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AP Language Flashcards

4739795701	Ad hominem	This term comes from the Latin phrase meaning "to the man." It refers to an argument that attacks the opposing speaker or another person rather than addressing the issues at hand. Ex: It's easy for him to oppose the tax cut -- a millionaire with no children. What does he know about a need for cash?	0
4739795702	Alliteration	The repetition of consonant sounds, usually at the beginning of words: the repeated "t" and "c" sounds in the sentence. Ex: "The tall tamarack trees shaded the cozy cabin."	1
4739795703	Argument	A course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating truth or falsehood. Ex: Two kids fight over a toy tain	2
4739795704	Assertion	A stylistic approach or technique involving a strong declaration, a forceful or confident and positive statement regarding a belief or an fact. Ex: "Clean your room right now."	3
4739795705	Assumption	The act of taking possession or asserting a claim. Ex: There will be balloons at the event.	4
4739795706	Audience	The person(s) reading a text, listening to a speaker, or observing a performance. Ex: The intern reads her report to her boss.	5
4739795707	Authority	Its reliability as a witness to the author's intentions. Ex: A diary	6
4739795708	Bias	Prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair. Ex: Politics	7
4739795709	Exigence	An issue, problem, or situation that causes or prompts someone to write or speak Ex: He writes to clear his mind	8
4739795710	Colloquialism	A word or phrase that is not formal or literary, typically one used in ordinary or familiar conversation. Ex: Go bananas - go insane	9
4739795711	Complex sentence	A sentence that contains one main clause or independent clause and at least one subordinate clause or dependent clause. Ex: Because my coffee was too cold, I heated it in the microwave.	10
4739795712	Concession	An argumentative strategy by which a speaker or writer acknowledges the validity of an opponent's point. Ex: Is like a rebuttal	11
4739795713	Connotation	The implying or suggesting of an additional meaning for a word or phrase apart from the literal or main meaning. ex: A dove implies peace or gentility	12
4739795714	Counterargument	A viewpoint that opposes your main argument. Ex: Immigration	13
4739795715	Declarative sentence	The kind of sentence that makes a statement or "declares" something. Ex: I woke up.	14
4739795716	Ethos	Ethos is an appeal to ethics, and it is a means of convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader. Ex: During an interview, a man tells why he is qualified to have the job.	15
4739795717	Pathos	The means of persuasion that appeals to the audience's emotions. Ex. A politician tells an emotional childhood story.	16
4739795718	Logos	The word "logos" refers to the use of reason as a controlling principle in an argument. Ex: Appeals on a logic sense	17
4739795719	Imperative sentence	Gives a direct command. Ex: Don't steal my pencil.	18
4739795720	Refute	The part of an argument wherein a speaker or writer anticipates and counters opposing points of view. Ex: The author explains why the opposing side is incorrect.	19
4739795721	Rhetorical question	A question asked merely for effect with no answer expected ex: "Did I ask for your attitude?"	20
4739795722	Simple sentence	A sentence consisting of only one clause, with a single subject and predicate. Ex: She bought a fish.	21
4739795723	Speaker	The speaker is the narrator of a story, poem, or drama Ex: Hazel Grace in The Fault in Our Stars	22
4739795724	Subject	The part of a sentence or clause that indicates what it is about, Ex: Fishing is an activity that can be done as a hobby or for competition.	23
4739795725	Rhetorical triangle	Logos, pathos, and ethos make up the rhetorical triangle Ex: The strongest arguments are usually built on points that take advantage of logos, pathos, and ethos together	24
4742146441	Denotation	The direct or dictionary meaning of a word, in contrast to its figurative or associated meanings Ex: The definition of denotation is the direct or dictionary meaning of a word, in contrast to its figurative or associated meanings	25
4742157989	Pedantic	Overly concerned with minute details or formalism, especially in teaching. Ex: The teacher wants everyone to pay close attention to small details	26
4742168334	Simple	Easily understood or done; presenting no difficulty Ex: Simple sentence	27
4742177804	Monosyllabic	Having only one syllable Ex: Bob	28
4742180855	Polysyllabic	Having many syllables, especially four or more Ex: Hyperbole	29
4742184897	Euphonious	Pleasing to the ear Ex: Hearing a compliment	30
4742186663	Cacophonic	Discordant, unpleasant sounding, jarring Ex: Hearing an insult	31
4742189212	Literal	Exactly true, rather than figurative or metaphorical Ex: Dreadful in its literal sense, full of dread	32
4742192270	Figurative	Language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling Ex: Simile	33
4742194527	Overstated	Stated in exaggerated terms Ex: I fought him and hit him so hard that he flew across the room.	34
4742201418	Understated	Restrained in design or presentation Ex: You win 10 million dollars in a lottery.	35
4743701445	Colloquial	Characteristic of writing that seeks the effect of informal spoken language as distinct from formal or literary English Ex: There are three different types of colloquialisms that we can distinguish: words, phrases, and aphorisms	36
4743704506	Formal	Done in accordance with rules of convention or etiquette; suitable for or constituting an official or important situation or occasion Ex: Yes mam, No sir	37
4743710869	Non-standard-slang	Not adhering to the standard, usually associated with a language variety used by uneducated speakers or socially disfavored groups Ex: Dope	38
4743716370	Jargon	Special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand Ex: Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing	39
4743720105	Alliteration	The repetition of consonant sounds, usually at the beginning of words: the repeated "t" and "c" sounds in the sentence. Ex: "The tall tamarack trees shaded the cozy cabin."	40
4743720337	Onomatopoeia	A word that imitates the sound it represents Ex: Buzz	41
4743722497	Allegory	A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one Ex: YouTube series don't hug me I'm scared	42
4743724558	Autobiography	An account of a person's life written by that person Ex: The Life of Samuel Johnson	43
4743727604	Biography	A written account of another person's life Ex: Michael Phelps	44
4743729398	Diary	A personal, daily account of an individual's experiences and feelings Ex: Diary of Anne Frank	45
4743730732	Essay	A short piece of writing on a particular subject Ex: Persuasive essay	46
4743733066	Fiction	A story that is not true or is made up Ex: The Hunger Games	47
4743734326	Nonfiction	Writing that tells about real people, places, and events Ex: Salvador - Joan Didion	48
4743738242	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule Ex: Space Balls	49
4743739549	Prose	Any material that is not written in a regular meter like poetry Ex: Essay	50
4743739816	Satire	A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies Ex: Satire is often used to effect political or social change, or to prevent it	51
4743740995	Sermon	A talk on a religious or moral subject, especially one given during a church service and based on a passage from the Bible Ex: Sermons on Sunday morning	52
4758835894	Adjective	A word that describes a noun Ex: Scary	53
4758836647	Adverb	A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb Ex: Literally	54
4758856902	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. Ex: Literally	55
4758861588	Complement	To complete or fill up; to be the perfect counterpart Ex: Her necklace compliments her shirt	56
4758870007	Conjunction	A word used to join words or groups of words Ex: So	57
4758871828	Pronoun	A word that takes the place of a noun Ex: She	58
4758872651	Noun	A person, place, thing, or idea Ex: Dog	59
4758873226	Verb	An action word Ex: Jump	60
4758874366	Predicate	Tells what the subject is or does Ex: Sam cooked a cake. "Cooked a cake" describes what Sam was doing	61
4758876428	Syntax	The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language Ex: I will bake the cake if she takes the dog for a walk.	62
4758878723	Periodic Sentence	A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end Ex: In spite of heavy snow and cold temperatures, the game continued.	63
4758888113	Parallelism	Phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other Ex: Like father, like son	64
4758890017	Running Style	Sentence style that appears to follow the mind as it worries a problem through, mimicking the "rambling, associative syntax of conversation"--the opposite of periodic sentence style Ex: It had rained in the night, and the lane was awash with thin red mud, and puddles stood in the ruts and potholes. It was steep, wet, slippery walking. And cold.	65
4758900163	Subordination	The dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence. Ex: While Lily was washing her hands, Joe was packing.	66
4758906195	Coordination	Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but Ex: She was cleaning, but he was making a mess.	67
4758909286	Chiasmus	A statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed Ex: Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.	68
4758916508	Clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb Ex: She ate.	69
4758918222	Asyndeton	Commas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words, speeds up flow of sentence Ex: X, Y, Z as opposed to X, Y, and Z.	70
4758921918	Polysyndeton	Deliberate use of many conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted. Hemingway and the Bible both use extensively Ex: He ran and jumped and laughed for joy	71
4758926923	Narration	Writing that tells a story Ex: Harry Potter	72
4758929951	Description	A rhetorical mode based in the five senses. It aims to re-create, invent, or present something so that the reader can experience it Ex: Description of a character in writing	73
4758933337	Exposition	A narrative device, often used at the beginning of a work that provides necessary background information about the characters and their circumstances Ex: Can explain the setting	74
4758940584	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern Ex: Can be found a lot in hymns	75
4758945629	Tone	A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels Ex: Formal	76
4758946027	Diction	A writer's or speaker's choice of words Ex: Simple words	77
4758949310	Point of View	The perspective from which a story is told Ex: In the Hunger games, Katniss	78

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AP Language Unit 3 Flashcards

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5000522675	Definition Verbal Irony	Is the use of words to mean something different from what a person actually says	0
5000522676	Example Verbal Irony	"Great someone stained my new dress"	1
5000522677	Definition Dramatic Irony	Occurs when the audience is aware of something that the characters in the story are not aware of	2
5000522678	Example Dramatic Irony	In a movie where a detective does not know that the criminal responsible for the crimes in the city is his partner	3
5000522679	Definition Situational Irony	Involves a discrepancy between what is expected to happen and what actually happens	4
5000592752	Example Situational Irony	When someone buy a gun to protect himself, but the same gun is used by another individual to injure him	5
5000592753	Definition Trope	The use of a word, phrase, or image in a way not intended by its normal significance. They are figures of speech with an unexpected twist in the meaning of words	6
5000592754	Example Trope	Metaphors, smilie, and personification	7
5000592755	Definition Scheme	A change in standard word order or pattern. They are figure of speech that deal with a word order, syntax, letters, sounds, rather than the meaning of a word	8
5000592756	Example Scheme	Antithesis, asyndeton	9
5000592757	Definition Colloquialism	The use of informal words, phrases or even slang to show region or character	10
5000592758	Example Colloquialism	"I didn't want to go back no more. I had stopped cussing, because the widow didn't like it; but now I took to it again because pap hadn't no objections... But by and by pap got too handy with his hick'ry, and I could't stand it. I was all over with welts. He got to going away so much, too, and locking me in. Once he locked me in and was gone three days. It was dreadful lonesome"	11
5000592759	Definition Catalogue	A traditional epic device consisting of a long rhetorical list or inventory	12
5000592760	Example Catalogue	"The man married and unmarried children ride home to their thanksgiving dinner, the pilot seizes the king pin, he heaved down with a strong arm, the mate stands braced in the whale-boat, lance and harpoon are ready, the duck shooter walks by silent and cautious stretches, the deacons are ordained with crossed hands at the alter the spinning-girl retreats and advances to the hum of the big wheel...	13
5002283129	Definition Invective	Speech or writing that attacks, insults, or denounces a person, topic, or institution, usually involving negative emotional language	14
5002283130	Example Invective	"I can't conclude the bulk of your natives to be the most pernicious race of little odious Bergman that nature ever suffered to crawl upon the surface of the earth"	15
5002283131	Definition Litotes	The writer used a statement in the negative to create the effect	16
5002283132	Example Litotes	You know Einstein is not a bad mathematician	17
5002283133	Definition Pathetic Fallacy	Personification in which a writer ascribes the human feelings of his or her characters to inanimate objects or non-human phenomena	18
5002283134	Example Pathetic Fallacy	So furious had been the gusts, that high buildings in town had had the lead stripped off their roofs; and in the country, trees had been torn up, and sails of windmills carried away; and gloomy accounts had come in from the coast, of a shipwreck and death. Violent blasts of rain had accompanied these rages of wind, and the day just closed as K say form to read had been the worst of all	19
5002283135	Definition Inversion	A literary technique in which the normal order of words is reversed in order to achieve a particular effect of emphasis	20
5002283136	Example Inversion	"Glistens the dew upon the morning grass"	21
5002283137	Definition Satire	A technique employed by writers to expose and criticize foolishness and corruption of an individual or a society by using humor, Irony, exaggeration or ridicule. It intends to improve humanity by criticizing its follies and foibles.	22
5002283138	Definition Horatian Satire	The voice is indulgent, tolerant, amused, and witty. The speaker gently ridicules the absurdities	23
5002283139	Example Horatian Satire	The onion is a fake news source that uses contemporary issues and highlights their absurdity. Some of the most popular headlines they've published include "the Supreme Court rules the Supreme Court rules" and "Clinton deploys vowels to Bosnia"	24
5002283140	Definition Juvenalian Satire	The speaker attacks vice and error with contempt and indignation and harshness	25
5002283141	Example Juvenalian Satire	South Park	26

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SYNTHESIS ESSAY - AP LANGUAGE Flashcards

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4431678937	How much time do you get for writing the essay?	40 minutes	0
4431678938	How much time do you get to read, analyze, and claim your view point?	15 minutes	1
4431678939	When dissecting the prompt what are 4 things you should do?	1. Identify the topic 2. Identify the Universal Subject 3. Develop a list of pros and cons, causes and effects, or the most important matters to be considered for the prompt. 4. Construct a working thesis	2
4431678940	What is a working thesis?	A changeable thesis that gives you a direction to head with your writing and a reference point, but can be adjusted to adhere to your piece later.	3
4431678941	What are some questions you should ask yourself when dissecting the prompt and brainstorming?	-What is the assignment asking you to do directly? -What are the implied expectations of the prompt?	4
4431678942	While dissecting and analyzing the prompt you should...	-Never jump right into the prompt -List the most important words on the cover page and write synonyms	5
4431678943	When examining the documents, you should ask yourself...	-What insight does this source give about the topic? -Where does the source come from? -Is this source for, against, or neutral? -Does the source depend on ethos, logos, or pathos?	6
4431678944	While you are examining the documents...	-Annotate at either the top or the bottom of the page (in a phrase) -Mark sentences and quotes that are insightful	7
4431678945	When you return to the brainstorming, you need to ask yourself...	-What have I added?	8
4431678946	After returning to the brainstorming, think about...	-which side you can support more. You will argue this side, even if it is not necessarily what you believe -NOTE: you still need one example for your opposition.	9
4431678947	What do you need to include in your claim?	-your answer to the prompt -the SAME verbiage used in the prompt -and READ CAREFULLY	10
4431678949	When solidifying your directions	-decide your 3 best directions (your directions aren't "worlds" or devices. They are reasons) -reminder that you still need worlds though -you need to use at least 3 sources, but 4 is HIGHLY recommended	11
4431678950	Solidifying Directions	-let the common ideas that you see in the documents into the thesis statement. -let the examples and reasons from the documents inspire your directions in the thesis.	12
4431678951	Writing the Thesis statement	•Qualifier/Concession -(subordinate clause) •Claim- your argument, and ultimately the answer to the prompt. -topic (the topic of the prompt) + academic (casual) verb + universal truth •3 directions -examples, reasons (not necessarily the 9 worlds)	13
4431678952	Topic sentence	•THIS IS JUST LIKE THE ARGUMENT TOPIC SENTENCE -Claim from thesis statement -Direction (reason/example) -Universal Truth, or subject, connection	14
4431678953	Multi-Modal Paragraph Development (Paragraph at-a-glance)	1. Topic sentence 2. Context: discussion of your reason part 1 3. Worldly parallel that supports your reasoning 4. Sources (shoot for 2 per paragraph) that support your reasoning. These indicate where information comes from with either lead in phrases or parenthetical citations. 5. Connection to claim 6. Connection to Universal Truth BASICALLY: ASSERT, PROVE, EXPLAIN	15
4431678954	Compare/Contrast	C/C examples and reasons, especially considering the similar and dissimilar viewpoints within the documents -this mode can foster concession and refutation	16
4431678955	Cause/Effect	Discuss any C/E relationships you see among examples and reasons and the Universal Subject	17
4431678956	Where do you put concession and refutation?	You don't do an entire paragraph on concession and refutation, but instead you weave it through each paragraph and refute multiple times through out the essay in brief one sentence sentences.	18

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AP Literature Terms Flashcards

The Glossary of Literary Terms for the AP English Literature and Composition Test

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6880852892	Abstract	Complex, discusses intangible qualities like good and evil, seldom uses examples to support its points.	0
6880852893	Academic	Dry and rhetorical writing; sucking all the life out of its subject with analysis.	1
6880852894	Accent	In poetry, the stressed portion of a word.	2
6880852895	Aesthetic	Appealing to the senses; a coherent sense of taste.	3
6880852896	Allegory	A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself.	4
6880852897	Alliteration	The repetition of initial consonant sounds.	5
6880852898	Allusion	A reference to another work or famous figure.	6
6880852899	Anachronism	"Misplaced in time." An aspect of a story that doesn't belong in its supposed time setting.	7
6880852900	Analogy	A comparison, usually involving two or more symbolic parts, employed to clarify an action or a relationship.	8
6880852901	Anecdote	A Short Narrative	9
6880852902	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause that determines what a pronoun refers to.	10
6880852903	Anthropomorphism	When inanimate objects are given human characteristics. Often confused with personification.	11
6880852904	Anticlimax	Occurs when an action produces far smaller results than one had been led to expect.	12
6880852905	Antihero	A protagonist who is markedly unheroic: morally weak, cowardly, dishonest, or any number of other unsavory qualities.	13
6880852906	Aphorism	A short and usually witty saying.	14
6880852907	Apostrophe	A figure of speech wherein the speaker talks directly to something that is nonhuman.	15
6880852908	Archaism	The use of deliberately old-fashioned language.	16
6880852909	Aside	A speech (usually just a short comment) made by an actor to the audience, as though momentarily stepping outside of the action on stage.	17
6880852910	Aspect	A trait or characteristic	18
6880852911	Assonance	The repeated use of vowel sounds: "Old king Cole was a merry old soul."	19
6880852912	Atmosphere	The emotional tone or background that surrounds a scene	20
6880852913	Ballad	A long, narrative poem, usually in meter and rhyme. Typically has a naive folksy quality.	21
6880852914	Bathos	Writing strains for grandeur it can't support and tries too hard to be a tear jerker.	22
6880852915	Pathos	Writing evokes feelings of dignified pity and sympathy.	23
6880852916	Black humor	The use of disturbing themes in comedy.	24
6880852917	Bombast	Pretentious, exaggeratedly learned language.	25
6880852918	Burlesque	Broad parody, one that takes a style or form and exaggerates it into ridiculousness.	26
6880852919	Cacophony	In poetry, using deliberately harsh, awkward sounds.	27
6880852920	Cadence	The beat or rhythm or poetry in a general sense.	28
6880852921	Canto	The name for a section division in a long work of poetry.	29
6880852922	Caricature	A portrait (verbal or otherwise) that exaggerates a facet of personality.	30
6880852923	Catharsis	Drawn from Aristotle's writings on tragedy. Refers to the "cleansing" of emotion an audience member experiences during a play	31
6880852924	Chorus	In Greek drama, the group of citizens who stand outside the main action on stage and comment on it.	32
6880852925	Classic	Typical, or an accepted masterpiece.	33
6880852926	Coinage (neologism)	A new word, usually one invented on the spot.	34
6880852927	Colloquialism	A word or phrase used in everyday conversational English that isn't a part of accepted "school-book" English.	35
6880852928	Complex (Dense)	Suggesting that there is more than one possibility in the meaning of words; subtleties and variations; multiple layers of interpretation; meaning both explicit and implicit	36
6880852929	Conceit (Controlling Image)	A startling or unusual metaphor, or to a metaphor developed and expanded upon several lines.	37
6880852930	Denotation	A word's literal meaning.	38
6880852931	Connotation	Everything other than the literal meaning that a word suggests or implies.	39
6880852932	Consonance	The repetition of consonant sounds within words (rather than at their beginnings)	40
6880852933	Couplet	A pair of lines that end in rhyme	41
6880852934	Decorum	A character's speech must be styled according to her social station, and in accordance to the situation.	42
6880852935	Diction	The words an author chooses to use.	43
6880852936	Syntax	The ordering and structuring of words.	44
6880852937	Dirge	A song for the dead. Its tone is typically slow, heavy, depressed, and melancholy	45
6880852938	Dissonance	Refers to the grating of incompatible sounds.	46
6880852939	Doggerel	Crude, simplistic verse, often in sing-song rhyme, like limericks.	47
6880852940	Dramatic Irony	When the audience knows something that the characters in the drama do not	48
6880852941	Dramatic Monologue	When a single speaker in literature says something to a silent audience.	49
6880852942	Elegy	A type of poem that meditates on death or mortality in a serious, thoughtful manner.	50
6880852943	Elements	Basic techniques of each genre of literature	51
6880852944	Enjambment	The continuation of a syntactic unit from one line or couplet of a poem to the next with no pause.	52
6880852945	Epic	A very long narrative poem on a serious theme in a dignified style; typically deal with glorious or profound subject matter.	53
6880852946	Epitaph	Lines that commemorate the dead at their burial place.	54
6880852947	Euphemism	A word or phrase that takes the place of a harsh, unpleasant, or impolite reality.	55
6880852948	Euphony	When sounds blend harmoniously.	56
6880852949	Explicit	To say or write something directly and clearly.	57
6880852950	Farce	Extremely broad humor; in earlier times, a funny play or a comedy.	58
6880852951	Feminine rhyme	Lines rhymed by their final two syllables. Properly, the penultimate syllables are stressed and the final syllables are unstressed.	59
6880852952	Foil	A secondary character whose purpose is to highlight the characteristics of a main character, usually by contrast.	60
6880852953	Foot	The basic rhythmic unit of a line of poetry, formed by a combination of two or three syllables, either stressed or unstressed.	61
6880852954	Foreshadowing	An event of statement in a narrative that in miniature suggests a larger event that comes later.	62
6880852955	Free verse	poetry written without a regular rhyme scheme or metrical pattern	63
6880852956	Genre	A sub-category of literature.	64
6880852957	Gothic	A sensibility that includes such features as dark, gloomy castles and weird screams from the attic each night.	65
6880852958	Hubris	The excessive pride or ambition that leads to the main character's downfall	66
6880852959	Hyperbole	Exaggeration or deliberate overstatement.	67
6880852960	Implicit	To say or write something that suggests and implies but never says it directly or clearly.	68
6880852961	In media res	Latin for "in the midst of things," i.e. beginning an epic poem in the middle of the action.	69
6880852962	Interior Monologue	Refers to writing that records the mental talking that goes on inside a character's head; tends to be coherent.	70
6880852963	Inversion	Switching the customary order of elements in a sentence or phrase.	71
6880852964	Irony	A statement that means the opposite of what it seems to mean; uses an undertow of meaning, sliding against the literal a la Jane Austen.	72
6880852965	Lament	A poem of sadness or grief over the death of a loved one or over some other intense loss.	73
6880852966	Lampoon	A satire.	74
6880852967	Loose sentence	A sentence that is complete before its end: Jack loved Barbara despite her irritating snorting laugh.	75
6880852968	Periodic Sentence	A sentence that is not grammatically complete until it has reached it s final phrase: Despite Barbara's irritation at Jack, she loved him.	76
6880852969	Lyric	A type of poetry that explores the poet's personal interpretation of and feelings about the world.	77
6880852970	Masculine rhyme	A rhyme ending on the final stressed syllable (regular old rhyme)	78
6880852971	Meaning	What makes sense, what's important.	79
6880852972	Melodrama	A form of cheesy theater in which the hero is very, very good, the villain mean and rotten, and the heroine oh-so-pure.	80
6880852973	Metaphor	A comparison or analogy that states one thing IS another.	81
6880852974	Simile	A comparison or analogy that typically uses like or as.	82
6880852975	Metonymy	A word that is used to stand for something else that it has attributes of or is associated with.	83
6880852976	Nemesis	The protagonist's arch enemy or supreme and persistent difficulty.	84
6880852977	Objectivity	Treatment of subject matter in an impersonal manner or from an outside view.	85
6880852978	Subjectivity	A treatment of subject matter that uses the interior or personal view of a single observer and is typically colored with that observer's emotional responses.	86
6880852979	Onomatopoeia	Words that sound like what they mean	87
6880852980	Opposition	A pairing of images whereby each becomes more striking and informative because it's placed in contrast to the other one.	88
6880852981	Oxymoron	A phrase composed of opposites; a contradiction.	89
6880852982	Parable	A story that instructs.	90
6880852983	Paradox	A situation or statement that seems to contradict itself, but on closer inspection, does not.	91
6880852984	Parallelism	Repeated syntactical similarities used for effect.	92
6880852985	Paraphrase	To restate phrases and sentences in your own words.	93
6880852986	Parenthetical phrase	A phrase set off by commas that interrupts the flow of a sentence with some commentary or added detail.	94
6880852987	Parody	The work that results when a specific work is exaggerated to ridiculousness.	95
6880852988	Pastoral	A poem set in tranquil nature or even more specifically, one about shepherds.	96
6880852989	Persona	The narrator in a non first-person novel.	97
6880852990	Personification	When an inanimate object takes on human shape.	98
6880852991	Plaint	A poem or speech expressing sorrow.	99
6880852992	Point of View	The perspective from which the action of a novel is presented.	100
6880852993	Omniscient	A third person narrator who sees into each character's mind and understands all the action going on.	101
6880852994	Limited Omniscient	A Third person narrator who generally reports only what one character sees, and who only reports the thoughts of that one privileged character.	102
6880852995	Objective	A thrid person narrator who only reports on what would be visible to a camera. Does not know what the character is thinking unless the character speaks it.	103
6880852996	First person	A narrator who is a character in the story and tells the tale from his or her point of view.	104
6880852997	Stream of Consciousness	Author places the reader inside the main character's head and makes the reader privy to all of the character's thoughts as they scroll through her consciousness.	105
6880852998	Prelude	An introductory poem to a longer work of verse	106
6880852999	Protagonist	The main character of a novel or play	107
6880853000	Pun	The usually humorous use of a word in such a way to suggest two or more meanings	108
6880853001	Refrain	A line or set of lines repeated several times over the course of a poem.	109
6880853002	Requiem	A song of prayer for the dead.	110
6880853003	Rhapsody	An intensely passionate verse or section of verse, usually of love or praise.	111
6880853004	Rhetorical question	A question that suggests an answer.	112
6880853005	Satire	Attempts to improve things by pointing out people's mistakes in the hope that once exposed, such behavior will become less common.	113
6880853006	Soliloquy	A speech spoken by a character alone on stage, meant to convey the impression that the audience is listening to the character's thoughts.	114
6880853007	Stanza	A group of lines roughly analogous in function in verse to the paragraphs function in prose.	115
6880853008	Stock characters	Standard or cliched character types.	116
6880853009	Subjunctive Mood	A grammatical situation involving the words "if" and "were," setting up a hypothetical situation.	117
6880853010	Suggest	To imply, infer, indicate.	118
6880853011	Summary	A simple retelling of what you've just read.	119
6880853012	Suspension of disbelief	The demand made of a theater audience to accept the limitations of staging and supply the details with their imagination.	120
6880853013	Symbolism	A device in literature where an object represents an idea.	121
6880853014	Technique	The methods and tools of the author.	122
6880853015	Theme	The main idea of the overall work; the central idea.	123
6880853016	Thesis	The main position of an argument. The central contention that will be supported.	124
6880853017	Tragic flaw	In a tragedy, this is the weakness of a character in an otherwise good (or even great) individual that ultimately leads to his demise.	125
6880853018	Travesty	A grotesque parody	126
6880853019	Truism	A way-too obvious truth	127
6880853020	Unreliable narrator	When the first person narrator is crazy, a liar, very young, or for some reason not entirely credible	128
6880853021	Utopia	An idealized place. Imaginary communities in which people are able to live in happiness, prosperity, and peace.	129
6880853022	Zeugma	The use of a word to modify two or more words, but used for different meanings. He closed the door and his heart on his lost love.	130
6880853023	Ode	A poem in praise of something divine or noble	131
6880853024	Iamb	A poetic foot -- light, heavy	132
6880853025	Trochee	A poetic foot -- heavy, light	133
6880853026	Spondee	A poetic foot -- heavy, heavy	134
6880853027	Pyrrhie	A poetic foot -- light, light	135
6880853028	Anapest	A poetic foot -- light, light, heavy	136
6880853029	Ambibranch	A poetic foot -- light, heavy, light	137
6880853030	Dactyl	A poetic foot -- heavy, light, light	138
6880853031	Imperfect	A poetic foot -- single light or single heavy	139
6880853032	Pentameter	A poetic line with five feet.	140
6880853033	Tetrameter	A poetic line with four feet	141
6880853034	Trimeter	A poetic line with three feet	142
6880853035	Blank Verse	unrhymed iambic pentameter.	143

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Calculus Flashcards

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3536720417	1		0
3536720418	0		1
3536720419	Squeeze Theorem		2
3536720420	f is continuous at x=c if...		3
3536720421	Intermediate Value Theorem	If f is continuous on [a,b] and k is a number between f(a) and f(b), then there exists at least one number c such that f(c)=k	4
3536720422	Global Definition of a Derivative		5
3536720423	Alternative Definition of a Derivative	f '(x) is the limit of the following difference quotient as x approaches c	6
3536720424	nx^(n-1)		7
3536720425	1		8
3536720426	cf'(x)		9
3536720427	f'(x)+g'(x)		10
3536720428	The position function OR s(t)		11
3536720429	f'(x)-g'(x)		12
3536720430	uvw'+uv'w+u'vw		13
3536720431	cos(x)		14
3536720432	-sin(x)		15
3536720433	sec²(x)		16
3536720434	-csc²(x)		17
3536720435	sec(x)tan(x)		18
3536720436	dy/dx		19
3536720437	f'(g(x))g'(x)		20
3536720438	Extreme Value Theorem	If f is continuous on [a,b] then f has an absolute maximum and an absolute minimum on [a,b]. The global extrema occur at critical points in the interval or at endpoints of the interval.	21
3536720439	Critical Number	If f'(c)=0 or does not exist, and c is in the domain of f, then c is a critical number. (Derivative is 0 or undefined)	22
3536720440	Rolle's Theorem	Let f be continuous on [a,b] and differentiable on (a,b) and if f(a)=f(b) then there is at least one number c on (a,b) such that f'(c)=0 (If the slope of the secant is 0, the derivative must = 0 somewhere in the interval).	23
3536720441	Mean Value Theorem	The instantaneous rate of change will equal the mean rate of change somewhere in the interval. Or, the tangent line will be parallel to the secant line.	24
3536720442	First Derivative Test for local extrema		25
3536720443	Point of inflection at x=k		26
3536720444	Combo Test for local extrema	If f'(c) = 0 and f"(c)<0, there is a local max on f at x=c. If f'(c) = 0 and f"(c)>0, there is a local min on f at x=c.	27
3536720445	Horizontal Asymptote		28
3536720446	L'Hopital's Rule		29
3536720447	x+c		30
3536720448	sin(x)+C		31
3536720449	-cos(x)+C		32
3536720450	tan(x)+C		33
3536720451	-cot(x)+C		34
3536720452	sec(x)+C		35
3536720453	-csc(x)+C		36
3536720454	Fundamental Theorem of Calculus #1	The definite integral of a rate of change is the total change in the original function.	37
3536720455	Fundamental Theorem of Calculus #2		38
3536720456	Mean Value Theorem for integrals or the average value of a functions		39
3536720457	ln(x)+C		40
3536720458	-ln(cosx)+C = ln(secx)+C	hint: tanu = sinu/cosu	41
3536720459	ln(sinx)+C = -ln(cscx)+C		42
3536720460	ln(secx+tanx)+C = -ln(secx-tanx)+C		43
3536720461	ln(cscx+cotx)+C = -ln(cscx-cotx)+C		44
3536720462	If f and g are inverses of each other, g'(x)		45
3536720463	Exponential growth (use N= )		46
3536720464	Area under a curve		47
3536720465	Formula for Disk Method	Axis of rotation is a boundary of the region.	48
3536720466	Formula for Washer Method	Axis of rotation is not a boundary of the region.	49
3536720467	Inverse Secant Antiderivative		50
3536720468	Inverse Tangent Antiderivative		51
3536720469	Inverse Sine Antiderivative		52
3536720470	Derivative of eⁿ		53
3536720471	ln(a)*aⁿ+C		54
3536720472	Derivative of ln(u)		55
3536720473	Antiderivative of f(x) from [a,b]		56
3536720474	Opposite Antiderivatives		57
3536720475	Antiderivative of xⁿ		58
3536720476	Adding or subtracting antiderivatives		59
3536720477	Constants in integrals		60
3536720478	Identity function	D: (-∞,+∞) R: (-∞,+∞)	61
3536720479	Squaring function	D: (-∞,+∞) R: (o,+∞)	62
3536720480	Cubing function	D: (-∞,+∞) R: (-∞,+∞)	63
3536720481	Reciprocal function	D: (-∞,+∞) x can't be zero R: (-∞,+∞) y can't be zero	64
3536720482	Square root function	D: (0,+∞) R: (0,+∞)	65
3536720483	Exponential function	D: (-∞,+∞) R: (0,+∞)	66
3536720484	Natural log function	D: (0,+∞) R: (-∞,+∞)	67
3536720485	Sine function	D: (-∞,+∞) R: [-1,1]	68
3536720486	Cosine function	D: (-∞,+∞) R: [-1,1]	69
3536720487	Absolute value function	D: (-∞,+∞) R: [0,+∞)	70
3536720488	Logistic function	D: (-∞,+∞) R: (0, 1)	71
3536720489	cos(π/6)	√3/2	72
3536720490	cos(π/4)	√2/2	73
3536720491	cos(π/3)	1/2	74
3536720492	cos(π/2)	0	75
3536720493	cos(2π/3)	−1/2	76
3536720494	cos(3π/4)	−√2/2	77
3536720495	cos(5π/6)	−√3/2	78
3536720496	cos(π)	−1	79
3536720497	cos(7π/6)	−√3/2	80
3536720498	cos(5π/4)	−√2/2	81
3536720499	cos(4π/3)	−1/2	82
3536720500	cos(3π/2)	0	83
3536720501	cos(5π/3)	1/2	84
3536720502	cos(7π/4)	√2/2	85
3536720503	cos(11π/6)	√3/2	86
3536720504	cos(2π)	1	87
3536720505	sin(π/6)	1/2	88
3536720506	sin(π/4)	√2/2	89
3536720507	sin(π/3)	√3/2	90
3536720508	sin(π/2)	1	91
3536720509	sin(2π/3)	√3/2	92
3536720510	sin(3π/4)	√2/2	93
3536720511	sin(5π/6)	1/2	94
3536720512	sin(π)	0	95
3536720513	sin(7π/6)	−1/2	96
3536720514	sin(5π/4)	−√2/2	97
3536720515	sin(4π/3)	−√3/2	98
3536720516	sin(3π/2)	−1	99
3536720517	sin(5π/3)	−√3/2	100
3536720518	sin(7π/4)	−√2/2	101
3536720519	sin(11π/6)	−1/2	102
3536720520	sin(2π)	0	103
3536720521	f(x) = e^(x-2)	Asymptote: y=0 Domain: (-∞, ∞)	104
3536720522	f(x)=ln(x-2)	Asymptote: x=2 Domain: (2, ∞)	105
3536720523	f(x)=ln(-x)	Asymptote: x=0 Domain: (-∞, 0)	106
3536720524	f(x)=e^(x+2)	Asymptote: y=0 Domain: (-∞, ∞)	107
3536720525	f(x)= -2+lnx	Asymptote: x=0 Domain: (0, ∞)	108
3536720526	f(x)=-lnx	Asymptote: x=0 Domain: (0, ∞)	109
3536720527	f(x) = e^(x) +2	Asymptote: y=2 Domain: (-∞, ∞)	110
3536720528	f(x)=ln(x+2)	Asymptote: x=-2 Domain: (-2, ∞)	111
3536720529	What does the graph y = sin(x) look like?		112
3536720530	What does the graph y = cos(x) look like?		113
3536720531	What does the graph y = tan(x) look like?		114
3536720532	What does the graph y = csc(x) look like?		115
3536720533	What does the graph y = sec(x) look like?		116
3536720534	What does the graph y = cot(x) look like?		117
3536720535	d/dx[e^x]=	e^x	118
3536720536	d/dx[a^x]=	a^x*lna	119
3536720537	d/dx[e^g(x)]=	g'(x)e^g(x)	120
3536720538	d/dx[a^g(x)]=	g'(x)a^g(x)lna	121
3536720539	d/dx[cos⁻¹x]=	-1/√(1-x^2)	122
3536720540	d/dx[sin⁻¹x]=	1/√(1-x^2)	123
3536720541	d/dx[tan⁻¹x]=	1/(1+x^2)	124
3536720542	d/dx[tanx]=	sec²x	125
3536720543	d/dx[secx]=	secxtanx	126
3536720544	d/dx[cscx]=	-cscxcotx	127
3536720545	d/dx[cotx]=	-csc²x	128
3536720546	∫e^xdx=	e^x+C	129
3536720547	∫a^xdx=	(a^x)/lna+C	130
3536720548	∫1/xdx=	ln\|x\|+C	131
3536720549	∫1/(1+x^2)dx=	tan⁻¹x+C	132
3536720550	∫1/(a^2+x^2)dx=	(1/a)(tan⁻¹(x/a)+C	133
3536720551	∫1/√(1-x^2)dx=	sin⁻¹x+C	134
3536720552	∫tanxdx=	ln\|secx\|+C	135
3536720553	Trig Identity: 1=	cos²x+sin²x	136
3536720554	Trig Identity: sec²x=	tan²x+1	137
3536720555	Trig Identity: cos²x=	½(1+cos(2x))	138
3536720556	Trig Identity: sin²x=	½(1-cos(2x))	139
3536720557	Trig Identity: sin(2x)=	2sinxcosx	140
3536720558	Trig Identity: cos(2x)=	1-2sin²x = 2cos²x-1	141
3536720559	Integration by Parts: Choice of u	I = Inverse Trig Function L = Natural log (lnx) A = Algebraic Expression (x, x², x³...) T = Trig function (sinx, cosx) E = e^x	142
3536720560	∫secxdx=	ln\|secx+tanx\|+C	143
3536720561	What does the graph y = sin(x) look like?		144
3536720562	What does the graph y = cos(x) look like?		145
3536720563	What does the graph y = tan(x) look like?		146
3536720564	What does the graph y = csc(x) look like?		147
3536720565	What does the graph y = sec(x) look like?		148
3536720566	What does the graph y = cot(x) look like?		149
3536720567	d/dx[e^x]=	e^x	150
3536720568	d/dx[a^x]=	a^x*lna	151
3536720569	d/dx[e^g(x)]=	g'(x)e^g(x)	152
3536720570	d/dx[a^g(x)]=	g'(x)a^g(x)lna	153
3536720571	d/dx[cos⁻¹x]=	-1/√(1-x^2)	154
3536720572	d/dx[sin⁻¹x]=	1/√(1-x^2)	155
3536720573	d/dx[tan⁻¹x]=	1/(1+x^2)	156
3536720574	d/dx[tanx]=	sec²x	157
3536720575	d/dx[secx]=	secxtanx	158
3536720576	d/dx[cscx]=	-cscxcotx	159
3536720577	d/dx[cotx]=	-csc²x	160
3536720578	∫e^xdx=	e^x+C	161
3536720579	∫a^xdx=	(a^x)/lna+C	162
3536720580	∫1/xdx=	ln\|x\|+C	163
3536720581	∫1/(1+x^2)dx=	tan⁻¹x+C	164
3536720582	∫1/(a^2+x^2)dx=	(1/a)(tan⁻¹(x/a)+C	165
3536720583	∫1/√(1-x^2)dx=	sin⁻¹x+C	166
3536720584	∫tanxdx=	ln\|secx\|+C	167
3536720585	Trig Identity: 1=	cos²x+sin²x	168
3536720586	Trig Identity: sec²x=	tan²x+1	169
3536720587	Trig Identity: cos²x=	½(1+cos(2x))	170
3536720588	Trig Identity: sin²x=	½(1-cos(2x))	171
3536720589	Trig Identity: sin(2x)=	2sinxcosx	172
3536720590	Trig Identity: cos(2x)=	1-2sin²x = 2cos²x-1	173
3536720591	Integration by Parts: Choice of u	I = Inverse Trig Function L = Natural log (lnx) A = Algebraic Expression (x, x², x³...) T = Trig function (sinx, cosx) E = e^x	174
3536720592	∫secxdx=	ln\|secx+tanx\|+C	175

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Cellular communication/ Signal transduction (Chapter Eleven) Flashcards

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3330980368	Signal Transduction Pathway	Series of steps linking a mechanical, chemical or electoral stimulus to a specific cellular response	0
3330999265	Paracrine Signaling	-Animal cells communicate using secreted messenger molecules -Travel only short distances -Ex: Growth Factors	1
3330999266	Synaptic Signaling	Occurs in animals nervous system when a neurotransmitter is released in response to electric signal	2
3331001747	Endocrine Signaling	-When specialized cells release hormones which travels target cells via the circulatory system -Form of hormonal signaling -Travels long distances	3
3331032928	Three Stages of Cell Signaling	1) Reception 2) Transduction 3) Response	4
3331064549	Ligand	A molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, often times a larger one -Signaling molecule acts as a ligand -Ligand binding causes a receptor protein to change shape	5
3331073367	G -protein coupled receptors (GPCR's)	-Largest family of cell-surface receptors -cell surface transmembrane receptors that work with the help of a G protein -G proteins bind energy rich GTP	6
3331096901	Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTK's)	-Membrane receptors that attach phosphates to tyrosines -Can trigger multiple signal transduction pathways at once	7
3331107472	Ligand-gated Ion Channel	-Receptor that acts as a gate when the receptor changes shape -This "gate" allows certain ions through such as Na+ or Ca2+	8
3331123639	Explain how Steroid Hormones change Target cells	-Enter the cell and bind to an intercellular-receptor protein ----> making it a hormone receptor complex -This complex is able to cause a response by turning on or off particular genes	9
3331130447	Transcription Factor	Special proteins that control what genes are turned on	10
3331159913	Phosphorylation Cascade	-Series of different proteins in a pathway are phosphorylated in turn -Each protein adding a phosphate group to the next one in line	11
3331159914	Function of Protein Kinases	Transfer phosphates from ATP to Protein (Phosphorylation)	12
3331162231	Function of Protein Phosphates	Remove the phosphates from the proteins (dephosphorylation)	13
3331199013	Second Messenger	-Small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecules or ions that spread throughout a cell by diffusion -Take part in pathways initiated by GCPRs and RTKs	14
3331199014	Role of cAMP in signaling	- cAMP= Cyclic AMP -This and calcium ions are common second messengers -Activates protein kinase A	15
3331200367	Protein Kinase A	-Phosphorylates other proteins -Activated by cAMP	16
3331245123	Advantages to multi-step transduction pathway?	Two main Advantages 1) Amplifying the Signal : At each step the number of activated products is much greater than in the preceding step 2) Contributing to the specificity of the Response	17
3331277738	Apoptosis	Programmed or controlled cell suicide -Used during shaping of an organism during embryonic development	18

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Chapter 15: Cell Signaling: Lecture 11/19 & 12/1: Pathways of Intracellular Signal Transduction, Signal Transduction and the Cytoskeleton, Signaling Networks Flashcards

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3568775097	Intracellular signal transduction Cascades		0
3568775098	Second Messengers Function as Signal Transducers	• Modified as a result of a ligand-receptor interaction • Interactions with downstream components illicit cellular functions • Enzymatic • Protein Interactions • Regulation of Gene Expression	1
3568775099	Some Second Messenger Molecules	• cAMP • cGMP • Inositol Triphopshoate • Diacylglycerol	2
3568775100	cAMP was the First Second Messenger Discovered		3
3568775101	Synthesis and degradation of cAMP	Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is synthesized from ATP by adenylyl cyclase and degraded to AMP by cAMP phosphodiesterase.	4
3568775102	cAMP is formed from ATP by adenylyl cyclase		5
3568775103	Hormonal activation of adenylyl cyclase	Binding of hormone promotes the interaction of the receptor with a G protein. The activated G protein a subunit then dissociates from the receptor and stimulates adenylyl cyclase, which catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP.	6
3568775104	Regulation of glycogen metabolism by protein kinase A	http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejq99wLEMTw	7
3568775105	Regulation of protein kinase A	The inactive form of protein kinase A consists of two regulatory (R) and two catalytic (C) subunits. Binding of cAMP to the regulatory subunits induces a conformational change that leads to dissociation of the catalytic subunits, which are then enzymatically active.	8
3568775106	PKA can also activate transcription of genes with the cAMP response element (CRE)	• The free catalytic subunit of protein kinase A goes to the nucleus • phosphorylates the transcription factor CREB (CRE-binding protein). • This leads to expression of cAMP-inducible genes.	9
3568775107	Regulation of glycogen metabolism by protein kinase A	• Protein kinase A phosphorylates both glycogen synthase and phosphorylase kinase. Glycogen synthase (which catalyzes glycogen synthesis) is inhibited by this phosphorylation, whereas phosphorylase kinase is activated. Phosphorylase kinase then phosphorylates and activates glycogen phosphorylase, which catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate. • See Web Ani 15.3	10
3568775108	cAMP effects are mediated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase, or protein kinase A	• Inactive form has two regulatory and two catalytic subunits. • cAMP binds to the regulatory subunits, which dissociate. • The free catalytic subunits can then phosphorylate serine on target proteins. multiple cellular targets	11
3568775109	Cyclic GMP (cGMP)	Cyclic GMP (cGMP) is also an important second messenger	12
3568775110	Cyclic GMP (cGMP) is also an important second messenger	• cGMP is formed from GTP by guanylyl cyclases and degraded to GMP by phosphodiesterase. • cGMP mediates biological responses, such as blood vessel dilation. • In the vertebrate eye, cGMP is the second messenger that converts visual signals to nerve impulses.	13
3568775111	cGMP Phosphodiesterase		14
3568775112	Role of cGMP in photoreception	Absorption of light by 11-cis-retinal activates the G protein-coupled receptor rhodopsin. The a subunit of transducin then stimulates cGMP phosphodiesterase, leading to a decrease in intracellular levels of cGMP.	15
3568775113	Signal Amplification in Intracellular Signaling	R = rhodopsin (R) Tranducin= Heterotrimeric G protein PDE= cyclic GMP Phosphodiesterase	16
3568775114	Two Second messengers are derived from the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)	• Generated by the enzyme Phospholipase C (PLC) • Produces 2 Second Messengers: -Diacylglycerol (DAG) -Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)	17
3568775115	Hydrolysis of PIP2	Phospholipase C (PLC) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to yield diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol trisphosphate (IP3). Diacylglycerol activates members of the protein kinase C family, and IP3 signals the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores.	18
3568775116	Phospholipids and Ca2+	...	19
3568775117	Both IP3 and DAC are Second Messengers		20
3568775118	Two Forms of Phospholipase C	• PLC-β is stimulated by G proteins. • PLC-γ has SH2 domains that associate with receptor protein	21
3568775119	Activation of phospholipase C by protein-tyrosine kinases	Phospholipase C-g (PLC-g) binds to activated receptor protein-tyrosine kinases via its SH2 domains. Tyrosine phosphorylation increases PLC-g activity, stimulating the hydrolysis of PIP2 to IP3 and DAG.	22
3568775120	Inositol Triphosphate (IP3) mediated release of Ca2+ to affect a variety of target proteins.	• Ion Channels • Some Protein Kinase Cs • Calmodulin	23
3568775121	Ca2+ mobilization by IP3	IP3 formed by hydrolysis of PIP2 binds to receptors that are ligand-gated Ca2+ channels in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Opening these channels allows the efflux of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol.	24
3568775122	One of the major Ca2+ Binding Proteins is Calmodulin	• Ca2+/Calmodulin then binds to a variety of target proteins: • Kinases • Transcription factors • CREB!	25
3568775123	Function of calmodulin	Calmodulin is a dumbbell-shaped protein with four Ca2+-binding sites. The active Ca2+/calmodulin complex binds to a variety of target proteins, including Ca2+/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinases.	26
3568775124	PIP2 is also the start of another signaling pathway	• PI-3 Kinase is activated by either • G-protein coupled receptors or Tyrosine Kinase Receptors • PI-3 Kinase phosphoralaytes PIP2 • PIP2 is phosphorylated by phosphatidylinositide (PI) 3-kinase. • This yields the second messenger: phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3).	27
3568775125	Activity of PI 3-kinase	PI 3-kinase phosphorylates the 3 position of inositol, converting PIP2 to PIP3.	28
3568775126	PIP3 targets a protein-serine/threonine kinase called Akt		29
3568775127	The PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway	Akt is recruited to the plasma membrane by binding to PIP3 via its pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. It is then activated as a result of phosphorylation by another protein kinase (PDK1) that also binds PIP3, as well as by mTOR in the mTORC2 complex. Akt then phosphorylates a number of target proteins, including direct regulators of cell survival (such as Bad, see Chapter 17), several transcription factors, and the protein kinase GSK-3 (which is inhibited by Akt phosphorylation). GSK-3 phosphorylates metabolic enzymes, the translation initiation factor eIF2B, and transcription factors.	30
3568775128	PI3 Kinase/AKT/mTOR	...	31
3568775129	PIP3 targets a protein-serine/threonine kinase called Akt	• Activated Akt phosphorylates several target proteins, transcription factors, and other protein kinases.	32
3568775130	PIP3 targets a protein-serine/threonine kinase called Akt Continued...	• PIP3 recruits Akt by binding the plekstrin homology domain (PH domain) • Akt is phosphorylated by PDK1 and mTORC2 • PDK1 activated by PH mTORC2 activated ? • Akt then phosphorylates several target proteins, transcription factors, and other protein kinases.	33
3568775131	When Growth Factors are NOT Present, FOXO induces transcription of genes that inhibit proliferation or induce cell death		34
3568775132	Regulation of FOXO	In the absence of growth factor stimulation, the FOXO transcription factor translocates to the nucleus and induces target gene expression. Growth factor stimulation leads to activation of Akt, which phosphorylates FOXO. This creates binding sites for the cytosolic chaperone 14-3-3, which sequesters FOXO in an inactive form in the cytoplasm.	35
3568775133	Pathways of Intracellular Signal Transduction	• Protein kinase GSK-3 is also inhibited by Akt phosphorylation. • GSK-3 targets include the translation initiation factor eIF2B. • Phosphorylation of eIF2B leads to a global downregulation of translation initiation.	36
3568775134	The mTORC1 complex is activated downstream of Akt	• mTOR functions to regulate cell size by controlling protein synthesis • mTORC1 phosphorylates two targets to upregulate protein synthesis • S6 kinase increases translation by phosphorylating ribosomal protein S6. • eIF4E binding protein-1 (4E- BP1) inhibits initiation factor eIF4E.	37
3568775135	The mTOR pathway	Akt inhibits the TSC1/2 complex, leading to activation of Rheb and mTORC1 in response to growth factor stimulation. In contrast, AMPK activates the TSC1/2 complex, leading to inhibition of Rheb and mTORC1 if cellular energy stores are depleted. mTORC1 stimulates translation by phosphorylating S6 kinase (which phosphorylates ribosomal protein S6) and by phosphorylating eIF4E binding protein-1 (4E-BP1), relieving inhibition of translation initiation factor eIF4E.	38
3568775136	mTORC1 also inhibits protein degradation regulating autophagy	• When cells are starved of nutrients, mTORC1 activity decreases. • This stimulates autophagy and allow cells to degrade nonessential proteins so the amino acids can be reutilized	39
3568775137	Regulation of autophagy by mTOR	The mTORC1 protein kinase inhibits autophagy. When a cell is starved of nutrients (e.g., amino acids), mTORC1 is inhibited and the degradation of cellular proteins by autophagy provides a source of amino acids.	40
3568775138	AKT can induce prolifera1on and reduces cell death	• When Growth Factors are NOT Present, FOXO induces transcription of genes that inhibit proliferation or induce cell death • Active AKT phosphorylates FOXO activity • Sequestered in the cytoplasm by 14-3-3 scaffolding protein	41
3568775139	AKT Regulates Protein Synthesis by GSK3 and mTOR1	• Protein kinase GSK-3 is also inhibited by Akt phosphorylation. • GSK-3 targets include the translation initation factor eIF2B. • Phosphorylation of eIF2B leads to a global downregulation of translation initation.	42
3568775140	AKT ac1va1on of GSK3 will regulate β-Catenin		43
3568775141	mTORC1 phosphorylates two targets to up-regulate protein synthesis	• S6 kinase increases translation by phosphorylating • ribosomal protein S6. • eIF4E binding protein-1 (4E- BP1) inhibits ini9a9on factor eIF4E. • Growth factors activate kineases that phosphorylate regulatory proteins (eIF4E binding proteins, or 4E-BPs).	44
3568775142	MAPK Signaling Lecture	...	45
3568775143	MAPK Signaling	MAP kinases (mitogen-ac1vated protein kinases) are protein-serine/threonine kinases conserved in all Eukaryotes	46
3568775144	Pathways of MAP kinase activation in mammalian cells	In addition to ERK, mammalian cells contain JNK and p38 MAP kinases. Activation of JNK and p38 is mediated by members of the Rho subfamily of small GTP-binding proteins (Rac, Rho, and Cdc42), which stimulate protein kinase cascades parallel to that responsible for ERK activation. The protein kinase cascades leading to JNK and p38 activation appear to be preferentially activated by inflammatory cytokines or cellular stress and generally lead to inflammation and cell death.	47
3568775145	Growth Factors are coupled to the ERK MAPK pathways by Ras and Raf	• Ras interacts with Raf kinase in its GTP bound form	48
3568775146	Activation of the ERK MAP kinases	Stimulation of growth factor receptors leads to activation of the small GTP-binding protein Ras, which interacts with the Raf protein kinase. Raf phosphorylates and activates MEK, a dual-specificity protein kinase that activates ERK by phosphorylation on both threonine and tyrosine residues (Thr-183 and Tyr-185). ERK then phosphorylates a variety of nuclear and cytoplasmic target proteins.	49
3568775147	Ras is ac1vated by guanine nucleo1de exchange factors that s1mulate exchange of GDP for GTP	• Ras proteins are guanine nucleo9de- binding proteins that alternate between inac9ve GDP-bound and ac9ve GTP-bound forms.	50
3568775148	Regulation of Ras proteins	Ras proteins alternate between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states.	51
3568775149	Ras ac1va1on by receptor protein- tyrosine kinases is best understood		52
3568775150	Ras activation downstream of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases	A complex of Grb2 and Sos, the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), binds to a phosphotyrosine-containing sequence in the activated receptor via the Grb2 SH2 domain. This interaction recruits Sos to the plasma membrane where it can stimulate Ras GDP/GTP exchange. The activated Ras-GTP complex then binds to the Raf protein kinase.	53
3568775151	Induc1on of immediate-early genes by ERK	• Many immediate-early genes encode transcription factors. • cJun! Autoregulates! • Their induction leads to altered expression of a battery of other downstream genes called secondary response genes.	54
3568775152	Induction of immediate-early genes by ERK	Activated ERK translocates to the nucleus where it phosphorylates the transcription factor Elk-1. Elk-1 binds to the serum response element (SRE) in a complex with serum response factor (SRF). Phosphorylation stimulates the activity of Elk-1 as a transcriptional activator, leading to immediate-early gene induction.	55
3568775153	MAP kinases (mitogen-ac1vated protein kinases) are protein-serine/threonine kinases conserved in all Eukaryotes		56
3568775154	JNK is also regulated by mul1ple s1muli		57
3568775155	JNK Regulates Apoptosis, too....		58
3568775156	Specificity of MAP kinase signaling is maintained partly by physical associa1on on scaffold proteins		59
3568775157	A scaffold protein for the ERK MAP kinase cascade	The KSR scaffold protein binds Raf, MEK, and ERK, organizing these components of the ERK MAP kinase pathway into a signaling complex.	60
3568775158	Pathways of Intracellular Signal Transduction	• Wnt proteins are growth factors that bind to receptors of the Frizzled and LRP families. • Signaling from Frizzled and LRP leads to stabilization of β-catenin, a transcriptional activator.	61
3568775159	The Wnt pathway: Absence of Wnt	(A) In the absence of Wnt, β-catenin is phosphorylated by casein kinase-1 (CK1) and GSK-3 in a complex with axin and APC, leading to its ubiquitination and degradation.	62
3568775160	The Wnt pathway: Presence of Wnt	(B) Wnt polypeptides bind to Frizzled and LRP receptors, leading to recruitment of Dishevelled and phosphorylation of LRP. This provides binding sites for axin, resulting in dissociation of the axin/APC/CK1/GSK-3 complex and stabilization of β-catenin. β-catenin then translocates to the nucleus and forms a complex with Tcf transcription factors, converting them from repressors to activators of their target genes.	63
3568775161	Modes of Cell to Cell Signaling		64
3568775162	Notch Signaling	...	65
3568775163	Notch pathway is highly conserved; controls cell fate during animal development	• Notch is a receptor for direct cell-cell signaling by transmembrane proteins (e.g., Delta) on neighboring cells. • Binding of Delta leads to cleavage of Notch by γ- secretase. • This releases the Notch intracellular domain, which translocates to the nucleus and interacts with the CSL transcrip9on factor to induce gene expression.	66
3568775164	Notch signaling	Notch serves as a receptor for direct cell-cell signaling by transmembrane proteins (e.g., Delta) on neighboring cells. The binding of Delta leads to proteolytic cleavage of Notch by g-secretase. This releases the Notch intracellular domain, which translocates to the nucleus and interacts with the CSL transcription factor to induce gene expression.	67
3568775165	15 Cell Signaling:	• Signaling Networks • Feedback and Cross talk	68
3568775166	The ac1vity of signaling pathways is controlled by feedback loops	• The NF-κB pathway is a nega9ve feedback loop: • NF-κB encodes IκB, genera9ng a feedback loop that inhibits NF-κB ac9vity.	69
3568775167	Feedback inhibition of NF-kB	NF-kB is activated as a result of phosphorylation and degradation of IkB (see Figure 15.43), allowing NF-kB to translocate to the nucleus and activate transcription of target genes. One of the genes activated by NF-kB encodes IkB, generating a feedback loop that inhibits NF-kB activity.	70
3568775168	cJun is a feedback loop, too!		71
3568775169	Crosstalk is the interac1on between signaling pathways	Examples: • Between Ca2+ and cAMP signaling • Between the cAMP and ERK pathways • Between integrin signaling and receptor protein-tyrosine kinases • Between the ERK and PI 3-kinase signaling pathways • Crosstalk can include both posi9ve and nega9ve points of regula9on	72
3568775170	Crosstalk between the ERK and PI 3-kinase signaling pathways	The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI 3-kinase/Akt/ mTORC1 pathways are connected by both positive and negative crosstalk, including activation of PI 3-kinase by Ras, inhibition of Raf by Akt, inhibition of TSC1/2 by ERK, and activation of mTORC1 by ERK.	73
3568775171	Extensive crosstalk between individual pathways results in signaling networks within the cell.	• Signaling pathways don't operate in isola9on. • Intracellular signal transduc9on is really an integrated network of connected pathways. • Computa9onal modeling of signaling networks is currently a major challenge in cell biology.	74
3568775172	A gene regulatory network	The network includes all regulatory genes required for development of the embryonic cells that differentiate into skeletal cells of the sea urchin.	75
3568775173	Feedback and crosstalk:	The activity of signaling pathways within the cell is regulated by feedback loops that control the extent and duration of signaling. Different signaling pathways also interact to regulate each other's activity.	76
3568775174	Networks of cellular signal transduction:	The extensive crosstalk between individual pathways leads to the formation of complex signaling networks. A full understanding of signaling within the cell will require the development of quantitative network models.	77

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AP world history midterm Flashcards

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3194605556	Hunting and gathering societies	organize rather small groups into political units	0
3194605557	the paleolithic age refers to	the period in which simple stone tools were developed	1
3194605558	a characteristic of the human species before the advent of civilization	the ability to spread to various geographic settings and climate zones	2
3194605559	the development of agriculture cause important changes in all the following except	the tendency to believe in many gods	3
3194605560	The neolithic revolution occurred first in	the middle east	4
3194605561	why did the original inhabitants of australia not develop agriculture?	They were too isolated to learn of developments elsewhere until recently	5
3194605562	once developed, metal tools were preferred over stone tools for all the following reasons except	they were easier for ordinary people to make at home	6
3194605563	a society is almost certainly a civilization if	it practices sedentary agriculture	7
3194605564	the development of writing	helps explain why governments could become more formal and bureaucratic	8
3194605565	the earliest know writing in a civilization first developed in	the middle east	9
3194605566	one difference between classical civilizations and river valley civilizations was that in classical civilizations	political organization was more elaborate	10
3194605567	one difference between classical China and the earlier Huanghe river valley civilization was that	human sacrifices were suppressed	11
3194605568	"dynasty" in Chinese history was	a family that passed the imperial title from generation to generation	12
3194605569	The "Son of heaven" concept was designed to promote all of the following except:	priests' control over the state	13
3194605570	the Qin dynasty differed from the Zhou in that	it was more centralized	14
3194605571	all of the following constituted a function of government in Han China except	schools for peasant boys	15
3194605572	chinese views on nature emphasized	harmony and balance	16
3194605573	Which of the following is a confucian belief	a good society has a heirarchy in both family and state	17
3194605574	ceremony became an important part if upper-class chinese life beacuse	the chinese believed it would help unify society and prevent greed	18
3194605575	Daoists would agree with Confucianists on all the following except	the importance of political activity	19
3194605576	Whic of the following does not help to explain why India was more often invaded than China	hostility to warfare	20
3194605577	The aryan conquerers brought to india	distinctive religious ideas	21
3194605578	the mauryan dynasty differed from the gupta dynasty in that	it ruled larger territory	22
3194605579	India's political tradition	stressed teh importance of regional and local units	23
3194605580	The Indian caste system served to an extent as a politcal institution by	enforcing rules about social behavior	24
3194605581	Confucian and Hindu values	helped justify and preserve social inequality	25
3194605582	Hindu ethics involved	emphasis on an individual carrying out the obligations of life	26
3194605583	Hinduism urged that	all living creatures participated in divine essence	27
3194605584	Buddhism differed from hinduism by not believing	in the caste system	28
3194605585	"Nirvana" meants	full union with the divine essence	29
3194605586	If the greek genius was politics, then the roman genius was	engineering	30
3194605587	the two mediterranean powers fighting during the punic wars were	Carthage and Rome	31
3194605588	Compared to modern american ideas about democracy, athenian democracy was distinctive in	urging that all citizens participate directly in lawmaking and policymaking	32
3194605589	Greek politics resembled Indian politics in	the tendency of regional fragmentation	33
3194605590	from a confucian viewpoint, the roman empire might have been criticized for putting too much emphasis on	laws rather than trained officials	34
3194605591	republican romans and democratic athens would have agreed that all of the following were politically important except	division of powers within the state	35
3194605592	the senate of republican rome particularily represented	the landed aristocracy	36
3194605593	roman emperors tried to prevent population disorders by	organizing food supplies and distribution	37
3194605594	the roman empire	tolerated local political and religious diversity	38
3194605595	the socratic method emphasized the importance of	questioning	39
3194605596	the first kingdoms in eastern africa below the Sahara showed the influence of	Egypt and Hellenism	40
3194605597	nomadic invaders often had military advantages over armies of empires because	they were more skilled as horsemen	41
3194605598	by 600 c.e and early civilizations was beginning to take shape in	Central America	42
3194605599	Japan developed a religion called	Shintoism	43
3194605600	The end of the gupta empire differed from the decline of Rome in that it did not involve	the introduction of a new religion for the majority	44
3194605601	which of the following best survived the Hun Invasions of India?	Hindu beliefs	45
3194605602	One important early symptom of Rome's decline was	the drop in population due to a series of plagues	46
3194605603	the "lessons" of late Han china and the late Roman Empire are that the decline of civilization, whether temporary or permanent	is not simple the result of attack of outside invaders	47
3194605604	The eastern portion of the Roman Empire experienced less decline than the west for all of the following reasons except	the east resisted the spread of christianity	48
3194605605	after 200. c.e an increasing number of people in Asia, Europe, and North Africa began to adapt to faiths characterized by	monotheism	49
3194605606	Islam means	submission	50
3194605607	The arabic camel nomads were referred to as	Bedouin	51
3194605608	Which of the following cultures found in the Arabian peninsula was most significant in shaping the development of Islam?	Bedouin	52
3194605609	Which of the following regions was Not affected by Islam during its early history ( prior to 750 c.e)	South America	53
3194605610	Which of the following statements concerning bedouin society is NOT accurate	Clans were commonly congregated together in larger tribal groupings	54
3194605611	Leader of Bedouin clans were called	shaykhs	55
3194605612	Which of the following groups was Not a component of bedouin society	artisans	56
3194605613	Which of the following statements about interclan relationships is most accurate	inter-clan violence over control of water and pasturage was common	57
3194605614	What was the result of inter-clan rivalries	it tended to weaken the bedouin in comparison to neighboring people and empires	58
3194605615	what clan was responsible for the founding of Mecca?	Ummayyad	59
3194605616	Which of the following is NOT a reason for the decline of the abbasid dynasty by the ninth century A.D.?	the collapse of cities in the islamic heartland	60
3194605617	which of the following groups did not revolt against the abbasid rule?	slaves	61
3194605618	what was the result of the civil wars following the death of al-rashid	succession disputes led to the build up of personal armies, often of slave soldiers	62
3194605619	which of the following statements concerning the mercenaries armies of the later abbasid era is NOT accurate	despite their tendency toward random violence, the loyally defended the abbasid caliphs	63
3194605620	what accounts for the disruption of the agricultural economy of the abbasid empire	spiraling taxation, the destruction of the irrigation works and pillaging by mercenary armies led to destruction of and abandonment of many villages	64
3194605621	what changes occurred during the abbasid period with respect to women	the establishment of the harem	65
3194605622	between 800-1500 as the frequency and intensity of contact with the outside world increased, which of the following had the most significant impact on sub-saharan africa?	the arrival of Islam	66
3194605623	What was one major difference between african civilization and other post classical societies?	african civilizations were built somewhat less clearly on prior precedent than was the case in other post-classical societies	67
3194605624	which of the following statements concerning political and religious universality in africa is most accurate?	neither universal states nor religion characterize africa but both christianity and islam did find adherents	68
3194605625	african societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration o political power and authority were referred to as	stateless	69
3194605626	what was the function of secret societies in africa?	because their membership cut across lineage divisions, they acted to maintain stability within the community and diminish clan feuds	70
3194605627	which of the following statements best describes the indigenous religion of much of sub-saharan africa	animistic religion, belief in the power of natural forces personified deities	71
3194605628	which of the following statements concerning africa's economy is untrue	much of the region lacked a market economy and was based on self-sufficient agricultural units	72
3194605629	Which of the following was not a belief shared by practitioners of many indigenous african religions	a moral code based on a supreme god	73
3194605630	what region of africa was first converted to islam by 700 c.e	north africa	74
3194605631	the puritanical reform movements of the almovorads and almohadis arose among what groups of people in africa	the berbers, native desert dwellers of north africa	75
3194605632	which of the following is most correctly seen as a direct continuation of the roman empire?	Byzantine empire	76
3194605633	the byzantine empire lasted approzimately	500 - 1450	77
3194605634	which of the following territories was always part of the byzantine empire?	balkan peninsula	78
3194605635	the significance of the byzantine empire included all the following except	the empire's conquest of the ottoman empire and its inclusion of of all the middle east	79
3194605636	what was the most important "stepchild" of the byzantine empire?	russia	80
3194605637	which of the following does not represent a similarity between the spread of civilization in eastern and western europe?	northern kingdom dominated both areas	81
3194605638	which of the following represents a difference between the spread of civilization in eastern and western europe	they produced different versions of christianity, culturally as well and organizationally separate	82
3194605639	the capital of the byzantine empire and its commercial center was located at	constantinople	83
3194605640	the emperor responsible for a surge in construction in constantinople was	constantine	84
3194605641	what was the difference in the military organization of Byzantine and western roman empires?	the byzantine empire recruited armies from the middle east	85
3194605642	the post classical period in western history between the fall of roman empire and the 15th century is referred to as	middle ages	86
3194605643	which of the following statements concerning the impact of christianity on polytheistic religion in western europe is most accurate	the process of conversion produced a religious blend in which beliefs in magic and supernatural spirits coexisted with christianity	87
3194605644	following the fall of rome, where was the center of the post-classical west	the central plains in northern europe	88
3194605645	who were the scandinavian invaders who disrupted the development of durable political institutions in the medieval west until the 10th century	vikings	89
3194605646	which of the following statements concerning intellectual activity of the medieval west prior to the 8th century	with the few literate people concentrated in monasteries, little was achieved other than copying older manuscripts	90
3194605647	the system that was described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers was called	manorialism	91
3194605648	agricultural laborers under the jurisdiction of the aristocratic landowners were called	serfs	92
3194605649	which of the following statements concerning the agricultural laborers of the medieval west is not true	they could be bought and sold by their landlors	93
3194605650	the moldboard was	a technological innovation, a plow that allowed deeper turning of the soil	94
3194605651	which of the following statements about the manorial system is not true	it was technologically unsophisticated	95
3194605652	during the post classical period, societies in the americas	remained entirely separate from those of the old west	96
3194605653	which of the following was not characteristic of american civilization during the post classical period	monotheistic practices	97
3194605654	the northern nomadic people who entered central mexico following the decline of teotihuacan were the	toltecs	98
3194605655	the toltec capital was established at	Tula	99
3194605656	what was the relationship between the toltecs and their predecessors in central mexico	the toltecs adopted many cultural features from their predecessors to which they added a strong military ethic and human sacrifice	100
3194605657	how did aztecs view the cultural achievements of the toltecs	as the givers of civilization	101
3194605658	the toltec empire lasted until	1150	102
3194605659	after the sack of tula, the center of population and political power in mexico shifted to	the valley of mexico and the shores of chain of lakes in that basin	103
3194605660	the people who succeeded the toltecs were the	aztecs	104
3194605661	around what year did the aztecs migrate to the central valley of mexico?	1325	105
3194605662	the period of political disorder and chaotic warfare that followed the Qin-han era is referred to as the	era of division	106
3194605663	what was the capital of the southern song dynasty	hangzhou	107
3194605664	which of the following statements concerning urbanization in china during the tang song era is most accurate	chinese urbanization mushroomed during the the tang-song era with higher proportion of population living in cities	108
3194605665	the dynasty that ended the period of political chaos after the fall of the qin-han was the	Sui	109
3194605666	the made possible the rapid revival of empire under the Tang?	the rebuilding of the bureaucracy using confucian ideology	110
3194605667	the man responsible for the creation of the sui dynasty was	Wendi	111
3194605668	which kingdom was conquered by Wendi in 589?	Chen	112
3194605669	what made the reunification of China under the first sui emperor possible?	the support of the nomadic warrior elite	113
3194605670	what was the primary reform enacted during the reign of the first sui emperor	the creation of graineries to relieve the threat of famine	114
3194605671	unlike his father, the second sui emperor favored	the confucian scholar gentry class	115
3194605672	what regions of Asia were most drawn to chinese cultural and political models	the agrarian societies in the east and south	116
3194605673	when did the chinese influence on japan peak	7th and 8th century b.c.e.	117
3194605674	what is the name of the nature spirits of japan?	Kami	118
3194605675	what religion played a key role in the transmission of chinese civilization to japan	Buddhism	119
3194605676	in which of the following japanese periods was chinese cultural influence most significant?	Taika	120
3194605677	what were the reforms enacted in 646 that intended to thoroughly incorporate chinese culture and political structure in japanese society	taika	121
3194605678	what was the central purpose of the reforms of 646 in japan	to remake the japanese monarch into an absolutist chines-style emperor	122
3194605679	what group so threatened the security of the japanese imperial family that they in the 8th century moved to heian?	buddhist monks	123
3194605680	what was the immediate impact of the imperial move to heian?	the aristocracy was restored to counterbalance the power of the buddhist monasteries and took over most of the positions in the central government	124
3194605681	what was the military organization of the heian government in japan	local members of the aristocracy were ordered to organize militia forces	125
3194605682	during what period did the nomads of central asia impact the other global civilizations of the eastern hemispheres?	1200 to 1400	126
3194605683	in most ways, the mongols epitomized what type of society and culture?	nomadic	127
3194605684	what was the basic unit of mongol society	the tribe	128
3194605685	which of the following statements concerning leadership in mongol society is most correct	leaders were elected by free males and held office for as long as they could keep it	129
3194605686	in the early 12th century, the qin kingdom of northern china was defeated by a mongol confederation under teh leadership of	kublai khan	130
3194605687	which of the following statements concerning chiggis khan's early life is most accurate?	following his father's death, he was abandoned by many followers and captured by a rival tribe	131
3194605688	chinggis khan was elected khagan (supreme ruler) of the mongol tribes in what year	1206	132
3194605689	the mongol military forces were	entirely calvary	133
3194605690	mongol armies were divided into units called	tumens	134
3194605691	which of the following weapons was NOT part of the arsenal of the mongol army under chingiss khan	chain mail	135
3194605692	which of the following was not a symptom of the decline in the arabic caliphate by 1400	the decline of the sufis	136
3194605693	by what date had the arabs been virtually excluded from european trade	1100	137
3194605694	which of the following statements concerning arab trade after 1100 is most accurate	although arabic trade was reduced, muslims remained active in world markets	138
3194605695	which of the following statements about the political fragmentation of the arabic world in the 1400s is the most accurate	after the fall of the abbasid caliphate, the emerging ottoman empire soon mastered most of the lands of the old caliphate plus the byzantine corner	139
3194605696	which of the following statements concerning the ottoman empire is most accurate	the expansionist power of the ottoman empire was very real but the focus was on conquest and administration overshadowed wider commercial ambitions	140
3194605697	what area represented a new conquest for the ottoman empire in the late 1400s?	southeastern europe	141
3194605698	which of the following statements concerning teh ottoman empire is most accurate	turkish rulers did not promote maritime trade as vigorously as the arabs	142
3194605699	which of the following civilizations first attempted to fill the commercial vacuum created by the decline in arabic trade	china	143
3194605700	what chinese dynasty succeeded the mongol yuan dynasty in china	Ming	144
3194605701	what was the innovation launched by the ming dynasty?	mounting huge state sponsored trading expeditions throughout asia and beyond	145

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Government in America Chapter 3 Flashcards

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3769099426	Reserved Powers	Powers given to the States by the 10th amendment	0
3769099427	Delegated Powers	Term for powers given to the national Government	1
3769099428	Concurrent Powers	powers held by both national and state governments at the same time	2
3769099429	Denied Powers	powers that neither state or national governments are allowed to have	3
3769099430	Expressed Powers	national powers that are directly written in the Constitution	4
3769099431	Implied Powers	national powers not expressly written but inferred from the elastic clause	5
3769099432	inherent Powers	national powers that are naturally needed for a government	6
3769099433	Supremacy Clause	Article VI of the constitution which states that all laws and treaties of the United States are Superior to those of states.	7
3769099434	unitary government	a way of organizing a nation so that all power resides in the central government	8
3769099435	intergovernmental relations	The workings of the federal system- the entire set of interactions among national, state, and local governments.	9
3769099436	tenth amendment	The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.	10
3769099437	elastic clause	Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution that gives Congress the right to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers expressed in the other clauses of Article I	11
3769099438	full faith and credit clause	Article IV, Section 1, of the Constitution requiring each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgments rendered by the courts of other states.	12
3769099439	cooperative federalism	The situation in which the national, state, and local levels work together to solve problems. "Marble Cake"	13
3769099440	dual federalism	A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies. "Layer Cake"	14
3769099441	formula grants	Federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations.	15
3769099442	unfunded mandate	a federal order mandating that states operate and pay for a program created at the national level	16
3769099443	ex post facto law	a law that would allow a person to be punished for an action that was not against the law when it was committed	17
3769099444	interstate compacts	agreements among states to cooperate on solving mutual problems; requires approval by Congress	18
3769099445	preemption	a concept derived from the Constitution's supremacy clause that allows the national government to override or preempt state or local actions in certain areas	19
3769099446	categorical formula grants	Federal grant where Congress appropriates funds for specific purposes. Tightly monitored to make sure its being used correctly. Certain requirements must be passed in order to get this grant (ex: Medicaid)	20
3769099447	federalism	a division of powers between levels of government, generally between national and state	21

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