingue was the first colony in Latin America to gain its independence. - Begun as a slave revolt in which enslaved Africans rebelled against French settlers. - Leaders such as Toussaint-Louverture, a slave himself, organized the rebellious Africans into an army - Although slaves were granted their freedom in 1798, the rebellion continued as they demanded rights. - Fearful that the slaves might succeed in overthrowing the white settlers, Napoleon sent French troops to the island to put down the revolt. - When Toussaint was captured and imprisoned, the rebellion continued under the leadership of Jacques Dessalines. - In 1804, Saint Domingue declared its independence; renamed Haiti, it became the first republic in Latin America . - The United States refused to recognize the new republic.	15
3758381343	Toussaint-Louverture	- A slave who helped lead a revolt in Haiti against white settlers. - He was educated and had knowledge of Enlightenment principles as well as of the success of the American Revolution. - He organized an effective army made up mostly of rebelling slaves. - In 1798, the slaves were granted their independence, but Toussaint continued his fight, calling for Saint Domingue's independence from France. - In 1802, French troops were ordered to put down the rebellion and Toussaint was captured and eventually died in a French prison. - The rebellion continued after his death, and in 1804, Haiti declared its Independence.	16
3758385329	Conservatism in Europe	- A political philosophy that sought to return things to the way they were before the political revolutions that spread across Europe in the 19th century and to maintain traditional ways. - Developed in response to the changes that resulted from successful revolutions in North America and France. - Conservatives, such as Edmund Burke, held that change takes place and that when it occurs, it should be a natural occurrence, not the result of revolution. - Conservatives argue that, since change occurs naturally over time, the existing social order should be respected.	17
3758386523	Liberalism in Europe	- A political ideology asserting that individuals possess certain rights such as liberty and equality and that the purpose of government is to protect these rights. - Developed in response to Enlightenment ideas and the changes brought about by the American and French Revolutions. - Liberals, unlike conservatives, believed that change was necessary and normal. - Following the Industrial Revolution, many liberal thinkers gave their support to capitalism and laissez-faire economics, abandoning mercantilist policies.	18
3758387369	Nationalism	- Feeling of pride in one's nation. - The sense of pride in one's national identity played a significant role in political movements throughout the late 18th and 19th centuries, including during the French Revolution and the unification movements in Germany and Italy. - Nationalism was also a force outside of Europe, as evidenced by the Zionist movement, aimed at building a Jewish state, the creation of the Indian National Congress in India, aimed at gaining self-rule for the nation, and The Tanzimat Reforms in the Ottoman Empire, aimed at modernization and westernization.	19
3758389044	Socialism	- Utopian socialists believed that people should work toward the creation of a perfect society in which everyone was equal. - Over time, utopian socialism was abandoned for what was seen as a more practical application of socialist ideals, encouraging workers to take control and create a classless society; this theory of socialism was best articulated by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. - Marx and Engels sought to put the means of production in the hands of the people. - According to Marx's Communist Manifesto, following a struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, the proletariat would gam power and create a classless society. - Marx's socialist theory was adopted by the Bolsheviks in Russia, and the Soviet Union would become the world's first communist nation.	20
3758390513	Karl Marx	- A 19th-century philosopher, he developed a socialist theory with Friedrich Engels in response to the changing nature of the workplace that resulted from the Industrial Revolution. - He and Engels outlined their theory in The Communist Manifesto. - His ideas on class struggle and the evils of capitalism influenced reform movements throughout Europe and in the 20th century would form the backbone of numerous political parties, including the Bolsheviks in Russia. - Defined class struggle as the proletariat working to make money while the bourgeoisie obtained their income from the work of the proletariat, i.e., the bourgeoisie exploited the working class. - In 1917, the Bolshevik Party, led by V. I. Lenin, a Marxist, took control of Russia and made it the world's first communist state. - After World War II, a number of nations, adopted Marxist ideology, including China and Vietnam.	21
3758391994	Unification of Germany	- Independent German-speaking states in Germany united to form a single nation. - Otto von Bismarck, the chancellor of Prussia, the most powerful German state, led the drive for unification. - Under Bismarck's leadership, Prussia won a series of wars against Denmark, Austria, and France; Bismarck used these victories to bolster German nationalism. - By 1871, the independent states were united and the Prussian king, Wilhelm, was named the first leader of the newly united German states.	22
3758394066	Otto von Bismarck	- Chancellor of the German state of Prussia, he worked to unite the German-speaking states into a single nation. - Unified the states through his policy of Blood and Iron. - He successfully waged war against Denmark, Austria, and France, and with each success feelings of German nationalism surged. - It was largely due to his efforts that a Prussian king was named the new ruler of the unified German state.	23
3758395300	Italian Unification	- Independent states in Italy united to form a single nation. - A nationalist movement dedicated to unification was led by Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo di Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi. - Through a combination of war and diplomacy, Italy was unified by 1861.	24
3758395661	Zionism	- A nationalist movement that emerged in the late 1 800s with the stated goal of establishing a Jewish state in Palestine; led in large part by Theodore Herzl. - Jews began to settle in Palestine, especially after World War I, when the land became a mandate of the British; migration had significantly increased after the British issued the Balfour Declaration, expressing their support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. - After World War II, Zionist goals were realized. Following years of conflict between the Arabs of Palestine and the more recently arrived Jews, the United Nations took control of the region, and in May 1948 the state of Israel was proclaimed a Jewish state . - The creation of the state of Israel led to the Arab-Israeli conflict, a conflict that continues to this day; since 1948, Zionists have continued to support the country and the efforts of its Jewish population to maintain Israel's security.	25
3758397692	Crimean War	- In the mid 19th century, war between Russian and an alliance of British, French, and Ottoman troops broke out after Russia had threatened the stability of the Ottoman Empire by seeking to take Ottoman-controlled territory in the Balkans. - Britain and France allied themselves with the Ottomans because they feared a powerful Russian empire (i.e., a disruption of the balance of power). - Russia was easily defeated; the defeat was humiliating and evidence of the West's superior military and industrial strength. - In response to the defeat, Russian czars sought to reform the Russian military and economy. - Reform was selective and ultimately led to new; problems for the Russian Empire.	26
3758401622	Emancipation of Serfs in Russia	- Following a humiliating defeat by Western powers in the Crimean War, Russian czars sought to reform society through state-sponsored industrialization. - Following years of social unrest and demands to end serfdom on moral grounds, Czar Alexander II abolished serfdom in 1861. - Some emancipated serfs remained on the land, but their lives barely improved; many others moved to cities and became a new urban workforce in Russia's push to industrialize. - Although it was hoped that in setting the serfs free, agricultural productivity would be improved, there was little change; additionally, new social problems arose as a result of industrialization. - By the tum of the 20th century, the nation was on the brink of revolution.	27
3758403143	New Imperialism: Causes	- Beginning in the late 1800s, modem, industrial nations sought economic control (and sometimes political and social control) over weaker nations. - Nationalism led to an increased sense of competition as strong nations sought to expand their empires. - Colonies in distant lands allowed nations to establish military bases across the globe. - Industrialization led to an increased need for raw materials and marketplaces. - Social Darwinism and the so-called White Man's Burden provided justification for the efforts of the imperialists. - Christian missionaries sought to spread the Gospel.	28
3758404282	"The White Man's Burden"	- Poem by Rudyard Kipling that explained why white Europeans (and Americans) had a moral responsibility to take control of weaker nations. - Christian missionaries in particular were supportive of this moral duty, as they often sought not only to bring Christianity to newly acquired lands but to "civilize" the native peoples.	29
3758405692	Social Darwinism	- A theory based in part on Charles Darwin's theories of evolution and natural selection. - According to Darwin, man evolved from apes over a period of millions of years and all species compete in order to survive. - ____________, such as Herbert Spencer, used this concept-the survival of the fittest-to explain why some businessmen are more successful than others; it later served as justification for European capitalist powers to control other nations.	30
3758407185	Direct vs. Indirect Control of Colonial Possessions	- As European nations sought to extend their authority over weaker lands, they needed to determine if rule was to be direct or indirect. - Direct: The colony, normally the result of conquest, was under the express control of the mother country. - Indirect: The colony was given a degree of autonomy. - In Africa, the French tended to employ direct rule, while the British preferred indirect rule.	31
3758408446	Sepoy Rebellion	- A revolt led by Indian soldiers against the British East India Company (BEIC) in protest of rules that threatened their religious traditions. - The BEIC had trading rights in the nation and employed sepoys, Indian soldiers, to protect their interests. - The sepoys' gun cartridges were greased in pig and cow fat, an insult to both Muslim and Hindu Indians . - Rebellion broke out, and although it was quickly put down, the British government took direct political control of India. - The Indian colony was the most profitable, the "jewel in the crown,'' of the British Empire.	32
3758409819	Indian National Congress: Origins	- A nationalist group formed in British India in 1885 by upper-class Hindus. - Although most members were middle- and upper-class Hindus, the INC sought to serve all Indians. - Initially a forum to express concerns to colonial officials on taxes and other such subjects, by the turn of the century, the INC was calling for Indian self-rule. - Fearful that Hindus did not have Muslim best interests at heart, Muslim leaders created the Muslim League . - In 1906, the INC joined forces with the All India Muslim league, and together the two groups gained limited rights for the Indian colonists. - The INC and the Muslim League partnered to lead a mass movement to gain self-rule for the subcontinent.	33
3758411966	King Leopold	- King of Belgium who established a colony known as the Congo Free State in Africa. - Not under the political control of Belgium, the colony provided great wealth for __________ personally . - Used forced labor to ensure the profitability of extensive rubber plantations. - Working conditions in the Congo Free State were harsh, and following public protests, the colony was put under direct control of the Belgium government in 1908. - His economic success propelled other European nations to seek colonies of their own and led in part to the Berlin Conference.	34
3758414818	Berlin Conference	- A meeting of European powers in which the rules for colonizing Africa were established: European powers had to notify one another of their intentions to take control of an area. - Occurred in response to the establishment of British and Belgian colonies in Africa as European nations scrambled to get a piece of the continent. - Africa's indigenous population was not represented at the conference. - The entire continent was completely divided up by 1885 with the exception of Liberia and Ethiopia. - Before the __________, the European presence in Africa had been limited to coastal trading posts. - The drawing of new boundaries with no regard for the natives who lived there eventually contributed to numerous problems, including civil wars.	35
3758416219	Opium War: Causes	- A conflict fought between Britain and China (1839-1842) over British sale of opium in China. - China maintained a favorable balance of trade; Europeans demanded Chinese goods, including silk and tea, and paid for these products in silver. - In the late 1700s, the British East India Company began importing opium into China, where they traded it for silver and thus threatened the trade balance. - In 1839, Lin Zexu, a Chinese government official, ordered the confiscation and destruction of opium and took British merchants hostage. - In response, the British took military action against the Chinese.	36
3758417271	Opium War: Results	- Britain's superior military led to a decisive victory over the Chinese and the signing of a series of unequal treaties. - The Treaty of Nanjing required China to pay for the cost of the war as well as the cost of the destroyed opium; China was forced to open additional ports to foreign trade, give up control of Hong Kong to Britain, and grant British citizens extraterritoriality. - These treaties weakened China economically, and other foreign countries took advantage of China's weakened state and established their own spheres of influence there. - The sustained presence of foreigners in the nation led to conflict within China; Chinese nationalists blamed the government for the presence of foreigners in the country. - In the second half of the 19th century, Chinese nationalism increased as groups worked to rid the country of foreign influence.	37
3758420169	Taiping Rebellion	- A rebellion by Chinese peasants that threatened the Qing dynasty. - The Taiping offered a new vision of China that included the redistribution of land, public education, and rights for women. - Although they were successful in gaining supporters and even captured Nanjing, the rebellion ultimately ended at tremendous cost of life. - The Qing organized a powerful army and had the support of the scholar-gentry, the class most threatened by the Taiping reforms. - Although the rebellion failed, the destruction and death it caused were massive and forced the Qing to make reforms; the most well-known was called the Self-Strengthening Movement.	38
3758422450	Self-Strengthening Movement	- Following the signing of a series of unequal treaties and a number of internal rebellions in the 19th century, the Qing enacted a series of reforms. - The reforms focused on the introduction of Western technology in the hopes of modernizing the nation. - The reforms had limited success; China remained an agrarian-based society centered on traditional Confucian thought.	39
3758423493	Spheres of Influence	- Areas of economic influence/control. - Several were established in China in the 19th century; at first foreigners took advantage of a weakened China and seized control of China's tributary states (for example, France took control of Vietnam in 1885). - Eventually Western powers, including Germany and France, gained exclusive trading rights within China. - In response to the presence of foreigners in the nation, Chinese nationalism increased as evidenced by increased internal rebellions, most notably the Boxer Rebellion.	40
3758424974	Boxer Rebellion	- An internal rebellion led by a group known as the Boxers, who unsuccessfully sought to rid China of foreign influence . - The Boxers had imperial support for their efforts, which included attacking and killing foreigners and Chinese Christians. - Following their attempt to gain control of foreign embassies in Beijing, foreign forces moved quickly to put down the rebellion. - The defeat of the Boxers allowed foreigners to gain even more concessions from the Qing; China had to pay for damages to foreign-held property. - The rebellion further weakened the ruling family, who within a decade would be overthrown by Chinese nationalists.	41
3758426342	Monroe Doctrine	- Articulated in 1823 as part of U.S. foreign policy, it sought to limit European interference in the Americas. - President James Monroe regarded the Americas as a U.S. protectorate and thus saw threats to the region as threats against the United States. - The doctrine indicated that an attempt by Europe to take control of land in the Americas would be viewed as a hostile act and that, in theory, the United States would respond. - Most significantly, the doctrine would provide (in later years) justification for the United States to intervene in the affairs of the, Western Hemisphere.	42
3758427425	Spanish-American War	- In response to the destruction of a U.S. ship in Havana's harbor and under the guise of protecting American business interests in Cuba, as well as the interest of those Cubans suffering under Spanish rule, the United States declared war on Spain. - The United States quickly defeated the Spanish and gained control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. - The United States emerged as an imperial power.	43
3758428500	U.S. Open Door Policy	- U.S. foreign policy that sought equal trading rights for all nations trading in China and commercial advantages for U.S. businesses. - Proposed by Secretary of State john Hay in 1899 because the United States was one of the few imperial powers that did not have a sphere of influence in China. - Although it was never formally agreed upon, the policy was unchallenged.	44
3758429164	Opening of Japan	- Following over 200 years of self-imposed isolation, Japan was forced to open its doors to the world following the arrival of U.S. commodore Matthew Perry. - In 1853, Perry arrived in Tokyo Bay and under the orders of the U.S. president requested that Japan open up to foreign trade. - The United States wanted to find new markets following industrialization, and Japan offered new economic opportunities. - The Treaty of Kanagawa, signed by the two nations, opened Japan to trade. - Japanese isolation ended; the country focused on a new domestic policy of rapid modernization.	45
3758430175	Meiji Restoration	- After Japan ended its isolation, rebellion led to the overthrow of the shogun, replaced by an emperor, who initiated a series of social, economic, and political reforms. - A centralized government, established with a new constitution, set up a two-house system, although the emperor retained most control; the government successfully resisted imperial encroachment. - Fearful that Japan would experience the same fate as China, Meiji reformers sought to modernize the nation by selectively borrowing Western ideas. - The Japanese economy quickly industrialized with the support of the government, which built factories, railroads, and banks. This is known as state sponsored industrialization. - Japan modernized its army and navy and improved health care and the education system. - Japan modernized quickly and by 1900 began to follow a foreign policy of empire building that would lead to conflict with its neighbors in the region and would establish it as a global power.	46
3758431961	Sino-Japanese War	- A war fought between China and Japan for control of Korea. - Korea became a target of Japan's expansionist policy {following rapid industrialization in the Meiji era). - In 1894, when a rebellion led by pro-Japanese reformists broke out in Korea the Korean government asked China to send in troops to help restore order; Japan in turn sent troops and captured the Korean emperor. - Japan's modern army quickly defeated the Chinese troops, and in April 1895 the Qing signed the Treaty of Shimonoseku. - The Qing agreed to stay out of Korea, gave up rights to parts of Manchuria, and ceded Taiwan to the Japanese. - The war was a clear indication of Japan's imperial aspirations in Asia and a reflection of China's inability to keep pace with a fast-changing world.	47
3758437134	Decline of the Ottoman Empire	- In the late 19th century, the Ottoman Empire, now small, weak, and in debt, became known as the Sick Man of Europe. - Threats from Russia and Austria resulted in territorial losses. - Owing to the increasing instability, independence movements arose throughout the multinational empire. - A shift from land to sea routes hurt the Ottomans economically, as Europeans now conducted trade directly with Asia and thus cut out the Muslim middlemen. - British and French interference slowed the decline: Fearful that the collapse of the Ottoman Empire would lead to a strengthened Russian Empire, Britain and France lent economic support to the sultans (i.e., to maintain the balance of power). - By 1900, smaller, considerably weaker, and in debt, the Ottomans launched a series of unsuccessful reforms to save the empire.	48
3758439128	Muhammad Ali	- Emerged as the ruler of Egypt following an unsuccessful invasion by Napoleon in 1798. - Although Egypt was theoretically part of the Ottoman Empire, the sultans were not strong enough to prevent Ali from establishing an autonomous state. - His success served as evidence of the weakened state of the Ottoman Empire. - Modernized the nation by focusing on the military and industrialization.	49
3758439784	Steam Engine	- Invented in 1765 by James Watt; played a key role in industrialization. - Burns coal to boil water and create steam, which will force a piston to turn a wheel that will drive a mechanical device to perform work. - Replaced pumps powered by coal mines, which were not cost-effective. - By 1800, more than 1,800 steam engines were used in the British Isles. - Steam engines were also prevalent in the textile industry. The use of steam engines led to an increase in productivity and a decrease in price for the consumer.	50
3758440899	Interchangeable Parts	- In 1778, French gunsmith Honore Blanc produced some of the first firearms with interchangeable parts. He demonstrated that his muskets could be assembled from a pile of parts selected at random. - In the U.S., Eli Whitney saw the potential benefit of developing "interchangeable parts" for U.S. military firearms. He built several guns and disassembled them before the U.S. Congress. The problem remained, however, that these guns were hand-made by extremely skilled workmen arid were, therefore, very expensive. - Mass production was first achieved in 1803 by Marc lsambard Brunei with Henry Maudslay and Simon Goodrich, with contributions by Brigadier~General Sir Samuel Bentham, Inspector General of Naval Works at Portsmouth Block Mills for the British Royal Navy during the Napoleonic War. By 1808 annual production had reached 130,000 sailing blocks (pulleys).	51
3758442844	Cotton Gin	- Earliest versions date back to 5th century C.E. using a single roller (made of iron or wood) and a flat stone. - Eli Whitney invented the modern version in 1793. He mechanized the cleaning of cotton by using wire hooks to pull cotton through a wire screen to separate the seeds from the cotton (previously done by hand); a brushlike component was used to remove lint and prevent jams. - Enabled massive increase in cotton produced in southern U.S. By 1830: 750,000 bales of cotton; 1850: 285 million bales of cotton. - Dramatic increase in the demand for slaves. Pre~1793: 700,000 slaves 1850: 3.2 million slaves. - By 1860, the U.S. provided 80 percent of the cotton for Great Britain and two-thirds of the world's supply of cotton.	52
3758444797	Telegraph	- A communication system that transmits electric signals over wires from location to location and translates them into a message. - In 1828, the first telegraph in the U.S. was invented by Harrison Dyar, who sent electrical sparks through chemically treated paper tape to burn dots and dashes. - In 1830, an American, Joseph Henry (1797-1878), sent an electronic current over one mile of wire to activate an electromagnet that caused a bell to strike. - In 1835, Samuel Morse proved that signals could be transmitted by wire. He used pulses of current to deflect an electromagnet, which moved a marker to produce written codes on a strip of paper: the invention of Morse Code. The following year, the device was modified to emboss the paper with dots and dashes. He gave a public demonstration in 1838, but it was not until five years later that Congress (reflecting public apathy) funded $30,000 to construct a 40-mile experimental telegraph line from Washington to Baltimore.	53

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AP World History Chapter 5 Flashcards

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3676018261	agora	-central feature of ancient Greek town planning -main function was a town market -became social and political meeting place as well -along with Acropolis, it contained the important buildings of the town	0
3676183765	Akhenaten	(see chapter 3)	1
3676023373	Alexander the Great	-r. 336-323 BCE -King of Macedonia -conquered Greece, Persia, and Egypt -when Thebe thought Alexander was dead, they rebelled. Alexander found out, so he killed 6,000 people and sold the remaining 20,000 into slavery -spread the language and culture of the Greeks dominant among the Mediterranean coast, India, Afghanistan, Egypt, and borders of Russia -he built roads and canals -built new cities (total of 16 Alexandrias)	2
3676032406	Aristotle	-384-322 BCE -Greek philosopher -prize student of Plato -wrote that man is a "political animal", a creature of the city-state -addressed logic, physics, astronomy, religion, ethics, politics, etc. -tutored Alexander the Great -Aristotle and Alexander the Great had differing views	3
3676048019	Amorites	-occupied parts of South Mesopotamia -conquered Sumer in 1900 BCE -founded own dynasty north of Babylon -first used Sumerian cultures and administration forms, later creating their own -sixth ruler was Hammurabi (r. 1792-1750 BCE) who set laws but was also a good military ruler -created Babylonian empire, lasting until invaded by Hittites in 1500 BCE	4
3676055378	Assyrians	-c. 710 BCE -descendants of Akkadians -major participants in constant warfare in Mesopotamia -controlled their people through terror and forced migration -King Esarhaddon (r. 680-669 BCE) conquered Egypt, making Assyria the greatest power	5
3676060893	Athens	-city in Greece -leader among the city-states -created modern concept of democracy in government -fastest transition from rulers to democracy	6
3676064041	Babylonians	-created by Hammurabi (r. 1792-1750 BCE) -administrative network that stretched from Persian Gulf to Syria -lasted 250 years -approx. 1750-1500 BCE	7
3676067212	Battle of Qadesh	-c. 1274 BCE -Hittites vs. Egyptians -located in Qadesh, Egypt -each army had approx. 20,000 soldiers -lasted a few years, ended with treaty	8
3676071956	Cleisthenes	-led after Solon -5. 507-508 BCE -came to power as a tyrant -took away aristocratic family centers of power -registered each Athenian as a city according to his geographical residence (deme) -recognized the electoral districts of Attica	9
3676077750	Cyrus the Great	-r. 558-529 BCE -broke the balance of power -defeated three other kingdoms in west Asia (Medes, Lydians, Babylonians); incorporated them into his own empire -dominated entire region from Persia to Mediterranean	10
3676082284	democracy	-form of government -decisions and control were voted upon by all the people	11
3676084249	dominance	-imposition of alien government through force	12
3676089506	ecumene	-Greek word referring to the inhabited world -designating a district cultural-historical community -unified urban culture -encompassing vast lands	13
3676094424	Hammurabi	-sixth king -r. 1792-1750 BCE -created the Babylonians -created the Code of Hammurabi (law code)	14
3676100683	Hatshepsut	-c. 1473-1458 BCE -one of four female pharoahs -widow of one pharoah -represented a man (clothing), most likely to increase power	15
3676103844	hegemony	-the predominance of one unit over the others in a group -like a confederation	16
3676104904	Hellenistic	-to be influenced by the Greek culture -type of culture referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great	17
3676107113	Hittites	-invaded Babylonian Empire in 1500 BCE -invented the two-wheeled chariot -capital in Hattushash (modern-day Turkey) -one of the most powerful nations in the Middle East -battled in the Battle of Qadesh against the Egyptians in 1274 BCE -Hittite Empire suddenly collapsed in 1193 BCE	18
3676111840	hoplite	-heavily armed foot soldier of ancient Greece --fought in close groups (ranks) of eight -each carried bronze shield, iron sword, and long spear	19
3676114721	Hyksos	-1640-1540 BCE -immigrant Semitic group -ruled lower Egypt -were originally either traders or nomadic immigrants -16th dynasty	20
3676119598	Indo-European	-language family -covers greater Europe and Asia -Sanskrit, Greek, Albanian, etc. -invented the two-wheeled chariot	21
3676124188	Knossos	-capital/city center of Minoan civilization -location of the main palaces -palaces were destroyed in 1300 BCE	22
3676125780	Minoans	-King Minos of ancient Crete (6000 BCE) -by 3000 BCE, they had built villiages -city state was an island -created palaces at Knossos -palaces were centers for Cretan economy, religion, ritual, royal residences -used bronze tools -pictographic writing from 2000 BCE, later on syllabic writing was introduced (1700 BCE) -unknown disaster in 1450 BCE destroyed everything	23
3676133053	Myceneans	-home to several small kingdoms -each had its own citadel or palace and accompanying cemetery -greatest of the cities was Mycenae -Mycenae was capital of legendary king Agamemnon -all palaces and towns of Mycenae were destroyed or abandoned by 1200 BCE	24
3676142272	Neo-Assyrian Empire	-c. 900 BCE -new Assyrian kingdom -went north to Syria and Palestine, south into Babylon -last king was Ashurbanipal (r. 668-627 BCE)	25
3676165313	New Kingdom	-c. 1550-1070 BCE -expulsion of the Hyksos	26
3676145460	Nubia	-region in present-day Aswan (in southern Egypt) and Khartoum (capital of Sudan) -territory stretching southwards 900 miles from just above the first cataract in the Nile -drove out the Egyptian conquerors, bringing Egypt's Middle Kingdom to an end	27
3676168126	Peloponnesian War	-started in 432 BCE -Sparta attacked Athens -struggle for powers -many allies helped them -at some point, Thebes and Corinth became larger parts of the war	28
3676171670	polis	-greek city-state -intentionally small -locally organized government based on single central city with enough surrounding land to support its agricultural needs -populations were just a few thousand	29
3676177421	Ramses II	-pharoah r. 1279-1213 BCE -constructed one of the greatest temples at Abu Simbel (near first cataract of the Nile) -dedicated to New Kingdom and himself	30
3676181566	Sargon of Akkad	(see chapter 2)	31
3676186796	satrapy	-province or colony in Achaemenid or Persian empire ruler by a satrap or governor -Darius I completed the division of the empire into provinces and established 20 satrapies with annual tributes	32
3676190033	Socrates	-c. 470-399 BCE -leading philosopher of fifth century -Socrates and his student Plato questioned the meaning of life -taught his students to be thoughtful but critical about the truths of others and about their own truths, and, after having reached their own conclusions, to live their own truths fully even if it meant their death, as it did for Socrates himself	33
3676200466	Solon	-r. 630-560 BCE -rose to high office as a general and poet in 600 BCE -ended the monopoly over public office held by the Athenian hereditary aristocracy -opened to all free men participation and voting in decision-making public assembly -only high-incomed people could be voted for	34
3676205975	trireme	-ancient vessel and type of galley that was used by the ancient maritime civilizations of the Mediterranean, especially the Phoenicians, ancient Greeks, and Romans	35
3676213695	Thutmosis I	-r. 1504-1492 BCE -extended Egypt's control further into Nubia -extended control also northeast as far as the Euphrates River -created Egypt's greatest historical empire	36
3676218865	Zarathustra	-religious teacher -lived around either 1600 or 600 BCE (no one knows exactly when) -founded religion of Zoroastrianism -described conflict between Ahuramazda (god of goodness and light) and Ahriman (evil and darkness) in the Gathas	37
3676230016	Zoroastrianism	-religion -most likely followed by Darius I -follows teachings of Zarathustra/Zoroaster (c. 600 BCE) -used series of hymns called the Gathas (describing conflict between god of goodness and god of evil) -Avesta was the main scripture	38

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AP English Literature and Composition Vocabulary Flashcards

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4142433758	Abstract	Complex, discusses intangible qualities like good and evil, seldom uses examples to support its points	0
4142433759	Academic	Dry and rhetorical writing; sucking all the life out of its subject with analysis.	1
4142435058	Accent	In poetry, the stressed portion of a word	2
4142435059	Aesthetic	Appealing to the senses; a coherent sense of taste.	3
4142435935	Allegory	A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself.	4
4142438055	Abecedarian	Arranged alphabetically.	5
4142440709	Alliteration	The repetition of initial consonant sounds.	6
4142440710	Allusion	A reference to another work or famous figure.	7
4142442163	Ambibranch	A poetic foot -- heavy, light, light	8
4142444459	Anachronism	"Misplaced in time." An aspect of a story that doesn't belong in its supposed time setting.	9
4142444460	Analogy	A comparison, usually involving two or more symbolic parts, employed to clarify an action or a relationship.	10
4142445504	Anapest	A poetic foot -- light, light, heavy	11
4142445505	Aubade	Morning love song (as opposed to a serenade, which is in the evening), or a song or poem about lovers separating at dawn. It has also been defined as "a song or instrumental composition concerning, accompanying, or evoking daybreak	12
4142448334	Anaphora	The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses.	13
4142454518	Antithesis	A person or thing that is the direct opposite of someone or something else.	14
4142454519	Anastrophe	The inversion of the usual order of words or clauses.	15
4142455992	Anecdote	A short Narrative	16
4142455993	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause that determines what a pronoun refers to.	17
4142457964	Anthropomorphism	When inanimate objects are given human characteristics. Often confused with personification.	18
4142460315	Anticlimax	Occurs when an action produces far smaller results than one had been led to expect.	19
4142460316	Antihero	A protagonist who is markedly unheroic: morally weak, cowardly, dishonest, or any number of other unsavory qualities.	20
4142461676	Antagonist	A person or a group of people who opposes a protagonist.	21
4142462950	Aphorism	A short and usually witty saying.	22
4142462951	Apostrophe	A figure of speech wherein the speaker talks directly to something that is nonhuman.	23
4142463761	Archaism	A thing that is very old or old-fashioned.	24
4142463762	Aside	A speech (usually just a short comment) made by an actor to the audience, as though momentarily stepping outside of the action on stage.	25
4142463763	Aspect	A particular part or feature of something.	26
4142464861	Assonance	The repeated use of vowel sounds: "Old king Cole was a merry old soul."	27
4142466169	Atmosphere	The emotional tone or background that surrounds a scene.	28
4142483346	Ballad	A long, narrative poem, usually in meter and rhyme. Typically has a naïve folksy quality.	29
4142483347	Blank Verse	Unrhymed iambic pentameter.	30
4142484585	Bathos	Writing strains for grandeur it can't support and tries too hard to be a tear jerker.	31
4142484586	Black Humor	The use of disturbing themes in comedy.	32
4142485570	Bombast	Pretentious, exaggeratedly learned language.	33
4142485571	Burlesque	Broad parody, one that takes a style or form and exaggerates it into ridiculousness.	34
4142486787	Blues Poem	Blues Poems are poems that often talk about the struggles and depressions of the writer and his surrounding. Like the blues songs from the African- American singer, blues poems also show the fight and the determination to overcome the said difficulty	35
4142486788	Bildungsroman	A German word referring to a novel structured as a series of events that take place as the hero travels in quest of a goal.	36
4142492230	Benediction	The utterance or bestowing of a blessing, especially at the end of a religious service	37
4152988936	Cacophony	In poetry, deliberately harsh awkward sounds.	38
4152988937	Cadence	The beat or rhythm of poetry in a general sense.	39
4152988938	Canto	The name for a section division in a long work of poetry.	40
4152988939	Caricature	A portrait (verbal or otherwise) that exaggerates a facet of personality	41
4152988940	Caesura	A break between words within a metrical foot.	42
4152988941	Catharsis	Drawn from Aristotle's wtitings on tragedy. Refers to the "cleansing" of emotion an audience member experiences during a play.	43
4152988942	Character	A person in a novel, play, or movie.	44
4152988943	Chorus	In Greek drama, the group of citizens who stand outside the main action on stage and comment on it.	45
4152988944	Classic	Typical, or an accepted masterpiece.	46
4152988945	Coinage	A new word, usually one invented on the spot.	47
4152988946	Colloquialism	A word or phrase used in everyday conversational English that isn't a part of accepted "school-book" English.	48
4152988947	Complex (dense)	Suggesting that there is more than one possibility in the meaning of words; subtleties and variations; multiple layers of interpretation; meaning both explicit and implicit.	49
4152988948	Conciet (controlling image)	A starting or unusual metaphor, or a developed and expanded upon several times.	50
4152988949	Comic Relief	Comic episodes in a dramatic or literary work that offset more serious sections.	51
4152988950	Conflict	May be internal or external—that is, it may occur within a character's mind or between a character and exterior forces, (or point(s) of view)	52
4152988951	Connotation	Everything other than the literal meaning that a word suggests or implies	53
4152988952	Convention	Defining features of particularliterary genres, such as novel, short story, ballad, sonnet, and play.	54
4152988953	Couplet	A pair of lines that end in a rhyme.	55
4152988954	Consonance	The repetition of consonant sounds within words.	56
4152988955	Cliché	A phrase or opinion that is overused and betrays a lack of original thought.	57
4152988956	Cinquain	A five-line stanza.	58
4152988957	Closed Form	Also known as fixed form, consists of poemsthat follow patterns of lines, meter, rhymes and stanzas, the poet follows specific rules to fit a model.	59
4152988958	Climax	The most intense, exciting, or important point of something; a culmination or apex.	60
4152988959	Complication	An intensification of the conflict in a story or play. It builds up, accumulates, and develops the primary or central conflict in aliterary work.	61
4159969013	Dactyl	A poetic foot -- light, light, heavy.	62
4159969014	Denotation	The literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests.	63
4159969015	Denouement	The final part of a play, movie, or narrative in which the strands of the plot are drawn together and matters are explained or resolved.	64
4159969016	Deus Ex Machina	An unexpected power or event saving a seemingly hopeless situation, especially as a contrived plot device in a play or novel.	65
4159969017	Diction	The choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing.	66
4159969018	Dramatic Monologue	A poem in the form of a speech or narrative by an imagined person, in which the speaker inadvertently reveals aspects of their character while describing a particular situation or series of events.	67
4159969019	Decorum	The requirement that individual characters, the characters' actions, and the style of speech should be matched to each other and to the genre in which they appear.	68
4159969020	Dirge	A mournful song, piece of music, or poem.	69
4159969021	Dissonance	A lack of harmony among musical notes.	70
4159969022	Doggerel	Comic verse composed in irregular rhythm.	71
4159969023	Dramatic Irony	Irony that is inherent in speeches or asituation of a drama and is understood bythe audience but not grasped by thecharacters in the play.	72
4159969024	Didactic	Intended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive.	73
4159969025	Dialogue	Conversation between two or more people as a feature of a book, play, or movie.	74
4175390517	Elegy	a sad poem, usually written to praise and express sorrow for someone who is dead. Although a speech at a funeral is a eulogy, you might later compose an _____to someone you have loved and lost to the grave.	75
4175390518	Epic	a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation.	76
4175393214	Enjambment	the continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line, couplet, or stanza.	77
4175394629	Epigram	a pithy saying or remark expressing an idea in a clever and amusing way.	78
4175394630	Euphony	the quality of being pleasing to the ear, especially through a harmonious combination of words.	79
4175398407	Exposition	the writer's way to give background information to the audience about the setting and the characters of the story.	80
4175402999	Epistle/Epistolary	relating to or denoting the writing of letters or literary works in the form of letters.	81
4175403000	Elision	The cutting off or suppression of a vowel or syllable, for the sake of meter or euphony; esp., in poetry, the dropping of a final vowel standing before an initial vowel in the following word, when the two words are drawn together.	82
4175404256	Elements	parts of a story: theme, conflict, climax, etc.	83
4175406876	Epitaph	a phrase or statement written in memory of a person who has died, especially as an inscription on a tombstone.	84
4175406877	Euphemism	a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.	85
4175408206	Explicit	stated clearly and in detail, leaving no room for confusion or doubt.	86
4189688242	Fable	a short story, typically with animals as characters, conveying a moral.	87
4189688243	Figurative Language	languagethat uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation.	88
4189688244	Flashback	a sudden and vivid memory of an event in the past.	89
4189688245	Foot	group of syllables constituting a metrical unit. In English poetry it consists of stressed and unstressed syllables, while in ancient classical poetry it consists of long and short syllables.	90
4189688246	Foreshadowing	a warning or indication of a future event.	91
4189688247	Form	an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse; "the essay was in the form of a dialogue"; "he first sketches the plot in outline form"	92
4189688248	Free Verse	poetry that does not rhyme or have a regular meter.	93
4189688249	Foil	the character serves to highlight one or more attributes of another character, often the protagonist, by providing a contrast.	94
4189688250	First Person	point of view where the story is narrated by one character at a time.	95
4189688251	Feminine Rhyme	a rhyme between stressed syllables followed by one or more unstressed syllables.	96
4189688252	Farce	Comic dramatic work using buffoonery and horseplay and typically including crude characterization and ludicrously improbable situations.	97
4189688253	Falling Action	the parts of a story after the climax and before the very end.	98
4189688254	Falling Meter	Refers to trochees and dactyls. A stressed syllable followed by one or two unstressed syllables)	99
4191758339	Gothic	genre of literature and film that combines fiction, horror, death and romance	100
4191758340	Genre	category of literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter.	101
4191759686	Homily	commentary that follows a reading of scripture.	102
4191759687	Hubris	excessive pride toward or defiance of the gods, leading to nemesis.	103
4191760102	Hyperbole	1.exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.	104
4226644115	In Media Res	into the middle of a narrative; without preamble.	105
4226644116	Implicit	implied though not plainly expressed.	106
4226644117	Imperfect Rhyme	a rhyme in which there is only a partial matching of sounds.	107
4226644118	Iamb	a metrical foot consisting of one short (or unstressed) syllable followed by one long (or stressed) syllable.	108
4226644119	Interior Monologue	a piece of writing expressing a character's inner thoughts.	109
4226644120	Invocation	the action of invoking something or someone for assistance or as an authority.	110
4226644121	Inversion	the action of inverting something or the state of being inverted.	111
4226644122	Irony	the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.	112
4226644123	Impressionism	a theory or practice in painting especially among French painters of about 1870 of depicting the natural appearances of objects by means of dabs or strokes of primary unmixed colors in order to simulate actual reflected light.	113
4226644124	Imagery	visually descriptive or figurative language, especially in a literary work.	114
4226644125	Idyll	an extremely happy, peaceful, or picturesque episode or scene, typically an idealized or unsustainable one.	115
4236141583	Juxtaposition	the fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.	116
4236141584	Jargon	special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.	117
4244092001	Lament	a passionate expression of grief or sorrow.	118
4244092002	Lampoon	publicly criticizing someone or something by using ridicule, irony, or sarcasm.	119
4244092003	Limited Omniscient	similar to the omniscient point of view, but it is a limitedviewpoint. The narrator only knows the thoughts and feelings of one character.	120
4244092004	Loose Sentence	a sentence that does not end with thecompletion of its main clause, but continueswith one or more subordinate clauses orother modifiers.	121
4244092005	Lyric Poetry	a type of emotional songlike poetry,distinguished from dramatic and narrative poetry.	122
4251017756	Masculine Rhyme	rhyme that matches only one syllable, usually at the end of respective lines. Often the final syllable is stressed.	123
4251017757	Melodrama	a dramatic piece with exaggerated characters and exciting events intended to appeal to the emotions	124
4251017758	Metaphor	a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.	125
4251017759	Metonymy	figure of speech in which a thing or concept is called not by its own name but rather by the name of something associated in meaning with that thing or concept.	126
4251017760	Meter	unit of rhythm in poetry, the pattern of the beats. It is also called a foot.	127
4251017761	Monologue	long speech by one actor in a play or movie, or as part of a theatrical or broadcast program.	128
4251017762	Motif	distinctive feature or dominant idea in a literary composition.	129
4251017763	Magical Realism	literary or artistic genre in which realistic narrative and naturalistic technique are combined with surreal elements of dream or fantasy.	130
4251017764	Metaphysical Poetry	describes a loose group of English lyric poets of the 17th century, whose work was characterized by the inventive use of conceits, and by speculation about topics such as love or religion.	131
4272470668	Nemesis	the inescapable agent of someone's or something's downfall. / enemy.	132
4272470669	Narrator	a person who narrates something, especially a character who recounts the events of a novel or narrative poem.	133
4272470670	Narrative Poem	poetry that tells a story, often making use of the voices of a narrator and characters as well; the entire story is usually written in metred verse.	134
4272470671	Objectivity	state or quality of being true even outside of a subject's individual biases, interpretations, feelings, and imaginings.	135
4272470672	Objective	relating to, or denoting a case of nouns and pronouns used as the object of a transitive verb or a preposition.	136
4272470673	Octave	a poem or stanza of eight lines; an octet.	137
4272470674	Open Form	consists of poems that do not follow patterns of lines, meter, rhymes, and stanzas.	138
4272470675	Ode	a lyric poem in the form of an address to a particular subject, often elevated in style or manner and written in varied or irregular meter.	139
4272470676	Omniscient	the narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of all of the characters in the story, as opposed to third person limited, which adheres closely to one character's perspective.	140
4272470677	Onomatopoeia	the formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named.	141
4272470678	Opposition	resistance or dissent, expressed in action or argument.	142
4272470679	Oxymoron	a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction.	143
4288362135	Parable	a simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson, as told by Jesus in the Gospels.	144
4288362136	Paradox	a seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or proposition that when investigated or explained may prove to be well founded or true.	145
4288362137	Parallelism	the use of successive verbal constructions in poetry or prose that correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meter, meaning, etc.	146
4288362138	Parenthetical Phrase	an explanatory or qualifying word, clause, or sentence inserted into a passage.	147
4288362140	Parody	an imitation of the style of a particular writer, artist, or genre with deliberate exaggeration for comic effect.	148
4288362141	Point of View	the narrator's position in relation to the story being told.	149
4288362142	Pastoral	a work of literature portraying an idealized version of country life.	150
4288362143	Pun	a joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words that sound alike but have different meanings.	151
4288362144	Pathos	a quality that evokes pity or sadness.	152
4288362145	Pentameter	a line of verse consisting of five metrical feet, or (in Greek and Latin verse) of two halves each of two feet and a long syllable.	153
4288362146	Periodic Sentence	a stylistic device employed at the sentence level, described as one that is not complete grammatically or semantically before the final clause or phrase.	154
4288362147	Personification	the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.	155
4288362148	Plaint	a complaint; a lamentation.	156
4288362149	Prelude	a short piece of music, the form of which may vary from piece to piece. The prelude may be thought of as a preface.	157
4288362150	Protagonist	the leading character or one of the major characters in a drama, movie, novel, or other fictional text.	158
4288362151	Pyrrhie	A poetic foot -- light,light	159
4288362152	Parallel Plot	two plots share almost equal footing. This happens when strong protagonists carry each plot.	160
4288362153	Plot	the main events of a play, novel, movie, or similar work, devised and presented by the writer as an interrelated sequence.	161
4288362154	Persona	the aspect of someone's character that is presented to or perceived by others.	162
4288444820	Paraphrase	a rewording of something written or spoken by someone else.	163
4291752206	Quatrain	a stanza of four lines, especially one having alternate rhymes.	164
4291752207	Requiem	Mass in the Catholic Church offered for the repose of the soul or souls of one or more deceased persons.	165
4291752208	Refrain	a repeated line or number of lines in a poem or song, typically at the end of each verse.	166
4291752209	Rhapsody	an epic poem, or part of it, of a suitable length for recitation at one time.	167
4291752210	Rhetorical Question	a question that you ask without expecting an answer. The question might be one that does not have an answer.	168
4291752211	Rhythm	a strong, regular, repeated pattern of movement or sound.	169
4291752212	Romanticism	an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850.	170
4291752213	Repetition	the action of repeating something that has already been said or written.	171
4291752214	Rising Meter	move from an unstressed syllable to a stressed syllable. anapestic and iambic meters.	172
4320587707	Satire	the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.	173
4320587708	Setting	the place or type of surroundings where something is positioned or where an event takes place.	174
4320587709	Sonnet	a poem of fourteen lines using any of a number of formal rhyme schemes, in English typically having ten syllables per line.	175
4320587710	Style	a distinctive appearance, typically determined by the principles according to which something is designed.	176
4320587711	Symbol	a thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract.	177
4320587712	Symbolism	the use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities.	178
4320587713	Stock Characters	a stereotypical person whom audiences readily recognize from frequent recurrences in a particular literary tradition.	179
4320587714	Subjectivity	refers to how someone's judgment is shaped by personal opinions and feelings instead of outside influences.	180
4320587715	Scansion	the action of scanning a line of verse to determine its rhythm.	181
4320587716	Simile	a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid.	182
4320587717	Spondee	a foot consisting of two long (or stressed) syllables.	183
4320587718	Subplot	a subordinate plot in a play, novel, or similar work.	184
4320587719	Synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa.	185
4320587720	Stream of Conciousness	a person's thoughts and conscious reactions to events, perceived as a continuous flow.	186
4320587721	Subjunctive Mood	expresses a condition which is doubtful or not factual.	187
4320587722	Sestet	the last six lines of a sonnet.	188
4320587723	Soliloquy	an act of speaking one's thoughts aloud when by oneself or regardless of any hearers, especially by a character in a play.	189
4320587724	Stanza	a group of lines forming the basic recurring metrical unit in a poem; a verse.	190
4320587725	Subtext	an underlying and often distinct theme in a piece of writing or conversation.	191
4320587726	Syntax	the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.	192
4320587727	Sestina	a fixed verse form consisting of six stanzas of six lines each, normally followed by a three-line envoi.	193
4320587728	Synesthesia	the production of a sense impression relating to one sense or part of the body by stimulation of another sense or part of the body.	194
4320587729	Scapegoat	A person or group that is made to bear blame for others.	195
4320587730	Sarcasm	the use of irony to mock or convey contempt.	196
4327723717	Theme	the subject of a talk, a piece of writing, a person's thoughts, or an exhibition; a topic.	197
4327723718	Thesis	a statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved.	198
4327723719	Tone	the general character or attitude of a place, piece of writing, situation, etc.	199
4327723720	Transition	the process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another.	200
4327723721	Tragic Flaw	literary device that can be defined as a trait in a character leading to his downfall and the character is often the hero of the literary piece.	201
4327723722	Trimeter	a line of verse consisting of three metrical feet.	202
4327723723	Tercet	a set or group of three lines of verse rhyming together or connected by rhyme.	203
4327723724	Tragic Hero	a person of noble birth with heroic or potentially heroic qualities.	204
4327723725	Trochee	a foot consisting of one long or stressed syllable followed by one short or unstressed syllable.	205
4327723726	Tetrameter	a verse of four measures.	206
4327723727	Travesty	a false, absurd, or distorted representation of something.	207
4327723728	Truism	a statement that is obviously true and says nothing new or interesting.	208
4337223626	Understatement	the presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is.	209
4337223627	Unreliable Narrator	a narrator, whether in literature, film, or theatre, whose credibility has been seriously compromised.	210
4337223628	Utopia	strictly describes any non-existent society 'described in considerable detail.	211
4337223629	Villanelle	a nineteen-line poem with two rhymes throughout, consisting of five tercets and a quatrain, with the first and third lines of the opening tercet recurring alternately at the end of the other tercets and with both repeated at the close of the concluding quatrain.	212
4337223630	Voice	express (something) in words.	213
4350866130	Zeugma	A figure if speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses.	214

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AP World History Chapter 35 Flashcards

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6618554885	Pacific Rim	region including Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan; typified by rapid economic growth, expanding exports, and industrialization; either Chinese or strongly influenced by Confucian values; considerable reliance on government planning and direction, limitations on dissent and instability.	0
6618557565	Taiwan	island off the Chinese mainland that became the refuge for Chiang Kai-shek's Guomindang regime; maintained independence with U.S. support; rapidly industrialized after the 1950s.	1
6618559402	Liberal Democratic Party	moderate political party that monopolized Japanese governments from 1955 into the 1990s.	2
6618561354	Republic of Korea	southern half of Korea, occupied by the United States after World War II; developed parliamentary institutions under authoritarian rulers; underwent major industrial and economic growth after the 1950s.	3
6618566975	People's Democratic Republic of Korea	northern half of Korea, dominated by U.S.S.R. after World War II; formed a communist dictatorship under Kim Il-Song; attacked South Korea to begin the Korean War.	4
6618569396	Korean War	fought from 1950 to 1953 between North Korea and its Soviet and Chinese allies and South Korea and United Nations' forces directed by the United States; ended in stalemate.	5
6618572216	Hong Kong	British colony in China; became a major commercial and industrial center; returned to China in 1997.	6
6618575870	Hyundai	major Korean industrial giant; typical of firms producing Korea's economic miracle.	7
6618578928	Chiang Ching-kuo	son and successor of Chiang Kai-shek as ruler of Taiwanese government in 1978; continued authoritarian government; attempted to reduce gap between followers of his father and indigenous islanders.	8
6618580461	Lee Kuan Yew	authoritarian ruler of Singapore for three decades from 1959; presided over major economic development.	9
6618583570	People's Republic of China	communist China; founded in 1949 by Mao Zedong.	10
6618587411	Lin Bao	one of Mao Zedong's military associates.	11
6618589470	party cadres	basis of China's communist government organization; cadre advisors were attached to military contingents at all levels.	12
6618593471	People's Liberation Army	military and dominant arm of the communist structure in China.	13
6618595940	Mass Line	economic policy of Mao Zedong inaugurated in 1955; led to formation of agricultural cooperatives that then became farming collectives in 1956; peasants lost land gained a few years earlier.	14
6618598578	Great Leap Forward	economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958; proposed small-scale industrialization projects integrated into peasant communities; led to economic disaster and ended in 1960.	15
6618602651	pragmatists	Chinese communist politicians determined to restore state direction and market incentives at the local level; opposed the Great Leap Forward.	16
6618604924	Zhou Enlai	premier of China from 1954; notable as perhaps the most cosmopolitan and moderate of the inner circle Communist leaders.	17
6618606630	Liu Shaoqui	Chinese communist pragmatist; with Deng Xiaoping, came to power in 1959 after Mao was replaced; purged in 1966 as Mao returned to power.	18
6618608654	Deng Xiaoping	one of the more pragmatic, least ideological of the major Communist leaders of China; emerged as China's most influential leader in the early 1980s.	19
6618611395	Jiang Qing	wife of Mao Zedong; one of the Gang of Four; opposed pragmatists and supported the Cultural Revolution; arrested and imprisoned for life in 1976.	20
6618614571	Cultural Revolution	initiated by Mao Zedong in 1965 to restore his dominance over the pragmatists; disgraced and even killed bureaucrats and intellectuals; called off in 1968.	21
6618617627	Red Guard	student brigades active during the Cultural Revolution in support of Mao Zedong's policies.	22
6618622003	Gang of Four	Jiang Qing and her allies who opposed the pragmatists after the death of Mao Zedong; arrested and sentenced to life in prison.	23
6618630811	Tayson Rebellion	peasant revolution in southern Vietnam during the 1770s; toppled the Nguyen and the Trinh dynasties.	24
6618633327	Nguyen Anh (Gia Long)	with French support, unified Vietnam under the Nguyen dynasty in 1802, with the capital at Hue.	25
6618634701	Minh Mang	second ruler of united Vietnam (1802-1841); emphasized Confucianism and persecuted Catholics.	26
6618639129	Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDD)	middle-class revolutionary organization during the 1920s; committed to the violent overthrow of French colonialism; crushed by the French.	27
6618642070	Communist Party of Vietnam	the primary nationalist party after the defeat of the VNQDD in 1929; led from 1920s by Ho Chi Minh.	28
6618645796	Ho Chi Minh (Nguyen Ai Quoc)	shifted to a revolution based on the peasantry in the 1930s; presided over the defeat of France in 1954 and the unsuccessful U.S. intervention in Vietnam.	29
6618647603	Viet Minh	Communist Vietnamese movement; fought the Japanese during Word War II and the French afterward.	30
6618650006	Vo Nguyen Giap	military commander of the Viet Minh and the victor at Dien Bien Phu in 1954.	31
6618651897	Dien Bien Phu	most significant victory of the Viet Minh over French colonial forces in 1954; gave the Viet Minh control of northern Vietnam.	32
6618654211	Ngo Dinh Diem	became president of South Vietnam with U.S. support in the 1950s; overthrown by the military with U.S. approval.	33
6618656547	Viet Cong	the communist guerrilla movement in South Vietnam during the Vietnamese war.	34

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AP World History: Chapter 3 Vocabulary Flashcards

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5051396711	Persian Empire	Most powerful Indo-European empire during ancient times. Guided all future empires.	0
5051410475	Athenian Democracy	All male citizens had equal political rights, freedom of speech, and the opportunity to participate directly in the political arena.	1
5051416343	Greco-Persian Wars	Series of wars fought by Greek states and Persia over patterns of expansion.	2
5051426898	Alexander the Great	King of Macedonia, conqueror of Greek city-states and of the Persian empire from Asia Minor and Egypt to India.	3
5051431679	Hellenistic Era	Period in history defined as the time between the death of Alexander the Great and the rise of Roman domination.	4
5051489699	Augustus	Augustus was the title given to Octavian, the first Roman emperor. He was the adopted son of Julius Caesar who rose to power through a combination of military skill and political prowess.	5
5051438079	Pax Romana	Time of peace in Rome from 27 B.C to 180 A.D.	6
5051450371	Qin Shihuangdi	First Emperor of China, made terracotta army.	7
5051459679	Han Dynasty	The second imperial dynasty of China, founded the rebel leader Liu Bang successfully ended the Qin Dynasty. The Han Dynasty lasted for four centuries and is considered a golden age in Chinese history	8
5051465760	Trung Trac	Heroine of the first Vietnamese independence movement, who headed a rebellion against the Chinese Han-dynasty overlords and briefly established an autonomous state.	9
5051470605	Kushan Empire	Northern Indian empire that maintained the Silk Road. One of the first emerging territories from Bactria.	10
5051481457	Mauryan Empire	Indian empire founded by Chandragupta that unified the Indian subcontinent.	11
5051496471	Ashoka	Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, spread Buddhism throughout his empire.	12

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