AP Review - Part 4 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8406609606 | candidate-centered | today's campaigns are more [ ], taking power away from the national party apparatus (ex: Trump) | 0 | |
| 8406609607 | Commander in chief | President's constitutionally-defined role as head of the military | 1 | |
| 8406609608 | Chief diplomat | President's constitutionally defined role in making treaties and receiving ambassadors | 2 | |
| 8406609609 | Senate | must provide "advice and consent" on President's treaties and appointments | 3 | |
| 8406609610 | advice and consent/confirmation | the process by which the Senate approves the President's treaties and appointments | 4 | |
| 8406609611 | reprieves and pardons | President's key checks on the judicial branch - allows him to early release federal prisoners | 5 | |
| 8406609612 | State of the Union | President's constitutionally described address to Congress (which now takes the form of a televised speech) - often used to advance his agenda | 6 | |
| 8406609613 | veto | President's ability to reject legislation with which he disagrees | 7 | |
| 8406609614 | executive agreement | formal non-treaties that the President makes with foreign countries that do not need Senate approval (an end-run around checks and balances) - but they may need congressional funds | 8 | |
| 8406609615 | appointment | power to select key officials (including Cabinet secretaries and federal judges) | 9 | |
| 8406609616 | administrative authority | President's ability to decide how laws will be implemented (federal funds for abortion counseling?) | 10 | |
| 8406609619 | Theodore Roosevelt | 1901 President who started stewardship, threatening to seize private mines and sending navy/marines to Asia | 11 | |
| 8406609622 | court-packing plan | when the SC threatened his New Deal program with judicial review, FDR threatened to have Congress just add friendly judges to the SC | 12 | |
| 8406609624 | foreign policy | has caused presidential power to grow, and a place where Congress tends to defer to the President in order to have quick, decisive action | 13 | |
| 8406609625 | indirect primary | voters choose delegates to the party convention, who then select the nominee at the convention (what we have) | 14 | |
| 8406609626 | party caucus | a meeting where any registered member of the party can attend (how delegates are chosen in 10 states) | 15 | |
| 8406609630 | 2/3 vote in both houses of Congress | required to override the President's veto (rare) | 16 | |
| 8406609631 | pocket veto | when the President takes no action on a bill for ten days and Congressional session ends - bill dies | 17 | |
| 8406609632 | closed primary | only registered voters from that party can vote in a | 18 | |
| 8406609633 | open primary | any voter can vote in the primary, including independents | 19 | |
| 8406609634 | House of Representatives | chooses the President in the case of an electoral tie or no candidate winning a majority (each state gets one vote) | 20 | |
| 8406609635 | War Powers Resolution | placed limits on President's ability to use troops without a congressional declaration of war (60 days, notify Congress within 48 hours) | 21 | |
| 8406609636 | Line-Item Veto Act of 1996 | gave Clinton power to veto individual parts of appropriations (budget) bills, but declared unconstitutional by SC as a violation of Separation of Powers (many governors have it) | 22 | |
| 8406609637 | presentment clause | describes the law-making process - doesn't expressly give the President the power to make edits to bills (hence: no line-item veto) | 23 | |
| 8406609639 | bully pulpit | the President's ability to command attention, which he uses to advance his agenda and build public support for policies (sometimes wielded against Congress) | 24 | |
| 8406609640 | executive privilege | the President's (and other executive branch officials') right to keep some national-security related executive communications secret (shown to be limited by US v. Nixon) | 25 | |
| 8406609641 | divided government | when one party controls the Presidency but one or both houses of Congress are controlled by the other party - slows down lawmaking | 26 | |
| 8406609642 | US v. Nixon | SC case that declared executive privilege is limited to certain military or diplomatic affairs | 27 | |
| 8406609644 | split-ticket voting | voting for candidates from different political parties | 28 | |
| 8406609645 | straight-ticket voting | casting all your votes for the members of one party (From President down to local elections) | 29 | |
| 8406609646 | Budget and Impoundment Control Act | prevents the President from indefinitely withholding funds that have been appropriated by Congress (because he doesn't approve of a policy) | 30 | |
| 8406609649 | national crises | lead people and Congress to "rally 'round the President" and support him, at least in the beginning | 31 | |
| 8406609650 | presidential campaigns | public monies are available (thanks to the 1974 FECA) to finance [ ], not congressional or state | 32 | |
| 8406609651 | winner-take-all/unit rule | all but two states use a [ ] system in the Electoral College, where the winner of the statewide popular vote gets ALL the state's electoral votes | 33 | |
| 8406609652 | White House Staff | the closest, most loyal group of presidential advisors - do not require congressional approval | 34 | |
| 8406609654 | reduce federal spending | the Republicans' goal in passing the Line Item Veto was to [ ] by allowing the President to cut specific earmarks/pork from the budget | 35 | |
| 8406609655 | signing statements | informs Congress and the public of the President's opinion/interpretation of the law (constitutionally questionable because of separation of powers) - first used heavily by W. Bush | 36 | |
| 8406609656 | Honeymoon Period | early in the Presidency, when Congress and the public show goodwill and the President is riding the momentum of winning the election | 37 | |
| 8406609658 | informal powers | those not stated directly in the Constitution but acquired over time | 38 | |
| 8406609660 | lame duck period | a time of diminished power at the end of the President's term (when he's been defeated or two terms are up) | 39 | |
| 8406609661 | front-loading | states moving their primaries/caucuses early so that they are more relevant (before one candidate has already "locked up" the nomination) | 40 | |
| 8406609662 | super-delegates | (Democrats only) - party leaders and elected officials who get an automatic slot as delegates - not bound to their state's primary election outcome | 41 | |
| 8406609663 | delegates | In both parties, primary elections are used to choose [ ], who then go to the national convention and select the nominee | 42 | |
| 8406609664 | impoundment | when the President refused to spend money the way Congress has appropriated it | 43 | |
| 8406609665 | executive order | President's ability to make policy (with the force of law) without Congressional approval - typically used to manage government agencies - can be overturned by next President | 44 | |
| 8406609666 | federal judges | President's longest influence is in appointing [ ], who serve life terms | 45 | |
| 8406609667 | strong single executive | Federalist 70 argues for a [ ] that can act decisively in times of emergency and to enforce the laws instead of a council that would be hampered by infighting | 46 | |
| 8406609668 | 22nd amendment | limits President to 2 terms | 47 | |
| 8406609669 | Maine and Nebraska | award electoral votes proportionally, rather than winner-take-all | 48 | |
| 8406609673 | primary challenger | forces a candidate to pay for and win TWO elections - can wipe out funds or force more extreme positions before the general election | 49 | |
| 8406609674 | consolidate support | Ideally, parties want to [ ] behind one candidate early, as a long, drawn-out primary can damage chances in the general election | 50 | |
| 8406609675 | authorization for use of military force | what Congress officially gives the President instead of a declaration of war - can be revoked (but isn't usually) | 51 | |
| 8406609676 | 48 hours, 60 days | According to the War Powers Resolution, the President must inform Congress within [ ] of using troops, and withdraw them within [ ] without an AUMF | 52 | |
| 8406609677 | congressional oversight | committees are charged with overseeing their corresponding Cabinet department to make sure they are enforcing the laws faithfully | 53 | |
| 8406609678 | Attorney General | runs the Department of Justice - the US's highest legal officer (the only one not called a "Secretary") | 54 | |
| 8406609679 | agency POV | tendency of bureaucrats to place the interests of their agency ahead of the President, Congress, or even the public interest | 55 | |
| 8406609681 | independent regulatory agencies | exist to monitor certain industries and protect the public interest - cannot be fired by the President | 56 | |
| 8406609682 | power of the purse | Congress allocates money and approves the budget, giving them the [ ] over departments and agencies | 57 | |
| 8406609683 | budget appropriations | the process of deciding how government funds will be allocated (how much and to which agencies) | 58 | |
| 8406609684 | sunset provisions | built into laws to make them expire after a certain period of time (a way that Congress limits the bureaucracy) | 59 | |
| 8406609685 | Federal Elections Commission | independent regulatory agency designed to ensure fair democratic processes | 60 | |
| 8406609688 | divided loyalties | Cabinet officers and other bureaucrats often experience [ ] between the President and their agency | 61 | |
| 8406609690 | bureaucrats | career executive employees who are hired for technical expertise or skill, not elected (aka civil servants) | 62 | |
| 8406609691 | bureaucracy | a system of organization based on hierarchy, specialization, and rules | 63 | |
| 8406609692 | rule-making | the power to decide exactly how broad laws will be implemented - the source of the bureaucracy's power | 64 | |
| 8406609693 | Office of Management and Budget | uses President's instructions to set guidelines for agency budgets and approve their proposals | 65 | |
| 8406609696 | FDR's New Deal | led to the biggest growth spurt in the bureaucracy because more gov't was needed to provide for poor | 66 | |
| 8406609697 | Securities and Exchange Commission | regulatory agency to protect investors and ensure fair markets | 67 | |
| 8406609698 | Great Society | LBJ's second wave of big gov't programs specifically to eliminate poverty and racial discrimination - led to more bureaucracy growth | 68 | |
| 8406609699 | standing committee | each Cabinet Department is overseen by its corresponding [ ] in Congress | 69 | |
| 8406609700 | Department of State | conducts diplomacy and foreign affairs | 70 | |
| 8406609701 | Department of Health and Human Services | largest departmental budget - includes Social Security, Medicaid | 71 | |
| 8406609702 | Department of Homeland Security | newest Cabinet office, founded after 9/11 | 72 | |
| 8406609703 | independent agencies | narrower in scope than Cabinet, exist separately to avoid conflicts of interest (Does NASA go in the Dept. of Defense?) | 73 | |
| 8406609704 | CIA, NASA, NSF | examples of independent agencies | 74 | |
| 8406609705 | SEC, EPA, FEC | examples of regulatory agencies/commissions | 75 | |
| 8406609706 | USPS, Amtrak, FDIC | examples of government corporations | 76 | |
| 8406609707 | government corporations | subsidized by federal funds but expected to make a profit | 77 | |
| 8406609708 | merit system | appointing people to gov't positions based on competitive examinations or professional training | 78 | |
| 8406609709 | spoils system/patronage | the 19th century practice of awarding cushy gov't jobs to friends, supporters, and party "hacks" (without regard for qualifications) | 79 | |
| 8406609710 | Pendleton Act (1883) | established merit system for some positions, started the Civil Service System | 80 | |
| 8406609711 | Taft-Hartley Act (1947) | prevents federal employees from striking and permits firing striking workers | 81 | |
| 8406609712 | President | shapes and proposes the budget, can veto it | 82 | |
| 8406609713 | mandatory spending | required by law and cannot be reduced by President (mostly "entitlement" programs like Social Security) | 83 | |
| 8406609714 | 2/3 | of the annual budget is mandatory spending over which the President has no control - cannot be changed without act of Congress | 84 | |
| 8406609715 | discretionary spending | areas where the OMB and the President can decide how to allocate funds (not mandatory but can be changed) - left up to their judgment (discretion) | 85 | |
| 8406609717 | Appropriations Committees | set specific budgets for related agencies | 86 | |
| 8406609718 | policy implementation | the primary task of the bureaucracy - carrying out decisions made by Congress, President, and Courts | 87 | |
| 8406609719 | expertise | a source of bureaucratic power because they are uniquely qualified to perform their tasks through experience or specialized skills | 88 | |
| 8406609721 | bureaucratic accountability | the degree to which these non-elected workers are held accountable for the power they exercise | 89 | |
| 8406609722 | Government Accountability Office | used by Congress to monitor how faithfully agencies are handling programs and implementing policies | 90 | |
| 8406609723 | administrative law judge | preside over "trial-like" hearings to settle disputes between individuals who feel disadvantaged by a bureaucrat's decision (violation of separation of powers?) | 91 | |
| 8406609724 | whisteblowing | act of reporting instances of mismanagement/corruption (usually from within) | 92 | |
| 8406609725 | revolving door | the tendency of individuals to go from working in the bureaucracy to the regulated industry (and back) | 93 | |
| 8406609726 | committee, agency, interest group | the sides of the iron triangle | 94 | |
| 8406609727 | Department of the Interior | manages federal lands, relations with Native Americans | 95 | |
| 8406609728 | agency capture | when regulatory commissions, which are supposed to act in the public interest, get too "cozy" with the industry they are supposed to regulate and act on their behalf (thanks to the revolving door, usually) | 96 | |
| 8406609729 | executive orders | how the President directs the actions of federal agencies and departments (have the force of law) | 97 | |
| 8406609730 | discretion | Congress often gives the bureaucracy a lot of [ ], or free rein, in how the implement laws, thanks to: 1) Congress being too busy, 2) Congress lacking expertise, 3) Congress not wanting to take responsibility | 98 | |
| 8406609731 | electoral support | interest groups offer congressional committees [ ] | 99 | |
| 8406609732 | favorable legislation | congressional committees offer interest groups [ ] | 100 | |
| 8406609733 | friendly regulation | agencies offer interest groups [ ] | 101 | |
| 8406609734 | budget and program support | congressional committees offer agencies [ ] | 102 | |
| 8406609735 | grassroots activism | having members call legislators or show up at their offices, stage protests, etc. (the G in GDELLIA) | 103 | |
| 8406609736 | donations | to favorable candidates, or to opponents of the desired policies (the D in GDELLIA) | 104 | |
| 8406609737 | endorsements | to favorable candidates, or placing unfriendly ones on a "hit list" (the E in GDELLIA) | 105 | |
| 8406609738 | lobbying | persuading lawmakers, usually through paid go-betweens (many of whom were previously lawmakers themselves) - the first L in GDELLIA | 106 | |
| 8406609739 | litigation | sponsoring (paying for, supporting) lawsuits to attempt to change the law (or interpretation of it) - the second L in GDELLIA | 107 | |
| 8406609740 | inform (via advertisements) | paying for propaganda commercials, sponsoring "think tank" research (the I and A in GDELLIA) | 108 | |
| 8406609741 | Dodd-Frank Act | passed in the wake of the bank crash and resulting 2007 recession - stricter regulations | 109 | |
| 8406609742 | Hatch Act | prevents federal employees in the bureaucracy from engaging in partisan electoral activities (EXCEPT the President and VP) | 110 | |
| 8406609743 | 4 justices | the minimum needed to issue a writ of certiorari (a request to review a lower-court decision) | 111 | |
| 8406609744 | advice and consent | the Senate's process of confirming the President's judge appointees (and cabinet officials and treaties) | 112 | |
| 8406609746 | plea bargain | how the majority of criminal cases end | 113 | |
| 8406609747 | Congress | determines the number of federal courts and the number of judges who will sit on them, the jurisdiction of courts, can create cabinet-level agencies | 114 | |
| 8406609749 | appellate jurisdiction | Supreme Court's right to review lower-court decisions (where most of its cases come from) | 115 | |
| 8406609750 | McCulloch v. Maryland | established: 1) Necessary and Proper Clause's implied powers (to make a bank), 2) national supremacy (states can't tax a federal entity) | 116 | |
| 8406609751 | Marbury v. Madison | SC case that established the principle of judicial review (Marbury wanted his commission and asked the Courts to compel Madison to give it to him like the Judiciary Act of 1789 said, but SC said that part of the law was unconstitutional) | 117 | |
| 8406609753 | writ of certiorari | the SC's request to a lower court for the record of the case (requires 4 justices) | 118 | |
| 8406609754 | stare decisis | "let the decision stand" - the idea that in most cases courts should defer to precedents | 119 | |
| 8406609756 | original jurisdiction | a court's first right to hear a case | 120 | |
| 8406609760 | dissenting opinion | written by one or more of the justices who disagree with the outcome of the case to explain THEIR legal basis for disagreement | 121 | |
| 8406609761 | concurring opinion | written by a justice who agrees with the outcome but for different reasoning - not binding on future courts | 122 | |
| 8406609762 | senatorial courtesy | the tradition that a US senator from the state where a federal vacancy occurs should be consulted on the nomination (if from the same party as the President) | 123 | |
| 8406609764 | activist conservatives | struck down economic regulatory legislation between Civil War and Depression | 124 | |
| 8406609765 | activist liberals | struck down state statutes that violated civil rights (segregation) and expanded "rights" (abortion, affirmative action) | 125 | |
| 8406609768 | Earl Warren | headed an activist liberal Court (1953-1969) - lots of significant civil and criminal rights cases | 126 | |
| 8406609770 | originalism | interpreting the Constitution based on the meaning of its words at the time it was written | 127 | |
| 8406609772 | judicial restraint | judges should 1) strictly interpret the wording of the law, 2) respect precedent, 3) defer to elected representatives | 128 | |
| 8406609773 | judicial activism | judges can develop new legal principles when needed, even if this contradicts the decisions of elected representatives | 129 | |
| 8406609774 | life tenure | judges have [ ] in order to insulate them from public opinion and protect them from undue influence from other branches | 130 | |
| 8406609780 | Judiciary Committee | all nominations are first considered by the [ ] before being sent to the full Senate | 131 | |
| 8406609781 | 95% | of all the nation's legal cases are decided by state or local courts (not federal ones) | 132 | |
| 8406609782 | en banc | when the full body of judges on an appeals court gathers to hear an especially difficult case | 133 | |
| 8406609783 | case or controversy clause | there must be an ACTUAL, specific lawsuit for the courts to rule - no advisory opinions on general principles | 134 | |
| 8406609784 | advisory opinions | Judges do not issue [ ] on general principles or ideas - must be a specific situation | 135 | |
| 8406609785 | standing | In order to bring a suit, plaintiffs must have [ ], or be able to prove they have actually been harmed by a law or action | 136 |
Flashcards
AP Statistics Study Cards Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 6556156158 | Parameter | A calculation made from population data | 0 | |
| 6556156159 | Statistic | A calculation made from sample data | 1 | |
| 6556156160 | Convenience Sample | Uses subjects that are readily available (no randomization) | 2 | |
| 6556156161 | Voluntary Response Sample | Subjects choose to be part of the sample (no randomization) | 3 | |
| 6556156162 | Simple Random Sample | Every member of the population is equally likely to be chosen. | 4 | |
| 6556156163 | Steps to taking an SRS | 1. Assign each individual a number 2. Use table/calculator to choose sample (ignore repeats) 3. Indicate when to stop using the RNG 4. Identify subjects that correspond w/ selected #'s | 5 | |
| 6556156164 | Stratified Random Sample | Population is divided into groups and an SRS is selected from each group. Groups are different from one another. (some of all) |  | 6 |
| 6556156165 | Cluster Sample | Population is divided into groups and an SRS of entire groups is selected. Groups are similar to one another. (all of some) |  | 7 |
| 6556156166 | Systematic Random Sample | Every kth member of the population is chosen | 8 | |
| 6556156167 | Under-coverage Bias | A group within the population is left out of the sampling frame | 9 | |
| 6556156168 | Non-Response Bias | Person(s) chosen for the survey do not respond | 10 | |
| 6556156169 | Response Bias | Selected individuals respond incorrectly or untruthfully | 11 | |
| 6556156170 | Statistics (the subject) | The science (and art) of learning from data | 12 | |
| 6556156171 | Individuals | The objects described by a set of data. Individuals may be people, but they may also be animals or things. | 13 | |
| 6556156172 | Variable | Any characteristic of an individual | 14 | |
| 6556156173 | Quantitative Variables | Variables that count or measure (numeric) | 15 | |
| 6556156174 | Categorical Variables | Variables based on labels or categories (qualitative) | 16 | |
| 6556156175 | Distribution of a variable | Gives the values of a variable and their frequency. | 17 | |
| 6556156176 | Observational Study | Watching/observing individuals and recording variables of interest. | 18 | |
| 6556156177 | Experiment | Individuals are randomly assigned to groups where some treatment is imposed to determine cause and effect. | 19 | |
| 6556156178 | Population | The entire group of individuals we are interested in | 20 | |
| 6556156179 | Sample | A subset of the population | 21 | |
| 6556156180 | Sampling | Surveying, experimenting on, or observing a portion of the population. | 22 | |
| 6556156181 | Census | Surveying, experimenting on, or observing the entire population | 23 | |
| 6556156182 | Sampling Error | Any differences between what the sample says and what is actually true about the population. Cannot be entirely eliminated. | 24 | |
| 6556156183 | Table of Random Digits | A long string of the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 | 25 | |
| 6556156184 | Bias | When the design of the sample systematically favors certain outcomes. | 26 | |
| 6556156185 | Wording of questions | Causes response bias by making the questions leading or confusing. Most important influence on the answers given to a survey. | 27 | |
| 6556156186 | Strata | Groups of individuals in a population which are similar with respect to the variable of interest. | 28 |
AP Psychology- Neuroscience & Behavior Flashcards
Study cards for Chapter 2 of Psychology by David G Myers
Terms : Hide Images
| 7375116313 | Neuron | A nerve cell; the basic building block of all functions of humans |  | 0 |
| 7375116314 | Dendrite | Receives messages from other cells |  | 1 |
| 7375116315 | Axon | Passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands |  | 2 |
| 7375116316 | Myelin Sheath | Covers the axon of some neurons and speeds impulses |  | 3 |
| 7375116317 | Action Potential | A neural impulse that travels down the axon |  | 4 |
| 7375116318 | Threshold | Stimulation required to trigger an impulse | 5 | |
| 7375116319 | Synapse | Space between the axon tip and the dendrite |  | 6 |
| 7375116320 | Neurotransmitters | Chemical messengers that travel between synaptic gaps |  | 7 |
| 7375116321 | Acetylcholine | Muscle action, learning, and memory | 8 | |
| 7375116322 | Dopamine | Movement, learning, attention, and emotion | 9 | |
| 7375116323 | Serotonin | Mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal | 10 | |
| 7375116324 | Norepinephrine | Alertness and arousal |  | 11 |
| 7375116325 | Endorphins | Opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure |  | 12 |
| 7375116326 | Central Nervous System | Brain and spinal cord |  | 13 |
| 7375116327 | Peripheral Nervous System | Sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body |  | 14 |
| 7375116328 | Sensory Neurons | Carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the CNS |  | 15 |
| 7375116329 | Interneurons | CNS neurons that communicate between sensory and motor neurons | 16 | |
| 7375116330 | Motor Neurons | Carry outgoing information from the CNS to the muscles and glands | | 17 |
| 7375116331 | Somatic Nervous System | Controls the body's skeletal muscles |  | 18 |
| 7375116332 | Autonomic Nervous System | Controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs | 19 | |
| 7375116333 | Sympathetic Nervous System | Arouses the body in stressful situations |  | 20 |
| 7375116334 | Parasympathetic Nervous System | Calms the body to conserve energy |  | 21 |
| 7375116335 | Reflex | Simple inborn response to a sensory stimulus |  | 22 |
| 7375116336 | Neural Networks | Interconnected neural cells |  | 23 |
| 7375116337 | Lesion | Tissue destruction |  | 24 |
| 7375116351 | Glial Cells | Support, nourish, and protect neurons |  | 25 |
| 7376319129 | Parkinson's Disease | Not enough dopamine | 26 | |
| 7376331038 | Alzheimer's Disease | Not enough acetylcholine | 27 | |
| 7376345641 | Schizophrenia | Associated with excess dopamine | 28 | |
| 7376351542 | Opiate addiction | Artificial increase in endorphin production due to antagonist drugs | 29 |
AP Biology: Chapter 6 Flashcards
Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 6.
Terms : Hide Images
| 5993819079 | organelles | membrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell |  | 0 |
| 5993819080 | cytosol | a jellylike substance where organelles and other components are found |  | 1 |
| 5993819081 | eukaryotic cell | Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |  | 2 |
| 5993819082 | prokaryotic cell | Cell with no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles |  | 3 |
| 5993819083 | nucleoid region | a non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found |  | 4 |
| 5993819084 | cytoplasm | the region in a cell between the cell membrane and nucleus; it contains the cell structures and oganelles |  | 5 |
| 5993819085 | plasma membrane | The selective barrier that surrounds a cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell |  | 6 |
| 5993819086 | nucleus | chromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell |  | 7 |
| 5993819087 | nuclear envelope | encloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm |  | 8 |
| 5993819088 | nuclear lamina | a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope, lines the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope |  | 9 |
| 5993819089 | chromosomes | tightly coiled structures that carry the genetic information (can be seen during nuclear division) |  | 10 |
| 5993819090 | chromatin | loosly coiled genetic material that makes up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA |  | 11 |
| 5993819091 | nucleolus | located in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes |  | 12 |
| 5993819092 | ribosomes | made of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins |  | 13 |
| 5993819093 | endomembrane system | membranes that divide the cell into organelles such as the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane. |  | 14 |
| 5993819094 | endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope |  | 15 |
| 5993819095 | smooth ER | portion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes, synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell, and regulates calcium levels |  | 16 |
| 5993819096 | rough ER | portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, produce and transport membrane and secretory proteins |  | 17 |
| 5993819097 | glycoproteins | proteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates that play a role in cell to cell interaction |  | 18 |
| 5993819098 | transport vesicles | vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another |  | 19 |
| 5993819099 | Golgi apparatus | stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum |  | 20 |
| 5993819100 | lysosome | membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which the cell uses to digest unwanted materials |  | 21 |
| 5993819101 | phagocytosis | the process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle |  | 22 |
| 5993819102 | autophagy | lysosomes break down damaged organelles |  | 23 |
| 5993819103 | food vacuoles | formed by phagocytosis, pinches off from plasma membrane and encloses a food particle |  | 24 |
| 5993819104 | contractile vacuoles | pump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell |  | 25 |
| 5993819105 | central vacuole | the largest organelle in a plant cell. It is surrounded by the tonoplast and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within plant cells |  | 26 |
| 5993819106 | mitochondria | chemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration |  | 27 |
| 5993819107 | chloroplasts | contain chlorophyll which help absorb solar energy in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis |  | 28 |
| 5993819108 | cristae | infoldings in the inner membrane of the mitochondria |  | 29 |
| 5993819109 | mitochondrial matrix | compartment of the mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner membrane, contains enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle |  | 30 |
| 5993819110 | plastids | manufacture and store important chemical compounds used by the cell such as pigments, oils, and starches |  | 31 |
| 5993819111 | thylakoids | flattened and interconnected sacs found in chloroplasts. The light dependent stage of photosynthesis occurs on the membranes of these sacs |  | 32 |
| 5993819112 | granum | stacks of thylakoids |  | 33 |
| 5993819113 | stroma | fluid outside the thylakoids, contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes. The light independent stage of photosynthesis occurs in this area |  | 34 |
| 5993819114 | cytoskeleton | a network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm |  | 35 |
| 5993819115 | microtubules | hollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell |  | 36 |
| 5993819116 | centrosome | a region located near the nucleus where micro-tubules grow from; important in cell division |  | 37 |
| 5993819117 | centrioles | cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division |  | 38 |
| 5993819118 | flagella | a long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement |  | 39 |
| 5993819119 | cilia | a short hair-like structures that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion | | 40 |
| 5993819120 | microfilaments | the thinnest part of the cytoskeleton, are used to give shape to the cell and support all of its internal parts |  | 41 |
| 5993819121 | actin | a globular protein that makes up microfilaments |  | 42 |
| 5993819122 | pseudopodia | cellular extensions that enable a cell to crawl along a surface |  | 43 |
| 5993819123 | cytoplasmic streaming | the circular flow of cytoplasm within cells |  | 44 |
| 5993819124 | intermediate filaments | diverse class of cytoskeletal elements that bear tension like microfilaments |  | 45 |
| 5993819125 | cell wall | extracellular structure specific to plant cells, protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake |  | 46 |
| 5993819126 | primary cell wall | a relatively thin and flexible layer in plant cells, first secreted by a young cell |  | 47 |
| 5993819127 | middle lamella | a thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells that glues them together with pectin |  | 48 |
| 5993819128 | secondary cell wall | a strong and durable matrix in plant cells, often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support | | 49 |
| 5993819129 | extracellular matrix | where animal tissue cells are embedded, consists of protein and polysaccharides |  | 50 |
| 5993819130 | collagen | most common glycoprotein in the ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cells |  | 51 |
| 5993819131 | plasmodesmata | channels that perforate cell walls, allow for connections between cells in plants |  | 52 |
| 5993819132 | tight junctions | intercellular junction in animal tissues where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound by specific proteins |  | 53 |
| 5993819133 | desmosomes | intercellular junction in animal tissues that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets |  | 54 |
| 5993819134 | gap junctions | intercellular junction in animal tissues that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants |  | 55 |
Flashcards
AP Psychology History & Approaches Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 6591464653 | empiricism/empirical methods | Information is collected by objective observations and experimentation using the scientific method. |  | 0 |
| 6591464654 | structuralism | An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind (WUNDT, TITCHENER). |  | 1 |
| 6591464655 | functionalism | A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish (JAMES). |  | 2 |
| 6591464656 | behaviorism/behavioral perspective | A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior (LEARNING, REWARDS, PUNISHERS) |  | 3 |
| 6591464657 | humanistic perspective | Perspective that emphasizes the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth (NEEDS, SELF-ACTUALIZATION) |  | 4 |
| 6591464658 | biological/biopsychological perspective | Looking at the physical and genetic determines of behavior (BRAIN, BODY, GENES, HORMONES) |  | 5 |
| 6591464659 | psychology | Scientific study of behavior and mental processes | 6 | |
| 6591464660 | nature-nurture issue | The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors |  | 7 |
| 6591464661 | Survival of the Fittest (Natural Selection) | Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully (related to evolutionary approach) |  | 8 |
| 6591464662 | biopsychosocial approach | An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis (ECLECTIC) |  | 9 |
| 6591464663 | evolutionary perspective | A relatively new specialty in psychology that sees behavior and mental processes in terms of their genetic adaptations for survival and reproduction (SURVIVAL VALUE, OFFSPRING) |  | 10 |
| 6591464664 | psychodynamic/psychoanalytic perspective | A branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders (UNCONSCIOUS, CHILDHOOD) |  | 11 |
| 6591464665 | cognitive perspective | an approach to psychology that emphasizes internal mental processes (THINKING!) |  | 12 |
| 6591464666 | social-cultural perspective | the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking (SOCIETY, CULTURE, GROUPS) |  | 13 |
| 6591464667 | psychometrics | the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits |  | 14 |
| 6591464668 | basic research | Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base. |  | 15 |
| 6591464669 | developmental psychology | A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span |  | 16 |
| 6591464670 | educational psychology | the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning |  | 17 |
| 6591464671 | personality psychology | the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting | 18 | |
| 6591464672 | social psychology | The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another | 19 | |
| 6591464673 | applied psychology | The branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems, e.g., a psychologist who works directly with a client with problems is considered an applied psychologist | 20 | |
| 6591464674 | industrial-organizational psychology | application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces (HR help, employee incentive programs) |  | 21 |
| 6591464675 | human factors psychology | A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use (psychology + engineering) |  | 22 |
| 6591464676 | counseling psychology | A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being |  | 23 |
| 6591464677 | clinical psychology | A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders |  | 24 |
| 6591464678 | psychiatry | A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical/drug treatments as well as psychological therapy. Medical degree M.D. |  | 25 |
| 6591464679 | 1879 | Year psychology became a science. First lab opened by father of psychology Wilhelm Wundt! |  | 26 |
| 6591464680 | Mary Calkins | Denied Harvard PhD, but became first female head of American Psychological Association. |  | 27 |
| 6591464681 | Margaret Floy Washburn | First women to get a PhD in psychology. |  | 28 |
| 6591464682 | Gestalt psychology | Focuses on how we organize the world around us - perception. We create order out of chaos and make things "whole". |  | 29 |
| 6591464683 | Sigmund Freud | Most famous psychologist of all time. Developed the psychoanalytic approach. Ideas heavily influenced by Darwin. |  | 30 |
| 6591464684 | John Locke | Nurture. "tabula rasa" - we are born a blank slate. |  | 31 |
| 6591464685 | Plato and Socrates | Knowledge is inborn/innate (NATURE) |  | 32 |
| 6591464686 | Aristotle | Knowledge comes from experience (NURTURE) |  | 33 |
AP Psychology - Learning Flashcards
Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)
Terms : Hide Images
| 6406855393 | learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. |  | 0 |
| 6406855394 | habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. |  | 1 |
| 6406855395 | associative learning | learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning). |  | 2 |
| 6406855396 | classical conditioning | a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. |  | 3 |
| 6406855397 | behaviorism | the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). |  | 4 |
| 6406855398 | unconditioned response (UR) | in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. | | 5 |
| 6406855399 | unconditioned stimulus (US) | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response. | | 6 |
| 6406855400 | conditioned response (CR) | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS). | | 7 |
| 6406855401 | conditioned stimulus (CS) | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response. | | 8 |
| 6406855402 | acquisition | in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. | 9 | |
| 6406855403 | extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. | 10 | |
| 6406855404 | spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. | 11 | |
| 6406855405 | generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. | 12 | |
| 6406855406 | discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. | 13 | |
| 6406855407 | learned helplessness | the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. |  | 14 |
| 6406855408 | operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. |  | 15 |
| 6406855409 | law of effect | The principle that behaviors are selected by their consequences |  | 16 |
| 6406855410 | operant chamber | in operant conditioning research, an apparatus (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. |  | 17 |
| 6406855411 | shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. | 18 | |
| 6406855412 | reinforcer | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. | 19 | |
| 6406855413 | positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. |  | 20 |
| 6406855414 | negative reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. |  | 21 |
| 6406855415 | primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. |  | 22 |
| 6406855416 | conditioned reinforcer | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer. |  | 23 |
| 6406855417 | continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. |  | 24 |
| 6406855418 | partial reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. |  | 25 |
| 6406855419 | fixed-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. |  | 26 |
| 6406855420 | variable-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. | | 27 |
| 6406855421 | fixed- interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. | | 28 |
| 6406855422 | variable-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time. | | 29 |
| 6406855423 | punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows. |  | 30 |
| 6406855424 | cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. |  | 31 |
| 6406855425 | latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. |  | 32 |
| 6406855426 | intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake. | 33 | |
| 6406855427 | extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment. | 34 | |
| 6406855428 | observational learning | learning by observing others (also called social learning). |  | 35 |
| 6406855429 | modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |  | 36 |
| 6406855430 | mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy. |  | 37 |
| 6406855431 | prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior |  | 38 |
APES Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5389961804 | Cell theory | The theory that cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms | 0 | |
| 5389974006 | Population | certain number of individuals that back up an interbreeding, reproducing group | 1 | |
| 5389977147 | Community | Different species living together | 2 | |
| 5389977148 | Biosphere | Living portion of the world | 3 | |
| 5389979559 | Gaia hypothesis | Whole Earth is actually living; depends on interpretation because it is a whole system, everything works together, homeostasis; big theory in the 70s | 4 | |
| 5390123175 | Ecotones | - Transitional areas; an overlap between ecosystems - Some species live in this in-between area e.g. crabs that wash up on shore at beach |  | 5 |
| 5392137968 | Ecosystem | - Combination of biotic and abiotic factors that make up that area - Precipitation and temperature determine vegetation which then determines everything else, essentially they define the ... | 6 | |
| 5392143140 | Biome | A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms | 7 | |
| 5392167077 | GIS | Incredibly powerful computer database where you can study the powers of geography; program that can compile different satellite imagery; can see how many forests are left in the U.S. | 8 | |
| 5392170597 | Range of Tolerance | - Organisms are only able to survive according to certain limiting factors - If it's below or above, the plant won't survive - Where they can actually survive, but within there is optimal range and range of stress | 9 | |
| 5392310931 | Rate of growth | - Best grow happens at optimal temperature range - Plant can survive within whole range of tolerance, but there's an optimal temperature and zones of stress on either side | 10 | |
| 5392312427 | Limiting factor | Things that influence how well an organism or species survives; e.g. for plants: temperature, precipitation, pH, sunlight, etc. | 11 | |
| 5392337623 | Optimal temperature range | Best temperatures for growth | 12 | |
| 5392365950 | Niche | What they eat, habitat within ecosystem that they occupy (e.g. some insects in trees, some in soil), and role they play with other organisms, how they interact with everything in the environment | 13 | |
| 5392372984 | Atmosphere | A thin layer of gases surrounding Earth | 14 | |
| 5392374576 | Hydrosphere | All the water at and near the surface of the earth, 97% of which is in oceans | 15 | |
| 5392374577 | Biosphere | Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere | 16 | |
| 5392374578 | Lithosphere | A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust | 17 | |
| 5392382728 | Atom | Basic unit of matter |  | 18 |
| 5392382729 | Compound | A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds |  | 19 |
| 5392382730 | Carbon cycle | The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again the series of processes by which carbon compounds are interconverted in the environment, chiefly involving the incorporation of carbon dioxide into living tissue by photosynthesis and its return to the atmosphere through respiration, the decay of dead organisms, and the burning of fossil fuels |  | 20 |
| 5392382731 | Nitrogen cycle | A cycle of matter in which nitrogen atoms move from nitrogen gas in the atmosphere to inorganic forms in the soil, to organic forms in living things, and then back to inorganic forms in the soil and nitrogen gas in the atmosphere |  | 21 |
| 5392568146 | Law of Conservation of Matter (First Law of Thermodynamics) | - Plants grow from matter from CO2 and H2O! -- don't get matter from soil, get micronutrients (like vitamins), but not soil; e.g. do not need soil to grow tomatoes - Matter from photosynthesis --> animals eat that --> something else eats that --> eventually all those molecules add up to make a big one --> thing dies --> matter goes back into the ground!! | 22 | |
| 5392568147 | Law of Conservation of Energy (Second Law of Thermodynamics) | - Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but can be transformed; e.g. photosynthesis - Lose 10% of energy every trophic level | 23 | |
| 5392570179 | Potential energy | Energy that is stored and held in readiness; e.g. firewood, batteries, water | 24 | |
| 5392584828 | Entropy | - The tendency towards disorder - When energy is in form of glucose, it's very organized; heat is very disorganized energy - Over time, energy becomes less organized and less useful --> diffusion and osmosis: over time, matter spreads out - The only way to keep everything organized is to input energy - Body constantly needs energy to keep us going, it's not just energy for motion/to think- it keeps cells from breaking down | 25 | |
| 5392642831 | 6CO2 + 6H2O with h.v. | Goes into photosynthesis | 26 | |
| 5392645334 | C6H12O6 + 6O2 | Comes out of photosynthesis | 27 | |
| 5392657161 | Phosphates | ATP Nucleotides (DNA/RNA) Phospholipid membrane (cell membrane) Hugely important in biological systems! | 28 | |
| 5392661705 | Phosphorus cycle | - The movement of phosphorus atoms from rocks through the biosphere and hydrosphere and back to rocks - Plants take in phosphates for growth! --> consumers eat plants --> how we get phosphates in our bodies |  | 29 |
| 5392668797 | (Human impact on the) phosphorus cycle | Fertilizers, detergents: - Have NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) ratios --> when we use fertilizers, it disrupts both of those cycles When it rains it runs off into oceans --> dissolved in waterways --> algae blooms (eutrophication) --> die --> decomposer bacteria break down excess algae --> uses up oxygen in water | 30 | |
| 5392686273 | Eutrophication (phosphorus cycle) | Nitrogen and phosphorus get added to water (through fertilizers/detergent) algae blooms --> dies --> decomposers consume dead algae --> uses up oxygen in water --> dead zone; no organisms can live there - e.g. Gulf of Mexico, 200 miles with no fish because it's at the end of the Mississippi | 31 | |
| 5392695785 | Positive growth | Births and immigrations | 32 | |
| 5392695786 | Negative growth | Deaths and emigration | 33 | |
| 5392698755 | J-curve | - Exponential growth; slope increasing dramatically; dramatic increase in size of population in short period of time - Followed by insects-- there are a lot, but then in the winter they crash |  | 34 |
| 5392701049 | S-curve | - Logistic growth; population size and growth rate increase, but level off; steadier growth than J-curve - Mammals in general |  | 35 |
| 5392703132 | Carrying capacity | - "K" - Size of population that the environment can support; how much the environment can support of that species; about the environment, and the species reacting to that environment - E.g. environment can only support so many deer- they need space, water, habitat, etc. |  | 36 |
| 5392705356 | R species | - Grow without competition for resources and no environmental factors that affect growth - Opportunistic, able to move in and grow quickly in open environments - Lack of parental care, many die young - Usually semelparous and have short life span - Poor ecological competitions and can be easily pushed out - Population never gets to the level where they need to compete for resources - Drastic change --> this species will suvrive - Rapidly changing environment, species adapt quicker --> they survive because they reproduce much faster and in mass quantities |  | 37 |
| 5392705357 | K species | - Strong ecological competitors; out-compete opportunistic organisms - Don't have quick establishment, but stay in an area for a long time - Long generation time; iteroparous with low fecundity - Lots of time invested into caring for young - Population gets to the point where there is competition for limited resources and space - Much slower to change, and if changes are too rapid they'll go extinct | | 38 |
| 5392709622 | Constant growth | Never happens, not realistic |  | 39 |
| 5392775769 | Biotic potential | - The maximum rate at which a population could increase under ideal conditions - Reproductive rate, what's the next generation? ability to migrate, ability to survive, how can you increase the size of the population? | 40 | |
| 5392782559 | Environmental resistance | How to keep a population in check; limiting the growth of the population - Lack of food - Lack of water - Lack of habitat - Weather conditions - Predators - Disease - Parasites - Competitors | 41 | |
| 5392787867 | Survivorship curve | - A generalized diagram showing the number of surviving members over time from a measured set of births - Some species lay hundreds of eggs because not very many survive |  | 42 |
| 5392806295 | Bottom up | It's hurting biotic potential; your growth cannot go up | 43 | |
| 5392835347 | Keystone species | A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem; e.g. otters, sharks, elephants, bees | 44 | |
| 5392919176 | Intracompetition | competition between members of the same species | 45 | |
| 5392921140 | Intercompetition | Competition between different species | 46 | |
| 5392922863 | Territoriality | A behavior in which an animal defends a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals, usually of its own species; intracompetition | 47 | |
| 5392928746 | Resource partitioning | - Different species adapt and evolve to use different portion of resource - Classic example: warblers live in different portions of trees because there are different food sources in different parts of the trees --> partition it and have different diets depending on where they live - Reduces competition Between 2 different species- species evolve so their niche doesn't completely overlap with another species; lessens amount of overlap - E.g. why different fish live at different depths in the ocean/ plants have roots that grow to different depths | 48 | |
| 5392941605 | Evolution | - Mutations --> new genes: sometimes harmful, that one individual may not survive; sometimes they give an advantage --> if they have the survival advantage, they're more likely to reproduce and pass that modification on If it's a big advantage, eventually the whole population will have that advantage - Can see, can study long-term; e.g. Darwin's finches, fruit flies; HIV evolves so quickly that scientists can't make a vaccine for it, antibiotic resistance bacteria - Sexual production has advantage in evolution because you're mixing | 49 | |
| 5392943603 | Selective pressures | Forces in the environment that influence reproductive success in individuals - Temperature, light, water, pH, elements --> put selective pressure on species to evolve | 50 | |
| 5393050336 | Ballast water | Tankers and cargo ships carry it to balance and maintain buoyancy when trading --> brings in different organisms; e.g. zebra mussels, mice/rats | 51 | |
| 5393069792 | Species | group of individuals that share certain characteristics distinct from other groups | 52 | |
| 5393074337 | Biotic communities | the living things that exist in a population | 53 | |
| 5393079794 | environmental factors | non-living conditions (unusable) and resources (consumable) | 54 | |
| 5393088597 | Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur | organic compounds | 55 | |
| 5393095580 | first law of thermodynamics (law of conservation of energy) | energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only converted | 56 | |
| 5393099577 | Nitrogen Fixation | the chemical processes by which atmospheric nitrogen is assimilated into organic compounds, especially by certain microorganisms as part of the nitrogen cycle (bacteria) | 57 | |
| 5393363845 | Dentrification | microbes take nitrate (highly oxidized) and use it as oxygen microbially facilitated process of nitrate reduction by a heterotrophic, anaerobic bacteria; produces molecular nitrogen through series of intermediate gaseous nitrogen oxide products | 58 | |
| 5393364395 | synergistic effects | when the combined effect of two or more things is greater than if you just added to two effects; when an injury caused by exposure to two environmental factors together is greater than the sum of exposure to each factor individually | 59 | |
| 5393379681 | Nitrogen cascade | Effect of Nr, reactive nitrogen, on the atmosphere | 60 |
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