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AP Bio Functional Groups Flashcards

For the AP Exam, students should be able to identify the functional groups on sight, and one or two examples of each.

A functional group is a portion of a molecule that is a recognizable/classified group of bound atoms. In organic chemistry it is very common to see molecules comprised mainly of a carbon backbone with functional groups attached to the chain.

The functional group gives the molecule its properties, regardless of what molecule contains it; they are centers of chemical reactivity. The functional groups within a molecule need to be identified when naming.

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7232496165	*Hydroxyl		0
7232496167	*Ketone		1
7232496169	*Aldehyde		2
7334486526	*Carboxyl		3
7325301305	*Sulfhydrl		4
7232496173	*Phosphate		5
7232496171	*Amino		6
7232496176	*Methyl		7
7232496166	Hydroxyl Compounds	alcohols, glycerol, sugars	8
7232496168	Carbonyl Compounds	aldehydes and ketones	9
7232496170	Carboxyl Compounds	organic acids - acetic acid, amino acids, fatty acids; sugars	10
7232496172	amino Compund	amines - amino acids	11
7232496174	Phosphate Compound	organic phosphates- DNA, ATP, phospholipids	12
7232496175	Sulfhydryl Compound	thiols	13
7232496177	Methyl Compound	fatty acids, oils, waxes	14
7232496178	Hydroxyl Compound Ex	ethanol, present in alcoholic beverages	15
7232496179	Carbonyl Compound Ex	propanal-aldehyde; acetone-ketone	16
7232496180	Carboxyl Compound Ex	acetic acid - gives vinegar a sour taste	17
7232496181	Amino Compound Ex	glycine	18
7232496182	Sulfhydral Compound Ex	cysteine	19
7232496183	Phosphate Compound Ex	glycerol phosphate, provides the backbone for phospholipids	20
7232496184	Methyl Compound Ex	methyl cytidine, component of DNA	21
7273304849	hydroxyl	polar, hydrophilic	22
7273306068	carboxyl	polar, hydrophilic, weak acid	23
7273307809	amino	polar, hydrophilic, weak base	24
7273308742	phosphate	polar, hydrophilic, acid	25
7273309432	ketones	polar, hydrophilic; end in -ones	26
7273310630	aldehyde	polar, hydrophilic; end in -aldehyde	27
7273312510	methyl	non-polar, hydrophobic	28
7274034839	carbohydrates	Where are hydroxyl compounds found?	29
7274038368	lipids	Where are carbonyl compounds found?	30
7274038369	proteins	Where are carboxyl compounds found?	31
7274043258	proteins	Where are amino compounds found?	32
7274044771	DNA, RNA, ATP	Where are phosphate compounds found?	33
7326426842	hydroxyls	ends in -ol; alcohols	34
7397829408	methyl group	functional groups that are nonpolar	35
7397832846	carboxyl and phosphate groups	functional groups that are acidic	36
7397876605	amino group	functional groups that are basic	37
7397895465	all but methyl	functional groups that are polar	38

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AP World - Chp 2 Flashcards

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5846659143	Akkad	Sargon of _____ began taking over Mesopotamian city-states in 2200BC to form the worlds first empire.	0
5846659144	Babylon	The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo- Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E.	1
7730443438	Babylonian Empire	Empire in Mesopotamia which was formed by Hammurabi, the sixth ruler of the invading Amorites	2
7730464703	Bronze Age	a period of human culture at the later part of the Neolithic Age, between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by advancements in metallurgy in the use of weapons and implements made of bronze	3
7730501231	Carthage	City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E.	4
7730508472	Celts	Peoples sharing a common language and culture that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E.. After 500 B.C.E. they spread as far as Anatolia in the east, Spain and the British Isles in the west. Conquered by Romans and displaced by Germans and other groups, today they are found in some corners of the British Isles.	5
7730516805	chariots	AKA War Chariots. A strong military unit of the ancient time, combining pastoralist technologies of horseback riding and wheels. The Assyrians were the first to master its use in warfare.	6
7730528783	city-state	A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy.	7
7730543732	cuneiform	The earliest known form of writing, which was used by the Sumerians . The name derives from the wedge shaped marks, made with a stylus into soft clay, which represented words or syllables. Used from the 3000s BCE to the 100s BCE.	8
7730593380	Druids	The class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples. They provided education, mediated disputes between kinship groups, and were suppressed by the Romans as potential resistance.	9
7730614268	Empire	Starting in approximately 2500 BC, the Akkadians invaded the Sumerians and created what is probably the first empire, which is when societies are in some way taken over and dominated by a central authority.	10
7730624034	Epic of Gilgamesh	An epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing.	11
7730635998	Fertile Crescent	The swath of land in the Middle East where agriculture and later urbanization and later the first empires began. The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers gave life to the first known agricultural villages in this area about 10,000 years ago and the first known cities about 5,000 years ago. Includes Mesopotamia, Palestine, and the Nile.	12
7730652995	Hammurabi	Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. He designed a legal code in early Babylon that gave punishment based on crime and social status. Relied on the principle of lex talionis.	13
7730674924	Hammurabi's Code	A collection of 282 laws. One of the first (but not THE first) examples of written law in the ancient world. Relied on the principle of lex talionis.	14
7730695576	Hebrews	Early group of people who lived in lands between Mesopotamia and Egypt. They developed the religion Judaism, practiced by Jews. This ethnic group claims descent from Abraham and Isaac (especially from Isaac's son Jacob).Their scripture is collection of sacred books containing diverse materials concerning the origins, experiences, beliefs, and practices of the early Hebrew people. Most of the extant text was compiled by members of the priestly class in the fifth century B.C.E. The Talmud is the collection of Jewish rabbinic discussion pertaining to law,ethics, and tradition consisting of the Mishnah and the Gemara. Formed the Jewish state of Israel on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, both in antiquity and again founded in 1948 after centuries of Jewish diaspora.	15
7730721142	Hebrew Scripture (Bible)	A collection of sacred books containing diverse materials concerning the origins, experiences, beliefs, and practices of the early Hebrew people. Most of the extant text was compiled by members of the priestly class in the fifth century B.C.E.	16
7730766765	Iron weapons	_________ were the strongest and most advanced weapon material of the ancient times, introduced by pastoral people.	17
7730775555	irrigation	With the invention of this technique, lands were able to be farmed that previously could not have been	18
7730786702	Hittites	A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age by toppling the Bablylonian Empire. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces and iron metallurgy, they vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria.	19
7730834374	horseback riding	This skill allowed ancient people in Mesopotamia to move faster and have better armies, another trait introduced by pastoralists.	20
7730840088	horse collar	Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles.	21
7731245336	Indo-European Migrations	In about the 1500s BCE these people were migrating tribes from present-day southeast Russia. Some traveled to Europe, some to Persia, and some to India. Thus, today many people in Europe, Persia, and India share some common linguistic, cultural, and biological roots.	22
7731264607	Iron metallurgy	Extraction of iron from its ores. allowed for cheaper stronger production of weapons and tools. More abundant than tin and copper	23
7731298191	Mediterranean Sea	This body of Water separates Europe and Africa	24
7731310145	Mesopotamia	Means the "land between the rivers". It is a region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires. In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires.	25
7731327260	Persian Gulf	This body of water separates the Arabian peninsula from the more mountainous land of Persia	26
7731335160	Philistines	Also known as the "sea peoples", and originating from the Aegean Sea. The Philistines pre-date the Phoenicians, and the Philistine's language is where the word "palestine" originated and meant a geographic region (like mesoamerica), not a country nor city-state. Term was applied erroneously by a Roman General to Israel during a Jewish uprising.	27
7731341161	Phoenicians	A maritime people who spread their alphabet to others including the Hebrews, Romans, and Greeks. These were Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. Famous for developing the first alphabet, which was adopted by the Greeks. From major cities such as Tyre and Sidon, these merchants and sailors explored the Mediterranean, and engaged in widespread commerce.	28
7731371434	pictograms	A pictorial symbol or sign representing an object or concept. Used by many non-alphabetic written scripts.	29
7731440123	Sargon of Akkad	(2370-2315 BCE) He is the creator of empire in Mesopotamia.	30
7731455528	Semitic	Family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa. In antiquity these languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician. The most widespread modern member of the this language family is Arabic.	31
7731462125	Solomon's Temple	A monumental sanctuary built in Jerusalem by King Solomon in the tenth century B.C.E. to be the religious center for the Israelite god Yahweh. The Temple priesthood conducted sacrifices, received a tithe or percentage of agricultural revenues.	32
7731473859	Sumer	The world's first civilization, founded in Mesopotamia, which existed for over 3,000 years.	33
7731483882	Sumerians	The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions. They were the first culture in the world to develop cities.	34
7731503935	Talmud	The collection of Jewish rabbinic discussion pertaining to law, ethics, and tradition consisting of the Mishnah and the Gemara.	35
7731513189	Tanakh	a term for the books of the Bible that make up the Hebrew canon.	36

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AP Psychology Vocab - Treatment Flashcards

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5949979121	eclectic approach	an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.	0
5949979122	psychotherapy	treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.	1
5949979123	psychoanalysis	Freud's theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.	2
5949979124	resistance	in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.	3
5949979125	interpretation	in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.	4
5949979126	transference	in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).	5
5949979127	psychodynamic therapy	therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight.	6
5949979128	insight therapy	a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.	7
5949979129	client-centered therapy	a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)	8
5949979130	active listening	empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.	9
5949979131	unconditional positive regard	a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.	10
5949979132	behavior therapy	therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.	11
5949979133	counterconditioning	a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.	12
5949979134	exposure therapy	behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid.	13
5949979135	systematic desensitization	a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.	14
5949979136	virtual reality exposure therapy	An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.	15
5949979137	aversive conditioning	a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).	16
5949979138	token economy	an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.	17
5949979139	cognitive therapy	therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.	18
5949979140	cognitive-behavioral therapy	a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).	19
5949979141	family therapy	therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members.	20
5949979142	regression toward the mean	the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average.	21
5949979143	meta-analysis	a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies.	22
5949979144	evidence-based practice	clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences.	23
5949979145	biomedical therapy	prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system.	24
5949979146	psychopharmacology	the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior	25
5949979147	antipsychotic drugs	drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder	26
5949979148	tardive dyskinesia	involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors	27
5949979149	antianxiety drugs	drugs used to control anxiety and agitation	28
5949979150	antidepressant drugs	drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters	29
5949979151	eletroconvulsive therapy (ECT)	a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient	30
5949979152	repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)	the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity	31
5949979153	psychosurgery	surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior	32
5949979154	lobotomy	a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain	33
5949979155	resilience	the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma	34
5950003876	Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)	the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity	35

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AP Human Geography: Language Flashcards

Language

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7962370878	Dialect	A particular form of a language that is particular to a specific region or social group.	0
7962370879	Extinct Language	An extinct language is a language that no longer has any speakers, or that is no longer in current use.	1
7962370880	Ideogram	A written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it. An Example: 6 (six)	2
7962370881	Isogloss	A geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.	3
7962370882	Isolated Language	a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. i.e A language family with only one language.	4
7962370883	Language Branch	A Subsection of a Language Family. i.e The Romance "-------" of the Indo-European language family.	5
7962370884	Language	The method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.	6
7962370885	Language Group	A Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.	7
7962370886	Language Family	A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history	8
7962370887	Indo European language family	Largest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia.	9
7962370888	Sino-Tibetan Language Family	2nd largest language family. Includes Madarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese	10
7962370889	Lingua Franca	A Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages	11
7962370890	Literary Tradition	A Language that is written as well as spoken	12
7962370891	Monolingual	The condition of being able to speak only a single language	13
7962370892	Bilingual	The ability to speak two languages	14
7962370893	Multilingual	The ability to speak multiple languages	15
7962370894	Official Language	The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.	16
7962370895	Pidgin Language	A Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.	17
7962370896	Standard Language	The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.	18
7962370897	Trade Language	A language, especially a pidgin, used by speakers of different native languages for communication in commercial trade.	19
7962370898	Vernacular	Using a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language. It is usually the language of the common people.	20
7962370899	Creole	a mother tongue formed from the contact of two languages through an earlier pidgin stage	21
7962370900	Denglish	The term is used in all German-speaking countries to refer to the increasingly strong influx of macaronic (slang) English or pseudo-English vocabulary into German.	22
7962370901	Franglais	a form of French using many words and idioms borrowed from English.	23
7962370902	Ebonics	American black English regarded as a language in its own right rather than as a dialect of standard English	24
7962370903	Spanglish	a hybrid language combining words and idioms from both Spanish and English, especially Spanish speech that uses many English words and expressions.	25
7962370904	Institutional Language	Professional language (not slang)	26
7962370905	Developing Language	Language used daily for face-to-face communication, includes a standard written expression, but not used by people all the time	27
7962370906	Vigorous Language	Language used daily by all ages but doesn't include a written expression	28
7962370907	Subdialect	Broken down version of dialects, usually very close to each other but may differ in pronunciation of local words.	29
7962370908	Received Pronunciation	the standard form of British English pronunciation, based on educated speech in southern England.	30
7962370909	Vulgar Latin	Informal Latin spoken by common folk (farmers, soldiers, etc.) in classical times	31

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AP Language vocab Flashcards

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8674706812	Ante	Before	0
8674706813	Anti	Against	1
8674706814	Bi	Two	2
8674706815	Circum	Around	3
8674706816	Com	Together	4
8674706817	Con	Together	5
8674706818	De	Down	6
8674706819	Dis	Away	7
8674706820	Equi	Equal	8
8674706821	Extra	Beyond	9
8674706822	Inter	Between	10
8674706823	Intra	Within	11
8674706824	Path	Feeling	12
8674706825	Intro	Into	13
8674706826	Mal	Bad	14
8674706827	Mis	Bad	15
8674706828	Non	Not	16
8674706829	Post	After	17
8674706830	Pre	Before	18
8674706831	Semi	Half	19
8674706832	Sub	Under	20
8674706833	Super	Over	21
8674706834	Syn	Together	22
8674706835	Sym	Together	23
8674706836	Tri	Three	24
8674706837	Un	Not	25
8674706838	Archy	Government	26
8674706839	Ard	Always	27
8674706840	Cide	Kill	28
8674706841	Ician	Specialist	29
8674706842	Itis	Inflammation	30
8674706843	Aqua	Water	31
8674706844	Audi	Hear	32
8674706845	Bell	War	33
8674706846	Cap	Take	34
8674706847	Cise	Cut	35
8674706848	Bio	Life	36
8674706849	Auto	Self	37
8674706850	Port	Carry	38
8674706851	Scrib	Write	39
8674706852	Logy	Science	40
8674706853	Dict	Say	41
8674706854	Cred	Believe	42
8674706855	Cent	One hundred	43
8674706856	Neo	New	44
8674706857	Ad	To	45
8674706858	Cede	Go	46
8674706859	Miss	Send	47
8674706860	Centri	Center	48
8674706861	Biblio	Book	49
8674706862	Anthro	Man	50
8674706863	Morph	Shape	51
8674706864	Vest	Clothes	52
8674706865	Bene	Good	53
8674706866	Pond	Weight	54
8674706867	Corp	Body	55
8674706868	Dorm	Sleep	56
8674706869	Pater	Father	57
8674706870	Nov	New	58
8674706871	Punct	Point	59
8674706872	Ject	Throw	60
8674706873	Tion	Act or state	61
8674706874	Loco	Place	62
8674706875	Dox	Opinion	63
8674706876	Amphi	Both	64
8674706877	Magn	Great	65
8674706878	Eu	Good	66
8674706879	Endo	Within	67
8674706880	Phobia	Fear	68
8674706881	Ortho	Straight	69
8674706882	Put	Think	70
8674706883	Ver	True	71
8674706884	Matri	Mother	72
8674706885	Mega	Large	73
8674706886	Pop	People	74
8674706887	Sangui	Blood	75
8674706888	Homo	Same	76
8674706889	Spec	Look	77
8674706890	Duct	Lead	78
8674706891	Fer	Carry	79
8674706892	Pend	Hang	80
8674706893	Micro	Small	81
8674706894	Hydro	Water	82
8674706895	Photo	Light	83
8674706896	Pan	All	84
8674706897	Penta	Five	85
8674706898	Tele	Far	86
8674706899	Vid	Look	87
8674706900	Omni	All	88
8674706901	Ex	Out	89
8674706902	Poly	Many	90
8674706903	Re	Again	91
8674706904	Hypo	Under	92
8674706905	Pseudo	False	93
8674706906	Neuro	Nerve	94
8674706907	Tomy	Cut	95
8674706908	Hema	Blood	96
8674706909	Proto	First	97
8674706910	Phon	Sound	98
8674706911	Mono	One	99
8674706912	Viv	Life	100
8674706913	Vita	Life	101
8674706914	Demo	People	102
8674706915	Stereo	Solid	103
8674706916	Ism	Doctrine	104
8674706917	Cogn	Know	105
8674706918	Sur	Over	106
8674706919	Alter	Other	107
8674706920	Astr	Star	108
8674706921	Dyna	Power	109
8674706922	Chron	Time	110
8674706923	Hyper	Over	111
8674706924	Luna	Moon	112
8674706925	Octa	Eight	113
8674706926	Gyro	Turn	114
8674706927	Contra	Against	115
8674706928	Geo	Earth	116
8674706929	Helio	Sun	117
8674706930	Thermo	Heat	118
8674706931	Tetra	Four	119
8674706932	Meter	Measure	120
8674706933	Scope	Look	121
8674706934	Son	Sound	122
8674706935	Dec	Ten	123
8674706936	Stell	Star	124
8674706937	Amat	Love	125
8674706938	Germ	Vital or related	126
8674706939	Greg	Group	127
8674706940	Mar	Sea	128
8674706941	Prim	First	129
8674706942	Pyro	Fire	130
8674706943	Clam	Cry out	131
8674706944	Plu	More	132
8674706945	Tang	Touch	133
8674706946	String	Bind	134
8674706947	Liber	Free	135
8674706948	Junct	Join	136
8674706949	Clud	Close	137
8674706950	Se	Apart	138
8674706951	Trib	Pay	139
8674706952	Dign	Worthy	140
8674706953	Luc	Light	141
8674706954	Rupt	Break	142
8674706955	Grat	Pleasing	143
8674706956	Medi	Middle	144
8674706957	Soph	Wisdom	145
8674706958	Curr	Run	146
8674706959	Tempor	Time	147
8674706960	Migr	Wander	148
8674706961	Trans	Across	149
8674706962	Gamy	Marriage	150
8674706963	Numer	Number	151
8674706964	Fort	Strong	152
8674706965	Osteo	Bone	153
8674706966	Ornith	Bird	154
8674706967	Polis	City	155
8674706968	Fus	Pour	156
8674706969	Ego	I	157
8674706970	Spir	Breathe	158
8674706971	Dia	Across	159
8674706972	Acr	Sharp	160
8674706973	Acro	High	161
8674706974	Culp	Blame	162
8674706975	Derm	Skin	163
8674706976	Zo	Animal	164
8674706977	Per	Through	165
8674706978	Pac	Peace	166
8674706979	Brev	Short	167
8674706980	Necro	Death	168
8674706981	Urb	City	169
8674706982	Pugn	Fight	170
8674706983	Ecto	Outer	171
8674706984	Plasto	Molded	172
8674706985	Agog	Leader	173
8674706986	Cle	Small	174
8674706987	Il	Not	175
8674706988	Sed	Sit	176
8674706989	Leg	Read	177
8674706990	Anim	Mind	178
8674706991	Tort	Twist	179
8674706992	Nym	Name	180
8674706993	Sanct	Holy	181
8674706994	Meta	Change	182
8674706995	Petr	Rock	183
8674706996	Mir	Wonder	184
8674706997	Man	Hand	185
8674706998	Rect	Right	186
8674706999	Volv	Roll	187
8674707000	Demi	Half	188
8674707001	Retro	Backward	189
8674707002	Sens	Feel	190
8674707003	Fy	Make	191
8674707004	Ocul	Eye	192
8674707005	Cur	Care for	193
8674707006	Ultra	Beyond	194
8674707007	Oid	Appearance	195
8674707008	Gest	Carry	196
8674707009	Apt	Fit	197
8674707010	Tact	Touch	198
8674707011	Voc	Voice	199
8674707012	Rid	Laugh	200
8674707013	A	Not	201
8674707014	Nomy	Law	202
8674707015	Fid	Faith	203
8674707016	Caco	Bad	204
8674707017	Hetero	Different	205
8674707018	Sci	Know	206
8674707019	Graph	Write	207
8674707020	Lat	Side	208
8674707021	Lith	Rock	209
8674707022	Tract	Pull	210
8674707023	In	In or not	211
8674707024	Co	Together	212
8674707025	Phile	Love	213
8674707026	Ine	Nature of	214
8674707027	Ar	Relating to	215
8674707028	Hexa	Six	216
8674707029	Fract	Break	217
8674707030	Platy	Flat	218
8674707031	Theo	God	219
8674707032	Fin	End	220
8674707033	Hedron	Sided object	221
8674707034	Ambul	Walk	222
8674707035	Ous	Full of	223
8674707036	Topo	Place	224
8674707037	Ped	Foot or child	225
8738361050	Mort	Death	226
8738361051	Carn	Flesh	227
8738361052	Psych	Soul	228
8738361053	Ethno	Race or culture	229
8738361054	Gen	Origin	230
8738361055	Nat	Born	231
8738361056	Paleo	Old	232
8738361057	Curs	Run	233
8738361058	Crypt	Hidden	234
8738361059	Cad	Fall	235
8738361060	Capit	Head	236
8738361061	Loqu	Talk	237
8738361062	Sacro	Holy	238
8738361063	Uni	One	239
8738361064	Ness	Quality	240
8738361065	Alt	High	241
8738361066	Ics	Art	242
8738361067	Iso	Equal	243
8738361068	Vert	Turn	244
8738361069	Ate	Cause	245
8738361070	Cor	Heart	246
8738361071	Ess	Female	247
8738361072	Muta	Change	248
8738361073	Fug	Flee	249
8881766945	I	Plural	250
8881766946	Jus	Law	251
8881766947	Lum	Light	252
8881766948	Ann	Year	253
8881766949	Apo	Away or up	254
8881766950	Sen	Old	255
8881766951	Sol	Alone	256
8881766952	Bas	Low	257
8881766953	Rogat	Ask	258
8881766954	Parl	Speak	259
8881766955	Potent	Power	260
8881766956	Surg	Rise	261
8881766957	Log	Word or reason	262
8881766958	Gram	Writing	263
8881766959	Cant	Sing	264
8881766960	Reg	Rule	265
8881766961	Pro	Forward	266
8881766962	Gyn	Woman	267
8881766963	Ag	To do	268
8881766964	Act	To do	269
8881766965	Mob	Move	270
8881766966	Sess	Sit	271
8881766967	Fic	Make	272
8881766968	Nounce	Tell	273
8881766969	Andro	Man	274

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AP Literature Midterm Flashcards

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8452440236	simile	comparison of 2 things using like/as	0
8452447387	metaphor	a word or phrase is applied to an object/action without using like/as	1
8452455144	personification	giving human characteristics to a non-human objet	2
8452458960	hyperbole	exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally	3
8452495112	onomatopoeia	words that sound like sounds ("boom")	4
8452499651	alliteration	same letter or sound at the beginning of words	5
8452509564	allusion	indirect reference	6
8452509567	literal	represents the exact meaning of the word	7
8452518614	figurative	metaphorical meaning	8
8452522341	irony	meaning the opposite	9
8452536629	paraphrase	express in other words	10
8452539602	theme	topic of the work of literature	11
8452542265	attitude	feelings towards someone/something	12
8452547044	connotation	idea or feeling that a word invokes	13
8452553547	characterization	creation or construction of a fictional character	14
8452559912	dialogue	conversation between 2 characters	15
8452565226	adjective	describes or clarifies a noun	16
8452568620	adverb	word/phrase that modifies a verb/adjective	17
8452577599	aestheticism	exaggerated devotion to art, music, o poetry	18
8452585230	allegory	symbolic narrative	19
8452594886	analogy	similarity between like features of 2 things	20
8452599129	asyndeton	the omission or absence of conjunctions in a sentence	21
8452612813	polysyndeton	use of several conjunctions in succession	22
8452639331	claim	state that something is the case without providing evidence	23
8452647206	concession	thing that is granted	24
8452649907	counterargument	set of reasons put forward to oppose an idea developed in another argument	25
8452666566	diction	choice and use of words in writing	26
8452672719	juxtaposition	two things placed together with contrasting effect	27
8452677357	oxymoron	contradicting terms appear in conjunction	28
8452682672	paradox	seemingly absurd statement that when investigated may prove to be true	29
8452686797	ethos	appeal to ethics	30
8452689427	pathos	appeal to emotion	31
8452692335	logos	appeal to logic	32
8452716602	parallelism	use of successive verbal constructions in poetry or prose that correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meter, meaning...	33
8452727272	rhetoric	the art of writing	34
8452731559	satire	dark humor	35
8452738230	rhetoric question	a question that does not need an answer	36
8452740823	syllogism	form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn from two given or assumed propositions	37
8452762300	synecdoche	a part represents a whole	38
8452773992	syntax	arrangement of words to create well-formed sentences	39
8452782747	imagery	use of language that appeals to at least one human sense	40
8452788879	summarize	give a brief statement of the main points	41

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AP Literature Major Works Flashcards

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8449493884	Their Eyes Were Watching God	Zora Neale Hurston	0
8449513181	East of Eden	John Steinbeck	1
8449523259	A Streetcar Named Desire	Tennessee Williams	2
8449532376	The Tempest	William Shakespeare	3
8449534633	Waiting for Godot	Samuel Beckett	4
8449579670	Wise Blood	Flannery O'Connor	5

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AP Language-Vocabulary Flashcards

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8384441807	Bombastic	High sounding but with little meaning; inflated;grandiloquent.	0
8384441808	Capricious	Impulsive; unpredictable. Sudden and unaccountable changes of mood or behavior.	1
8384441809	Colloquialism (Colloquial)	a word or phrase that is not formal or literary. It is still used in literature to provide a sense of actual conversation and the use of pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary of everyday speech.	2
8384441810	Apathy	lack of interest, enthusiasm or concern. No emotion	3
8384441811	Dialect	A variety of language confined to a region or group, manner or means of expressing oneself.	4
8384441812	Condescending	Having or feeling superior. patronizing or assuming superiority.	5
8384441813	Voice	An authors distinctive literary style, basic vision and general attitude toward the world. Revealed through the use of Syntax, Diction, Punctuation, Characterization, and Dialogue.	6
8384441814	Assertion	A confident and forceful statement of fact or belief. A declaration that's made em pathetically in an argument as it to be understood as a statement of fact.	7
8384441815	Cogent	(of an argument or case) clear, logical, and convincing.	8
8384441816	Coherent	(of an argument, theory, or policy) logical and consistent	9
8384441817	Cohesive	characterized by or causing cohesion (act or state of being uniting, cohering, or sticking together).	10
8384441818	Didactic	intended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive.	11
8384441819	Discourse	written or spoken communication or debate. (verb) speak or write authoritatively about a topic.	12
8384441820	Eloquence	fluent or persuasive speaking or writing.	13
8384441821	Fluid	able to flow easily.	14
8384441822	implication	the conclusion that can be drawn from something, although it is not explicitly stated.	15
8384441823	lucid	expressed clearly; easy to understand	16
8384441824	rhetor	a teacher of rhetoric	17
8384441825	Arbiter	a person who settles a dispute or has ultimate authority in a matter	18
8384441826	Biased	unfairly prejudiced for or against something or someone.	19
8384441827	Exculpate	show or declare that (someone) is not guilty of wrongdoing	20
8384441828	Impartial	treating all rivals or disputants equally; fair and just.	21
8384441829	Incontrovertible	not able to be denied or disputed.	22
8384441830	Integrity	the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles; moral uprightness.	23
8384441831	Objectivity	the quality of being objective; justice; neutrality	24
8384441832	Plausible	(of an argument or statement) seeming reasonable or probable.	25
8384441833	Substantiated	provide evidence to support or prove that truth of.	26
8384441834	vindicated	clear (something) of blame or suspicion.	27
8384441835	Contemptuous	showing contempt; scornful	28
8384441836	Despotic	of, relating to, or characteristics of a despot (ruler with total power; usually unfair)	29
8384441837	Dictatorial	of or typical of a ruler with total control	30
8384441838	Disdain	the feeling that someone or something is unworthy of one's consideration or respect; contempt.	31
8384441839	Haughty	arrogantly superior and disdainful.	32
8384441840	Imperious	assuming power or authority without justification; arrogant and domineering.	33
8384441841	Patronizing	treat with an apparent kindness that betrays a feeling of superiority.	34
8384441842	Listless	lacking energy or enthusiasm.	35
8384441843	Melancholy	a feeling of pensive sadness, typically with no obvious cause.	36
8384441844	Torpor	a state of physical or mental inactivity	37
8384441845	alliance	a relationship based on an affinity in interests, nature, or qualities.	38
8384441846	disparity	a great difference, imbalance.	39
8384441847	impinge	have an affect or impact, especially a negative one. Influence.	40
8384441848	Paradox	a state or proposition that, despite reasoning, leads to a conclusion that seems senseless, logically unacceptable, self-contradictory.	41
8384441849	allusion	an expression to call something to mind without mentioning it exactly; an indirect or passing reference.	42
8384441850	parallelism	the act of being parallel or corresponding in some way.	43
8384441851	indolent	wanting to avoid activity or exertion; lazy.	44
8384441852	insipid.	lacking flavor, vigor or interest.	45
8384441853	lament	a passionate expression or grief or sorrow.	46
8384441854	Sanction	a threatening penalty for disobeying a law or rule	47
8384441855	servile	having or showing an excessive willingness to serve or please others.	48
8384441856	suppressed	forcibly to an end to.	49
8384441857	Embellish	make (something) more attractive by the addition of decorative details or features.	50
8384441858	florid	having a red or flushed complexion	51
8384441859	opulent	ostentatiously rich and luxurious or lavish	52
8384441860	ornate	made in an intricate shape or decorated with complex patterns.	53
8384441861	ostentatious	characterized by vulgar or pretentious display; designed to impress or attract notice.	54
8384441862	poignant	evoking a keen sense or sadness or regret.	55
8384441863	Ebullience	the quality of being cheerful and full of energy; exuberance.	56
8384441864	effusive	expressing feelings of gratitude, pleasure, or approval in an unrestrained or heartfelt manner.	57
8384441865	egregious	outstandingly bad; shocking.	58
8384441866	frenetic	fast and energetic in a rather wild and uncontrolled way.	59
8384441867	gratuitous	uncalled for; lacking good reason; unwarranted	60
8384441868	flagrant	(of something considered wrong or immoral) conspicuously or obviously offensive	61
8384441869	superfluous	unnecessary, especially through being more than enough.	62
8384441870	convoluted	extremely complex and difficult to follow (especially or a story, sentence, or argument).	63
8384441871	cryptic	having a meaning that is mysterious or obscure	64
8384441872	Obscure	uncertain; not discovered or know about.	65
8384441873	futile	incapable of producing any useful result; pointless.	66
8384441874	impede	delay or prevent by obstructing them; hinder.	67
8384441875	quandary	a state of perplexity or uncertainty over what what to do in a difficult situation.	68
8384441876	alleviate	make (suffering or a problem) less severe.	69
8384441877	asylum	the protection granted by a nation to someone who has left their native country as a political refugee. ( or it can be a mental hospital).	70
8384441878	auspicious	conductive to success; favorable.	71
8384441879	benevolent	well meaning and kindly	72
8384441880	benign	gentle, kindly.	73
8384441881	Mollify	appease the anger or anxiety of (someone)	74
8384441882	reclamation	reclaiming; reformation, recovery. (or it can be land obtained from water)	75
8384441883	Dubious	Not to be relied upon; suspect (hesitating or doubting)	76
8384441884	Fabricated	invent or concoct (something), typically with deceitful intent	77
8384441885	Hypocrisy	the practice of claiming to have moral standards or beliefs to which one's own behavior does not conform; pretense	78
8384441886	Slander	make false and damaging statements about (someone).	79
8384441887	spurious	not being what it purports to be; false or fake	80
8384441888	Astute	having or showing an ability to accurately assess situations or people and turn this to one's advantage	81
8384441889	clandestine	operation is an intelligence or millitary operation carried out in such a way that the operation goes unnoticed by the general population	82
8384441890	disingenuous	not candid or sincere, typically by pretending that one knows less about something than one really does.	83
8384441891	ruse	an action intended to deceive someone; a trick	84
8384441892	stratagem	a plan or scheme, especially one used to outwit an opponent or achieve an end	85
8384441893	surreptitious	kept secret, especially because it would not be approved of.	86
8384441894	wary	feeling or showing caution about possible dangers or problems	87
8384441895	wily	skilled at gaining an advantage, especially deceitfully.	88
8384441896	inconsequential	not important or significant	89
8384441897	superficial	existing or occurring at or on the surface. (appearing to be true or real only until examined more closely).	90
8384441898	tenuous	very weak or slight >( small in degree).	91
8384441899	trivial	of little value or importance	92
8384441900	coup	a sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government.	93
8384441901	Ambiguous	(of language) open to more than one interpretation; having a double meaning.	94
8384441902	ambivalent	having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone.	95
8384441903	apathetic	showing or feeling no interest, enthusiasm, or concern.	96
8384441904	Arbitrary	based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system.	97
8384441905	capricious	given to sudden and unaccountable changes of mood or behavior	98
8384441906	equivocate	use ambiguous language so as to conceal the truth or avoid committing oneself.	99
8384441907	indifferent	having no particular interest or sympathy; unconcerned.	100
8384441908	whimsical	playfully quaint or fanciful, especially in an appealing and amusing way	101
8384441909	assiduous	showing great care and perseverance	102
8384441910	compelling	evoking interest, attention, or admiration in a powerfully irresistible way	103
8384441911	diligent	having or showing care and conscientiousness in one's work or duties	104
8384441912	dogged	having or showing tenacity and grim persistence.	105
8384441913	endure	suffer (something painful or difficult) patiently	106
8384441914	intrepid	fearless; adventurous (often used for rhetorical or humorous effect)	107
8384441915	maverick	an unorthodox or independent-minded person	108
8384441916	obdurate	stubbornly refusing to change one's opinion or course of action	109
8384441917	obstinate	stubbornly refusing to change one's opinion or chosen course of action, despite attempts to persuade one to do so	110
8384441918	proliferate	increase rapidly in numbers; multiply	111
8384441919	tenacity	the quality or fact of being able to grip something firmly; grip.	112
8384441920	vitality	the state of being strong and active; energy	113
8384441921	assimilation	the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group	114
8384441922	consensus	general agreement.	115
8384441923	context	the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation.	116
8384441924	derived	obtain something from (a specified source)	117
8384441925	incumbent	necessary for (someone) as a duty or responsibility.	118
8384441926	inevitable	certain to happen; unavoidable	119
8384441927	malleable	easily influenced; pliable	120
8384441928	subdue	overcome, quieten, or bring under control (a feeling or person)	121
8384441929	Inoculate	medical : to give (a person or animal) a weakened form of a disease in order to prevent infection by the disease	122
8384441930	Lurid	: causing shock or disgust : involving sex or violence in a way that is meant to be shocking : shining or glowing with a bright and unpleasant color	123
8384441931	Putrefying	to be slowly destroyed by natural processes : to rot and become putrid	124
8384441932	Somnolent	1 : of a kind likely to induce sleep 2 a : inclined to or heavy with sleep : drowsy	125
8384441933	Dour	serious and unfriendly : silent and gloomy	126
8384441934	Errant	serious and unfriendly : silent and gloomy	127
8384441935	Bewildered	1 : to cause to lose one's bearings 2 : to perplex or confuse especially by a complexity, variety, or multitude of objects or considerations	128
8384441936	Astroturfed	—used for an artificial surface that resembles grass	129
8384441937	Geriatric	An old person y	130
8384441938	Tromped	1 : tramp 1 2 : to step hard : stamp	131
8384441939	Connoisseur	: a person who knows a lot about something (such as art, wine, food, etc.) : an expert in a particular subject	132
8384441940	Attesting	to show, prove, or state that something is true or real	133
8384441941	Soporific	: causing a person to become tired and ready to fall asleep	134
8384441942	indignant	(adj.) filled with resentment or anger over something unjust, unworthy, or mean	135
8384441943	skirmish	a minor fight or battle	136
8384441944	rasp	rough, grating tone	137
8384441945	swathing	enveloping	138
8384441946	depose	topple from power	139
8384441947	deprecate	to disapprove regretfully, to belittle, to express mild disapproval	140
8384441948	abase	to lower in rank, prestige, or esteem	141
8384441949	magnanimity	having a lofty, generous, and courageous spirit	142
8384441950	terse	brief and to the point	143
8384441951	collateral	A security pledged for the repayment of a loan.	144
8384441952	beguile	to deceive, to mislead, to persuade with charm	145
8384441953	theologian	one who studies religion	146
8384441954	discursive	rambling, moving from one topic to another randomly	147
8384441955	grandeur	impressiveness; stateliness; majesty	148
8384441956	indicative	demonstrates	149
8384441957	apocryphal	of questionable authority or authenticity	150
8384441958	extraneous	not essential; superfluous	151
8384441959	adept	(adj.) thoroughly skilled; (n.) an expert	152
8384441960	sanguine	optimistic	153
8384441961	homiletic	didactic, moralistic	154
8384441962	didactic	intended to instruct	155
8384441963	lariat	rope used to catch cattle and horses	156
8384441964	prolific	(adj.) abundantly productive; abundant, profuse	157
8384441965	penury	extreme poverty	158
8384441966	venerable	respectable due to age	159
8384441967	punctilious	(adj.) very careful and exact, attentive to fine points of etiquette or propriety	160