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AP World History: Unit/Period 2 Flashcards

Bentley Unit Two - chapters 7 - 12

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5136148324CyrusFounder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. He allowed the Jews to return to their homeland0
5136269429BeaureucratsIndividuals responsible for running the day-to-day affairs of the Empire. Become an important class in the Persian Empire1
5136148325DariusPersian ruler who brought order to the Persian Empire. He also built roads; established a postal system; and standardized weights, measures, and coinage.2
5136298851Persian Royal Road1,600 mile highway built by the Achaemenid Empire linking various parts of the empire3
5136148326Eyes and Ears of the KingInspectors who made unannounced visits to provinces in Persia and reported back to the king to check up on the local government4
5136175560Medes and PersiansNomadic, Indo-Europeans from Central Asia who will become the founders of the Achaemenid empire under Cyrus5
5136148327Xerxesson of Darius; became Persian king. He vowed revenge on the Athenians. He invaded Greece with 180,000 troops in 480 B.C and was eventually defeated6
5136148328Mithradates IThe Parthians greatest conqueror; he had consolidated his hold on Iran and had also extended Parthian rule to Mesopotamia.7
5136148329Alexander the GreatSuccessor of Philip of Macedon; Overthrows the Persian Empire; First global empire, but no lasting bureaucracy; Empire divided after his death; spread of Hellenism is greatest achievement8
5136148331ZarathustraChief prophet of the Ancient Persian religion known as Zoroastrianism, which influenced Jewish and later Christian belief as well as the culture of the Persian Empire9
5136148332AchaemenidsPersian dynasty which traced its lineage back to an ancestor named Achaemenes; founded by Cyrus10
5136148333Persepolisthe great capital of the ancient Persian Empire11
5136148334Satrapsunder Darius's rule, these were known as governors who ruled the provinces. They collected taxes, served as judges, and put down rebellions12
5136148336Persian WarsConflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus.13
5136148337SeleucidsOne of the regional dynasties that followed the death of Alexander the Great. Territory included most of the former Achaemenid empire14
5136148338ParthiansPersian dynasty who overthrew the Seleucids. Based in Iran and extended to Mesopotamia. Had very heavy calvary (horses and armored troops). Government followed the example of the Achaemenid administration.15
5136148340QanutUnderground canals prevalent throughout the Iranian Plateau of the Persian Empire16
5136148339SasanidsOverthrew the Parthians; Last powerful Persian dynasty of the classical period that would reach its peak under Shapur I and later fall to Islamic/Arabic expansion.17
5136148341Ahura MazdaMain god of Zoroastrianism who represented truth and goodness and was perceived to be in an eternal struggle with the maligned spirit angra mainyu.18
5136148342Angra Mainyuevil spirit in zoroastrianism, the explanation for the presence of evil in the world19
5136148343AvestaThe sacred text of Zoroastrianism, which includes the very old hymns known as the Gathas, along with more recent material.20
5136148344ConfuciusChinese philosphere and teacher; his belifs, known as confusoinism greatly influenced chinese life21
5136402859ren, li and xiaoPersonal qualities of Confucianism all necessary for forming "superior individuals" (junzi) -ren: courteous, respectful, loyal -li: sense of propriety; individuals behave in conventionally appropriate fashion -xiao: filial piety (respect, welfare and remembrance of parents, elders and ancestors)22
5136148345Analectscompilation of Confucius's sayings in a book created by his pupils23
5136388044JunziConfucian ideal of "superior individuals" serving as rulers24
5136148346Mencius(371?-289 BCE), Chinese philosopher, who studied Confucianism. He later refined many of the ideas and spread them across China. Emphasized the ren over the li. Accused of having an overly-optimistic view of human nature25
5137132987XunziConfucianist who emphasized the li over the ren. He believed humans were selfish and thus strong discipline was necessary26
5136148347LaoziChinese Daoist philosopher; taught that governments were of secondary importance and recommended retreat from society into nature.27
5136148348Qin ShihuangdiThe "First Emperor" of China. He built road and canals and began the Great Wall of China. He also imposed a standard system of laws, money, weights, and writing.28
5137276556Xiongnupowerful nomadic horseman of central Asia conquered by the Han under Han Wudi29
5136148349Han WudiThe most important Han Emperor: expanded the Empire in all directions; created the Civil Service System based upon Confucian learning; established Imperial University; promoted the Silk Roads30
5137158769daodejingexposition of Daoist beliefs- promoted the trait known as wuwei (disengagement from world and live simple lives in harmony with nature.)31
5136148350ConfucianismThe system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.32
5136148351DaoismResponse to turbulence of the Warring States. Believed that it was pointless to waste energy on solving problems that defied solutions. Instead, one should devote energies to reflection and introspection not Confucianism social activisim33
5180150765DaoMeans "the way of nature"; original force of the cosmos that governs all workings of the world. Living in harmony with the Dao means avoiding the activism and ambition. Live a simple life.34
5180166657wuweiDaoist belief to disengage from the affairs of the world; live simple lives in harmony with nature (the Dao)35
5136148352LegalismIn China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime.36
5136148353Qin DynastyThe dynasty that replaced the Zhou dynasty and employed Legalist ideas in order to control warring states and unify the country. (all-powerful centralized state). *Rapid progress, but short-lived (lasted only 14 years) due to ruthlessness37
5136148354Han dynastyA great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles. Han rulers chose officials (bureaucracy) on merit rather than birth. It was a time of prosperity.38
5180203399Wang MangHan emperor known as the "socialist emperor" who tried to end social tension through land reforms. He was assassinated by the wealthy for his efforts.39
5180195238Classic of Filial Piety & Admonitions for WomenChinese literature during the Han which promoted a patriarchal family (women's devotion to husband and family.40
5137247865Hegemonyleadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others.41
5136148355Sericulturethe production of raw silk by raising silkworms42
5136148356Yellow Turban UprisingLarge revolt throughout China during the Han dynasty led by desperate peasants wearing yellow turbans. This uprising tested the resilience of the Han state during the late second century CE.43
5136148357Chandragupta MauryaHe founded India's first empire (Mauryan). He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India.44
5136148358AshokaThe grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; extended conquests of the dynasty; converted to Buddhism and sponsored its spread throughout his empire.45
5136148359Chandra GuptaLaid the foundations for the Gupta empire, he forged alliances with powerful families in the Ganges Region and established a dynamic kingdom about the year 320 C.E. known as the Golden Age46
5180265554Mahabharata and the RamayanaIndian literature that promoted the patriarchal family and submissiveness of women47
5180268901The Caste SystemStrict social system of the Indo-Aryans consisting of four classes of people: priests (brahmins); warriors and aristocrats (kshatriyas), peasants and merchants (vaishayas), and serfs (shudras)48
5180289658JanismFounded by a teacher named Mahavira. Believed that everything (including inanimate objects) possessed a soul. Only purification (principle of ahimsa) can release these souls from their physical and psychological suffering. The religion was too strict for the average person to practice.49
5180330038Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path-Four Noble Truths: doctrine of Buddhism stressing that desire causes suffering. -Eightfold Path: guidelines for eliminating desire in order to achieve enlightenment (salvation)50
5180369187Popular HinduismA change in the Hindu ethical system which made it easier for lay persons to pursue salvation. Based on the ideas of dharma (living moral life and fulfilling the duties of your caste), artha (pursuit of economic well-being and prosperity), Kama (enjoyment of physcial, social and sexual pleasure). If you fulfill your dharma, kama and artha, then you will gain good karma and achieve moksha (salvation of the soul) and enter nirvana.51
5180347683Mahayana BuddhismNew form of Buddhism which becomes much more accessible to the average person thus increasing the popularity of Buddhism. Changes includes worshipping the Buddha as a god or savior. Based on the idea of boddhisatva meaning individuals who reached nirvana could remain on earth to help others.52
5180310175ahimsaBelief of Janism in promoting non-violence to other living things or their souls. Important in the pursuit of purification for freeing these souls53
5180278240JatiSubcastes which started as the result of the guilds formed by new groups of artisans, craftsmen and merchants who did not have a place in the traditional caste system.54
5136148360Siddhartha Gautamafounder of Buddism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha55
5136148361Mauryan EmpireThe first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. Used a political handbook known as the Arthashastra as a guide for running the government.56
5136148362Kushan EmpireRuled central Asia to Northern India, important in spreading Buddhism to Chinese, took control of the Silk Road route.57
5180409325Iliad and the Odysseyliterature authored by Homer describing the Trojan War and chaos during the time of the Mycenaeans.58
5180421983PolisGreek city state including a citadel or fortified site (acropolis) and surrounding regions.59
5180429008TyrantOne who seizes power through irregular or illegal means. Often had the support of the masses.60
5180431754SpartaGreek city state located in Peloponnesus known for its' military-based society (largely due to controlling the helots- conquered peoples who basically functioned as slaves for the Spartans)61
5180442374AthensGreek city-state known for developing a democratic state under the leadership of Solon. It becomes the most sophisticated city-state under the direction of Pericles.62
5180239013BactriaA thriving commercial center linking China and the Mediterranean basin. Established the Bactrian Kingdom after decline of the Mauryans. The Bactrians were a mix of Greeks (imperial heirs of Alexander the Great) and Indo-Europeans.63
5136148363Gupta EmpirePowerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture.64
5136148364White HunsNomadic invaders from central Asia; invaded India; disrupted Gupta administration65
5136148365Buddhisma world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire66
5136148366Bhagavad GitaThe most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit.67
5136148367Homerancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC)68
5136148368PericlesAthenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athen's political and cultural supremacy in Greece69
5136148369SocratesGreek philosopher; socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth70
5136148370PlatoStudent of Socrates, wrote The Republic about the perfectly governed society71
5136148371AristotleGreek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought.72
5180556189Hellenistic PhilosophiesAddressed individual needs by searching for personal tranquility and pleasure. Three philosophies: -Epicureans: pleasure is the greatest good -Skeptics: refuse to take positions on political, moral and social issues because of doubting the possibility of certain knowledge. -Stoics: individuals have a duty to aid others and live virtuous lives.73
5136148372Minoan societyInhabited the island of Crete (major city: Knossos); around 2200 B.C.E. they acted as the center of maritime trade in the Mediterranean; used Linear A, an undecipherable syllabic alphabet; through a series of both natural disasters (1700 B.C.E.) and foreign invaders, were conquered by 1100 B.C.E.74
5136148373Mycenaean societyIndo-European invaders descend through Balkans into Peloponnesus c. 2200 B.C.E.; influenced by Minoan society; had a major settlement in Mycenae; used a syllabic alphabet called Linear B (evolved form of Linear A); inhabited Greece, Crete, Anatolia, Sicily, and Italy; c. 1200 B.C.E., engaged in conflicts with Troy75
5136148374Trojan WarA war, fought around 1200 B.C., in which an army led by Mycenaean kings attacked the independent trading city of Troy in Anatolia76
5136148377Persian War & King DariusConflict between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire. Started due to uprising of Greek cities along the Ionian coast. Darius crushes rebellion and seeks revenge by attacking Athens. Persians are defeated at the Battle of Marathon.77
5180473563Persian War & King XerxesTen years after Marathon, Xerxes engages in military campaign to conquer Greece. The Greeks will defeat Xerxes and the Persian Empire78
5136148378Delian LeagueFormed after the Persian Wars, an alliance of city-states under the leadership of Athens with the purpose of defending against any future Persian attacks79
5136148379Peloponnesian Wara war in which Athens and her allies were defeated by Sparta and its' allies.80
5180496393Kingdom of Macedonstate north of the Greek peninsula. Under the leadership of King Phillip, the Macedonians will conquer the Greek city-states in the time following the Peloponnesian War.81
5180507779Hellenistic EmpiresThree large empires formed by Alexander's general following his death. 1. Antigonid Empire- realm of Geece and Macedon 2. Ptolemaic Empire- Egypt (known for the great cosmopolitan and commercial city of Alexandria) 3. Seleucid Empire- Most of the former Persian Empire82
5136148380Hellenistic AgeGreek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam.83
5136148381Antigonid EmpireThe empire in Greece after the breakup of Alexander's empire.84
5136148382Ptolemaic EmpireThe Hellenistic empire in Egypt area after Alexander's death; created by Ptolemy, one of Alexander's generals.85
5136148383Seleucid EmpireThe empire in Syria, Persia, and Bactria after the breakup of Alexander's empire.86
5136148384Gracchi brotherstwo brothers (Tiberius and Gaius); they promoted giving land and voting reforms to the poor. Both were killed because they advocated these reforms87
5136148385Julius CaesarBrilliant military general who becomes widely popular among the Roman masses. Due to instituting various land and social reforms, he was assassinated by the wealthy conservatives in the Senate. Brings about another civil war for 13 years.88
5186338111Octavian (Augustus Caesar)Nephew of Julius Caesar, who emerges as the winner of the civil war after the death of Julius Caesar. The moment considered the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire under imperial ruler. (monarchy disguised as a republic)89
5136148387CiceroRoman intellectual who establishes stoicism as the most prominent school of moral philosophy in Rome. He argued that the pursuit of justice was the individual's highest public duty and scorned those who sought to abuse power or accumulate wealth.90
5136148388EtruscansA dynamic people from Anatolia who dominated much of Italy between the eighth and fifth centuries BCE. Deeply influenced the early development of Rome. Several Etruscans served as Roman Kings.91
5136148389The Punic WarsThree wars between Rome and Carthage (dominant power in North Africa) resulting in the destruction of Carthage and its annexation by Rome. Beginning of Roman expansion outside of the Italian peninsula.92
5136148390Twelve tablesthe earliest written collection of Roman laws, drawn up by patricians about 450B.C., that became the foundation of Roman law93
5136148391Patricianshereditary aristocrats and wealthy classes in the early Roman aristocratic republic. In the early days, the consuls, assemblies and senates consisted of Patricians only.94
5136148392PlebeiansMembers of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders . The Plebeians will eventually gain representation in the Republic through the tribunes and eventually gain the right to one of the consuls. Over time, they will begin to dominate the assemblies as well.95
5136148393LatifundiaLarge farming estates owned by wealthy families in Ancient Rome. Many of these estates were conquered territories. With these large estates and slaves, the wealthy were able to put the small landowning farmers out of business. Contributes to conflict and civil war between the social classes96
5186132169ConsulsOne of the branches of the Roman Republic made up of two individuals with executive powers chosen by the assembly97
5186157854The Roman Rebulbic: The Senate, Assembly & TribunesSenate: The most powerful branch/body of the Roman Republic whose members came from the wealthy classes. Advised the consuls and ratified all major decisions. Assembly: government body in the Republic who elected the consuls Tribunes: elected officials among the Plebeians with the power to veto measures they considered unfair98
5186510102Cult of Mithras and Isis*Mithraism: Religion of salvation associated with the Zoroastrian god, Mithras. Promised a union with Mithras to those who lived morals and the cult's teachings *Cult of Isis: Most popular of Mediterranean religions before Christianity. Many adored the Egyptian goddess because of her promise to nurture and protect those who worship her.99
5186533970culta system of religious veneration and devotion directed toward a particular figure or object.100
5186568652EssenesA Jewish sect who looked for a savior to deliver them from Roman rule. Sect: a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs from those of a larger group to which they belong.101
5136148394Pax RomanaA period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire beginning with Augustus Caesar (lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180). Time of expansion & military conquests, as well as economic and political (legal) integration throughout the empire. Time of remarkable technological advances (roads, aqueducts, public buildings, stadiums, etc.)102
5136148395ConstantineEmperor after Diocletian who won a power struggle to become the sole emperor of both the Eastern and Western Roman Empires. Built a new capital city called Constantinople (located in the eastern district of the empire)103
5136148396Silk roadsTrade routes stretching from China to the Mediterranean, which allowed for the exchange of goods and ideas from China to the Roman Empire104
5186445474pater familiasHeads of the family (usually the eldest male) who had significant power and authority over family members. This power was backed by Roman laws.105
5136148397NestoriansEarly branch of Christianity, named after the fifth-century Greek theologian Nestorius, that emphasized the human nature of Jesus Christ.106
5186251241The Civil War: Marius & SullaMarius: Roman general, who favored the social reformers puts Rome under military occupation. Sulla: Roman general, who favored the conservative, aristocratic classes, conquers Rome after death of Marius107
5186594283Paul of TarsusJewish follower of Jesus who was instrumental is spreading Christianity throughout the Roman Empire108
5186626876Martyrsa person who is killed because of their religious or other beliefs. Many Christians will become martyrs due to persecution from the Roman Empire.109
5187285605DiocletionTo make governing the empire more manageable, he divided the empire into two administrative districts (Eastern and Western) with co-emperors in charge of each district. His military, political and economic reforms helped bring order back to the Empire.110
5188257638Germanic peoplesGroups including the Visigoths, Ostrogoths and Franks flood into and settle within the Western Roman Empire due to pressure from the invading Huns. The Visigoths will even sack Rome in 410 CE. Roman imperial authority in the western half of the empire officially comes to an end in 476 CE111
5136148398Edict of MilanIssued by Constantine in 313, ended the "great persecution" and legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire. The emperor Theodosius, Constantine's successor, will make Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire.112
5188336865St. AugustineHis writings make Christianity an intellectually respectable alternative to Hellenistic philosophy and popular religions of salvation.113
5136148399Council of Nicaea(325 CE) A council called by Constantine to agree upon correct Christian doctrine and settle some disputes of the time such as the issue of the Trinity114
5188368077Bishop of Rome and the Patriarchs of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria and ConstantinopleTop religious authorities in the Christian church.115
5186948847The Silk Roadsthe network of trade routes (included a network of sea lanes as well that linked lands as distant as China and the Roman Empire--and more generally to the establishment of relations between China and lands to the west.116
5187159559Epidemica widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.117
5188538006small pox, measles, and bubonic plaguedeadly diseases spread along trade routes; populations in Chinese and Roman Empire will decline sharply as a result118
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AP Language Terms (Copy) Flashcards

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6202625200Ad HominemA fallacy that attacks the opposing speaker or another person rather than addressing the issues at hand0
6202625201AllegoryFictional work in which the characters represent ideas or concepts1
6202625202AlliterationThe repetition of consonant sounds, usually at the beginning of words2
6202625203AllusionA reference, usually oblique or faint, to another place, idea, or person from history or literature3
6202625204AmbiguityUncertain or indefinite; subject to more than one interpretation4
6202625205AnalogyThe correspondance or resemblance between two things that are essentially different5
6202625206Faulty Analogypoorly devised, inaccurate or illogical comparison6
6202625207AnecdoteA short story used to illustrate a point the author is making7
6202625208AntecedentEvery pronoun refers back to a previous noun or pronoun8
6202625209AntithesisAn opposition or contrast of ideas that is often expressed in balanced phrases or clauses9
6202625210AphorismA terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle10
6202625211ApostropheA figure of speech in which an absent person or personified object is addressed by a speaker11
6202625212AppositiveA word or phrase that follows a noun or pronoun for emphasis or clarity12
6202625213AsyndetonWhen the conjunctions (such as "and" or "but") that would normally connect a string of words, phrases, or clauses are omitted from a sentence13
6202625214Atmosphere (mood)the emotional feeling of a place, scene, or event14
6202625215Bandwagon AppealsA fallacy that urges people to follow the same path or accept the same idea based on popular behavior/opinion15
6202625216Begging the QuestionA fallacy that assumes as true the very claim that is disputed; a form of circular reasoning that is divorced from reality16
6202625217Caricaturea verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics17
6202625218Clausea grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb18
6202625219Coordinationjoining one or more equal grammatical units (words, phrases, or clauses) with a coordinating conjunction19
6202625220Contrastexplain differences in two or more items20
6202625221Colloquial LanguageSlang or common language that is informal21
6202625222Connotationthe interpretive level of a word based on associated images rather than the literal meaning22
6202625223Deductive ArgumentThe process of moving from a general rule to a specific example23
6202625224DenotationThe literal, dictionary defined meaning of a word24
6202625225DictionAn author's choice of words25
6202625226DogmatismA fallacy that asserts or assumes there is only one solution or direction to go26
6202625227Either-Or ChoicesA fallacy that asserts there are only two choices, one positive and one negative27
6202625228ElegyA work that expresses sorrow28
6202625229Ellipsesindicated by a series of three periods; shows that words have been omitted29
6202625230Equivocationan argument that gives a lie an honest appearance; a half truth30
6202625231EthosRefers to the honesty, credibility, values, intentions and authority of the speaker31
6202625232EuphemismA mild or pleasant sounding expression that substitutes for a harsh, indelicate, or simply less pleasant idea32
6202625233ExpositionWriting or speech that is organized to explain33
6202625234False AuthorityA fallacy that offers the speaker/writer's authority as the sole reason for believing a claim34
6202625235Faulty Causalityin Latin "post hoc, ergo propter hoc". A fallacy that assumes one event/action causes another35
6202625236Figurative LanguageAll uses of language that imply an imaginative comparison36
6202625237Footnotesnumbered references within a work that correspond to numbers at the bottom of the page37
6202625238ForeshadowingA purposeful hint placed in a work of literature to suggest what may occur later in the narrative38
6202625239GenreThe major category into which a literary work fits (prose, poetry, drama) (fiction etc.)39
6202625240Hasty GeneralizationA fallacy that assumes as true an inference derived from insuffcient evidence; a stereotype40
6202625241HyperboleA figure of speech in which exaggeration is used to achieve emphasis41
6202625242ImageryA mental picture that is conjured by specific words and associations42
6202625243Inductive Argumentcreating a case by providing specific examples and drawing a conclusion based on the evidence they provide43
6202625244Inference/inferto draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented44
6202625245Invective (tirade, polemic)an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language45
6202625246IronyContrast between what is stated and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true46
6202625247Verbal Ironywhen the words literally state the opposite of the writer's meaning47
6202625248Situational Ironywhen events turn out the opposite of what characters and readers expect48
6202625249Dramatic Ironywhen facts or events are known by the audience but not the characters in work49
6202625250Juxtapositionwhen two contrasting things are placed next to each other for comparison50
6202625251Logosthe use of hard evidence and logicial reasoning as a controlling principle in an argument51
6202625252Metaphora figure of speech in which two things are compared directly52
6202625253Metonymya figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it53
6202625254Mood (atmosphere)The prevailing or dominant feeling of a work, scene, or event54
6202625255Narrativethe telling of a story or an account of an event of series of events55
6202625256Non SequiturA fallacy that claims, reasons, or warrants fail to connect or follow each other56
6202625257Onomatopoeiaan effect created by words that have sounds that reinforce their meaning; buzz, hiss, hum, crack57
6202625258Oxymorontwo contradictory words in one expression; jumbo shrimp58
6202625259Paradoxa seeming contradiction that in fact reveals some truth59
6202625260Parallelisma literary technique that relies on the use of the same syntactical structure60
6202625261Parenthetical IdeasA short diversion from the main point of a work61
6202625262Parodyan effort to ridicule or make fun of a literary work or an author by writing a comic imitation of the work62
6202625263PathosA sympathetic appeal to pity or compassion used in an argument63
6202625264Personathe character created by the voice and narration of the speaker of a text64
6202625265Personificationa figure of speech in which ideas or objects are described as having human qualities or personalities65
6202625266Point of Viewthe particular perspective from which a story is told66
6202625267Puna play on words67
6202625268Repetitionthe reiteration of a word, phrase, image sound, etc. for emphasis68
6202625269Rhetoricthe art, style and logic of a written or spoken argument to persuade, to analyze, or to expose69
6202625270Rhetorical Strategythe way an author organizes words, sentences, and overall argument in order to achieve a particular purpose70
6202625271Rhetorical Devicesthe specific language tools that an author uses to carry out a rhetorical strategy (diction, imagery, syntax)71
6202625272Rhetorical Questiona question that is asked for the sake of the argument72
6202625273Satireto ridicule or mock ideas, persons, events, or doctrines while making a clear point (unlike parody)73
6202625274Scare Tacticsa fallacy that over-emphasizes possible dangers well beyond their statistical likelihood74
6202625275Selection of Detailthe specific words, incidents, images, or events the author uses to create a scene or narrative; details may be concrete or abstract75
6202625276Semanticsthe branch of language that studies the meaning of words76
6202625277Declarative sentenceassertive- a statement77
6202625278Imperative sentenceauthoritative- command78
6202625279Interrogative sentenceasks a question79
6202625280Exclamatory sentenceexpresses emotion80
6202625281Simple Sentenceone subject and one verb81
6202625282Compound Sentencemore than one subject and/or verb (no dependent clauses)82
6202625283Complex Sentenceone independent and one or more dependent clauses83
6202625284Compound-Complex Sentencetwo or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses84
6202625285Loose (Cumulative) Sentencesubordinate structures after the main subject and verb85
6202625286Periodic (Climactic) Sentencesubordinate structures before the main subject and verb86
6202625287Convoluted sentencesubordinate structures between main subject and verb87
6202625288Sentimental Appealsa fallacy that uses tender, heartwarming emotions excessively to distract readers from facts88
6202625289Similea figure of speech that compares one thing with another using the words "like" or "as"89
6202625290Slippery Slopea fallacy that portrays a small problem as tomorrow's slide into disaster90
6202625291Speakerthe narrator of a story, poem, or drama91
6202625292Straw mana fallacy that attacks an argument that really isn't there or isn't the real issue at hand92
6202625293Subordinationjoining two or more unequal grammatical units (words, phrases, or clauses) with a subordinating conjunction93
6202625294Syllogisma form of deductive reasoning in which pieces of evidence are used to create a new conclusion94
6202625295Symbolsomething that represents something else95
6202625296Synonyma word that has the same, or nearly the same, meaning as another word96
6202625297Syntaxthe way words are arranged in a sentence97
6202625298Tensiona feeling of excitement and expectation the reader or audience feels because of the conflict, mood, or atmosphere of the work98
6202625299Themethe central idea99
6202625300ToneAuthor's attitude100
6202625301Transitiona word or phrase that links different ideas101
6202625302Understatementwhen an author assigns less significance to an event or thing than it deserves102
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AP language: Genre Flashcards

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6132798003AbstractA brief synopsis of a longer work; something that doesn't exist in the real world0
6132805492AllegoryA narrative or description having a second or symbolic meaning underneath the surface one1
6132827291BurlesqueA humorous imitation of a serious work of literature2
6132836439ClassicA highly regarded work of literature the withstood the test of time3
6132841119DescriptionIntended to recreate, invent or visually present a person place or event4
6132855080ElegyA song or poem ogden lamenting or mourning5
6132858315ExposeOften journalistic meant to expose weakness faults or frailties6
6132867120GenreThe major categories which literary works can be classified7
6132874920HomilySermon; serious talks involving moral or spiritual advice8
6132883457LampoonA satirical attack against a person or institution9
6132889818MemoirAutobiographical work. Focuses on a specific time or event10
6132898045NarrativeTelling a story or account. Usually in first person.11
6132905696ParodyA work that imitates another for comedic affect12
6132911524SatireRidicules something or someone in order to make a point or change13
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AP LITERATURE VOCAB TERMS Flashcards

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5383433341abstractcomplex style no concrete details0
5383438225accentstressed portions of a word1
5383439981allegorystory with a lot of symbolic meaning outside of the story itself2
5383443094alliterationrepeating the initial consonant sound3
5383447687allusionreferencing another book or something from pop culture4
5383450054anachronismsomething from outside of its time period5
5383459407analogya comparison using two symbolic parts6
5383464360anecdoteshort story7
5383466291antecedentword that a pronoun is referring to in a sentence8
5383479982anthropomorphismnon human things are given human characteristics9
5383482453anti-climaxthere is a huge build up to a really boring event10
5383491533antiheroa protagonist who has no good qualities like a hero11
5383494295aphorismshort and witty saying12
5383496142apostrophewhen a speaker talks directly to a nonhuman13
5383500504archaismusing old fashioned language out of context on purpose14
5383503028asidespeech made by a character to the audience15
5383505856assonancerepeated use of vowel sounds16
5383508544bathos, pathospathos is when a scene evokes emotion like pity, and bathos is when its overdramatic17
5383532209black humorusing disturbing themes in comedy18
5383535591cacophonyusing harsh awkward sounds on purpose19
5383543975caricatureportrait that exaggerates part of their personality20
5383546033catharsisfeeling the emotions of the characters21
5383554620chorusgroup of people in a play who comment on the play22
5383556934classictypical, accepted masterpiece23
5383558961coinage (neologism)new word or slang24
5383561149colloquialismword or phrase used in everyday language that isn't part of the dictionary25
5383569412connotation, denotationdenotation is the literal meaning of a word, and connotation is the feeling of the words26
5383574677consonancerepetition of consonant sounds, can be anywhere in the word27
5383576891coupletpair of lines in a poem that end in a rhyme28
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AP Language Flashcards

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2809178264AllegoryNarrative where characters, behavior, and even the setting demonstrate multiple levels if meaning and significance0
2809178265AlliterationSequential repetition of a similar initial sound, usually applied to consonants, usually in closely proximate stressed syllables. (She sells sea shells on the sea shore)1
2809178266AllusionLiterary, historical, religious, or mythological reference.2
2809178267AnaphoraRegular repetition of the same words or phrases at the beginning of successive phrases of clauses. (I am happy, I am strong, I am tired)3
2810495978AntithesisSharply contrasting ideas in balanced or parallel words,phrases,grammatical structure, or ideas. (Life vs. Death, Gov't vs. Anarchy)4
2810499456AphorismStatement designed to make a point or illustrate a commonly held belief5
2810500918ApostropheAddress or invocation to something inanimate6
2810501853EthosAuthority or expert in a field7
2810502916PathosPlay upon emotions8
2810503197LogosAppeals to use of reason/logic9
2810504177AssonanceRepetition of identical or similar vowel sounds. (shE sElls sea shElls by the sEa shore)10
2810507237AsyndetonOmission of conjuctions (I came, I saw, I conquered)11
2810508396PolysyndetonRepetition of conjuctions (I came and I saw and I conquered)12
2810510014AttitudeSense expressed by the time of voice of the mood of a piece of writing; authors feelings towards his/her subject,characters,events,or theme.13
2810512206BathosAbrupt transition in style producing a ludicrous effect. ( the graceful ballerina extended her leg behind her, like a dog at a fire hydrant)14
2810514564Begging the questionArgumentative ploy where the arguer sidesteps the question or the conflict, evading or ignoring the real question15
2810516446CanonAccepted as authentic16
2810517002ChiasmusFigure of speech and generally a syntactical structure wherein the order of the first and second terms are reversed. (He thinks I am but a fool. A fool, perhaps I am.)17
2810519612ClaimAn assertion of something as fact in argumentation18
2810520321ColloquialTerm identifying the diction of the common,ordinary folks, especially in a specific region or area (southerners say "y'all", carbonated drinks are referred to as "pop" or "soda pop")19
2810524924Comparison and contrastTwo or more things are compared,contrasted,or both.20
2810525635ConceitComparison of two unlikely things that is drawn out within a piece of literature, in particular an extended metaphor within a poem (comparing making cloth and experiencing Gods grace)21
2810528473ConsonanceRepetition of two or more consonants with a change in the intervening vowels (splish-splash, click-clack, pitter-patter)22
2810529941ConnotationImplied,suggested,or underlying meaning of a word or phrase23
2810531811ConventionAccepted manner, model or tradition24
2810533424CritiqueAssessment or analysis of something, to determine what it is, what its limitations are, and how it conforms to the standard of the genre25
2810535103Deductive reasoningThe method of argument where specific statements and conclusions are drawn from general principles, general go specific26
2810536786DialectLanguage and idiosyncrasies of a specific region, area, or group (Minnesotans say "you betcha" when they agree with you)27
2810538744DictionSpecific word choice chosen by the author to persuade and convey tone,purpose, or effect28
2810539427DidacticMeans "good teaching", writing it didactic when it has an instructive purpose or lesson29
2810540654ElegyPoem or prose work that laments or meditates upon the death of a person or persons. Usually ends with words of consolation30
2810541904EpistropheRepetition of a phrase at the end of sentences (........,their families will flourish. ......, their families will flourish)31
2810543660EpitaphWriting in praise of a dead person, usually on headstones32
2810544089EulogySpeech/passage written in praise of a person; an oration in honor of a deceased person.33
2810550104EuphemismIndirect,kinder,or less harsh or hurtful way of expressing unpleasant information (she passed away vs. she died)34
2810551699ExpositionWriting that explains its own meaning or purpose35
2810552305Extended metaphorSeries of comparisons within a piece of writing.36
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AP Literature 1st terms Flashcards

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3225184194allusionUnacknowledged references and quotations which authors make while assuming that readers will recognize the original sources and relate their meanings to the new context.0
3225184196devices of soundthe techniques of deploying the sound of words, especially in poetry (rhyme, alliteration, assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia)1
3225184714dictionword choice, types of words, and level of language2
3225185090figurative languageOrganized patterns of comparison that deepen, broaden, extend, illuminate, and emphasize meaning, and also that conform to particular patterns or forms such as metaphor simile and parallelism3
3225185091detailssmaller items or parts making up a larger picture or story; as when describing a character or scene4
3225185092thememajor or central idea of a work5
3225185555attitudea speaker's, author's, or character's disposition toward or opinion of a subject or writing6
3225185556imageryimages are references that trigger the mind to fuse together memories of sights, smells, tastes, sounds, and sensations of touch.7
3225186210ironyBroadly, a means of indirection. Language that states the opposite of what is intended is verbal. The placement of characters in a state of ignorance is dramatic, while an emphasis on powerlessness is situational8
3225186214narrative techniquesthe methods that writers use to give certain artistic and emotional effects to a story. the methods involved in telling a story; asks you to discuss procedures used to tell a story; (point of view, manipulation of time, dialogue, or interior monologue)9
3225186601symbolA specific word, idea, or object that may stand for ideas, values, persons, or ways of life.10
3225186602point of viewThe speaker, voice, narrator, or persona of a work; the position from which details are perceived and related; a centralizing mind or intelligence.11
3225186942metaphora figure of speech that describes something as though it actually were something else, thereby enhancing understanding and insight12
3225186943toneThe techniques and modes of presentation that reveal or create attitudes. n attitude of a writer toward a subject or an audience13
3225187207structureThe arrangement and placement of materials in a work14
3225187885rhetorical techniquesthe devices used in effective or persuasive language, such as apostrophe, contrast, repetition, paradox, understatement, sarcasm, satire, and rhetorical15
3225187886syntaxword order and sentence structure. a mark of style is a writer's syntactical patterning (regular patterns and variations), depending on the rhetorical needs of the literary work16
3225188336stylethe manipulation of language; the placement of words in the service of content17
3225188337settingThe natural, manufactured, and cultural environment in which characters live and move, including all the artifacts they use in their lives.18
3225189012similea figure of comparison, using like with nouns and as with clauses.19
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AP English Literature Terms Flashcards

sources of definitions are The Princeton Review (TPR) and Barron's AP study guides. and class notes that Mr. Enns distributed :)

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3788719687abstractan abbreviated synopsis of a longer work of scholarship or research0
3788719688adagea saying/proverb containing a truth based on experience and often couched in metaphorical language1
3788719689allegorya story in which the narrative/characters carry an underlying symbolic, metaphorical or possibly an ethical meaning2
3788719690alliterationthe repetition of one or more initial consonant in a group of words or lines of poetry or prose. writers use this for ornament or for emphasis3
3788719691allusiona reference to a person, place, or event meant to create an effect or enhance the meaning of an idea4
3788719692ambiguitya vagueness of meaning; a conscious lack of clarity meant to evoke multiple meanings and interpretation5
3788719693anachronisma person, scene, event, or other element in literature that fails to correspond with the time/era in which the work is set6
3788719694analogya comparison that points out similarities between two dissimilar things7
3788719695annotationa brief explanation,summary, or evaluation of a text or work of literature8
3788719696antagonista character or force in a work of literature that, by opposing the protagonist produces tension or conflict9
3788719697antithesisa rhetorical opposition or contrast of ideas by means of a grammatical arrangement of words, clauses, or sentences10
3788719698aphorisma short, pithy statement of a generally accepted truth or sentiment11
3788719699Apollonianin contrast to Dionysian, it refers to the most noble, godlike qualities of human nature and behavior12
3788719700apostrophea locution that addresses a person/personified thing not present13
3788719701archetypean abstract or ideal conception of a type; a perfectly typical example; an original model/form14
3788719702assonancethe repetition of two or more vowel sounds in a group of words or lines in poetry and prose15
3788719703ballada simple narrative verse that tells a story that is sung or recited; a long narrative poem, usually in very regular meter and rhyme, typically has a naive folksy quality16
3788719704barda poet, in olden times, a performer who told heroic stories to musical accompaniment17
3788719705bathosthe use of insincere or overdone sentimentality18
3788719706belle-lettresthe French term for the world of books, criticism, and literature in general19
3788719707bibliographya list of works cited or otherwise relevant to a subject or other work20
3788719708Bildungsromana German word referring to a novel structured as a series of events that take place as the hero travels in quest of a goal21
3788719709blank versepoetry written in iambic pentameter, the primary meter used in English poetry and the works of Shakespeare and Milton. its lines generally do not rhyme22
3788719710bombastinflated, pretentious language used for trivial subjects23
3788719711burlesquea work of literature meant to ridicule a subject; a grotesque imitation; a broad parody and exaggerates it into ridiculousness24
3788719712cacophonygrating, inharmonious sounds25
3788719713caesuraa pause somewhere in the middle of a verse, often (but not always marked by punctuation)26
3788719714canonthe works considered most important in national literature or period; works widely read and studied27
3788719715caricaturea grotesque likeness of striking qualities in persons and things; a portrait that exaggerates a facet of personality28
3788719716carpe diem"seize the day"29
3788719717catharsisa cleansing of the spirit brought about by the pity and terror of a dramatic tragedy30
3788719718classica highly regarded work of literature or other art form that has withstood the test of time, similar to canon31
3788719719classicismderiving from the orderly qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture; implies formality, objectivity, simplicity and restraint32
3788719720climaxthe high point, or turning point, of a story/play33
3788719721novela tale in which a young protagonist experiences an introduction to adulthood. the character may develop understanding via disillusionment, education, doses of reality, or any other experiences that alter his/her emotional/intellectual maturity. e.g. Invisible Man34
3788719722conceita witty or ingenious thought; a diverting or highly fanciful idea, often stated in figurative language; a startling or unusual metaphor, or a metaphor developed and expanded upon several lines35
3788719723anticlimaxthis occurs when an action produces far smaller results than one had been led to expect, it is frequently comic in effect36
3788719724antiheroa protagonist who is markedly unheroic: morally weak, cowardly, dishonest, or any number of other unsavory qualities37
3788719725asidea speech (usually just a short comment) made by an actor to the audience, as though momentarily stepping outside of the action on stage38
3788719726aspecta trait of characteristic, as in "an aspect of the dew drop"39
3788719727atmospherethe emotional tone or background that surrounds a scene40
3788719728black humorthis is the use of disturbing themes in comedy. e.g. two tramps comically debating over which should commit suicide first, and whether the branches of a tree will support their weight41
3788719729cadencethe beat or rhythm of poetry in a general sense42
3788719730cantois a divider in long poems, much like chapters in a novel43
3788719731coinagea.k.a. neologism, inventing a word44
3788719732colloquialismthis is a word or phrase used in everyday conversational English that isn't a part of accepted "schoolbook" English45
3788719733controlling imagewhen an image dominates and shapes the entire work46
3788719734metaphysical conceita type of conceit that occurs only in metaphysical poetry47
3788719735connotationthe suggest or implied meaning of a word/phrase48
3788719736consonancethe repetition of two or more consonant sounds within a group of words or a line of poetry49
3788719737coupleta pair of lines that end in rhyme50
3788719738heroic couplettwo rhyming lines in iambic pentameter are called this51
3788719739denotationthe literal, dictionary definition of a word52
3788719740denouementthe resolution that occurs at the end of a play or work or fiction53
3788719741deus ex machinain literature, the use of an artificial device or gimmick to solve a problem54
3788719742Dionysianas distinguished from Apollonian, the word refers to sensual, pleasure seeking impulses55
3788719743dictionthe choice of words in oral and written discourse56
3788719744syntaxthe ordering and structuring of the words in a sentence57
3788719745dirgea song for the dead, its tone is typically slow, heavy, and melancholy58
3788719746dissonancethe grating of incompatible sounds59
3788719747doggerelcrude, simplistic verse, often in sing-song rhyme60
3788719748dramatic ironywhen the audience knows something that the characters in the drama do not61
3788719749dramatic monologuewhen a single speaker in literature says something to a silent audience62
3788719750elegya poem or prose selection that laments or meditates on the passing/death of something/someone of value63
3788719751elementsthe basic techniques of each genre of literature. IN SHORT STORY: characters, irony, theme, symbol, plot, setting. IN POETRY: figurative language, symbol, imagery, rhythm, rhyme. IN DRAMA: conflict, characters, climax, conclusion, exposition, rising action, falling action, props. IN NONFICTION: argument, evidence, reason, appeals, fallacies, thesis.64
3788719752ellipsisthree periods (...) indicating the omission of words in a thought or quotation65
3788719753empathya feeling of association or identification with an object/person66
3788719754end stoppeda term that describes a line of poetry that ends with a natural pause often indicated by a mark of punctuation67
3788719755enjambmentthe continuation of a syntactic unit from one line or couplet of a poem to the next with no pause68
3788719756epican extended narrative poem that tells of the adventures and exploits of a hero that is generally larger than life and is often considered a legendary figure69
3788719757mock epica parody form that deals with mundane events and ironically treats them as worthy of epic poetry70
3788719758epitaphlines that commemorate the dead at their burial place. usually a line or handful of lines, often serious or religious, but sometimes witty and even irreverent71
3788719759epigrama concise but ingenious, witty and thoughtful statement72
3788719760euphonywhen sounds blend harmoniously; pleasing, harmonious sounds73
3788719761epithetan adjective or phrase that expresses a striking quality of a person or thing74
3788719762eponymousa term for the title character of a work of literature75
3788719763euphemisma mild or less negative usage for a harsh or blunt term76
3788719764exegesisa detailed analysis or interpretation of a work of literature77
3788719765exposea piece of writing that reveals weaknesses, faults, frailties, or other short comings78
3788719766explicitto say or write something directly and clearly79
3788719767explicationthe interpretation/analysis of a text80
3788719768extended metaphora series of comparisons between two unlike objects that occur over a number of lines81
3788719769fablea short tale often featuring nonhuman character that act as people whose actions enable the author to make observations or draw useful lessons about human behavior. i.e Orwell's "Animal Farm"82
3788719770falling actionthe action in a play or story that occurs after the climax and that leads to the conclusion and often to the resolution of the conflict83
3788719771fantasya story containing unreal, imaginary features84
3788719772farcea comedy that contains an extravagant and nonsensical disregard of seriousness, although it may have a serious, scornful purpose85
3788719773figurative languagein contrast to literal language, this implies meanings. It includes devices such as metaphors, similes, and personification, etc.86
3788719774foila secondary character whose purpose is to highlight the characteristics of a main character, usually by contrast87
3788719775first person narrativea narrative told by a character involved in the story, using first-person pronouns such as "I" and "we"88
3788719776flashbacka return to an earlier time in a story or play in order to clarify present actions or circumstances i.e. Invisible Man89
3788719777foreshadowingan event or statement in a narrative that suggests, in miniature, a larger event that comes later90
3788719778footthe basic rhythmic unit of a line in poetry. it is formed by a combination of two or three syllables, either stressed or unstressed91
3788719779framea structure that provides premise or setting for a narrative92
3788719780free versea kind of poetry without rhymed lines, rhythm or fixed metrical feet93
3788719781genrea term used to describe literary forms, such as novel, play, and essay94
3788719782Gothic novela novel in which supernatural horrors and an atmosphere of unknown terror pervades the action. i.e. "Frankenstein"95
3788719783haranguea forceful sermon, lecture, or tirade96
3788719784hubristhe excessive pride/ambition that leads to the main character's downfall97
3788719785hyperboleexaggeration/deliberate overstatement98
3788719786humanisma belief that emphasizes faith and optimism in human potential and creativity99
3788719787implicitto say or write something that suggests and implies but never says it directly or clearly100
3788719788in medias resLatin for "in the midst of things"; a narrative that starts not at the beginning of events but at some other critical point101
3788719789idylla lyric poem or passage that describes a kind of ideal life or place102
3788719790imagea word or phrase representing that which can be seen, touched, tasted, smelled or felt103
3788719791inversionswitching customary order of elements in a sentence or phrase. when done badly it can give a stilted, artificial look-at-me-I'm-poetry feel to the verse. type of syntax104
3788719792ironya mode of expression in which the intended meaning is the opposite of what is stated, often implying ridicule or light sarcasm105
3788719793invectivea direct verbal assault; a denunciation. i.e. Candide106
3788719794kenninga device employed in Anglo-Saxon poetry in which the name of a thing is replaced by one of its functions/qualities, as in "ring-giver" for king and "wale-road" for ocean107
3788719795lamenta poem of sadness or grief over the death of a loved one or over some other intense loss108
3788719796lampoona satire109
3788719797light versea variety of poetry meant to entertain or amuse, butt sometimes with a satirical thrust110
3788719798loose sentencea sentence that is complete before its end. follows customary word order of English sentences i.e. subject-verb-object111
3788719799periodic sentencea sentence not grammatically complete until it has reached its final phrase; sentence that departs from the usual word order of English sentences by expressing its main thought only at the end112
3788719800lyricpersonal, reflective poetry that reveals the speaker's thoughts and feelings about the subject; the word is used to describe tone, it refers to a sweet, emotional melodiousness113
3788719801melodramaa form of cheesy theater in which the hero is very, very good, the villain mean and rotten, and the heroine oh-so-pure.114
3788719802litotesa form of understatement in which the negative of the contrary is used to achieve emphasis or intensity115
3788719803maxima saying or proverb expressing common wisdom or truth116
3788719804metaphora figure of speech that compares unlike objects117
3788719805metaphysical poetrythe work of poets, particularly those of 17th c., that uses elaborate conceits, is highly intellectual, and expresses the complexities of love and life118
3788719806meterthe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables found in poetry119
3788719807metonymya figure of speech that uses the name of one thing to represent something else with which it is associated. e.g. "The White House says..."120
3788719808modethe general form, pattern, and manner of expression of a work of literature121
3788719809montagea quick succession of images/impressions used to express an idea122
3788719810moodthe emotional tone in a work of literature123
3788719811nemesisthe protagonist's archenemy or supreme and persistent difficulty124
3788719812objectivitythis treatment of a subject matter is an impersonal/outside view of events125
3788719813subjectivitythis treatment of a subject matter uses the interior/personal view of a single observer and is typically colored with that observer's emotional responses126
3788719814onomatopoeiawords that sound like what they mean127
3788719815morala brief and often simplistic lesson that a reader may infer from a work of literature128
3788719816motifa phrase, idea, event that through repetition serves to unify or convey a theme in a work of literature.129
3788719817museone of the ancient Greek goddesses presiding over the arts. the imaginary source of inspiration for an artist or writer130
3788719818mythan imaginary story that has become accepted part of the cultural or religious tradition of a group/society. often used to explain natural phenomena.131
3788719819narrativea form of verse or prose that tells a story132
3788719820naturalisma term often used as a synonym for "realism"; also a view of experiences that is generally characterized as bleak and pessimistic133
3788719821non sequitura statement or idea that fails to follow logically from the one before134
3788719822novel of mannersa novel focusing on and describing the social customs and habits of a particular social group135
3788719823odea lyric poem usually marked by serious, respectful and exalted feelings toward the subject.136
3788719824omniscient narratora narrator with unlimited awareness, understanding, and insight of characters, setting, background, and all other elements of the story137
3788719825oxymorona phrase composed of opposites; a contradiction. juxtaposition of contradictory element to create a paradoxical effect138
3788719826oppositionone of the most useful concepts in analyzing literature. it means that you have a pair of elements that contrast sharply.139
3788719827ottava rimaan eight-line rhyming stanza of a poem140
3788719828parablelike a fable or an allegory, it's a story that instructs; a story consisting of events from which a moral or spiritual truth may be derived141
3788719829paradoxa statement that seems self-contradictory yet true142
3788719830parallelismrepeated syntactical similarities used for effect143
3788719831parodyan imitation of a work meant to ridicule its style and subject144
3788719832paraphrasea version of a text put into simpler, everyday, words145
3788719833pastorala work of literature dealing with rural life146
3788719834pathetic fallacyfaulty reasoning that inappropriately ascribes human feelings to nature or nonhuman objects147
3788719835pathosthat element in literature that stimulates pity or sorrow148
3788719836pentametera verse with five poetic feet per line149
3788719837personathe role/facade that a character assumes or depicts to a reader, viewer, or the world at large; the narrator in a non-first-person novel150
3788719838personificationgiving an inanimate object human like qualities or form151
3788719839plotthe interrelationship among the events in a story, including exposition, rising action, climax, falling action and resolution152
3788719840picaresque novelan episodic novel about a roguelike wanderer who lives off his wits. e.g. "Don Quixote", "Moll Flanders"153
3788719841plainta poem or speech expressing sorrow154
3788719842point of viewthe perspective from which the action of a novel in presented.155
3788719843omniscient narrator3rd person narrator who sees like God into each character's mind and understands all the action going on.156
3788719844limited omniscient narrator3rd person narrator who generally reports only what one character (usually the main) sees, and who only reports the thoughts of that one privileged character.157
3788719845objective narrator3rd person narr. who only reports on what would be visible to a camera, doesn't know what the character is thinking unless the character speaks of it.158
3788719846first person narratorthis is a narrator who is a character in the story and tells the tale from his/her POV. when the narrator is crazy, a liar, very young, or for some reason not entirely credible, the narrator is "unreliable"159
3788719847prosodythe grammar of meter and rhythm in poetry160
3788719848protagonistthe main character in a work of literature161
3788719849preludean introductory poem to a longer work of verse162
3788719850punthe usually humorous use of a word in such a way to suggest two or more meanings163
3788719851pseudonymalso called "pen name", a false name or alias used by writers. i.e Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens) George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) George Orwell (Eric Blair)164
3788719852quatriana four-line poem or a four-line unit of a longer poem165
3788719853refraina line or set of lines repeated several times over the course of a poem166
3788719854requiema song of prayer for the dead167
3788719855realismthe depiction of people, things, and events as they really are without idealization or exaggeration for effect168
3788719856rhetoricthe language of a work and its style; words, often highly emotional, used to convince or sway an audience169
3788719857rhetorical questiona question that suggests an answer. in theory, the effect is that it causes the listener to feel they have come up with the answer themselves170
3788719858rhapsodyan intensely passionate verse or section of verse, usually of love or praise171
3788719859rhymethe repetition of similar sounds at regular intervals, used mostly in poetry172
3788719860rhyme schemethe patterns of rhymes within a given poem i.e. abba173
3788719861rhythmthe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables that make up a line of poetry. similar to meter174
3788719862romancean extended narrative about improbable events and extraordinary people in exotic places175
3788719863sarcasma sharp, caustic expression or remark; a bitter jibe or taunt176
3788719864satirea literary style used to poke fun at, attack or ridicule an idea, vice, or foible, often for the purpose of inducing change. great subjects for this include hypocrisy, vanity and greed, especially if those characteristics have become institutionalized in society177
3788719865similefigurative comparison using the words "like" or "as"178
3788719866settingthe total environment for the action in a novel/play. it includes time, place, historical milieu, and social, political and even spiritual circumstances179
3788719867sentimentala term that describes characters' excessive emotional response to experience; also nauseatingly nostalgic and mawkish180
3788719868sentimenta synonym for "view" or "feeling"; also refined and tender emotion in literature181
3788719869scansionthe act of determining the meter of a poetic line.182
3788719870sonneta popular form of verse consisting of fourteen lines and a prescribed rhyme scheme. two types: Shakespearean and Petrarchan183
3788719871soliloquya speech spoken by a character alone on stage. meant to convey the impression that the audience is listening to the character's THOUGHTS. unlike an aside, it is not meant to imply that the actor acknowledges the audience's presence184
3788719872stanzaa group of lines in verse, roughly analogous in function to the paragraph in prose; a group of two or more lines in poetry combined according to subject matter, rhyme, or some other plan185
3788719873stream of consciousnessa style of writing in which the author tries to reproduce the random flow of thoughts in the human mind, e.g. Ernest Hemingway186
3788719874stock charactersstandard or cliched character types: the drunk, the miser, the foolish girl, etc.187
3788719875suggestto imply, infer indicate. goes along with the concept of implicit188
3788719876stylethe manner in which an author uses and arranges words, shapes ideas, forms sentences and creates a structure to convey ideas189
3788719877subplota subordinate or minor collection of events in a novel or play, usually connected to the main plot190
3788719878subtextthe implied meaning that underlies the main meaning of a work of literature191
3788719879summarya simple retelling of what you've just read. what you DON'T want to do in the Open Essay section :)192
3788719880symbolisma device in literature where an object represents an idea193
3788719881synecdochea figure of speech in which a part signifies the whole or the whole signifies the part194
3788719882themethe main idea or meaning, often an abstract idea upon which a work of literature is built195
3788719883thesisthe main position of an argument. the central contention that will be supported196
3788719884tonethe author's attitude toward the subject being written about. it's the characteristic emotion that pervades a work or part of a work197
3788719885tragic flawin a tragedy, this is the weakness of a character in an otherwise good individual that ultimately leads to his demise198
3788719886tragedya form of literature in which the hero is destroyed by some character flaw and a set of forces that cause the hero considerable anguish, or even death199
3788719887travestya grotesque parody200
3788719888truisma way-too-obvious truth201
3788719889utopiaan idealized place. imaginary communities in which people are able to live in happiness, prosperity and peace. Sir Thomas More came up with this idea.202
3788719890verbal ironya discrepancy between the true meaning of a situation and the literal meaning of the written or spoken words203
3788719891versea synonym for poetry. also a group of lines in a song or poem; also a single line of poetry204
3788719892verisimilitudesimilar to the truth; the quality of realism in a work that persuades readers that they are getting a vision of life as it is205
3788719893versificationthe structural form of a line of verse as revealed by the number of feet it contains. i.e. monometer = 1 foot; tetrameter = 4 feet; pentameter = 5 feet, etc.206
3788719894villanellea French verse form calculated to appear simple and spontaneous but consisting of 19 lines and a prescribed pattern of rhymes207
3788719895voicethe real or assumed personality used by a writer or speaker. a verb is in the active voice when it expresses an action performed by its subject. a verb is in the passive voice when it expresses an action performed upon its subject or when the subject is the result of the action. Active: The crew raked the leaves. Passive: The leaves were raked by the crew.208
3788719896witthe quickness of intellect and the power and talent for saying brilliant things that surprise and delight by their unexpectedness; the power to comment subtly and pointedly on the foibles of the passing scene209
3788719897zeugmathe use of a word to modify two or more words, but used for different meanings. "He close the door and his heart on his lost love."210
3788719898anastropheinversion of the natural or usual word order211
3788719899parenthesisinsertion of some verbal unit in a position that interrupts the normal syntactical flow of the sentence212
3788719900appositionplacing side by side two coordinate elements, the second of which serves as an explanation or modification of the first. "The mountain was the earth, her home."213
3788719901ellipsisdeliberate omission of a word or words which are readily implied by context214
3788719902asyndetondeliberate omission of conjunctions between a series of related clauses. used to produce a hurried rhythm in the sentence.215
3788719903polysyndetonthe deliberate use of many conjunctions. its effect is to slow down the rhythm of the sentence216
3788719904anaphorarepetition of the same words or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses. e.g. "I have a dream..."217
3788719905epistropherepetition of the same word or group of words at the ends of successive clauses "When we first came we were very many and you were very few. Now you are many and we are getting very few."218
3788719906epanalepsisrepetition at the end of a clause of the word that occurred at the beginning of the clause. "Blood hat bought blood, and blows have answer'd blows"219
3788719907anadiplosisrepetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause. "The crime was common, common be the pain."220
3788719908climaxthe arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in an order of importance221
3788719909antimetabolerepetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order. "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country."222
3788719910chiasmusreversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or clauses. "Exalts his enemies, his friends destroys."223
3788719911polyptotonrepetition of words derived from the same root. "But in this desert country they may see the land being rendered USELESS by OVERUSE."224
3788719912antanaclasisrepetition of a word in two different senses. "Your argument is sound, nothing but sound."225
3788719913paronomasiause of words alike in sound but different in meaning. "ask for me tomorrow and you will find me a GRAVE man."226
3788719914syllepsisthe use of a word understood differently in relation to two or more other words, which it modifies/governs. "The ink, like our pig, keeps running out of the pen."227
3788719915anthimeriathe substitution of one part of speech for another "I'll UNHAIR they head."228
3788719916periphrasissubstitution of a descriptive word or phrase for a proper name or of a proper name for a quality associated with the name. "They do not escape JIM CROW; they merely encounter another, not less deadly variety."229
3788719917autobiographyan account of a person's own life230
3788719918dialecta way of speaking that is characteristic of a particular region/group of people231
3788719919epiphanyin a literary work, a moment of sudden insight/revelation that a character experiences232
3788719920essaya short piece of non-fiction prose that examines a single subject from a limited POV233
3788719921suspensethe uncertainty/anxiety we feel about what is going to happen next in a story234
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AP World History: About 1750 to 1914 Flashcards

Terms from 1750 to 1914 from the AP World History book by the Princeton Review. Terms that are listed in previous units will not be included.

Terms : Hide Images
2563446572Communisma theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.0
2563446579Enlightenmenta movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions; education that results in understanding and the spread of knowledge1
2563446580Estates-GeneralFrance's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.2
2563446591Marxismthe economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will ultimately be replaced3
2563446596Social DarwinismThe application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.4
2563446597Socialisma theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.5
2563446603Berlin Conference (1884)A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa6
2563446605Boer Wars (1899-1902)Anglo-Dutch wars over British control in Africa- Conflict stemmed from different views on the treatment of natives.7
2563446606Boxer Rebellions1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese (the Boxers) who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.8
2563446609Charles DarwinEnglish natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)9
2563446610Communist Manifestoa socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1842) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views10
2563446619Miguel Hidalgo (Mexico)Mexican priest and revolutionary. Although the revolt he initiated (1810) against Spanish rule failed, he is regarded as a national hero in Mexico's struggle for independence from Spain.11
2563446624Karl MarxGerman philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences.12
2563446630Napoleon BonaparteOverthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.13
2563446631Open Door PolicyA policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.14
2563446632Opium WarsAlso known as the Anglo-Chinese Wars, they were the climax of trade disputes and diplomatic difficulties between China under the Qing Dynasty and the British Empire after China sought to restrict British opium traffickers (and Britain had refused).15
2563446633Panama CanalShip canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers (1904-1915). It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 200016
2563446635Reign of Terrorthe historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed17
2563446639Russo-Japanese War(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious by a long run.18
2563446640Scramble for AfricaTerm given for the rapid invasion of Africa by the various European powers. This began imperialism in Africa.19
2563446641Sepoy Mutiny (1857)A revolt by the hired Hindu and Muslim soldiers of the British East India Company. Both thought the British had used grease from an animal (pig or cow) each religion was not supposed to eat, on the bullets they distributed to them, so they revolted. This resulted in the British government officially taking control of India, making it a colony.20
2563446643Sino-Japanese War(1894-1895) Japan's imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate.21
2563446644Spanish American WarIn 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence22
2563446645Spheres of Influenceareas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly23
2563446646Suez CanalA canal linking the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. It was a vital trade route in the British Empire during imperialism, and continues to link North Africa and Europe to Asia today.24
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