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Ch 2 Genetic and Environmental foundations Flashcards

4834541430	phenotype	physical traits and characteristics noticeable between child and parent.	0
4834545750	genotype	complex blend of genetic info that determines our species and influences all our unique characteristics	1
4834550355	nucleus	center and control center of cell. Contains chromosomes	2
4834551089	chromosomes	Store and transmit genetic info. 23 matching pairs	3
4834581946	DNA deoxyribonucleic acid.	Chromosomes made up of this chemical substance.	4
4834586443	base	rungs of the DNA ladder that code for genetic instructions	5
4834586444	gene	a segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome	6
4840452399	protein-coding genes	21,000 of them. Directly affect our body's characteristics. Send instructions for making rich proteins to the cytoplasm	7
4840457100	cytoplasm	Receives instructions for protein making from protein-coding genes. Area surrounding nucleus	8
4840459659	regulator genes	18,000 of them. Modify the instructions given by protein-coding genes.	9
4840470713	How do humans with far fewer genes than scientists thought manage to develop into such complex beings?	The proteins our genes make which break up and reassemble in staggering variety.	10
4840475049	Simpler species have fewer proteins T or F	T	11
4840480072	Gametes	Individual sex cells (sperm and ovum) as a result from meiosis 23 chromosomes	12
4840484050	A gamete has how many chromosomes?	23, half as many as a regular body cell	13
4840485113	meiosis	Cell division process which gametes are formed. It halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells. Genetic variability	14
4840491298	zygote	Cell result of sperm and ovum uniting at conception	15
4840494637	zygote has how many chromosomes?	46	16
4840504501	Shuffling of genes in meiosis creates...	hereditary combinatioins	17
4840510405	autosomes	22/23 chromosome pairs are matching. They are NOT sex chromosomes	18
4840513691	sex chromosomes	23d and last chromosome pair. XX and XY	19
4840515250	X or Y has more genetic material?	X	20
4840528822	fraternal or dizygotic twins	Most common type of multiple offspring, resulting from the release and fertilization of two ova	21
4840538726	identical or monozygotic twins	Zygote started to duplicate separates into two clusters of cells that develop into two individuals. Same genetic makeup. Rare; more stress on babies development; slower dev than one baby born	22
4840866310	allele	One of a pair of genes (one from mom, one from dad) that appear at a particular location on a particular chromosome and control the same characteristic, such as blood type or colorblindness	23
4840875305	homozygous	If alleles are alike means child will display inherited trait	24
4840876566	heterozygous	If alleles are different, relationships between the alleles determine the phenotype. Dominant-recessive inheritance.	25
4840886305	Dominant-recessive inheritance	In heterozygous pairings. Dominant and recessive allele	26
4840894429	recessive	If allele has no effect but can still be passed down	27
4840898183	carriers of a trait	Heterozygous individuals with just one recessive allele (Dd) can pass that trait on to children.	28
4840904224	Phenylketonuria or PKU	Recessive autosomal disorder. Affects the way the body breaks down proteins contained in many foods. Intellectual disabilities	29
4840949788	Cooley's anemia	Recessive autosomal disorder. Pale, delayed physical growth, lethargic behavior	30
4840953183	Cystic fibrosis	Recessive autosomal disorder. Lungs, liver, pancreas secrete lots of mucus. Hard to breathe and digest food	31
4840956232	Sickle cell anemia	Recessive autosomal disorder. Abnormality in oxygen-carrying protiens of red blood cells cause oxygen deprivation, pain, swelling, tissue damage	32
4840968396	Tay-Sachs disease	Recessive autosomal disorder. CNS degeneration. Poor muscle tone, blindness, deafness, and convulsions	33
4840978072	Duchenne muscular dystrophy	Recessive X-linked disorder. Degenerative muscle disease. Abnormal gait, loss of ability to walk between 7-13yrs old	34
4840984579	Hemophilia	Recessive X-linked disorder. Blood fails to clot normally and lead to severe internal bleading and tissue damage	35
4840986504	Diabetes insipidus	Recessive X-linked disorder. Insufficient production of the hormone vasopressin. Excessive thirst/urination. Dehydration cause CNS damage	36
4840891906	dominant	If only one allele affects the child's charateristics	37
4840919480	Huntington's disease	Dominant autosomal disorder. Central nervous system degenerates. Not appear until 35 yrs old	38
4840995261	Marfan Syndrome	Dominant autosomal disorder. Heart defects and eye abnormalities of lens. Skeletal defects.	39
4841033887	incomplete dominance	A pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed in the phenotype, resulting in a combined trait or one that is intermediate between the two. Ex: Red+White=Pink; sickle-cell anemia	40
4841044995	X-linked inheritance	When a harmful allele is carried on the X-chromosome. Males more likely to inherit it because their sex chromosomes don't match. Females have 2 X-chromosomes so one of the X's can be recessive	41
4841069753	genomic imprinting	Allele's are imprinted or chemically marked through regulator processes within the genome, in such a way that one pair member (mom or dad's) is activated regardless of its makup	42
4841118369	mutation	a sudden but permanent change in a segment of DNA. One cause is bc of lots of radiation	43
4841140575	germline mutation	Mutations in cells that give rise to gametes. When affected individual mates, the defective DNA is passed to the next generation	44
4841140576	somatic mutation	normal body cells mutate at any time in life	45
4841151315	polygenic inheritance	In which many genes affect the characteristic in question. complex genetic inheritance.	46
4841182337	Most chromosomal defects result from mistakes during...	meiosis	47
4841193296	What is the most common chromosomal disorder? Failure of what chromosome	Down syndrome. 21 pair. Environmental factors effect dev significantly	48
4841218046	Sex Chromosomal Disorders	XYY syndrome, Triple X syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome (XXY), Turner Syndrome (XO)	49
4841246251	Genetic counseling	a communication process designed to help couples assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder and choose best course of action in view of risks and family goals	50
4841257500	pedigree	picture of the family tree in which affected relatives are identified	51
4841262706	genetic markers	a gene or short sequence deviations of DNA used to identify a chromosome or to locate other genes on a genetic map.	52
4841275802	prenatal diagnostic methods	medical procedures that permit detection of developmental problems before birth	53
4841286509	prenatal diagnostic methods list:	amniocentesis chorionic villus sampling fetoscopy ultrasound maternal blood analysis ultrafast fetal MRI preimplantation genetic diagnosis	54
4841303527	gene therapy	correcting the genetic abnormalities by delivering DNA carrying a functional gene to the cells	55
4841306616	gene therapy	correcting hereditary defects	56
4841308256	proteomics	scientists modify gene-specified proteins involved in disease	57
4841389517	adoption	more learning, emotional, social, cognitive problems for children	58
4841547247	microsystem	family	59
4841551922	bidirectional influence	behaviors of each family member affect those of others	60
4841563160	be firm but warm with children for best development	true	61
4841566006	harsh treatment means rebellion later	true	62
4841570721	coparenting	mutually supporting each other's parenting behaviors	63
4841574836	internalizing difficulties	More girls: feeling worried about parents relationships	64
4841579098	externalizing difficulties	More boys: anger and aggression	65
4841593025	chronosystem	Major life changes in child's life. Moving, marriage, divorce, death in family etc	66
4841607330	socioeconomic status (SES)	Researchers asses family's through index using three variables: 1. yrs of education 2. prestige of one's job and skills it requires 3. income (economic status)	67
4842230402	High SES	Wealthier, less stress, want psychological traits for kids (curiosity, happiness, self-direction, cog and soc maturity). Warmth and verbal praise for kids	68
4842239456	Low SES	Less money, stressful, want external characteristics for kids (obedience, politeness, neat/cleanliness). "Because I said so"	69
4842256106	affluent parents	Those in prestigious and high-paying occupations. Not as much family interaction. Kids more likely than low SES kids to get involved in drugs/alcohol	70
4842298955	Poverty	Kids not hopeful. Lifelong poor physical health, deficits in cog development, mental illness, aggression, antisocial behaviors	71
4842318844	2 main factors in the rise of homelessness	1. decline in the availability of government-supported low-cost housing 2. increase in poverty	72
4842325415	Most homeless families consist of	women and children	73
4842377488	Strong family ties to the community reduce family stress	true	74
4842388116	Low-poverty neighborhoods show better_____ .. than poverty	mental and physical health, school achievement	75
4842554655	social support benefits:	Parental self-worth Parental access to valuable info and services Child-rearing controls and role models Direct assistance with child rearing	76
4842583991	subcultures	groups of people with beiefs and customs that differ from those of the larger culture	77
4842613569	extended-family households	Parent and child live with one or more adult relatives	78
4842617791	familism	Intergenerational shared parenting. Places an especially high priority on close, harmonious family bonds, frequent contact, and meeting family needs	79
4842632673	collectivism	Western European countries. People stress group goals over individual goals and value interdependent qualities.	80
4842635883	individualism	USA. People stress personal exploration, discovery, achievement and choice in relationships. Value personal needs and independence.	81
4842649425	public policies	Laws and gov programs designed to improve current conditions.	82
4847910940	Affordable Care Act	In the year 2010 extended government-supported health insurance to all children in low-income families. Expanded coverage for low-income adults (optional)	83
4847947197	Public policies aim to foster child development because of 2 reasons:	1. Children are the future 2. Child-oriented policies can be defended on humanitarian grounds (child's basic rights as humans)	84
4847958847	Convention of Rights of the Child	Legal agreement among nations that commits each cooperating country to work toward guaranteeing environments that foster children's development: protect them from harm and enhance their community participation and self-determination	85
4847982031	behavioral genetics	A field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to this diversity in human traits and abilites	86
4847988854	polygenic traits	traits due to many genes. Intelligence, personality,	87
4848001880	How much does nature/nurture contribute to child differences?	Heredity and environment are inseperable	88
4848010751	heritability estimates	Measure the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic factors	89
4848110855	kinship studies	Compare the characteristics of family members. Identical twins have higher correlation scores of intelligence than other twins	90
4848153269	gene-environment interaction	Because of their genetic makeup, individuals differ in their responsiveness o qualities of the environment Two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different ways (grades/intelligence, response to certain laws, obedience)	91
4848178697	Gene-environment interaction 2 points	1. We all have diff genetic makeups so we respond differently to the same environment 2. Sometimes, different gene-environment combinations can make 2 people look the same	92
4848201901	gene-environment correlation	Our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed. The way it happens changes with age	93
4848211916	Passive gene-environment correlation	Younger ages. Child has no control over it. Child exposed to athletics because her parents are athletes	94
4848219928	evocative gene-environment correlation	Younger ages. Children evoke responses that are influenced by the child's heredity and these responses strengthen the child's original style. Outgoing baby receives more social attention/stimulation	95
4848267497	Active gene-environment correlation	Older ages. Children extend their experiences beyond the immediate family and given freedom to make more choices. Actively seek environments that fit their genetic tendencies. Musical child chooses to get involved in a band	96
4848288305	niche-picking	Tendency to actively choose environments that complement our heredity. Why identical twins share same hobbies	97
4848305768	Influence of heredity and environment NOT constant, but changes over time	true	98
4848337891	internal stimulation	Biology affects child's outcome. Activity in cytoplasm of cell, hormones released into blood	99
4848342907	external stimulation	Child's environment affects child's outcome. Family, friends, school	100
4848352048	epigenesis	Development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of environment	101
4848361779	methylation	A biochemical process triggered by certain experiences, in which a set of chemical compounds lands on top of a gene and changes its impact, reducing or silencing its expression. "War twin" vs "Law twin" case study	102

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Ch 1 History, Theory, and Research Strategies Flashcards

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4794586719	child development	An area of study devoted to understanding constancy and change from conception to adolescence. Part of dev science (4)	0
4794595740	developmental science	Includes all changes we experiencd	1
4794613133	applied importance or	practical importance (4)	2
4794617732	interdisciplinary	large storehouse of information about child development (4)	3
4794624519	List and describe the Domains of Development.	PEC* Physical- bodily functions; health; proportions; motor & perceptual capacities Cognition- intellectual abilities; verbal; self-esteem Emotional & Social- Biggest challenge; communication; understanding; moral reasoning; relationships; behavior (5)	4
4794636192	Each Domain of Dev can have effect on the other. T or F?`	T. ex. crawling (physical) effects cognition (5)	5
4794655196	List the 5 Periods of Dev and ages.	PI Ema* Prenatal: conception to birth Infancy and Toddlerhood: 0-2 Early Childhood: 2-6 Middle Childhood: 6-11 Adolescence: 11-18 (6)	6
4794669409	Prenatal	conception-birth. Most rapid change. In the womb (6)	7
4794672834	Infancy and Toddlerhood	0-2 yrs. Body and brain change. beginnings of language and first intimate ties to others. First steps (6)	8
4794680913	Early Childhood	2-6 yrs. Refined motor skills. Longer body. More self-controlled/sufficient. Make believe play starts. Language and thought expand fast. Morality evident. Friends. (6)	9
4794687032	Middle Childhood	6-11 yrs. Master new responsibilities like adult ones. Improved athletic ability. Involvement in games with more rules. Logical thought process-reading, math, writing etc. Understand friends and self. (6)	10
4794696456	Adolescence	11-18 yrs. transition to adulthood. Puberty. Complex, abstract, and idealistic thought process. Independent morals. (6)	11
4794703701	Emerging Adulthood	18-mid/late 20's. Intensify exploration of love, career, values. higher ed (6)	12
4794709966	theory	An orderly, integrated set of statements that describe (physical), explains (what's the gain?), and predicts behavior. Guide and Give meaning to what we see. Serve as sound basis for practical action Depends on scientific verification. Must be tested (7)	13
4794724235	scientific varification	Research procedures agreed on by the scientific community. (7)	14
4794734699	3 Basic Issues?	Continuous or Discontinuous? One course of dev, or many? Nature vs Nurture? (7)	15
4794743591	What is the difference between the immature and mature being?	Amount or complexity (7)	16
4794750924	continuous	A process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with. (8)	17
4794756784	discontinuous	A process by which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times. Like Stairs.	18
4794769272	Stages	Qualitative changes in thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize specific periods of dev. Stairs- discontinuous	19
4796125780	context	Layered and complex unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in diff path of change.	20
4796128413	Nature-nurture controversy	Are genetic or environmental factors are more important in influencing development?	21
4796130601	stability means?	Children who are high or low in a characteristic will remain so at later ages	22
4796133008	What establishes a lifelong pattern of behavior?	early experiences and environment	23
4796135552	plasticity	development through life is open to change in response to influential experiences.	24
4796137109	stability vs plasticity	change or no change	25
4796142117	Medieval Times views	Childhood (7-8yrs) regarded as separate period/phase of life with special needs, lawful protections. Loose clothing. Look up to adults. Religious but kids possessed by devil	26
4798156840	16th cent views	Puritan belief (kids born evil and had to be civilized). "child depravity." Over time adopted moderate balance between severity and permissiveness	27
4798161873	17th cent views	John Locke "tabula rasa" (blank slate- need to be taught). Locke believed in kindness and compassion w positive words to help kids.	28
4798169896	John Locke	Tabula Rasa (blank slate). 17th cent. continuous dev. Nurture. many courses of dev. High plasticity at later ages. Kids do little to shape their own destiny	29
4798175106	18th cent views	Jean-Jacques Rousseau says kids are noble savages. Natural maturation.	30
4798177869	noble savages	kids endowed w sense of right and wrong. built-in moral sense	31
4798184302	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	Kids are noble savages (inborn moral compass). 4 stages: infancy, childhood, late childhood, late childhood, adolescence. Stage and maturation. Discontinuous stagewise process that follows a single, unified course mapped by nature.	32
4798201634	Darwin	Theory of Evolution: natural selection and survival of the fittest. Human evolution and child growth	33
4798211027	G. Stanley Hall	Most influential in Normative Period/20th cent. Founder of Child-study Movement. Dev is a maturational process.	34
4798214507	maturational process	Hall and Gesell. genetically determined series of events that unfold automatically like a flower	35
4798217611	Normative approach	Hall and Gesell. What children are like. Measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development.	36
4798223980	Gesell	First to make knowledge about child dev meaningful to parents by telling them what to expect at each age. Work w Hall on maturational process, normative approach. books	37
4798229110	who made the first IQ test?	Binet and Simon. Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale	38
4798238084	Mid 20th cent theories are:	Freud, Erikson, Watson, Bandura, Piaget	39
4798243187	psychoanalytic perspective	Freud. Discontinuous Kids move through series of stages which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations.	40
4800194558	psychosexual theory	Freud. Discontinuous Emphasizes that how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development.	41
4800276667	id	Freud. Basic bio drives. Selfish	42
4800277110	ego	Freud. Emerge in infancy. Conscious rational part of personality. Selfish	43
4800280532	superego	Freud. Conscience. complex tasks. rational	44
4800287856	Freud's Psychosexual stages	phallic: superego formed. Latency: social values from adults acquired. superego strenthens	45
4800186554	Erikson's Psychosocial Stages	Healthy or maladaptive outcomes?	46
4800304204	psychosocial theory	Erikson. In addition to meditation between id impulses and superego demands, ego makes a positive contribution to dev, acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual an active, contributing member of society.	47
4800329481	clinical or case study	descriptive research approach to obtain an in-depth analysis of a person, group, or phenomenon. Techniques include interviews, observation, tests, records	48
4800337662	Behaviorism	Watson, Bandura, Pavlov, Skinner. Continuous. directly observable events-stimuli and responses- are the appropriate focus of the study. Criticized for underestimating kid's contributions to their own dev.	49
4800340941	Classical conditioning	Pavlov.	50
4800346593	Watson	Wanted to see if CC could be applied to children behavior. Teaches 1 yr old to fear a rabbit w loud noises	51
4800351679	Skinner	Operant conditioning theory. Skinner box.	52
4800353683	operant conditioning	Punishment, pos & neg reinforcement	53
4800357004	Social learning theory	Albert Bandura. emphasizes modeling/imitation or observational learning as powerful source of dev. BoBo doll exp	54
4800362783	Bandura	stress importance of cognition/thinking. Social Cognitive approach. Self-efficacy (feeling they can succeed).	55
4800370481	Applied Behavior analysis	Consists of observations of relationships between behavior and environmental events, followed by systematic changes in those events based on procedures of conditioning and modeling. Goal to eliminate undesirable behavior and increase desired.	56
4800389719	cognitive-dev theory	children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world. Adapt physically and mentally to world.	57
4800382006	Piaget's Stages of Cog Dev	Discontinuous Stages and Clinical interviews (20)	58
4800408215	information processing	Continuous. Perspetive that human mind viewed as a symbol-manipulating system through which info flows. Continuous change: Input -> output	59
4800422162	developmental cognitive neuroscience	brings psych, bio, neuroscience, meds researchers together to study relationship between brain and child's cog processing and behavior patterns.	60
4800436037	developmental social neuroscience	Devoted to studying the relationship between changes in the brain and emotional and social dev. Autism brain has disrupted networks that lead to impaired soc skills, language delays, and repetitive motor ehavior.	61
4800456286	Ethology	Continuous and discontinuous. Concerned w adaptive, or survival value of behavior and its evolutionary history. Darwin. Lorenz and Tinbergen imprinting	62
4800488225	critical period	time span child is biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors from environment	63
4800498309	sensitive period	a time or stage in a person's development when they are more responsive to certain stimuli and quicker to learn particular skills. Harder to induce later development	64
4800511738	evolutionary developmental psychology	Continuous and discontinuous. Seeks to understand the adaptive value of species-wide cog, emotional, an social competencies as they change w age. Aim to understand entire person-environment system.	65
4800521342	Sociocultural theory	Vygotsky. How culture is transmitted to the next generation. Social Interaction is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a communities culture	66
4800532015	Vygotsk's theory is?	Continuous and discontinuous Sociocultural theory. Kids cog dev are a socially mediated process in which children depend on assistance from adults and more-expert peers as they tackle new challenges	67
4800537779	cross-cultural research	cultures surround kid's in an environment meant to set the child up for success in that culture.	68
4800549671	Ecological systems theory	Bronfenbrenner. Views child as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment.	69
4800553436	Bronfenbrenner	Ecological systems theory. Sees environment as series of interrelated nesteds structures that form a functioning whole or system	70
4800557422	microsystem	Bronfenbrenner. Innermost level of environment. Consists of activities and interaction patterns in child's immediate surroundings. Bidirectional relationship.	71
4800586361	mesosystem	2d level of Bronfenbrenne's model encompasses connections between microsystems like home, school, neighborhood, and child-care centers.	72
4800591379	exosystem	3d level of Bronfenbrenner model. Consists of social settings that do not contain children but that affect their experiences in immediate settings. Formal and informal organizations: parents work, church, social networks (parents friends or extended family)	73
4800604778	macrosystem	outermost (4th) level of Bronfenbrenner model consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources. Laws, Work, customs, Values	74
4801246635	chronosystem	temporal dimension of Bronfenbrenner's model. Life changes imposed on the child. Birth or death of family, moving to new environments, divorce, marriage	75
4801257753	dynamic systems perspective	Continuous and Discontinuous. The child's mind, body, and physical and social worlds form an integrated system that guides mastery of new skills. This system is constantly in motion or___. Development is like web fibers branching out in many directions; continuous and stagewise transformations	76
4801327426	eclectic position	Blending several theories	77
4801329804	hypothesis	prediction drawn directly from a theory	78
4801332768	research method	Specific activities of participants. Interview, test, observation	79
4801333806	research design	overall plans for research studies that permit best possible test of the investigator's hypothesis. More specific methods to answer your question.	80
4801343738	Research Method examples	Naturalistic observation, Structured observation clinical interview, structured interview/questionnaires/test Clinical/case study method (one child; prodigies) Ethnography (aim to understand culture through participant observation)	81
4802452110	longitudinal studies	participants are studied repeatedly and changes are noted as they get older	82
4805681568	Problems with Longitudinal studies are?	biased sampling selective attrition- people drop out of study practice effects- better test-taking skills or familiarity w test	83
4802448614	cohert effects	In longitudinal studies. Children born at the same time who are influenced by particular cultural and historical conditions	84
4802445296	cross-sectional design	groups of people differing in age are studied at the same point in time	85
4805696975	sequential designs	design in which they conduct several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies at varying times.	86
4805707442	microgenetic design	An adaptation of the longitudinal approach, presents children with a novel task and follows their mastery over a series of closely spaced sessions. Within this, researchers observe how change occurs. Used in studying cognitive development.	87
4805721942	Children's Research rights/ethics are:	Protection from harm Informed consent/assent Privacy Knowledge of results- debrief for adults Beneficial treatments	88

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Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis Flashcards

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7303889605	Clinical assessment	Systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in an individual presenting with a possible psychological disorder	0
7303889606	Diagnosis	Process of determining whether the particular problem afflicting the individual meets all criteria for a psychological disorder, as set forth in the fifth edition of DSM; degree of fit between symptoms and diagnostic criteria	1
7304002350	Reliability	The degree to which a measurement is consistent; "agreement" between two different testing times or between two different evaluators	2
7304002351	Validity	Whether something measures what it is designed to measure; does the test measure what it's supposed to?	3
7304002352	Concurrent/ descriptive validity	comparison between results of one assessment with another measure known to be valid,	4
7304002353	predictive validity	how well the assessment predicts outcomes	5
7304002354	Standardization	Process by which a certain set of standards or norms is determined for a technique to make its use consistent across different measures	6
7304002355	Mental status exam	organize information obtained during clinical interview, appearance/behavior, thought process, mood/affect, intellectual functioning, sensorium	7
7304002356	delusions of persecution	someone thinks people are after him and out to get him all the time	8
7304002357	delusions of grandeur	individual thinks she is all-powerful in some way	9
7304002358	ideas of reference	everything everyone else does relates back to the individual	10
7304002359	Halls cinations	things a person sees or hears when they aren't really there	11
7304002360	Sensorium	Refers to our general awareness of our surroundings	12
7304050714	Anxiety and Related Disorders interview schedule for DSM-5	interview schedule to asses anxiety in a patient	13
7304050715	Behavioral assessment	Using direct observation to formally assess an individuals thoughts, feelings, and behavior in specific situations or contexts	14
7316085527	What is the purpose of assessing psychological disorders?	understanding the individual, predicting behavior (best predictor of future behavior is past behavior), treatment planning, evaluating outcomes	15
7316092180	What is the funnel analogy of how to do an assessment?	broad multidimensional start, narrows to specific problems in sessions	16
7316104057	Interrater reliability?	consistency of raters to get the same assessment on a patient, ensure two or more raters will get the same answers	17
7316107276	Test-retest-reliability?	consistency of tests across time, the test should give a similar result on Tuesday and Thursday o the same week etc.	18
7316129616	construct validity	degree to which test or item measures the unobservable construct it claims to measure	19
7316134986	Discriminant validity	making sure you are measuring something different then opposite tests; example making sure IQ and depression test are different because they want to measure different things	20
7316143737	What is face-validity?	does the test appear to measure what is is trying to measure? can suck because patients can figure out how to cheat the system	21
7316158601	What are things kept constant for standardization?	consistent techniques (administration procedures), scoring, and evaluation data	22
7316160613	What is population normative data?	a lot of tests correct for age, education, race; data specific for Caucasian, female, 20 years old, educated etc to compare patients data too	23
7316171034	What does a clinical interview focus on? Listed?	presenting problem, current and past behavior, detailed history, attitudes/emotions	24
7316178522	What is the first thing to tell a patient that comes in your office?	informed consent, that defines the limits of confidentiality, HIPPA etc.	25
7316181505	What are the reasons a psychologist will release notes?	court ordered (can sometimes squash), danger to self/others (have to go further and warn people), child or elder abuse, insurance codes for coverage as well	26
7316192744	What should you ask about the presenting problem?	Why did you come in?, chronic/acute onset, constant/fluctuating symptoms, previous diagnosis?, past trauma?,	27
7316201349	What kind of history do you want on a patient?	family history of problems, location of living, work history (good idea of everyday), sleep/medical history, medication (even herbal supplements), social interactions, substance use ** maybe more **	28
7316234589	What should you look for in appearance/behavior in mental status exam?	notice hygeine, dress (appropriate or not), notice body language for rapport (harmonious connection), eye contact	29
7316243104	How should you look for thought processes in Mental Status Exam?	is it goal-oriented, language is fluent?	30
7316246156	What is mood/affect in Mental status exam?	mood is what somebody reports feeling and affect is how you observe their feelings, if they report feeling depressed and they are crying their mood and affect are congruent; if they say they are feeling sad and are laughing then their mood is incongruent	31
7316257428	How can you judge intellectual functioning in Mental Status Exam?	look at their grammar, syntax, use of language etc; want to make sure y'all are understanding each other	32
7316260999	How do you judge sensorium in Mental Status Exam?	person, place, time, situation (why they are here?); it is their understanding of the orientation in that instant	33
7316280435	What is a physical examination needed?	mostly left to medical provider, understand toxicities (asbestos), medication side effects, allergic reactions, and metabolic conditions; to help rule out physical etiologies with mental health	34
7316291529	What is behavioral observation focused on?	identification and observation of target behaviors; goal is to determine the factors that are influencing target behaviors , usually done by direct observation	35
7316298248	What are the ABC's of observation?	antecedents- what precedes behavior; behavior- what are they doing?; and consequences- what is the reinforcement, etc that happens after behavior	36
7316308767	What is self-monitoring method in behavioral observation?	patient itself looks to notice what happens before, during, and after a particular behavior to understand better; usually conjoined with some coping mechanism from therapist	37
7316313830	What is the problem of reactivity?	simply observing a behavior may cause it to change due to the individual's knowledge of being observed	38
7316323534	What are assessment of psychological testing of?	cognition, emotion, behavior	39
7316326801	What areas of specialty are psychology testing include?	personality and intelligence	40
7316329981	What is projective tests?	psychological testing, rooted in psychoanalytic tradition, used to assess unconscious processes, project aspects of personality onto ambiguous test stimuli, requires high degree of inference though; example is Rorschach inkblot test, and Thematic apperception test	41
7316337926	What is a Rorschach test?	inkblot test, not used as much because people can prepare for them, idea is you project personality to what you see in inkblots, there is an objective scoring system that is tedious, issue is interrater validity	42
7316347643	What is a Thematic apperception test?	project tests, look at a picture and try to understand what it shows, ask the person to tell a dramatic story about the picture; social cognition and object relations scale for results,	43
7385716535	How are IQ tests scored?	Mental age was determined and divided by chronological age	44
7316354029	What are two projection tests that are used a lot with kids?	incomplete sentence tests, and house/tree/person drawings	45
7316357461	What are the strengths and criticisms of projective tests?	strength is a useful icebreaker, one way to gather qualitative data; but it is hard to standardize, reliability and validity data tend to be mixed	46
7316365890	What are objective tests?	roots in empirical tradition, test stimuli are less ambigious, require minimal clinical interference in scoring and interpretation	47
7316368459	What personality test is mostly used now?	Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), extensive reliability, validity, and normative database; 567 items on test, true/false responses, and interpretation has individual scales and profiles	48
7316377897	What is an intelligence test?	nature of intellectual functioning and IQ, originally developed as a measure of children's performance diverged from others in grade; psychological objective test; has Weshler scale; usually measure working memory	49
7316383981	What is deviation IQ?	compare a person's scores against those of other people who are the same age, has verbal and performance domains	50
7316390944	What is Neuropsychological Testing?	used to assess a broad range of skills and abilities, goal is to understand brain-behavior relations	51
7316399139	What is the Luria-Nebraska and Halstead- Reitan batteries?	neuropsychological testing designed to assess for brain damage, test diverse skills ranging from grip strength to sound recognition, attention, concentration	52
7316407068	What are the problems with neuropsychological tests?	false positives: mistake show problem; and false negatives: fails to detect problem; has to do with IQ of person	53
7316411743	What are two objectives of neuroimaging?	to understand brain structure, understand brain functioning	54
7316413513	What is a CT scan?	computerized axial tomography, utilizes X-rays	55
7316415895	What is an MRI?	utilizes strong magnetic fields, better resolution than CT scan; excite hydrogen atoms in the brain and watch as they fall back to normal spn,	56
7316419916	What is a PET?	positron emission tomography, injected with tracer substance attached to radioactive isotopes, or groups of atoms that react distinctively (blood,oxygen, glucose) expensive but can show metabolic problems with disorders	57
7316419917	What is a SPECT?	single photon emission computed tomography, almost used too freely, looks ab absorption in brain and try to determine if anything is damaged etc.,	58
7316426220	What is fMRI?	functional MRI, brief changes in brain are detected and correlated to activity in brain	59
7316433106	What is the advantages of neuroimaging and disadvantages?	DTI (diffusion tensor imaging, no good controls, doesn't know purpose and effect of plate sheering), still not well understood, expensive, lack adequate norms, limited clinical utility, but ADVANTAGES are yield detailed information, lead to better understanding of brain structure and function	60
7334744062	What is a diagnostic classification?	classification central to all sciences, assignment to categories based on shared attributes or relations	61
7334748485	What is idiographic strategy of diagnosis?	specifically about individual features; what is unique about an individual's personality, cultural background, or circumstances in their classificatoin	62
7334754730	What is nomothetic strategy?	often used when identifying specific psychological disorders, to make a diagnosis; it is common attributes within large groups of people	63
7334762733	What is the classification strategy from higher to lower of psych disorders?	taxonomy is classification in scientific context; then nosology which is taxonomy in psychological/medical phenomena; then nomenclature which are labels in nosological system	64
7334770014	What is a classical categorical approach for diagnosis?	strict categories of you either have it or you don't for diagnosis	65
7334773144	What is dimensional approach to diagnosis?	classification along dimensions, different people have varying amounts of anxiety in social situations	66
7334778100	What is a prototypical approach to classifying disorders?	identify common features of a disorder so it can be classified and then understood; combines classical and dimensional views	67
7334782104	What is a DSM?	diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders; updated every 10-20 years, current edition is DSM 5 released in May 2013, previous was DSM-IV-TR	68
7334789107	What is the ICD?	international classification of diseases ICD-10, published by world health organization, newer system and it is more medical classifications of diseases and disorders	69
7334796634	What were diagnosis based on before DSM?	prior to 1980, diagnoses were made based on biological or psychoanalytic theory	70
7334800253	What did DSM-III revolutionize?	classificatoin newly relied on specific lists of symptoms, improving reliability and validity	71
7334802405	What was the Axes of diagnosis?	1. mental disorder 2. personality and intellectual disorders- separate because they are unlikely to benefit from psychotropic medications and are more developmental in nature 3. contributory medical conditions 4. psychosocial factors- history of abuse, problems with relationships, called B codes 5. GAF- global assessment functioning, scale from 0-100 arbitrary to how much the psych disorder is impairing function	72
7334820387	What was the original DSM for?	it was in 1952 and it was made during WWII to help treat soldiers especially PTSD, it was a statistical manual that considered homosexuality, personality disorders due to parent child relationships	73
7334827265	What is DSM II?	1968, dichotomous things based on neurosis (neurotic like anxieties) and psychosis, had passive-aggressive personality disorder, inadequate personality disorder	74
7334835022	What was DSM III?	started 5 Axes classification, 1987, PMDD was considered a problem, concerned with masochists, sadists etc.	75
7334840428	What was DSM IV?	introduced 1994, things needed to be clinically significant to the point that it effects multiple levels of functioning, eliminated the previous distinction between psychological versus organic mental disorders, reflected appreciation that all disorders are influenced by psychological and biological factors	76
7334852594	What was DSM-IV-TR?	text revision of DSM-IV, incorporated new research and slightly altered criteria accordingly	77
7334855869	What is DSM-5?	removed axial diagnosis system, clear inclusion and exclusion criteria for disorders, disorders are categorized under broad headings, empirically-grounded, prototypical approach to classification; got rid of Asburgers and made it a little harder to classify for autism; some proven biological disorders were removed like RETTS	78
7334871015	How do you add new diagnoses?	new disorder labels are created when groups of individuals are identified whose symptoms are not adequately explained by existing labels; example was premenstrual dysphoric disorder	79
7334878264	What is PMDD?	example of new disorder in DSM-5, relatively rare and severe emotional disturbance present during the majority of premenstrual phases	80
7334885221	What is a new disorder that did not make it to DSM-5?	mixed anxiety-depression, insufficient research to justify the creation	81
7334888836	What are unresolved issues in DSM-5?	problem of comorbidity- two or more disorders for the same person; high comorbidity is a problem, emphasizes reliability maybe at the expense of validity; was supposed to move to a more dimensional approach but critics say it does not improve much from DSM-IV; labeling issues and stigmatization	82
7334894690	What does labeling a disorder sometimes do?	some labels have negative connotations and may make patients less likely to seek treatment	83
7334909264	What does clinical assessment and diagnosis rely on?	reliable, valid, and standardized information	84
7385561251	Equifinalify	We must consider a number of paths to a given outcome	85
7385716536	Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale	18 general areas of concern, behavior rating scale 0-6 on symptoms	86
7385755986	Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test	Give child a series of cards with drawing and ask them to copy them, compare number of mistakes with average of kids their age, neurophysiological test	87
7385883967	Psychophysiological assessment	measurable changes in the nervous system that reflect emotional or psychological events; may be taken from brain directly or from other parts of the body	88
7385900199	What are alpha waves?	brain wave activity determined by EEG that shows these waves are present in waking activities of a normal adult; associated with relaxation and calm,	89
7385910741	What are delta waves?	sleeping pattern of brain waves, 1-2 hours after falling asleep,	90
7385920582	galvanic skin response?	GSR, electrodermal responding, measure of sweat gland activity controlled by the peripheral nervous system	91
7390455810	Biofeedback	levels of physiological responding, such as blood pressure readings, are fed back to the patient by meters or gauges so that the patient can try and regulate these responses	92
7390485333	nomothetic strategy	attempt to name or classify the problem	93
7390517989	What is the classical (or pure) categorical approach?	Emil Kraepelin's work, biological tradition, assumes every diagnosis has a clear underlying pathophysiological; useful in medicine especially for treatment	94
7390544662	What is the dimensional approach?	note the variety of cognitions, moods, behaviors with which the patient presents and quantify them on a scale; can be unsatisfactory	95
7390557784	What is prototypical approach?	combines features of classical and dimensional approach, identifies certain essential characteristics of an entity that you (and others) can classify it, but also allows certain nonessential variations that do not necessarily change the classification; DSM-5 based on this approach	96
7390603814	familial aggregation	extent to which the disorder would be found among the patient's relatives	97
7390932674	Culture	refers to the values, knowledge, and practices that individuals derive from membership in different ethnic groups, religious groups, or other social groups may affect the individual's perspective on their experience with psychological disorders	98

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Chp. 3 Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis Flashcards

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8789366742	Clinical Assessment	Systematic evaluation and measurement (Psychological, Biological, social)	0
8789372045	Diagnosis	Degree of fit between symptoms and diagnostic criteria	1
8789396795	Understand, predict, treatment, evaluate outcome	Purpose of Clinical Assessment	2
8789424491	Funnel	What assessment of psychological disorders are analogous to	3
8789452828	Reliability	Degree to which a measure is consistent	4
8789452829	Validity	Extent to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure	5
8789458471	Concurrent, Predictive, Construct	Types of Validity	6
8789461156	Concurrent Validity	Comparison between results of one assessment with another measure known to be valid	7
8789463588	Predictive Validity	How well the assessment predicts outcomes	8
8789463589	Construct Validity	Degree to which test or item measures the unobservable construct it claims to measure	9
8789475096	Test-Retest Reliability	Can take one test and take a again and get relatively same response	10
8789482406	Inter-Rater Reliability	Two coders are getting relatively the same results	11
8789485272	Standardization	Ensures consistency and benchmarks for comparison	12
8789502809	Alternate Form Reliability	Giving slightly different forms to avoid practice but still getting at the same construct consistently	13
8789585777	Clinical Interview	(Most common assessment method) Aimed at gathering information and can be un/semi/structured	14
8789601204	Mental Status Exam	Assessment that involves systematic observation of behavior across 5 domains	15
8789636068	DSM SCID	Structured clinical interview mainly used in research to consistently go about potential DSM diagnosis	16
8789646730	Sensorium	General functioning awareness of surroundings oriented 3 times in person, place, and time (mental status exam)	17
8789751269	Behavioral Assessment	Assessment to focus on the here and now with purpose of identifying problematic behaviors, antecedents, and situations	18
8789800715	Self-Monitoring	Behavioral Assessment that is use when behaviors are in person's thoughts, inconsistent, or hard to replicate	19
8789811184	Reactivity	Problem that can occur with direct observation	20
8789816303	Psychological Testing	Assessment for tools of cognition, emotion, and behavior (personality, intelligence)	21
8789857644	Projective Tests	Psychological assessment in psychoanalytic tradition that requires high degree of inference in scoring and interpretation	22
8789896514	Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)	(Projective Test) See a picture and tell a story from it	23
8789896515	Rorschach Inkblot	(Projective Test) Looking at what they think image is and clinician getting personality tendencies	24
8789985089	Icebreaker and Qualitative Information	Strengths of projective tests	25
8789988573	Objective Tests	Assessment in Empirical Tradition that have minimal inference and less ambiguous	26
8789992405	Objective Personality Inventories	MMPI, has validity, reliability, and normative database	27
8790023172	L (MMPI)	Lie, attempting to present self-favorably	28
8790023173	F (MMPI)	Faking a bad response (wanting to look abnormal) or random responses	29
8790023174	K (MMPI)	Defensiveness or "faking good"	30
8790052955	Validity Scales	In MMPI to see if person is trying to throw you off	31
8790079222	Clinical Scores	In MMPI to test	32
8790082336	Hs (Hypochondriasis)	(MMPI) Excessive sensitivity to and concern with bodily sensations	33
8790082337	D (Depression)	(MMPI) Depressive symptoms, pessimism, dysphoria	34
8790084873	Hy (Hysteria)	(MMPI) Tendency to react to stress through somatization	35
8790084874	Pd (Psychopathic Deviate)	(MMPI) Little concern for social values and standards, rebellious, may engage in antisocial acts	36
8790121121	Mf (Masculinity-Feminity)	(MMPI) Tendency to exhibit nontraditional gender characteristics	37
8790124021	Pa (Paranoia)	(MMPI) Suspicious, misinterprets motives of others, guarded	38
8790124022	Pt (Psychathenia)	(MMPI) Anxiousness, worried, fearful, obsessive compulsive tendencies	39
8790124026	Sc (Schizophrenia)	(MMPI) Bizarre sensory experiences or beliefs, may be confused, disorganized, disoriented	40
8790126742	Ma (Hypomania)	(MMPI) Overactivity, unrealistic self-appraisal, being energetic and talkative	41
8790126743	Si (Social Introversion)	(MMPI) Shyness, tendency to be reserved, timid, socially introverted	42
8790144266	Objective Intelligence Tests	Objective way of intellectual functioning in school-system (Western) NOT how smart they are	43
8790153640	Norms of scores (with similar demographics)	How IQ is scored	44
8790187834	Verbal and Performance	Domains of Intelligence Tests	45
8790258383	Neuropsychological Testing	Assessments whose goal is to assess broad range of skills and abilities and to understand brain-behavior relations	46
8790305531	Neuroimaging	Allows for a window on brain structure and function	47
8790309775	Imaging Brain Structure	CAT Scan X-rays of slices of brain to identify abnormalities in shape	48
8790323253	MRI	Uses magnetic fields to detects changes in position of protons in the hydrogen atoms within the tissue BUT $$ and exposure (structure)	49
8816437223	PET	Injection of radioactive isotopes to identify brain activity (function)	50
8816443486	fMRI	Assesses brief changes in brain activity Helps identify changes in response to sensory information and changes in brain activity during a mental task	51
8816592094	Psychophysiological Assessment	Assess brain structure, function, and activity of the nervous system Includes the EEG	52
8816615182	PTSD, Sleep Disorders, Sexual Dysfunctions	Disorders that typically use psychophysiological assessments	53
8816631624	Diagnostic Classification	Central to all sciences because it can assign to categories base don shared attributes and relations	54
8816656372	Idiographic Strategy (Classification)	What is unique about an individual's personality, cultural background, or circumstances for classification	55
8816656373	Nomothetic Strategy	Consideration of similarities among large groups of people with the same disorder to determine what they have in common for classifications. (trying to name the problem) Often used when identifying a specific psychological disorder to make a diagnosis	56
8816674164	Taxonomy	Classification in a scientific context	57
8816674165	Nosology	Taxonomy of psychological/ medical phenomena	58
8816674166	Nomenclatures	Nosological labels (jargon -> bipolar disorder)	59
8816689175	Classical (or pure) categorical approach	strict categories (e.g., you either have social anxiety disorder or you don't). Based on assumption of clear differences between disorders, each of which has a unique cause	60
8816689176	Dimensional approach	classification along dimensions (e.g., different people have varying amounts of anxiety in social situations)	61
8816691729	Prototypical approach	Criteria for disorders involve essential, defining characteristics combined with a range of variation on other characteristics.	62
8816746482	ICD-10	WHO published for international classification of diseases	63
8816832989	DSM-IV	Eliminated distinction between psychological and organic mental disorders	64
8816837975	DSM-III	Revolutionized classification and include 5 axes for types of problems and was more specific	65
8816933755	Criteria NOT Cause (limits scientific progress), Comorbidity, Stigmatization of Label	Major issue of DSM-V	66
8816956997	Stigmatization of Label	Problem with DSM-V where c classification leads us to "know" all of their symptoms	67
8878609449	appearance/behavior, thought processes, mood and affect, intellectual functioning, sensorium	5 domains of Mental Status Exam	68
8878657591	Thought Process	(Mental Status Exam) Does conversation make sense, bouncing from thought to thought	69
8878663218	Appearance and Behavior	(Mental Status Exam) Do they take care of hygiene	70
8878666343	Mood and Affect	(Mental Status Exam) Flat affect, elated	71
8878669906	Affect	How emotional state is reflected throughout conversation	72
8878672538	Mood	Predominant feeling state of the individual	73
8878698671	Loose Association (derailment)	(Thought Process) Disorganized speech pattern (scz)	74
8878734348	Delusions of persecution	(Thought processes) Person thinks people are after them	75
8878746387	Delusions of grandeur	(Thought processes) Person thinks thy are all-powerful in some way	76
8878748877	Ideas of reference	(Thought processes) Person thinks that everything everyone else does somehow related back to the individual (strangers are talking about you)	77
8878764356	Semi-Strcutured Clinical Interviews	Assessment made of questions that ave been carefully phrased and tested to elicit useful information in a consistent manner so that way clinicians can get most important aspects of disorder	78
8878872281	Informal Observation	Form of observation (behavioral) that relies on observer's recollections and interpretations	79
8878872282	Operational Definition	Observable and measurable behavior	80
8878887775	Formal Observation	Form of observation (behavioral) that identifies specific behaviors that are observable and measurable	81
8878971060	Personality Inventories	(Psychological testing) self-report questionnaires that assess perusal traits	82
8878976227	Face Validity	Seems to be asking questions to get at desired information	83
8879015701	Intelligence Quotient (IQ)	Take mental age / chronological age X 100	84
8879020523	False Positive	(Neuropsychological testing) Seeing an impairment when there is nothing	85
8879020524	False Negative	(Neuropsychological testing) Not seeing an impairment when there is one	86
8879077181	CAT Scan	Computerized axial tomography that used multiple x-rays to represent slices of brain structure	87
8915738718	Cognition, Emotion, Behavior	Specific tools of assessment for psychological testing	88
8915741824	Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence	ABCs of behavioral assessment	89
8915776103	Familial Aggregation	Extent to which the disorder would be found among the patient's relatives	90
8915779040	Predictive Validity	Tell what is likely to happen to prototypical patient	91
8915780079	Criterion Validity	When the outcome is what we use to judge the usefulness of the diagnostic criteria	92
8915781411	Content Validity	If you create a diagnosis for a disorder it would reflect the way most experts in the field think of that disorder (get the label right)	93
8915868589	Subthreshold	Not quite meeting DSM criteria, no impairment or not all symptoms present	94
8915872269	Primary care settings	where person first goes with their problem	95
8915877446	Reliability, Validity, Standardization	What the value of an assessment depends on	96

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Chapter 3: Casual Factors and Viewpoints Flashcards

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4742840268	Risk Factors	The preferred terminology compared to causes. They are variables correlated with an abnormal outcome	0
4742843803	Necessary Cause	A condition that must exist for a disorder to occur. If Y occurs, then X much have preceded it	1
4742847197	Sufficient Cause	A condition that guarantees the occurrence of a disorder. If X occurs, then Y will also occur. A sufficient cause may not be a necessary cause	2
4742848927	Contributory Cause	Increase the probability of a disorder developing but is neither necessary nor sufficient for the disorder to occur. If X occurs, then the probability of Y also occurring is increased.	3
4742851762	Distal Casual Factors	Occur relatively early in life and may not show their effects for many years, but they may contribute to a predisposition to developing a disorder. These usually set up vulnerability for later in life.	4
4742854087	Proximal Casual Factors	Operate shortly before the occurrence of the symptoms of a disorder. It may be a situation that is too much for a person to handle and triggers the onset of a disorder or it might involve biological changes (brain damage)	5
4742857250	Reinforcing Contributory Cause	Condition that tends to maintain maladaptive behaviour that is already occurring	6
4742859217	Casual Pattern	More than one casual factor is involved. Feedback and other influences need to be taken into account here.	7
4742863274	Diathesis	A predisposition for developing a disorder. It can derive from biological, psychological, or sociocultural casual factors. Can result from distal necessary or contributory causes along with multiple proximal events/stressors which may be contributory or necessary.	8
4742864628	Diathesis-Stress Model	Belief that mental disorders are to develop when certain stressors act on a person who has a diathesis or vulnerability for a particular disorder.	9
4742868034	Additive Model	How a diathesis and stress can combine to cause a disorder. The level of diathesis (high or low) requires different amounts of stress for a disorder to develop	10
4742870170	Interactive Model	Some amount of diathesis must be present in order for a disorder to develop. If a person does not have a diathesis for a specific disorder, then they cannot develop it regardless of how much stress they encounter.	11
4742873205	Protective Factors	Influences that modify a person's response to environmental stressors, making it less likely that the person will experience the adverse consequences of the stressors. Operate only to help resist against the effects of a risk factor (no benefit to people who do not have risk factors).	12
4742875545	Resilience	Ability to adapt to difficult circumstances. Protective factors contribute to a persons resilience.	13
4742878749	Multi-Casual Developmental Models	During a child's development they may acquire a variety of cumulative risk factors that may interact in determining their risk of abnormal behaviour. These risk factors interact with protective processes and stressors and determine if the child will develop a disorder	14
4742882138	Developmental Psychopathology	Focuses on determining what is abnormal at a given point in development by comparing/contrasting it with the normal/expected changes that occur in the course of development.	15
4742884158	Biopsychosocial Viewpoint	Acknowledges that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors all interact and play a role in psychopathology and treatment.	16
4742887207	Biological Viewpoint of Maladaptive Behaviour	Neurotransmitter and hormonal abnormalities (CNS), genetic vulnerabilities, temperament, and brain dysfunctions and neural plasticity. These are not independent of each other but interactive.	17
4742889952	Neurotransmitter Imbalances	Are created by psychological stress, excessive production and release of the NT, dysfunctions in the normal process by which NT's are deactivated, or problems with the receptors in the post synaptic neuron (abnormally sensitive or insensitive). Medications are usually used as treatment.	18
4742894828	Agonist	Medications that facilitate the effects of a NT on the postsynaptic neuron	19
4742895484	Antagonist	Medications that oppose or inhibit the effects of a NT on a postsynaptic neuron	20
4742896410	Hormonal Imbalances	Malfunction in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis - stress hormones) is related to depression and PTSD. Imbalances in sex hormones can also result in maladaptive behaviour	21
4742898018	Hormones	Chemical messangers that are secreted from the endocrine glands that influence fight-or-flight reactions, sexual responses, physical growth, etc. Gonadal hormones may contribute to behavioural differences between the sexes.	22
4742910084	Genetic Vulnerabilities	Behaviour or mental disorders are never determined exclusively by genes, there is evidence that some mental disorders have genetic influences to these disorder but are not the sole causation of them	23
4742914218	Results of Gene Abnormalities	Abnormalities in the structure of the number of chromosomes can be associated with major deficits or disorders. These gene abnormalities can influence personality traits and the presentation of mental disorders.	24
4742916399	Polygenic	Caused by the action of many genes together in an additive or interactive manner to increase vulnerability to certain disorders.	25
4742923741	Genes and Behaviour	Genes can affect behaviour only indirectly, while the environment also influences how behaviour develops. Some genes can be activated/deactivated in response to environmental influences such as stressors.	26
4742932592	Genotype-Enviroment Correlation	When the genotype shapes the environmental experiences of an individual, and can make them more sensitive or susceptible to the environment. Can be done in a passive effect, evocative effect, or active effect.	27
4742935454	Passive Effect	A child's genotype is resulting from the genetic similarity of parents and offspring	28
4742938515	Evocative Effect	A child's genotype evoke's particular kinds of reactions from the social and physical environment	29
4742939964	Active Effect	A child's genotype may play a more active role in shaping the environment	30
4742945564	Methods of Behaviour Genetics	Family history method, twin method, adoption method, linkage studies and association studies.	31
4742947576	Family History Method	Behavioural genetic strategy that examines the incidence of disorder in relatives of an index case to determines whether incidence increases in proportion to the degree of the hereditary relationship	32
4742951162	Twin Method	Behavioural genetic strategy that uses identical and nonidentical twins to study genetic influences on abnormal behaviour.	33
4742954856	Concordance Rate	The percentage of twins sharing a disorder or trait. If someone was completely heritable it would have a rate of 100. No mental disorders are completely heritable.	34
4742958409	Adoption Method	Behavioural genetic strategy that emphasizes on the fact that adoption creates a situation in which individuals who do not share a common family environment are nonetheless genetically related.	35
4742962159	Shared Environmental Influences	Those that make children in a family similar, whether the influences occurs within the family or in the environment	36
4742963883	Nonshared Environmental Influences	Those in which children in a family differ from each other (parent treating siblings dramatically different). These appear to be more important than shared environmental influences since these experiences are specific to a child and do more to influence their behaviour.	37
4742969933	Association Studies	Compare the frequencies of genetic markers that are found within one group and those that are not found within one group that are known to be located on a particular chromosome.	38
4742974104	Temperament	A child's reactivity and characteristic ways of self-regulation. Shows differences in emotional and arousal responses to various stimuli. These behaviours are strongly influences by genetic factors. They have profound effects on developmental processes and may set the stage for various forms of psychopathology	39
4742976209	5 Dimensions of Temperament	Starts at about 5 months. Fearlessness, irritability and frustration, positive affect, activity level (	40
4742979060	3 Dimensions of Adult Personality	Neuroticism or negative emotionality, extraversion or positive emotionality, and constraint (conscientiousness and agreeability)	41
4742981490	Neuroticism	Personality pattern including the tendency to experience anxiety, anger, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, and vulnerability.	42
4742986156	Neural Plasticity	Flexibility of the brain in making changes in organization and function in response to pre- and postnatal experience (stress, diet, disease, drugs, etc.)	43
4742987851	Developmental Systems Approach	Acknowledges not only that genetic activity influences neural activity, which also influences behaviour and the environment, but that these influences are bidirectional.	44
4742994462	Psychosocial Perspectives	Attempt to understand humans not just from a biological perspective, but also as people with motives, desires, and perceptions. 3 major perspectives are psychodynamic, behavioural, and cognitive-behavioural. Along with humanistic and existential perspectives.	45
4742997670	Psychodynamic Perspective	According to Freud, in the unconscious are hurtful memories, forbidden desires, and other repressed experiences that are pushed out of consciousness. Until they are brought to awareness by the individual they can lead to irrational and maladaptive behaviour.	46
4743001139	The Id	Source of instinctual drives and is the first structure to appear in infancy. Contains life instincts and death instincts. Operates on the pleasure principle and engages in selfish and pleasure-orientated behaviour without moral considerations.	47
4743001999	Life Instincts	Part of the id. Are constructive drives of a sexual nature and which constitute the libido, basic emotional and psychic energy of life	48
4743003455	Death Instincts	Part of the id. Are destructive drives that tend towards aggression, destruction, and eventually death.	49
4743008768	The Ego	Mediated between the demands if the id and the realities of the external world. Meets the demands of the id, but in a way that ensures well-being of the individual. Ego's adaptive measures are called the secondary process thinking and it operates on the reality principle	50
4743012053	Reality Principle	Awareness of the demands of the environment and adjustment of behaviour to meet these demands	51
4743014971	Ego-Defence Mechanisms	Psychic mechanisms that discharge or sooth anxiety rather than coping directly with an anxiety-provoking situation. Usually unconscious and reality distorting.	52
4743017307	The Superego	Conscious; the ethical and moral dimensions (attitudes) of personality	53
4743018634	5 Stages of Psychosexual Development	1. Oral stage 2. Anal stage 3. Phallic stage 4. Latency Period 5. Genital stage	54
4743019413	Psychosexual Development	Freud believed that appropriate gratification during each stage is important if a person is to avoid being stuck or fixated at that level.	55
4743020682	Oedipus Complex	Arises when conflicts occur during the phallic stage, when the pleasures of self-stimulation and accompanying fantasies occur. Freud believes that each boy longs for his mother sexually and view his father as a rival	56
4743022072	Electra Complex	Female counterpart of the oedipus complex.	57
4743024702	Resolution fo Oedipus and Electra Complexes	Resolution of these conflicts are considered essential if a young adult is to develop satisfactory heterosexual relationships.	58
4743026210	Ego Psychology	Founded by Anna Freud. A psychodynamic theory emphasizing the importance of the ego - the "executive branch of the personality" - in organizing normal personality development	59
4743031309	Object-Relations Theory	A psychodynamic theory where the focus is on an infants/young child's interactions with "objects" (real or imaginary people), and how they make symbolic representations of important people in their lives.	60
4743034655	Interpersonal Perspective	A psychodynamic theory that focuses on social determinants of behaviour and emphasizes social and cultural forces rather than inner instincts as determinants of behaviour.	61
4743035992	Attachment Theory	A psychodynamic theory that focuses on the importance of early experiences, especially with attachment relationships, as laying the foundation for later functioning throughout childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.	62
4743038714	Behavioural Perspective	Learning is the central theme of this approach and how learning occurs.	63
4743040717	Stimulus-Stimulus Expectancy	Actively acquire information about what conditioned stimuli allow them to predict, expect, or prepare for an upcoming biologically significant event (unconditioned stimulus)	64
4743042391	Extinction	If a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly present without the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response gradually extinguishes. Thus, classically conditioned responses need to be well maintained over time	65
4743044721	Classical Conditioning and Abnormal Psychology	Many physiological and emotional responses can be conditioned through classical conditioning such as fear, anxiety, sexual arousal, and those stimulated by drugs of abuse.	66
4743046892	Instrumental Conditioning	AKA Operant Conditioning. An individual learns how to achieve a desired goal. The concept of reinforcement is essential here. They learn a response-outcome expectancy. Becomes and important mechanism for discriminating between what we see as rewarding and unrewarding	67
4743049399	Conditioned Avoidance Response	A conditioned response where in situations where a subject has been conditioned to anticipate an aversive event and then makes an instrumental response to avoid it in order to reduce their anxiety about it (thus reinforcing avoidance). These play a pattern in many types of abnormal behaviour	68
4743053384	Generalization	Response conditioned to one stimulus or set of stimuli, it can be evoked by other similar stimuli as well	69
4743054151	Discrimination	When a person learns to distinguish between similar stimuli and to respond differently to them based on which ones are followed by reinforcement (person has had experience with both)	70
4743055803	Observational Learning	Learning through observation along and without directly experiencing an unconditioned stimulus (for classical conditioning) or reinforcement (for instrumental conditioning)	71
4743058220	Behavioural Perspective and Maladaptive Behaviour	Maladaptive behaviour will result if there is a failure to learn necessary adaptive behaviours or competencies and of the learning is ineffective or maladaptive responses.	72
4743060866	Cognitive Psychology	Involves the study of basic information-processing mechanisms such as attention and memory, as well as higher mental processes such as thinking, planning, and decision making	73
4743062490	Albert Bandura	Developed an early cognitive-behavioural perspective. Emphasized the cognitive aspects of learning and stresses that people regulate behavioural by thoughts that we learn to internally reinforce.	74
4743065337	Cognitive-Behavioural Perspective	Focuses on how thoughts and information processing can be distorted and lead to maladaptive emotions and behaviour.	75
4743067442	Schema	Underlying representation of knowledge that guides the current processing of information and often leads to distortions in attention, memory, and comprehension. People develop different schemas based on their temperament, abilities, and experiences. This is central to the CB perspective	76
4743069637	Self-Schema	Includes our views on who we are, what we might become, and what is important to use and what roles we may play in our social environment.	77
4743071262	Cognitive Distortions	When our schemas or self-schemas are distorted or inaccurate they put us at a psychological vulnerability that we may not be consciously aware of	78
4743073821	Assimilation	Work new experiences into our existing cognitive framework, even if the new information has to be reinterpreted or distorted to make it fit. Likely to cling to existing assumptions and reject new information that may contradict them.	79
4743075867	Accommodation	Changing our existing framework to make it possible to incorporate new information that doesn't fit. Usually more difficult and considered threatening. This is the basic goal of psychological therapies	80
4743077773	Nonconscious Mental Activity	Descriptive term for mental processes that are occurring without us being aware of them. Not like Freud's concept of unconscious. Ex: anxious people have their attention drawn to threatening information even if it is presented subliminally.	81
4743079714	Implicit Memory	When a person's behaviour reveals that they remember a previously learned word/activity even if they cannot consciously remember it. Ex: don't remember your old phone number, but you can dial it.	82
4743082518	Attribution	Process of assigning causes to things that happen. May attribute behaviour to external events or assume that the causes are internal and derive from traits within ourselves.	83
4743086509	Psychological Causal Factors	These have important detrimental effects on a child's socioemotional development. Early deprivation or trauma, inadequate parenting style, marital discord and divorce, maladaptive peer relationships.	84
4743258536	Viewpoints on Parental Deprivation (Freud, Erikson, Skinner and Beck)	Freud: fixation at the oral stage of psychosexual development Erikson: interference with the development of basic trust Skinner: retard the attainment of needed skills due to lack of available resources Beck: result in the child's acquiring dysfunctional schemas/self-schemas where relationships are represented as unstable, untrusting, and without affection.	85
4743263649	Institutionalized Children	Children that are raised in an institution are likely to have less warmth and physical contact, less intellectual, emotional, and social stimulation, and a lack of encouragement and help in positive learning.	86
4743264685	Risks of Institutionalized Children	They show severe emotional, behavioural, and learning problems and are at risk for disturbed attachment and relationship issues and psychopathology. The earlier they are adopted the better they did in normal functioning	87
4743268005	Parental Abuse on Child Development	Parental abuse (physical and/or sexual) of children has been associated with many negative effects on their emotional, intellectual/linguistic, and physical development and in normal functioning. They tend to be more aggressive (verbally and physically)	88
4743270664	Positive Factors on Child Development	Children who are unlikely to show these negative outcomes tend to have one or more protective factors such as a good relationship with an adult during childhood, a higher IQ, positive school experiences, or physical attractiveness.	89
4743273429	Acute Effects of Separation	Short-term effects of separation included significant despair during the separation as well as detachment from the parents upon reunion. This is considered to be a normal responses even in children with a secure attachment.	90
4743274644	Long-Term Effects of Separation	These depend on whether support and/or reassurance are given to a child by parents. If there is a secure relationship with at least one parent they will be better off compared to a child who undergoes a number of separations without a secure relationship (will develop insecure attachment)	91
4743276527	Parental Discipline	Discipline positively provides structure and guidance to a child and gives them schema's similar to outcomes/situations in the real world, which are determined by a person's behaviour. Need to be clear about what is appropriate and expected behaviour.	92
4743278019	Parenting Styles	There are 4 different parenting styles that vary in the degrees of parental warmth (support/encouragement vs. rejection/hostility) and parental control (behavioural and psychological). These styles are related to different developmental outcomes	93
4743279137	Authoritative Parenting	Parents are warm and carefully set standards and limits on certain behaviours while allowing freedom within the limits. Associated with positive social development, secure attachment relationships, high levels of well-being, and are less likely to exhibit emotional disorders and behavioural problems.	94
4743281831	Authoritarian Parenting	High on control and low on warmth. Children are conflicted, irritable, moody, and aggressive. Associated with low social and academic competency and boys are at an increased risk to engage in substance abuse and delinquent activities.	95
4743283942	Permissive/Indulgent Parenting	High on warmth and low on control. Associated with impulsive and aggressive behaviour. Tend to do less well academically and show more antisocial behaviours and have problems adjusting to "reality"	96
4743285036	Neglectful/Uninvolved Parenting	Low on both warmth and control and are disengaged and unsupportive. Associated with disruptions in attachment relationships, low self-esteem, and conduct problems. Also see deficits in peer relationships and academic performance.	97
4743286327	Marital Discord and Child Development	These children show a greater disposition to behave aggressively towards peers and parents and they show increased conflict in their own romantic relationships.	98
4743287168	Effects of Divorce on Adults	Can be a major source of psychopathology. Women tend to react more positively to divorce compared to men. Favourable adjustments occur with higher income, dating someone steadily, remarriage, good attitude, and being the partner that initiated the divorce.	99
4743291249	Effects of Divorce on Children	These children experience decreased educational attainment, income, and life satisfaction. They are more likely to have delinquency and psychological problems.	100
4743294004	Peer Exclusion in Children	Can be due to temperamental factors in the child or a dysfunctional family situation. Can lead to decreased classroom participation and school performance, peer abuse and school avoidance.	101
4743295435	Positive Peer Relations in Children	If a child has good peer relations they will have good social knowledge and skills that make them more socially competent. These can be strong protective factors against parental rejection, frustration, demoralization, despair, and mental disorders.	102
4743297646	Prosocial Popular Children	Prosocial popular children communicate with their peers in friendly and assertive yet cooperative ways, they tend to be good students.	103
4743298077	Antisocial Popular Children	Antisocial popular children (mostly boys) tend to be tough and may be athletically skilled, but do poorly academically. They tend to be aggressive and defiant of authority.	104
4743298892	Aggressive Rejected Children	These rejected children are aggressive and take an excessively demanding or aggressive approach when interacting with their peers. They take offence very easily and attribute hostile intent to the teasing of their peers.	105
4743300258	Withdrawn Rejected Children	These rejected children are highly unassertive and very submissive towards their peers due to social anxiety and fear of being scorned/attacked. The leads to peer rejection which keeps the child from learning the proper rules of social behaviour.	106
4743302063	Sociocultural View	Showed that individual personality development refelects the larger society as well as the immediate family and other groups.	107
4743303000	Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)	Best validated and most widely used test that has been adapted for use in many cultures. There are universial symptoms and patterns of these symptoms that appear, and sociocultural factors often influence which disorders will develop.	108
4743307662	Low Socioeconomic Status/Unemployment and Mental Disorders	The lower you socioeconomic class, the higher the incident of mental and physical disorders, this can be possibly related to the increase stressed that these individuals face. Unemployment has been found to be associated with emotional distress and enhanced vulnerability to psychopathology	109
4743309563	Prejudice and Discrimination and Mental Disorders	Women tend to suffer from more emotional disorders compared to men. These people can experience either access discrimination (not hired because she is a woman) or treatment discrimination (has a job that pays less)	110
4743312353	Social Change/Uncertainty and Mental Disorders	Our attempts to cope with existing problems seems to create more issues that result in despair, demoralization, and sense of helplessness. These are all predisposing conditions for abnormal reactions to stressful events.	111
4743314638	Urban Stressors and Mental Disorders	High prevalence of mental disorders in areas of rapid urban growth. Domestic violence of women and children are common in these areas and we also see increase medical care, lost productivity, and increased rates of anxiety, PTSD, depression, and suicide.	112

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Psychopathology - Abnormal Psych Chapter 2: Historical & Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior Flashcards

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7308286717	explain how abnormal behavior has been viewed throughout history	-understanding of abnormal behavior hasn't evolved smoothly or uniformly over the centuries. -dominant social, economic, & religious views of the times have had profound influence over how people have viewed abnormal behavior	0
7308300329	Edwin Smith papyrus	contains detailed descriptions of tx. of wounds & other surgical operations - brain is described - possibly for 1st time in history - and writing shows brain was recognized as site of mental functions. covers internal medicine & circulatory system but relies more on incantations & magic for explaining & curing diseases w/ unknown causes	1
7308313848	evidence from legal& religious literature shows that some people with _ _ _ _ _____ posed serious challenges to earlier societies going back to he beginning	personality problems/disorders, especially antisocial PDs	2
7308325295	ancient mesopotamia - antisocial personality disorders were documented by _ _ _ _ _ _.	cuneiform tablets; include descriptions of antisocial behvs. - irritability & aggressiveness, lack of remorse, hurting, mistreating or stealing from others, failing to conform to scoial norms w/ respect to lawful behvs, impulsivity/failure to plan ahead. - MH practitioners today encounter & recognize these issues as PDs -behv. probs. dealt with religious rites/incantations made by people who sought exorcism from antisocial traits & behvs. by repeating explicit phrases	3
7309324522	references to abnormal behv. in early writings show that the ______, ________, _________, & ______________ often attributed such behavior to a demon or god who had taken possession of a person	Chinese, Egyptians, Hebrews, and Greeks	4
7309341285	if person's speech or behavior appeared to have a __________ or ________ significance, it was usually thought that he/she was possessed by a good spirit or god. (& were believed to have supernatural powers)	religious or mystical	5
7309349238	most possessions were considered to be the work of an angry god or an evil spirit, particularly when a person __________________. Among the ancient Hebrews, such possessions were thought to represent wrath & punishment of God.	became excited, overactive & engaged in behavior contrary to religious teachings.	6
7309349239	exorcism	the primary type of treatment for demonic possession, which included various techniques for casting an evil spirit out; including magic, prayer,	7
7309372352	Golden Age of Greece	saw considerable progress in understanding & treatment of mental disorders, in spite of the fact that Greeks of the time considered the human body sacred so little could be learned of human anatomy or physiology	8
7309376213	Hippocrates	known as the "father of modern medicine" -insisted that mental disorders (like other diseases) were due to brain pathology rather than demonology -classified all mental disorders into 3 general categories: mania, melancholia & phrenitis (brain fever) & gave detailed clinical descriptions of specific disorders of each category -relied heavily on clinical observation; descriptions based on daily clinical records of patients	9
7309399288	four humors	*best known of earlier paradigms for explaining personality or temperament 4 elements of material world = earth, air, fire & water -- which had attributes of heat, cold, moistness, & dryness; combined to form 4 essential fluids of body -- blood (sanguis), phlegm, bile (choler), & black bile (melancholic) fluids combined in diff proportions w/ in diff individuals temperament determined by dominant humors --> led to one of earliest & longest lasting typologies of human behavior: the sanguine, the phlegmatic, the choleric, and the melancholic. each type had set of personality attributes	10
7309433376	hippocrates considered _________ to be important in understanding person's personality	dreams	11
7309443244	hysteria	believed by hippocrates to be restricted to women& caused by uterus wandering to various parts of body, pining for children. recommended marriage for remedy.	12
7309454380	Mania	(Hippocrates) Over flooding of thoughts, euphoria, energy	13
7309458076	Melancholia	(Hippocrates) Depression	14
7309458077	Brain Fever	(Hippocrates) Tumors, swelling, bleeds	15
7309464391	Plato	Believed in the social influence of mental disorders and that they should not be treated inhumanely or held responsible viewed physiological phenomena as responses of whole organism, reflecting internal state & natural appetites wrote The Republic - emphasized importance of ind. diffs. in intellectual & other abilities& took sociocultural influences into account thought mental disorders were partialy divinely caused	16
7309465335	Aristotle	Believed mental disorders were a result of imbalances in the bile. Rejected the idea of psychological factors causing mental disorders described consciousness as - thinking as directed would eliminate pain& increase pleasure	17
7309471615	Galen	one of most influential Greek physicians. Made contributions to the anatomy of the nervous system and divided the causes of mental disorders into physical and mental categories one of earliest known treatises on use of drugs to treat mental disorders	18
7309471617	Prince of Avicenna	Wrote 'The Canon of Medicine' and promoted humane treatment for the mentally disturbed	19
7309486426	Celsus	described earliest use of delirium, which described symptoms of mental disorders that result from phys. injury/trauma	20
7310010614	early physicians implemented a wide range of therapeutic measures such as _____________________.	dieting, massage, hydrotherapy, gymnastics & education, bleeding, purging & mechanical restraints	21
7310031452	Asclepiades	Greek physician whom developed theory iof diseases based on flow of atoms thru poers in body & came up with treatments such as massage, special diets, bathing, exercising, listening to music & rest & quiet -- to restore the body	22
7310041341	contrariis contrarius	"opposite by opposite" - Roman principle used by physicians to make patients comfortable & implement pleasant physical therapies- ex: had patients drink chilled wine while in warm tub --	23
7310062607	early Chinese medicine	based on belief in natural rather than supernatural causes for illnesses; ex] yin & yang- human body, like cosmos, divided into pos & neg forces that complement & contradict each other. unbalanced forces --> illness; txs. focused on restoring balance	24
7310068893	Chung Ching	Hippocrates of China; believed stressful psychological conditions could cause organ pathologies- txs. involved drugs & regaining of emotional balance views of mental disorders regressed to belief in supernatural causes as causal agents	25
7310080166	In the Middle Ages, more scientific aspects of Greek medicine survived in _________	Islamic countries of the Middle East.	26
7310084747	1st mental hospital was established in _______; soon followed by others in ________ and ________	Baghdad; Damascus; Aleppo	27
7310100269	Avicenna from Persia	prince of physicians who wrote The Canon of Medicine (perhaps most widely studied medical work ever written) and promoted humane treatment for mentally disturbed - freq. referred to hysteria, epilepsy, manic reactions & melancholia	28
7310116535	Middle Ages in Europe	-scientific inquiry into abnormal behv = limited; tx. of psychologically disturbed individuals - characterized by ritual/superstition than by trying to understand someone's condition -largely devoid of scientific thinking and humane tx. of mentally ill patients -mental disorders prevalent esp. when medieval institutions, social structures & beliefs began to change drastically -influence of theology grew rapidly; sin not always cited as causal factor in mental illness	29
7310140307	mass madness	historically, widespread occurrence of group behavior disorders that were apparently caused by hysteria -dancing manias - epidemics of raving, jumping, dancing & convulsions - reported as early as 10th century	30
7310145716	tarantism	dancing mania (uncontrollable impulse to dance) occurred in Italy in the thirteenth century that was attributed to spider bite	31
7310149525	Saint Vitus's Dance	name given to the dancing mania (and mass hysteria) that spread from Italy to Germany and the rest of Europe in the Middle Ages	32
7310150664	lycanthropy	condition in which ppl believed themselves to be possessed by wolves & imitated their behv. patient w/ case of lycanthropy had his extremeties amputated to cure him of delusions	33
7310162064	Black Death	plague in Europe in 14th & 15th centuries, at which time mass madness reached it's peak due to social oppression, famine & epidemic diseases	34
7310182261	in middle ages in europe, management of ppl who were mentally disturbed largely left to the _________.	clergy	35
7310203547	Monasteries	-served as refuges& places of confinement -ppl treated w/ kindness in early medieval period -treatment = prayer, holy water, sanctified ointments, breath or spittle of priests, touching of relics, visits to holy places & mild forms of exercism (gentle "laying on of hands")	36
7310215677	two types of demonically possessed people, according to Robert Burton	1) physically possessed --> considered mad 2) spiritually possessed --> considered witches	37
7310226909	humanism	early Renaissance mvmt emphaiszing importance of spcifically human interests & concerns	38
7310230520	Paracelsus	Swiss physician who was an early critic of superstitious beliefs about possession; insisted that dancing mania was form of disease to be treated. -postulated conflict btwn instinctual & spiritual natures of human beings -forumalted idea of psychic causes for mental illness -advocated treatment by "bodily magnetism," later called hypnosis -believed in astral influences (lunatic is derived from Latin word luna/moon); convinced moon exerted supernatural influence over brain	39
7310246104	Johann Weyer	1 of First physicians to specialize in mental disorders and was ostracized by the Church for his progressive views -disturbed by imprisonment, torture & burning of ppl accused of witchraft; argued that victims were mentally/physically ill and were innocent people at heart. **founder of modern psychopathology	40
7310264611	asylums	historically, these were institutions mean solely for the care of the mentally ill-- used as means of removing troublesome ppl from society who couldn't takee care of themselves "madhouses;" storage plces for insane ppl -patients often confined in small spaces + put on exhibit to public	41
7310318780	The Public Hospital in Williamsburg, Virginia (1768)	1st hospital in US devoted exclusively to patients w/ mental illness -initial philosophy involved belief that patients needed to choose rationality over insanity; treatments were aggressive & aimed at resoring physical balance in body & brain & designed to intimidate paitnts -- powerful drugs, water treatments, bleeding, blistering, electric shocks, physical restraints ex] violent patient plunged into ice water or listless patient into hot water, etc.	42
7310347284	Spain	assumed to be place of 1st asylum	43
7310348403	insanity	legal term for mental disorder, implying a lack of responsibility for one's acts and inability to manage one's affairs	44
7310358036	Robert Burton	wrote a treatise on depression "The Anatomy of Melancholia"	45
7310447689	William Tuke	English Quaker who established the York Retreat and believed mental illness should be treated with kindness and acceptance; retreat represented culmination of a noble battle against brutality, ignorance, and indifference of Tuke's time.	46
7310454652	Philippe Pinel	ran an experiment where he removed the chains of mental hospital patients with the expectation (and success) that it would help them get better; pioneered humane treatment in La Bicitre and La Salpetriere hospitals -patients were permitted to exercised -sunny rooms provided	47
7311084509	Country Asylums Act	passed in England, required every country to provide asylum to "paupers and lunatics" -providing more humane tx of ppl w/ mental illness expanded to colonies after widely publicized incident of maltreatment of patients which occurred in Kingston, Jamaica prompted audit of colonial facilities and practices	48
7311116625	Benjamin Rush	founder of American psychiatry & 1 of the signers of the Declaration of Independence; encouraged more humane tx. of mentally ill patients; wrote 1st systematic treatise on psychiatry in America, Medical Inquiries & Observations upon Diseases of the Mind -1st American to organize course in psychology -medical theory involved astrology & principal remedies were bloodletting and purgatives -"tranquilizing chair" - torture device thought to lessen force of blood on head while muscles were relaxed	49
7311192591	moral management	wide-ranging method of tx. focusing on patient's social, individual & occupational needs -- relatively widespread	50
7311206572	demise of moral management was caused by:	ethnic prejudice against rising immigrant population in hospitals --> tension btwn staff & patients; failure of mvmt's leaders to train their own replacements; overextension of hospital facilities, which reflected msiguided belief that bigger hospitals would differ from smaller ones in size -rise of mental hygeiene movement -advances in biomedical science	51
7311211408	mental hygiene movement	advocated method of tx. focusing almost exclusively on physical well-being of hospitalized patients w/ metnal illness patients' comfort levels improved but they received no help for mental probs & were subtly condemed to helplessness & dependency.	52
7311218979	advances in biomedical science fostered the _ _ _ _ _ .	notion that all mental disorders would eventually yield to biological explanations & biolgically based treatments [thus rendering psychologicla & social environmental factors irrelevant]	53
7311228863	Dorthea Dix	founder of the mental hygiene movement; taught in woman's prison carried campaign that aroused ppl & legislatures to do something about inhuman tx accorded to ppl w/ mental illness millions of $$$ raised to build suitable hospitals. instrumental in improving conditions in Amer. hosps. and directed opening of 2 institutions in Canada & completely reformed asylum system in several contries established 32 mental hospitals organized nursing forces of Union Army during Civil War	54
7311230150	Clifford Beers	wrote 'A Mind That Found Itself' based on his own experiences in mental institutions and changed people's attitudes on how to treat mental patients	55
7311232732	Benjamin Franklin	work w/ electricity among earliest efforts to explore electric shock to treat mental illness, an insight gained accidentally. proposed using electricity to treat melancholia (depression) grew out of severe shock he experienced which altered his memories	56
7311239399	Rudolf Gottfried Arndt	treated large # of psychotic patients w/ electrotherapy	57
7311242785	Cerletti & Bini	brought professional attention to electric shock as tx. for depression	58
7311271619	critics of mental hospitals stated that	increasing # of patients --> overcrowding & custodial care housing ppl in institutions away from society interfered w/ moral therapy & deferred search for more approp & effective tx. for mental disorders	59
7311282491	Confederate Army	opened 1st mental health facility for treating war casualties w/ mental disabilities during American Civil War	60
7311289071	military psychiatry in Germany btwn Franco-Frussian War in 1870 & WWI in 1914	psychiatrists during this time period worked w/ military admin, conducting research & training doctors to detect MH probs that could interfere durty performance	61
7311293212	Emil Kraeplin	viewed alcohol as key cause of psychlogical problems among soldiers -conducted research proj evaluating extent to which alcohol consumption adversel affected soldiers' ability to fire rifles psychiatrist who developed the first diagnostic system noted that certain sx. patterns occurred together reguarly enough to be grouped together saw each type of md as distinct from others & thought course of each was as predetermined & predictable as course of measles	62
7311308461	19th Century views of the causes and treatment of mental disorders	mental hospitals controlled mainly by laypersons b/c of prominence of moral mgmt in tx. of "lunatics" only treatments available = drugging, bleeding, and purging later in century, alienists (medical professionals) gained control of insane asylums & incorporated traditional moral model mgmt therapy into other procedures & increased in status & societal influence psychiatrists thought emotional probs caused by ppl nervous energy	63
7311327655	nerasthenia	condition in late 19th century invovling pervasive feelings of low mood, lack of energy & phys. symptoms thought to be related to "lifestyle" problems brought on by demands of civilazation	64
7311333209	20th century mental health views	asylum familiar landmark -- w/ harsh conditions; viewed as by public as eerie and housing strange and scary ppl. psychiatrists made little effort to educate public or reduce general fear of insanity b/c they had few tx. strategies/effective procedures to help patients	65
7311345837	Adolf Meyer	dean of American psychiatry	66
7311357980	mental hospitals in 20th century housed people with more severe disorders such as ________	schizophrenia, depression, organic mental diorders, tertiary syphilis, & paresis (syphilis of the brain) & severe alcohholism	67
7311368502	1940- public mental hospitals	housed over 400,000 patients most resided in large state-funded hospitals vs. private many stayed long periods of time 1st 1/2 of 20th century - hosp. care accompanied by little in the way of effective tx. (often harsh, punitive, & inhumane)	68
7311386015	Mary Jane Ward	published the Snake Pit - called attn. to plight of patients w/ M. I. & helped create concern over need to provide more humane mental health care in comm. in place of overcrowded mental hospitals	69
7311390377	National Institute of Mental Health (NAMI)	organized in 1946 & provided active support for research & training thru psychiatric residencies& later clinical training programs	70
7311416775	Hill-Burton Act & Community Mental Health Act of 1963	program that funded community mental health hospitals; both helped create far-reaching set of programs to develop outpatient psychiatric clinics, inpatient facilities in general hospitals & comm. consultation & rehabilitation programs	71
7311430789	deinstitutionalization	Movement to close mental hospitals and treat people with severe mental disorders in the community *international mvmt; some counties have shift in locus of care of patients w/ chronic psych. illnessess from psychiatric hospitals --> community-based residentia serives -original idea was that it's considered more humane & cost-effective to treat disturbed ppl outside of large mental hospitals b/c doing so would prevent ppl from acquiring neg. adaptations to hospital confinement -fear that mental hospitals were enabling mentally ill ppl to adapt to sick& helpless role -great hope that new meds would promote healthy readjustment & enable former patients to live more productive lives -however, once discharged, hard for them to adapt to community life due to gaps in mental health services in community (many homeless and treated w/ cruelty)	72
7316832495	20th century closed on note of uncertainty with respect to _ _ _ _	the best ways to manage needs of severely disturbed psychiatric patients	73
7316867071	advances in study of ____________ & _________ factors as underlying both physical & mental disorders developed during this period	biological and anatomical factors	74
7316872919	general paresis	syphilis of the brain -- 1 of the most serious mental illnesses of the day -- produced paralysis & insanity & typically caused death within 2-5 years as result of brain deterioration several people contributed to discovery of scientific testing and findings and links of syphilis to general paresis.	75
7319764329	maralarial fever treatment of syphilis	first clear-cut conquest of mental disorder by medical science *brain pathology can cause specific disorder	76
7319773379	Albrecht von Haller	emphasized importance of brain in psychic functions & advocated postmortem dissection to study brains of the insane	77
7319790282	Wilhelm Griesenger	insisted that all mental disorers could be explained in terms of brain pathology	78
7319796422	Alois Alzheimer & other investigators	established brain pathology in cerebral arterioscleosis & in senile mental disorders	79
7319877761	organic pathologies underlying disorders caused by toxic substances helped discover mental illnesses such as	certain types of mental retardation & others	80
7319879759	Henry Cotton	psychiatrist - developed theory that MH probs such as schizophrenia could be cured by removing infections believed to cause condition -removed all of person's teeth or body parts -- tonsils, colon parts, testicles, ovaries	81
7319891767	Walter Freeman	American psychiatrist treated several mental disorders using surgical procedures called lobotomies. Used ice pick to sever neural connections in brain after entering thru patient's eye socket	82
7319906462	discovery of organic bases of mental disorders addressed "how" behind causation, but in most cases didn't address the "______"	why	83
7319938742	Psychodynamic perspective	inner dynamics of unconscious motives (Freud)	84
7319942320	psychoanalysis	methods Freud used to study & treat patients; can be traced to study of hypnosis & its relation to hysteria	85
7319949007	hypnosis	induced state of relaxation where person is highly open to suggestion	86
7319953005	Franz Anton Mesmer/mesmerism	he further developed ideas about influence of planets on human body; thought ppl possessed magnetic forces used to influence distribution of magnetic fluid in other ppl, thus effecting cures used "animal magnetism" -- patients sat around tub w/ chemicals, iron rods in tub applied to affected areas of their bodies. touched each one w/ hands or wand. -- able to remove hysterical anesthesias & paralyses demonstrated most of the phenomena later connected w/ use of hypnosis "quacks"; influence on medical practice until introduction of ether as surgical anesthetic	87
7320036311	committee w/ Mesmer and Ben Franklin conducted the _ _ _ _ _	1st psychological experiments or tests like tricking woman into nelieving they wer einfluenced by magnetism	88
7320050609	Nancy School	physicians who accepted view that there was link btwn hysteria & hypnosis	89
7320074015	Freud	first systematic attempt to answer question: "How do psychologically based mental disorders acutally develop?"	90
7320081340	catharsis	significant emotional release helped patients discharge emotional tensions by discussing problems & revealed to therapist nature of difficulties that brought about certain symptoms	91
7320089638	unconscious	portion of the mind containing experiences of which a person is unaware -- & w/ it belief that processes outside person's awareness can play important role in determining behavior	92
7320093349	On the Psychical Mechanisms of Hysterical Phenomena	1 of great milestones in study of dynamics of conscious & unconscious	93
7320101716	free association	having patients talk freely about themselves- providing info about feelings, motives, etc.	94
7320104235	dream analysis	record & describe dreams	95
7320109319	Wilhelm Wundt	first experimental psychology laboratory (memory and sensartion) direclty influenced early contributors to emprical study of abbnormal behavior (william James, G. Stanley Hall, Cattell); they pplied research to clinical settings	96
7320124431	Witmer	1st Amer. psychological clinic -- founder of clinical psychology - encouraged others to become involved in new profession	97
7320130163	Healy	1st to view juvenile deliquency as symptom of urbanization rather than inner psychological problems 1st to recognize new area of causation - env/sociocult factors	98
7320147181	behaviorism	believed that study of subjective experience didn't provide scientific data b/c such observations weren't open to verification by other investigators. *only focused on study of directly observable behavior & stimuli & reinforcing conditions that "control" it -- basis for formulating scientific principles of human behavior	99
7320160683	behavioral perspective	central theme: role of learning in human behavior	100
7320163760	classical conditioning	form of learning- neutral stimulus paired repeatedly w/ unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits unconditioned behavior. after repeated pairings, neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus that elicits conditioned response *Pavlov	101
7320173567	John B. Watson	searched for objective ways to study human behv.	102
7320175828	behaviorism	shifting focus of psychology to study of overt behavior rather than theoretical/subjective constructs Watson role of social env. in conditioning	103
7320187982	operant conditioning	B.F. Skinner also known as instrumental conditioning behavior shaped when something reinforces particular activity of organism	104

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Chapter 2: Historical and Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior Flashcards

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8913117164	What are the earliest written medical recordings?	Edwin Smith and Ebers papyrus	0
8913120411	What society had some of the earliest clear recognition of mental health problems?	Ancient Mesopotamia	1
8913121616	Edwin Smith papyrus	Wound tx including the brain and skull to see what consquences came with damage	2
8913126682	The _______ papyrus saw the brain as a site of mental functions	Edwin Smith	3
8913126687	Ebers papyrus	Covers internal medicine and circulatory system	4
8913131288	The _______ papyrus says that incantations and magic were the cures of diseases	Ebers	5
8913133967	What was the most clearly identified mental health problem identified in ancient writing -- and where?	Antisocial personality disorder in Mesopotamia	6
8913141265	What societies talked a lot about the supernatural in conjunction with mental illness?	Chinese, Egyptians, Hebrews, and Greeks	7
8913141730	What do the Chinese, Egyptians, Hebrews, and Greeks all have in common in terms of explanations for mental health care?	Abnormal behavior was due to possession by spirits	8
8913146675	If abnormal behaviors were deviant in a way deemed good:	Society reacted with awe as religion based delusions and hallucinations were favored	9
8913150396	What mental disorder typically has religion based delusions?	Schizophrenia	10
8913151490	If abnormal behaviors were deviant in a way deemed bad:	Seen as witchcraft or a possession by a bad spirit that needed an exorcism	11
8913157396	Exorcism	Clergy member using religious paraphernalia and incantations to drive away bad spirits	12
8913171581	What did exorcisms do to society's ideas of mental health?	It laid the ground for fear and stigma as possession is with a bad entity that people didn't want to go near	13
8913175550	Hippocrates	Greek physician who who taught how to treat disease by studying the causes of illnesses	14
8913179594	Who is the father of medicine?	Hippocrates	15
8913181393	What were the 3 big things of Hippocrates?	Proposed that mental disorders had natural causes, categorized disorders, and associated dreams with personality	16
8913185427	What did Hippocrates categorize disorders as?	Mania, melancholia, or phrenitis	17
8913188055	Phrenitis	Precursor to dementia (where people lose their mind)	18
8913189515	Melancholy	Precursor to depression	19
8913190130	Mania	Unbelievably positive mood that causes risky behaviors and impairs decision making	20
8913202372	What are Hippocrates' categories of disorders based on?	The four humors (fluids) that comprise the human body	21
8913204881	According to Hippocrates, what dictates temperment?	The dominance of a certain humor	22
8913208134	What are the four humors?	Blood (sanguine), phlegm (phlegmatic), (yellow) bile (choleric), and black bile (melancholic)	23
8913226038	What was a common tx in Greece based on the 4 humors?	Blood letting	24
8913219021	What country was one of the earliest focused on mental disorders?	China	25
8913220748	How did China approach mental illness?	Emphasize natural causes of mental illness, and that there is a strong psychosomatic connection	26
8913244678	Who was Chung Ching?	Wrote 2 medical works using clinical observations to implicate organ pathologies as primary causes	27
8913249100	Chung Ching claims what could regain emotional balances?	Drugs and appropriate activities	28
8913251927	Did China ever blame supernatural causes on mental disorders?	Yes in their Dark Ages	29
8913253124	China has seen what influence from Western culture?	Incorporation of ideas from Western psychiatry in last 50 years (and vice versa)	30
8913256955	Where had an early scientific approach?	The Middle East	31
8913259130	What progress was being made in the Middle East?	Developing testable hypotheses for causes of abhorrent behavior	32
8913261377	Where was the first mental hospital with humane tx?	Baghdad, Iraq	33
8913263506	___ was plagued with mass madness and tx included exorcism	Europe	34
8913264012	Mass madness	Widespread occurrence of group behavior disorders caused by hysteria	35
8913266808	Tarantism	Uncontrollable impulse to dance from a spider bite	36
8913270506	Mass hysteria	A group of people convincing themselves that they have a certain disorder because of watching other people have it	37
8913273108	What is comparable to watching someone vomit and wanting to vomit yourself?	Mass hysteria	38
8913276831	What time frame was the first asylum established?	Sixteenth Century	39
8913277820	First asylum ever:	St. Mary of Bethlehem (Bedlam) in 1547 in London, England	40
8913281037	Asylum	Institution meant solely for the care of people with mental illness	41
8913282557	Early asylum functioned to	Remove troublesome people for society in filth and cruelty	42
8913286695	First asylum in the US:	Williamsburg, VA on October 12, 1773	43
8913291811	What nature of tx was common in early asylums?	Aggressive treatment to restore "physical balance in body and brain"	44
8913293327	When was the Humanitarian Reform?	19th century	45
8913295049	Humanitarian Reform	Movement to improve conditions for the mentally ill in terms of better quality staff and txs in asylums	46
8913308303	Philippe Pinel	French man during Humanitarian reform who went into hospitals to unchain pt.s to treat them like humans	47
8913320478	William Tuke	English man during Humanitarian reform who est'd York Retreat (a good atmosphere for pt.s to live)	48
8913325174	Benjamin Rush	1st of American reformers who founded US psychiatry	49
8913333219	Who wrote the first systematic treatise on psychiatry?	Benjamin Rush	50
8913334127	Benjamin Franklin	Involved in US reform as he discovered ECT to treat melancholy	51
8913335678	Dorothea Dix	Campaigned for better conditions for mentally ill after teaching in women's prisons	52
8913342072	Who was involved with the Humanitarian Reform and Mental Hygiene movement IN THE US?	Dorothea Dix, Benjamin Rush, and Benjamin Franklin	53
8913346115	Who was involved with the Humanitarian Reform and Mental Hygiene movement IN THE UK?	William Tuke and the Quakers	54
8913347254	Who was involved with the Humanitarian Reform and Mental Hygiene movement IN FRANCE?	Philippe Pinel	55
8913343063	Mental Hygiene Movement	movement to treat mental patients more humanely and to view mental disorders as medical diseases	56
8913349444	What were psychiatrists called in the nineteenth century?	Alienists	57
8913349445	What were pt.s called in the nineteenth century?	The alienated	58
8913353678	When psychiatrists gained control of asylums in the 19th century, they incorporated...	Moral management	59
8913353679	Moral management	Focusing on the physical, moral, and occupational needs of the pt.	60
8913418107	Mental Hospital Care in the Twentieth Century: What happened in 1940?	most mental hospitals are inhumane and ineffective where patients are admitted and never discharged	61
8913419890	Mental Hospital Care in the Twentieth Century: What happened in 1946 with Ward?	Mary J Ward exploited the mental health care community in "The Snake Pit"	62
8913423340	Mental Hospital Care in the Twentieth Century: What happened in 1946 with NIMH?	The National Institute for Mental Health was organized (research and training in psychiatric residences)	63
8913427390	Mental Hospital Care in the Twentieth Century: What happened in 1946 with the Hill-Burton Act?	As a response to large asylums, smaller community based hospitals were encouraged for specialized tx and keeping people close to home	64
8913429173	Why did NIMH become a thing?	The government was overwhelmed with PTSD in WWII veterans	65
8913439294	Mental Hospital Care in the Twentieth Century: What happened in 1963 with the Community Health Services Act?	This was the deinstitutionalization that moved toward outpatient tx as opposed to hospitalization	66
8913448306	When was thorazine developed?	1956	67
8913448308	Thorazine	Antipsychotic for schizophrenics that blocks dopamine receptor sites.	68
8913667482	When was the Community Health Services Act?	1963	69
8913667977	When was the Hill-Burton Act?	1946	70
8913668599	When was NIMH created?	1946	71
8913669157	When did Ward publish The Snake Pit?	1946	72
8913672991	Deinstitutionalization	Releasing people from mental institutions into community based residencies after antipsychotic drugs were developed	73
8913674831	When was deinstitutionalization?	The 60s to today	74
8913678188	Was deinstitutionalization just in the US?	No it was a global movement	75
8913681756	Why was deinstitutionalization favored?	It was considered more humane and cost effective	76
8913685573	What happened to pt.s after deinstitutionalization?	They became homeless if not placed into a group home	77
8913689227	What is an SMI tx rate?	Looks at percentage of people with a severe mental illness being treated	78
8913696153	What is referred to as reinstitutionalization?	People with a SMI sent to prison	79
8913699066	What portion of people with an SMI are treated?	2/3	80
8913700939	What happens to the remaining untreated portion (1/3) of people with a SMI?	They are homeless or in prison	81
8913703187	What percentage of adult homeless population suffer from a severe and persistent mental illness?	22%	82
8913705251	In state prisons, prevalence of serious mental illness is ___ times higher than in the community	2 to 4 times	83
8913709054	Who has a higher prevalence of a SMI in prison: men or women?	Women	84
8913711710	Where are prevalence rates of SMIs higher: in prison or in the community?	In prison	85
8913717075	Biological links between the brain and mental disorder: What are recognized as underlying both physical and mental disorders?	Biological and anatomical factors	86
8913719099	Biological links between the brain and mental disorder: Mental disorders are illnesses based on..	organic brain pathology	87
8913720892	What raised hope that organic bases would be found for mental disorders?	The cure for general paresis	88
8913721328	General paresis	Syndrome of insanity and dementia resulting from syphilis infection causing brain atrophy	89
8913725423	Lobotomy	Brain surgery for treatment of certain mental disorders=	90
8913727940	What did the theory of brain pathology involved in mental illness lead scientists to do?	Remove body parts and perform lobotomies	91
8913728902	Emil Kraepelin	first researcher to propose a classification system for psychological disorders on the basis of groups of symptoms that occur together	92
8913738910	Who created the first diagnostic criteria with a cluster of symptoms in order to categorize mental disorders?	Emil Kraepelin	93
8913743208	What did Emil Kraepelin write?	Compendium der Psychiatrie (1883)	94
8913759146	Sigmund Freud	Emphasizes inner dynamics of unconscious motives through the psychoanalytic perspective	95
8913768050	Who took the first major steps towards understanding the psychological factors in mental disorders?	Sigmund Freud	96
8913768891	Catharsis	A release of emotional tension	97
8913770723	Psychoanalysis	A method that requires insight into unconscious factors in order to cure abnormal factors	98
8913792611	Free association	A method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind	99
8913792613	Psychoanalysis in terms of vocab	Revealing the unconscious free association and dream analysis in order to achieve catharsis	100
8913799528	Wilhelm Wundt	Established the first experimental psychology laboratory in Germany	101
8913831850	Who established the first experimental psychology laboratory in Germany	Wilhelm Wundt	102
8913834868	Who brought Wundt's methods to the US?	His students James, Hall, and Cattell	103
8913855693	When/where was the first experimental psychological lab?	1879 in University of Leipzig in Germany	104
8913867168	Who established the first American psychological clinic	Lightner and Witmer (Wudnt's students)	105
8913873225	What did Lightner and Witmer do?	Established the first US psychological clinic at the Penn University	106
8913881297	Behavioral perspective	Learning is central in determining human behavior	107
8913887918	Which perspective is this: All abnormal behaviors are learned	Behavioral perspective	108
8913889091	Classical conditioning	conditioning that pairs a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that evokes a reflex	109
8913893798	Who discovered classical conditioning?	Ivan Pavlov	110
8913899334	Who conducted the Little Albert experiment?	B. F. Skinner	111
8913900520	What kind of conditioning was the Little Albert experiment?	Operant conditioning	112
8913906907	Operant Conditioning	associative learning controlled by the consequences and rewards of the organism's behavior	113
8913930041	What two psychologists studied operant conditioning?	E.L. Thorndike and B. F. Skinner	114
8913930740	E. L. Thorndike	American psychologist whose studied animal behavior and the learning process	115
8913948137	What strengthens a disorder symptom in terms of conditioning?	Overt avoidance response	116
8913950664	Classical conditioning comes ___ the behavior	before	117
8913950832	Operant conditioning comes ___ the behavior	After	118

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Psychopathology - Abnormal Psych Chapter 1: Overview & Research Approaches Flashcards

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7263094289	Abnormal psychology	understanding nature, causes & tx. of mental disorders	0
7263101236	family aggregation	whether a disorder runs in families	1
7263105572	indicators of abnormality include these 7 things:	subjective distress, maladaptiveness, statistical deviancy, social discomfort, irrationality & unpredictability, dangerousness.	2
7263132733	subjective distress	neither a sufficient (all that is needed) nor necessary condition (feature that all cases of abnormality must show) for us to classify something as abnormal. what is distressful for one condition/person varies.	3
7263156344	maladaptiveness	interferes w/ well-being & w/ ability to enjoy work & relationships.	4
7285324639	statistical deviancy	away from the normal/statistically rare (literal definition of abnormal). simply considering statistically rare behav. to be abnormal doesn't provide us w/ solution to problem of defining abnormally.	5
7285324640	violation of the standards of society	social rules are arbitrary; however, we consider behavior abnormal when ppl fail to follow conventional social & moral rules of cultural group.	6
7285367437	subjective examples of maladaptiveness include:	-depressed ppl withdraw from social circles (maladaptive); anorexic person becomes emaciated & req. hospitalization. -on other hand, con artists & contract killers w/ antisocial PD may not be in this category b/c they make their livings	7
7285374341	examples of subjective distress	-people w/ anxiety & depression report feeling depressed, but ppl in manioc phases may feel elated and not be experiencing any distress; often bipolar/etc. people refuse to take meds b/c they enjoy the manic highs -exams tend to cause worry, but that would hardly be labeled as abnormal	8
7303988891	examples of statistical deviancy	-genius & perfect pitch are statistically rare, but we wouldn't consider these uncommon traits abnormal -common cold = statistically common, but is still an illness -intellectual disability (statistically rate & represents deviation from norm) is considered to reflect abnormality. *we make value judgments when defining abnormality -more likely to judge statistically rare & undesirable disorders/conditions abnormal vs. statistically rare/highly desirable or undesirable/statistically common	9
7304010233	violation of the standards of society examples	-driving cars/watching tv = abnormal for Amish ppl, but normal for most other residents of Pennsylvania -most of us have parked illegal at some point (breaks rules, but not seen as abnormal b/c it's statistically common) -mother who drowns children --> instant recognition as abnormal behavior	10
7304024444	irrationality and unpredictability	unconventionality/unorthodox behaviors may be considered abnormal - depending on what it is/severity/context	11
7304092050	irrationality and unpredictability examples	someone yelling obscenities @ nothing = unpredictable, nonsensical; disordered speech & disorg. behv. of schizophrenia (also hallmark of bipolar manic phases) -- often irrational *most imp. factor = our eval. of whether he/she can control his/her behv.	12
7304102910	dangerousness	just b/c mental disordered patient is a danger to himself/others does not mean they're psychologically abnormal; we can't assume that someone diagnosed w/ mental disorder is dangerous	13
7304102911	dangerousness examples	-people may have dangerous/thrill-seeking hobby (extreme sports, race car driving) or be bad drivers (possible harm to self/others on road), but not necessarily abnormal/mentally ill -therapists have to hospitalize/report ppl who are a harm to themselves/others -many ppl w/ mental illness commit serious crimes; many people w/o mental disorders commit serious crimes	14
7304132062	What is the DSM & Why was it revised?	Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders provides all info. necessary to diagnose mental disorders; creates common language so specific diagnosis --> same thing from 1 clinician to another -revisions allow new scientific devs. & research to be incorporated	15
7304150929	mental disorder/dsm-5	syndrome present in individual & that involves clinically significant disturbance in behavior, emotion regulation, or cognitive functioning. thought to reflect dysfunction in biological,psychological, or dev. processes necessary 4 mental functioning. -also recognizes that MDs usually associated w/ sig. distress/disability in key areas of functioning (social, occupational, other activities) -also includes predictable/cultural responses to common stressors/losses (death of loved one) excluded -*dysfunctional pattern of behv. shouldn't stem from social deviance/conflicts person has w/ society as a whole	16
7304170606	nomenclature	a naming system	17
7304175448	Advantages of classification	*most scientists rely on classification; provides clinicians + researchers common language & shorthand terms from complex conditions -structures info in mor helpful info; ex] anxiety disorder section include panic disorder, specific phobia, agoraphobia, etc. that share common features of fear & anxiety -classification facilitates research -- about causes & possible treatments -defining domain of what's considered to be pathological. establishes range of probs that mental health profession can address& treat ; insurance reimbursement	18
7304420895	Disadvantages of classification	-shorthand --> we lose detailed personal information about person w/ disorder -can facilitate stigma, stereotyping & labeling -fear of being viewed negatively/being discriminated against may lead some ppl to avoid seeing tx.	19
7304430858	stigma	disgrace associated w/ having psychiatric diagnosis. today people generally much more comfortable disclosing physical illness vs. admitting to mental disorder -deterrent to seeking tx. 4 mental health problems (especially 4 men, younger ppl, ethnic minorities, military personnel & mental health professionals)	20
7304469540	stereotyping	automatic beliefs concerning ppl that we unavoidably learn as a result of growing up certain culture. learning about certain behvs. that accompany mental disorders leads to automatic/inherent assumptions that behvs. will be present in any person we meet w/ psych diag. -neg. stereotypes about these disorders also perpetuated in movies	21
7304483356	labeling	self-concept can be directly affected by being given diagnoses with any type of disorder and being attached to the label of disorder/diagnosis	22
7304491077	diagnostic classification systems classify ____	the disorders that people have rather than classifying people.	23
7304494864	stigma may be reduced in some situations because	it provides at least a partial explanation for person's otherwise inexplicable behavior	24
7304504016	negative reactions towards ppl w/ mental illness may include	ostracizing, unpleasant physiological reactions (heart rate, tension), avoiding contact	25
7304518439	explain how culture affects what's considered abnormal	shared values, rituals & traditions in 1 culture may be seen as abnormal in another culture different cultures describe psychological distress differently/present themselves differently some types of psychopathology appear highly culture-specific; found in certain areas of the world only & highly linked to culturally-bound concerns some superstitions present in some cultures and not others, no ford for "depressed" in languages of certain cultures -hearing voice of dead relatives common in many Native Amer. tribes	26
7304533150	describe 2 different cultural-specific disorders	1] tajin kyofusho - anxiety disorder prevalent in Japan; marked fear that one's body, body parts or body functions may offend, embarrass, or make others feel uncomfortable; afraid of blushing/upsetting others by gaze, facial expression, or body odor 2] ataque de nervios - another culturally rooted expression of distress. found in ppl of Latino descent, especially from Caribbean. Doesn't have clear counterpart in DSM. symptoms = crying, trembling, fainting, uncontrollable screaming & general feeling of loss of control	27
7304582450	why is it important to know how many/what sort of ppl have diagnosable psychological disorders today?	- information essential when planning & establishing mental health services b/c MH planners req. precise understanding of nature & extent of psych. difficulties w/ in given area, state, country b/c they're resp. for determine how resources (funding of research proj/services) provided by comm. MH centers may be most effectively allocated -estimates of freq. of mental disorders in diff. groups of ppl provide valuable clues to causes of disorders	28
7304662298	epidemiology	The study of the distribution of diseases, disorders, or health related behaviors in a given population; in mental health -- stay of distribution of mental disorders ---epidemiology surveys--- determine the frequency of mental disorders	29
7304665712	prevalence	the number of active cases in a population during any given period of time; typically excessed as percentages (% of pop. that has disorder)	30
7304671961	point prevalence	the estimated proportion of actual, active cases of a disorder in a given population at a given point in time -- count # of ppl w/ clinical depression on January 1 of next yr. person who experienced depression during November and December but who managed to recover by Jan.1 - not included in calculation (same w/ depression onset of jan. 2)	31
7304677161	1-year prevalence	the number of individuals who experienced X at any point in time throughout the entire year -higher figure than point prevalence b/c it covers much longer time & would include ppl who recovered b4 point prev. assessment & those whose disorders didn't begin until after Point prev. was made	32
7304684935	lifetime prevalence	the estimate number of the number of people who have had a particular disorder at any point in their lives (even if they are now recovered); include currently illl & recovered; usually higher than other types of prevalence estimates	33
7304689079	incidence	The number of new cases that occur over a given period of time (typically one year) -They exclude preexisting cases; lower than prevalence cases if assessing 1yr incidence of schizophrenia, we wouldn't count ppl who's schizophrenia began b4 given starting date (even if they were still ill) b/c they're not new cases of Schiz.	34
7304696154	the most comprehensive source of prevalence estimates for adults in the US diagnosed w/ mental disorders is the ___________________.	National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) -just under 50% of ppl will experience some form of mental disorder in lifetime	35
7304700967	the most prevalent category of psych. disorders is	anxiety disorders	36
7304700987	most common individual disorders are	major depressive disorder, alcohol abuse, & specific phobias	37
7304709626	problems with NCS-R reporting	-doesn't include data on DSM-5 -didn't assess for eating disorders, schizophrenia, or autism, or measures of most personality disorders -some have brief duration -many ppl who meet diagnostic criteria for given disorder won't be seriously affected by it -data is now over a decade old	38
7304720159	National Survey on Drug Use & Health (NSDUH)	another survey that can provide most recent information but doesn't include info about specific disorders	39
7304725094	comorbidity	presence of 2+ disorders in the same person; especially high in ppl w/ severe forms of mental disorder	40
7304730306	global burden of disease	mental & substance abuse disorders often disabling & account for 7+% of global burden of disease disorder w/ biggest global burden = depression, accounting for almost half of the DALYs DALY = disability adjusted years of life; 1 DALYU = 1 yr of otherwise "healthy" life	41
7304742420	treatment includes		42
7304744244	barriers to seeking treatment	-people minimize/deny their suffering or try to cope on their own -stigma -delaying treatment -often treated by family physician vs. mental health specialist -majority of tx now administered on outpatient basis -budget cuts force many large state/country facilities to close -insurance companies place limitations on hospital admissions -hospitalization & inpatient care preferred options for ppl who need more intensive treatment than can be provided on outpatient basis	43
7304751095	outpatient treatment	requires that patient visits mental health facility practitioner but doesn't have to be admitted to hospital; can attend comm. MH center, see private therapist, receive tx. thru outpatient dept. of hospital	44
7304757864	inpatient care	admitted to psychiatric units of gen. hospitals, private psychiatric hospitals specializing in particular mental disorder patients receive additional tx. on outpatient basis	45
7304771494	mental health professionals	-psychiatrist - provide meds/monitor side effects -clinical psychologist - individual therapy -clinical social worker - resolve family problems -psychiatric nurse - check in on daily basis, provide support to help them cope better in hospital env. outpatient clients may see either counseling psych, psychoanalyst, or counselor specializing in tx. of drug & also probs.	46
7304778430	acute	short in duration	47
7304778431	chronic	long in duration	48
7305016417	etiology	causes of disorders	49
7305017742	why can abnormal psychology research be conducted in almost any setting?	-studying & drawing inferences from past case studies alone often leads to erroneous thinking as we often focus on data that confirm our ideas of how things are. -research prevents us from being misled by natural errors in thinking & can be conducted in clinics, hospitals, schools, prison & on the street. It's not the setting that determines whether a given research project may be undertaken. The importance lies in the researcher's methodology, which is constantly evolving	50
7305031006	case study	detailed accounts/clinical cases of patients that serve as a valuable source of new ideas & stimulus for research. May provide insight into unusual clinical conditions that are too rare to be studied in a more systematic way.	51
7305044065	bias	case studies subjected to this b/c the writer selects info to include and to omit	52
7305047623	generalizability	can't be used to draw conclusions about other cases even when they involve ppl w/ seemingly similar abnormality -- like when there's only 1 observer & 1 subject and when observations made in relatively uncontrolled context & are anecdotal & impressionistic in nature; conclusions we can draw very narrow & may be mistaken.	53
7305154233	self-report data	having research participants complete questionnaires, conducting interviews	54
7305155693	limitations of self-report data	-sometimes misleading; people may not be accurate reporters of own subjective states/experience -ppl. occasionally lie, misinterpret ? or want to present themselves in favorable or unfavorable light	55
7305159412	direct observation	trained observers record the target behavior being observed, such as aggression (observers record # of times aggressive children hit, bite,	56
7305166872	observational strategies	in addition to direct observation, may include: -collecting info about biological variables (heart rate) in sample -collecting info about stress hormones (cortisol) by getting sample of saliva (which contains cortisol) in plastic container & send lab for analysis -functionial magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)- can study blood flow to various parts of brain during memory tasks & look at which brain areas influence imagination -transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)- generates magnetic field on surface of head, stimulate underlying brain tissue; can take particular area of brain "off-line" for brief period & measure behavioral consequences. -observing behavior specifically refers to the careful scrutiny of conduct& manner of specific individuals	57
7305182988	hypothesis	effort to explain, predict, or explore something; frequently determine therapeutic approaches used to treat particular clinical problem. ideas we have about what might be causing client's difficulties will naturally shape form of intervention we use when we provide treatment.	58
7308056550	research in abnormal psychology is concerned with __ _ _ _ _ _____.	gaining enhanced understanding & where possible, control of abnormal behavior.	59
7308059035	sampling	try to select ppl who are representative of much larger grp. of individuals; want it to mirror the larger group. sometimes use convenience samples - readily accessible groups of people	60
7308067695	external validity	extent to which we can generalize our findings beyond the study itself	61
7308069908	internal validity	reflects how confident we can be in results of particular given study; methodologically sound, free of confounds, or other sources of error & able to be used to draw valid conclusions. ex- researcher interested in how heart rate changes when participants told that they're about to be given an electric shock. participants who just completed the study are allowed to chat in waiting area w/ ppl about to participate. the latter learn that, in reality, no shocks were given at all. failure to control exchange of info jeapoardizes integrity of study & is threat to int. val.	62
7308094789	comparsion/conrtrol group	group of people who don't exhibit disorder being studied but are comparable in all other major respects to the criterion group; typically psychologically healthy/"normal"	63
7308097101	criterion group	ppl w/ disorder being studied	64
7308106810	correlational researhc design	no manip. of variables. ccompares groups on variety of diff. neasures. takes thing as they are and determines associations among observed phenomena. - inferences that suggest causal hypotheses, generate ?s for future research & occasionally provide cruical data that confirm/refute specific hypotheses.	65
7308111178	positive correlaation	direct, corresponding manner	66
7308112158	negative correlation	inverse correlation	67
7308114471	uncorrelated	variables are entirely independent of each other	68
7308116297	correlation coefficient	r; stenght of correlation 0- 1; # closer to 1 --> stronger association btwn 2 vars. + or - = direction of association btwn variables	69
7308119456	statistical significance	probability that correlation would occur purely by chance is less than 5 out of 100. p < .05 *doesn't mean result couldn't have occurred by chance; means that it's not very likely -influenced by magnitude or size of correlation but also by sample size. correlation of .30 will not be significant if sample size is 20 but will be if it's 50.	70
7308134433	effect size	reflects size of association btwn 2 variables independent odf the sample size. E.S. of 0 = no association btwn variables can be used as common metric & v. valuable when comparing strength of findings across diff. studies	71
7308138415	meta-aalysis	stat. approach that caculates & combines effect sizes from all of the studies. uses effect sizes; better way to summarize research findings that is possible with a literature review.	72
7308147484	third variable problem	unknown variable that might be causing both events to happen ex] factor linking insanity & masturbation (& unmeasured 3rd variable) = impaired social awareness	73
7308162827	retrospective research strategy	if we wanted to learn what our patients were like before they developed specific disorder- we'd look back in time - identifying factors associated with later behaviors. ex] patient's recollections, diaries	74
7308173837	disadvantages of retrospective research strategy	- diaries etc. have potential for memories to be faulty/sunjective -invites investigators to discover what they already presume they'll discover concerning background factors theoretically linked to a disorder; invites biased procedure	75
7308184197	prospective research strategy	method that often focuses on individuals who have a higher than average likelihood of becoming psychologically disordered before abnormal behavior is observed	76
7308206785	longitudinal design	a research design in which people are followed over time	77
7308217140	direction of effect problem	refers to the fact that, in correlational research, it cannot be concluded whether variable A/B cases variable B/A	78
7308219381	experimental research	the extent to which the findings from a single study are relevant to other populations, contexts or times	79
7308220392	independent variable	factor whose effects are being examined and which is manipulated in some way, while other variables are held constant	80
7308222012	dependent variable	in an experiment, the factor that is observed to change with changes in the manipulated variable	81
7308224298	random assignment	procedure used to create equivalent groups in which every research participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group in the study	82
7308227259	double-blind study	often used in studies examining drug treatment effects, a condition where neither the subject nor the experimenter has knowledge about what condition/drug the subject is receiving	83
7308228494	placebo treatment	an inert pill or otherwise neutral intervention that produces desirable therapeutic effects because of the subject's expectations that the treatment will be beneficial	84
7308233034	ABAB design	an experimental design, often involving a single subject, wherein a baseline period (A) is followed by a treatment (B). To confirm that the treatment resulted in a change in behavior, the treatment is then withdrawn (A) and reinstated (B)	85
7308236213	analogue studies	studies in which a researcher attempts to emulate the conditions hypothesized as leading to abnormality	86
7308241423	Elements of abnormal behavior 4 Ds	Deviance/Difference (rare) Dysfunction (impairment) Distress (they are bothered by it) Danger (to themselves/others)	87

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Ch.1 Abnormal Psychology: Overview and Research Approaches Flashcards

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7336393300	Abnormality	Criteria -statistically unusual -socially unacceptable -dysfunctional -subjective distress -maladaptiveness -dangerousness -irrationally and unpredictability none are a sufficient condition or a necessary condition	0
7336413092	Statistically unusual behavior	occurs infrequently -statistically rare and undesirable = abnormal -statistically rare and desirable not abnormal	1
7614271832	subjective distress	if people suffer or experience psychological pain (inclined to consider abnormality)	2
7336469429	socially unacceptable behavior	blocks their goals: harm, failure	3
7336481513	Wakefield's Harmful Dysfunction Concept	-Condition results from dysfunction of a mental of physical function -Condition causes harm to the person	4
7339138692	Personal distressing behavior	behavior or feelings that are uncomfortable/upsetting to person experiencing them	5
7339165044	Dichotomy	two categories: yes or no	6
7339175984	Dimensional	bell curve	7
7339196028	Bimodal distribution	two humps: categorical	8
7613971436	Abnormal psychology	concerned with understanding the nature, causes, and treatment of mental disorders	9
7614167775	Family aggregation	whether a disorder runs in families	10
7614352017	Maladaptive	behavior that interferes with our well-being and with our ability to enjoy our work and our relationships (for and towards society)	11
7614385483	dangerousness	when someone who is a danger to him/herself or to another person.	12
7615076509	Culture and abnormality	Abnormality involves social judgments and are based on values and expectations of society at large . Culture plays a role in determining what is/not abnormal -changes over time (homosexuality) -interpretation and expression vary -some only seen in certain cultures	13
7615168183	Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)	provides all the info. necessary to diagnose mental disorders -specific diagnostic criteria for each disorder -type and number of symptoms	14
7615214699	DSM-5 on metal disorder	a syndrome that is present in an individual and that involves clinically significant disturbance in behavior, emotion regulation, or cognitive functioning	15
7615260646	Advantages of classifications	-common nomenclature, facilitates communications between professional boundaries -facilitates research -structure information	16
7615361737	Disadvantages of classification	-loss of info. (knowing background than just simply a diagnosis) -stigma -stereotyping -labeling	17
7615434517	stereotypes	are automatic beliefs concerning other people that we unavoidably learn as a results of growing up in a particular culture	18
7615555407	epidemiology	study go the distribution of diseases, disorders, or health-related behaviors in a given population	19
7618137610	prevalence	referes to the number of active cases in a population during any given period of time -percentages	20
7618147312	point prevalence	refers to the estimate proportion of actual, active cases of a disorder in a given population at a given point in time	21
7618161853	1-year prevalence	anyone who experienced a disorder any point in time throughout the entire year	22
7618176707	lifetime prevalence	estimate of the number of people who have had a particular disorder at any time in their lives (even if now recovered)	23
7618197318	incidence	refers to the number of new cases that occur over a given period of time (typically 1 year)	24
7618827038	acute	short in duration	25
7618828775	chronic	long in duration	26
7618835463	etiology	causes disorders	27
7618937192	case study	-subject to bias -low generalizability -provide limited support for a particular theory or challenge	28
7618971837	self-report data	-filling out questionnaires -interviews but, -people may not be very good reporters of their own subjective states or experiences	29
7619034618	direct observation	trained observers watch and recored the behaviors of the participants	30
7619067565	FMRI	brain-imaging, blood flow to various parts of the brain,	31
7619164834	hypothesis	an effort to explain, predict, or explore something by testing	32
7619292403	external validity	the extent to which we can generalize our findings beyond the study itself	33
7619315495	internal validity	reflects how confident we can be in results of a particular -free of confounds -being able to draw valid conclusions	34
7619382165	comparison group	control group	35
7619386103	criterion group	group of interest	36
7619458178	correlational research design	studying the world as it is -no manipulation of variables -selects certain groups of interest, compare groups on diff. measures	37
7619507150	correlation coefficient (r)	runs from 0 to 1 -1 stronger correlation between the two variables - +, - sign indicates the direction association between the variables	38
7619518878	statistical significance	p<.05 meaning that the probability that the correlation would occur purely by chance is less than 5 percent	39
7619528463	Effect size	reflects the size of the association between two variables indep. of the sample size -0= means there is no association between the variables	40
7619562886	retrospective research	involves looking back in time, seeing what factors that might have been associated with what went wrong later	41
7619603240	prospective research strategy	involves looking ahead in time, trying to prevent something from happening	42
7619619942	single-case research designs	same individual is studied over time	43
7619627108	ABAB design	Phases of intervention -collect data -introduce treatment -withdrawal of treatment -reinstate treatment	44
7619652250	analogue studies	findings from animal studies can be generalized to humans. We study not the true item of interest but an approximation to it	45

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Deutsch AP Wiederholung Flashcards

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6653085576	der Kurs	the course	0
6653085577	die Klasse	the class	1
6653085578	anstatt / statt	instead / in of	2
6653085579	das Menschenrecht	the human right	3
6653085580	innerhalb	inside of	4
6653085581	das Vorurteil	the prejudice	5
6653085582	die Lebensform	the form of life	6
6653085583	wegen	due to	7
6653085584	der Kulturkreis	the cultural group	8
6653085585	die Weltanschauung	the worldview	9
6653085586	trotz	despite	10
6653085587	die Auseinandersetzung	the dispute	11
6653085588	die Mehrheit	the majority	12
6653085589	während	during	13
6653085590	angesichts	in the face of	14
6653085591	die Gewalt	the violence	15
6653085592	das Einwanderungsland	the country of immigration	16
6653085593	die Unterdrückung	the oppression	17
6653085594	das Zusammenleben	the living together	18
6653085595	der Rassismus	the racism	19
6653085596	der Nachfahre	the descendant	20
6653085597	die Minderheit	the minority	21
6653085598	die Wertordnung	the moral code	22
6653085599	die Ethnizität	the ethnicity	23
6653085600	der Kompromiss	the compromise	24
6653085601	der Gastarbeiter	the guest worker	25
6653085602	das Verständnis	the understanding	26
6653085603	die Respektlosigkeit	the lack of respect	27
6653085604	die Vielfalt	the diversity	28
6653085605	das Ideal	the ideal	29
6653085606	die Gesetzgebung	the legislation	30
6653085607	die Toleranz	the tolerance	31
6653085608	die Lösung	the solution	32
6653085609	mithilfe	by means of	33
6653085610	laut	according to	34
6653085611	außerhalb	outside of	35
6653085612	dank	thanks to	36
6653085613	heutzutage	nowadays	37
6653085614	Die Fakten sind noch umstritten.	The facts are still disputed.	38
6653085615	Sie haben eine Handlung gefordert.	They demanded action.	39
6653085616	Ist Multikulti gescheitert?	Has multiculturalism failed?	40
6653085617	selbstverständlich	of course	41
6653085618	ein strahlendes Vorbild	a shining example	42
6653085619	Wir sollen einander respektieren.	We should respect each other.	43
6653085620	Es ist immer leichter, einen anderen zu verfeinden.	It is always easier to make an enemy of a different person	44
6653085621	Alle Menschen sind gleichberechtigt aber nicht alle werden gleich behandelt.	All people have equality but not all are treated the same.	45
6653085622	die Kolonialisierung	the colonization	46
6653085623	die Ingenieurwissenschaft	the engineering science	47
6653085624	das Tempo	the pace	48
6653085625	die sozialen Medien	the sozial media	49
6653085626	die Rakete	the rocket	50
6653085627	die Raumfahrt	the space travel	51
6653085628	die Errungenschaft	the achievement	52
6653085629	die Kernverschmelzung	the atomic fusion	53
6653085630	die gentisch veränderten Organismen	the geneticly altered organisms	54
6653085631	das Spiegelfernrohr	the mirror telescope	55
6653085632	der Programmierer	the programmer	56
6653085633	der Fortschritt	the progress	57
6653085634	die Technik	the technologie	58
6653085635	die künstliche Intelligenz	the artificial intelligence	59
6653085636	der Prototyp	the prototype	60
6653085637	die Weltraumstation	the spaceship	61
6653085638	die Grundlagenarbeit	the basis work	62
6653085639	die Zukunftsliteratur	the future literature	63
6653085640	die Wissensweitergabe	the transfer of knowledge	64
6653085641	das Hörgerät	the hearing aid	65
6653085642	der Teilchenbeschleuniger	the particle accelerator	66
6653085643	die Allgegenwärtigkeit	the ubiquity	67
6653085644	die Lichtgeschwingigkeit	the speed of light	68
6653085645	die Einzigartigkeit	the uniqueness	69
6653085646	Sie haben ihre Arbeit fortgesetzt.	They continued their work.	70
6653085647	Selbstsucht wird durch Handys verursacht.	Egoism is caused by cellphones.	71
6653085648	Wie unterscheiden sich der Fortschritt der Technologie und der Fortschritt der Menschheit?	How does the technological progress differentiate itself from human progress?	72
6653085649	Das wurde von Wissenschaftlern entwickelt.	That was developed by scientists.	73
6653085650	Wie hättest du das anders gemacht?	How would you have done that differently?	74
6653085651	Wie wäre das Leben anders gewesen?	How would life have been different?	75
6653085652	Die Wissenschaft ist der Verstand der Welt, die Kunst ihre Seele.	Science is the world's understanding. Art is her soul.	76
6653085653	Der Fortgang der wissenschaftlichen Entwicklung ist im Endeffekt eine ständige Flucht vor dem Staunen.	In the end, the progress of scientific development is a constant escape from amazement.	77
6653085654	die Ungerechtigkeit	the injustice	78
6653085655	die Gerechtigkeit	the justice	79
6653085656	die Aufmerksamkeit	the attention	80
6653085657	die Vergangenheitsbewältigung	the coming to terms with the past	81
6653085658	der Wert	the value	82
6653085659	die deutschsprachigen Länder	the German-speaking countries	83
6653085660	die Lebenszeit	the lifetime	84
6653085661	die Kollektivschuld	the collective guilt	85
6653085662	der Rassismus	the racism	86
6653085663	der Völkermord	the genocide	87
6653085664	die religiöse Verfolgung	the religious persecution	88
6653085665	der Hass	the hatred	89
6653085666	die Auseinandersetzung	the argument	90
6653085667	die Demonstration	the demonstration	91
6653085668	das Misstrauen	the mistrust	92
6653085669	das Privileg	the privilege	93
6653085670	der Frust	the frustration	94
6653085671	die Integration	the integration	95
6653085672	das Frauenstimmrecht	the women's suffrage	96
6653085673	die Tendenz	the tendency	97
6653085674	die Frauenfeindlichkeit	the misogyny	98
6653085675	das Gerichtsverfahren	the trial	99
6653085676	Das können wir nicht ertragen.	We can't bear that.	100
6653085677	Das sollte strafbar sein.	That should be punishable.	101
6653085678	Die Ureinwohner wurden ausgerottet.	The native peoples were exterminated.	102
6653085679	Du solltest ihn anklagen.	You should accuse him.	103
6653085680	Das Urteil fällt heute.	The verdict comes today.	104
6653085681	Dieses Verbrechen wird noch heute begangen.	This crime is still being committed today.	105
6653085682	Wenn die Gerechtigkeit untergeht, so hat es keinen Wert mehr, dass Menschen auf Erden leben.	If justice ceases, there's no more reason for humans to live on Earth.	106
6653085683	die Reimschema	the rhyme scheme	107
6653085684	die hohe Literatur	the high literature	108
6653085685	die Inszenierung	the theater production	109
6653085686	der Mittelpunkt des Bildes	the center of the picture	110
6653085687	die Zeile	the line	111
6653085688	die Kunstbewegung	the art movement	112
6653085689	die Symphonie	the symphonie	113
6653085690	die Romantik	the Romanticism	114
6653085691	die Einbildungskraft	the imagination	115
6653085692	die Vernunft	the rationality	116
6653085693	die Nachahmung	the impersonation	117
6653085694	der Schattenriss	the outline	118
6653085695	die Absicht	the intention	119
6653085696	der Vordergrund	the foreground	120
6653085697	die Rezension	the review	121
6653085698	die Ablenkung	the distraction	122
6653085699	der Hintergrund	the background	123
6653085700	das Gemälde	the painting	124
6653085701	die brotlose Kunst	the unprofitable Arts	125
6653085702	das Selbstbildnis	the self portrait	126
6653085703	die Interpretation	the interpretation	127
6653085704	die Darstellung	the portrayal	128
6653085705	die Moderne	the modern period	129
6653085706	die Strophe	the stanza	130
6653085707	Das symbolisiert	that symbolizes	131
6653085708	auf der rechten Seite	on the right side	132
6653085709	auf der linken Seite	on the left side	133
6653085710	Im Vordergrund gibt es	In the foreground there is	134
6653085711	Im Hintergrund gibt es	In the background there is	135
6653085712	Es ist offensichtlich, dass der Künstler	It is obvious that the artist	136
6653085713	Das wurde 1799 gemalt	That was painted in 1799	137
6653085714	Das wurde 1799 geschrieben	That was written in 1799	138
6653085715	Das wurde 1799 gemacht	That was done in 1799	139
6653085716	Das wurde 1999 aufgenommen	That was recorded in 1999	140
6653085717	Das wurde 1799 komponiert	That was komposed in 1799	141
6653085718	Das wurde 1999 gefilmt	That was filmed in 1999	142
6653085719	Der Künstler verwendet hauptsächlich	The artist uses mainly	143
6653085720	der Umweltschutz	the environmental protection	144
6653085721	die Beschleunigung	the acceleration	145
6653085722	der Lebensraum	the habitat	146
6653085723	die Infrastruktur	the infrastructure.	147
6653085724	der Vorschlag	the recommendation	148
6653085725	die Umweltverträglichkeit	the environmental sustainability	149
6653085726	die globale Herausforderung	the global challenge	150
6653085727	die Verschmelzung	the melting	151
6653085728	der Zusammenbruch	the collapse	152
6653085729	das Aussterben	the extinction	153
6653085730	der Kontinent	the continent	154
6653085731	die erneuerbare Energie	the renewable energie	155
6653085732	die Abholzung	the deforestation	156
6653085733	die Atomkraft	the atomic energy	157
6653085734	die Innovation	the innovation	158
6653085735	die Investition	the investment	159
6653085736	die Verunreinigung	the contaimination	160
6653085737	die Entwicklung	the development	161
6653085738	die Weiterentwicklung	the continued development	162
6653085739	der Ausschuss	the committee	163
6653085740	die Verantwortungslosigkeit	the irresponsibility	164
6653085741	die Bedrohung	the threat	165
6653085742	das Repräsentantenhaus	the House of Representatives	166
6653085743	die Gesetzgebung	the legislation	167
6653085744	Ich würde der Umwelt helfen, wenn ich die Chance hätte	I would help the environment, if I had the chance	168
6653085745	Wäre das eine Alternative?	Would that be an alternative?	169
6653085746	Hättest du das gemacht?	Would you have done that?	170
6653085747	Könnten wir die Welt retten, wenn wir wollten?	Could we save the world, if we wanted to?	171
6653085748	Viele Tierarten sind vom Aussterben bedroht.	Many animal species are threatened with extinction.	172
6653085749	die Forschung	the research	173
6653085750	die Statistik	the statistic	174
6653085751	die Fettleibigkeit	the obesity	175
6653085752	das Körperbild	the self image	176
6653085753	die Krankenversicherung	the health insurance	177
6653085754	die Folge	the consquence	178
6653085755	der Grund	the reason	179
6653085756	das Aussehen	the appearance	180
6653085757	die Impfung	the vaccination	181
6653085758	die Lösung	the solution	182
6653085759	der Lebensstil	the lifestyle	183
6653085760	die Verschwörungstheorie	the conspiracy theory	184
6653085761	die Schönheit	the beauty	185
6653085762	die Mode	the fashion	186
6653085763	der Ruf	the reputation	187
6653085764	die Medien	the media	188
6653085765	die Persönlichkeit	the personality	189
6653085766	die Eigenschaft	the characteristic	190
6653085767	der Druck	the pressure	191
6653085768	die Werbung	the advertisement	192
6653085769	die Erwartung	the expectation	193
6653085770	Davor war sie krank.	She was sick before.	194
6653085771	Worauf warten wir?	What are we waiting for?	195
6653085772	Ich hatte keine Ahnung davon.	I had no idea about that.	196
6653085773	Ich danke dir dafür.	Thank you for that.	197
6653085774	Gibt es eine Party? Ich bin dabei.	Is there a party? I am there!	198
6653085775	Womit hat er bazahlt?	What did he pay with?	199
6653085776	Danach war sie besser.	She was better afterword.	200
6653085777	Laut des wissenschaftlichen Berichts	According to the scientific article	201
6653085778	Wie verbessern wir unser Gesundheitssystem?	How do we improve our healthcare system?	202
6653085779	die Folge	the consequence	203
6653085780	die Nachkriegszeit	the post war time	204
6653085781	die Handlung	the plot	205
6653085782	das Einkommen	the income	206
6653085783	die Familienstruktur	the family structure	207
6653085784	die Hälfte	the half	208
6653085785	das Kindergeld	the child benefit	209
6653085786	die Wirtschaftskrise	the economic crisis	210
6653085787	der Einwohner	the resident	211
6653085788	das Beispiel	the example	212
6653085789	die Geburtenrate	the birthrate	213
6653085790	die Wirkung	the effect	214
6653085791	die Bevölkerung	the population	215
6653085792	die Ehe	the marriage	216
6653085793	die Lebenspartnerschaft	the civil partnership	217
6653085794	die Erziehung	the upbringing	218
6653085795	der Vergleich	the comparison	219
6653085796	die Erhebung	the raise	220
6653085797	die Senkung	the drop	221
6653085798	der Durchschnitt	the average	222
6653085799	der Mutterschutz	the maternity leave	223
6653085800	die Rückkehr	the return	224
6653085801	die Verfremdung	the alienation	225
6653085802	der Selbstmord	the suicide	226
6653085803	Als du Kind warst	When you were a child	227
6653085804	Wenn ich Vater werde	If I become a father	228
6653085805	draußen oder drinnen	outside or inside	229
6653085806	Er ist im Krieg vermisst	He is missing in action	230
6653085807	Es handelt sich um einen Mann	It is about a man	231
6653085808	Alles in allem	all in all	232
6653085809	Es ist gesunken.	It has dropped	233
6653085810	Es ist gestiegen	It has risen	234
6653085811	Die Zahl der Einwohner wird reduziert	The number of residents will be reduced.	235
6653085812	Was will der Autor damit sagen?	What does the author mean by that?	236
6653085813	die Nachricht	the news	237
6653085814	die Wissenschaft	the science	238
6653085815	die Fernsehsendung	the television show	239
6653085816	die Wirtschaft	the economy	240
6653085817	der Bericht	the report	241
6653085818	die Unterhaltung	the entertainment	242
6653085819	die Sommerferien	the summer vacation	243
6653085820	der Nachrichtendienst	the news service	244
6653085821	die Gesellschaft	the society	245
6653085822	das Reiseziel	the destination	246
6653085823	der Zeitungsartikel	the newspaper article	247
6653085824	der Anreisetag	the day of arrival	248
6653085825	die Leistung	the service	249
6653085826	die Sehenswürdigkeit	the attraction	250
6653085827	das Urlaubsangebot	the vacation offer	251
6653085828	die Verpflegung	the room and board	252
6653085829	die Werbung	the advertisement	253
6653085830	der Abreisetag	the day of departure	254
6653085831	der Familienurlaub	the family vacation	255
6653085832	die Webseite	the website	256
6653085833	die Anfrage	the inquiry	257
6653085834	die Katastrophe	the catastrophe	258
6653085835	das Ereignis	the event	259
6653085836	Ich will den Urlaub verlängern.	I want to extend the vacation.	260
6653085837	Du hast viel gegessen.	You ate a lot.	261
6653085838	Nichts ist kostenlos.	Nothing is free.	262
6653085839	Wir sind heute angekommen.	We arrived today.	263
6653085840	Haben Sie ein Zimmer frei?	Do you have a room available?	264
6653085841	Was ist passiert?	What happened?	265
6653085842	Der Urlaub ist all-inklusive.	The vacation is all inclusive.	266
6653085843	Der Mann berichtet die Nachrichten.	The man reports the news.	267
6653085844	Wir sind nach Spanien geflogen.	We flew to Spain.	268
6653085845	Wie soll man seinen Urlaub verbringen?	How should one spend their vacation?	269