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AP World History MIDTERM Flashcards

3678171289	Catherine the Great	expanded Russian territory; introduced enlightenment ideas but later took back the reforms	0
3678171290	Alexander I	afraid of the French Revolution spreading; set up the Holy Alliance; cultural achievements that reflected western ideas	1
3678171291	Pushkin	Russian poet who used romantic style	2
3678171292	Nicholas I	Decembrist uprising so he put in place a repressive society: secret police and censored the schools and the newspapers; helped put down revolts in other countries and expand south, avoided western ideas; had little to no industry & increased labor demands on serfs; imported manufactured goods from the west; russification	3
3678171293	Decembrist revolt	revolt lead by army officers against the czar; wanted new western technology	4
3678171294	Crimean War	when Russia tried to expand south for a warm water port	5
3678171295	Russification	forcing other ethnic groups to learn the Russian cultute	6
3678171296	emancipation edict	document (under Alexander II) that freed the Russian serfs; they kept a part of the land but had to pay for it and did not have any political rights	7
3678171297	zemstvos	local political councils that helped regulate roads and schools	8
3678171298	intelligentsia	educated radicals who wanted Russia to remain Russian; political freedom	9
3678171299	Pan Slavic	movement that united the Slavics	10
3678171300	anarchists	terrorist group who supported no government	11
3678171301	pogroms	mass executions of the jews	12
3678171302	Lenin	supported Marxism	13
3678171303	Nicholas II	Bloody Sunday and October manifesto happened under him; Stolypin reforms	14
3678171304	Bloody Sunday	protest and strikes break out over the loss in the Russo-Japanese war	15
3678171305	October Manifesto	document that created the Russian parliament (Duma); Nicholas payed no attention to it	16
3678171306	Stolypin Reforms	two of them; peasants gained some freedom from payments; kuluks bought more land; overall repression continued and little change occurred	17
3678171307	kuluks	wealthy land lords	18
3678171308	duma	Russian parliament; created by Nicholas II	19
3678171309	Takugawa shogunate	regional daimyos and samurai controlled most of Japan; taxes based on agriculture; exported soy sauce and silk; high literacy rate; neoconfucianism	20
3678171310	daimyo	landlords	21
3678171311	samurai	payed for their loyalty; like army	22
3678171312	neoconfucianism	new Confucianism, practiced by ruling elite	23
3678171313	commodore pery	opened trade in Japan; from US	24
3678171314	Meiji restoration	period of industrialization and reform; ended feudalism and set up prefects; got rid of daimyo and samurai's stipends got taken away	25
3678171315	prefects	idea from the French; district administrators	26
3678171316	Yataro	started the Mitsubishi company (trains cars and steamships)	27
3678171317	Diet	Japanese legislative branch; created laws and collected taxes	28
3678171318	Zaibatsu	Japanese families who control aspects of the economy	29
3678171319	Eiichi	went from peasant to job in the government; new wealth	30
3678171320	American Revolution	cause of Latin American independence; gave Latin America a model of how a colony could break away from a mother country; spread Enlightenment ideas	31
3678171321	French Revolution	cause of Latin American independence; Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen gave people the idea of equality; Spain had relaxed its relations with the colonies; Intendecy System	32
3678171322	Ferdinand VII	king of Spain	33
3678171323	Intendency System	Spain will try to reassert its control by sending over Peninsulares	34
3678171324	viceroy	ruled a province in Latin America, sent from Spain as a representative of the king	35
3678171325	Toussaint L'Ouverture	revolutionary leader that helped defeat the whites/planters and free the slaves	36
3678171326	Hidalgo	Mexican, creole priest, who led the independence movement; was against slavery	37
3678171327	Morelos	Mexican, mestizo priest who led the independence movement; wanted land reform	38
3678171328	Iturbide	Creole general sent by the Spanish to put down the Mexican revolt; makes an agreement with the creoles and gains power; declares himself emperor	39
3678171329	Bolivar	Creole independence leader of Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador; wanted to form Gran Colombia	40
3678171330	Gran Colombia	idea of having a united South America	41
3678171331	San Martin	Creole independence leader of Argentina and Chile; focused on ending mercantilism	42
3678171332	Dom Pedro	Portuguese prince left to rule Brazil; forms a constitutional monarchy	43
3678171333	caudillos	military leaders who dominated local areas; had their own small armies	44
3678171334	Santa Ana	the autocratic Mexican leader who gives power to the caudillos	45
3678171335	federalist	wanted a strong local gov	46
3678171336	centralist	wanted a strong central gov	47
3678171337	secular	separation between church and state	48
3678171338	Monroe Doctrine	US document that forbid European countries from colonizing Latin America; backed by the British; created a sphere of influence	49
3678171339	positivism	solve problems in society through a scientific	50
3678171340	Mexican War	US annexed Texas; Treat of Guadalupe; La Reforma	51
3678171341	Treaty of Guadalupe	US required half of Mexican territory	52
3678171342	La Reforma	liberal revolt led by Juarez; new constitution written: military and church restricted, church property is taken, and Mexico becomes increasingly dictatorial	53
3678171343	Maximilian	sent over to Mexico by France to take over for Juarez, but couldn't gain liberal support and was captured and killed	54
3678171344	De Rosas	united the Provinces of Rio de la Plata under federalism; resentment grew and he is overthrown	55
3678171345	Alberdi	journalist in the Republic of Argentina; created a centralist state; held power over the governors; prosperity	56
3678171346	Sarmiento	writer turned politician; under him economy expanded, population tripled, education and transportation increased, and natives are defeated and their land taken; wrote "Facundo"	57
3678171347	Pedro II	enlightened ruler of Brazil; coffee became number one export; increased transportation; slavery was abolished	58
3678171348	Conselheiro	religious mystic in Brazil who formed a commune	59
3678171349	Spanish American War	centered in the Caribbean and Puerto Rico was annexed	60
3678171350	Panama Canal	example of how the US was competition for Latin America, and how we controlled the economy	61
3678171351	Imperialism/Colonialism	when a stronger country takes over a weaker one in order to build an empire	62
3678171352	nationalism	wanting your country to be number 1; pride in your country; wanting to free your country from foreign control	63
3678171353	White Man's Burden	Europeans, because they were more advanced, had the duty to take over less developed areas and civilize them	64
3678171354	Social Darwinism	Europeans, because they were stronger, had the right to take over weaker areas	65
3678171355	realpolitik	using any method to advance your country's interest	66
3678171356	colony	area completely controlled by another country	67
3678171357	sphere of influence	when a country is controlled economically by another	68
3678171358	annexation	to make a territory part of your own	69
3678171359	trade concession	one sided trade agreement	70
3678171360	protectorate	puppet nation; one country's foreign affairs are controlled by someone else	71
3678171361	Empire	vast area of land controlled by a single power	72
3678171362	Lonely Native Syndrome	educated Africans who no longer fit in	73
3678171363	Plassey	battle in which Clive defeated the ruler of Bengal and will take over all of India	74
3678171364	Clive	architect of British victory at Plassey; had many spies and bribed a lot of people	75
3678171365	Cornwallis	reformer of the East India Company; reduced power of local British administrators and checked widespread corruption	76
3678171366	nawab	prince/ruler of Bengal	77
3678171367	nabob	British employed by the India Company who exploited the peasants and cheated the company	78
3678171368	utilitarianism	education was the key to a civilized society; equality for men and women	79
3678171369	Evangelical Movement	religious movement to spread Christianity; equality for men and women	80
3678171370	zulu	had a short run victory over the British using guerilla warfare	81
3678171371	miscegenation	mixing of races/intermarriage	82
3678171372	Great Trek	Boers move north away from the British	83
3678171373	Boer War	Dutch vs British; British win but it was a pyric victory	84
3678171374	Isandhlwana	Zulus defeated the British forces	85
3678171375	Kamehameha	young Hawaiian prince who was convinced that imitation of Western ways could produce a unified kingdom	86
3678171376	White Dominion	colonies in which European settlers made up majority of population; kicked out the natives or natives died naturally from disease	87
3678171377	Tropical Dependency	colonies where the majority of people were native; ruled by a minority of European politicians and military leaders	88
3678171378	Cecil Rhodes	British entrepreneur who went to South Africa; manipulated Boers to get rights to mine diamonds	89
3678171379	Captain Cook	made voyages to Hawaii which opened up the islands to the west	90
3678171380	Great Mahele	document that gave Hawaiian lands to US business owners	91
3678171381	Industrial Revolution	the introduction of machinery into farming; increased production	92
3678171382	John Kay	invented the flying shuttle which increased the width a person could weave	93
3678171383	James Hargreaves	invented the spinning Jenny which allowed one man to do the work of eight	94
3678171384	James Watt	Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry	95
3678171385	protoindustrialization	preliminary shift from agricultural economy in Europe: workers become full or part time producers of textile and metal products, working at home	96
3678171386	corporation	business organization with large numbers of investments	97
3678171387	stock	partial ownership in a company	98
3678171388	Enlightenment	"age of reason;" idea that man was governed by natural laws (inspired by the scientific rev) and not theological laws, it questioned the old regime, sparked the middle class wanting more political rights	99
3678171389	Adam Smith	wrote about the idea of capitalism (economic system in which private owners decide what is produced)	100
3678171390	Navigation Acts	set up mercantilism	101
3678171391	Stamp Act	tax on all paper goods	102
3678171392	American Revolution	caused by the seven years war, enlightenment ideas, taxes/acts, and no representation in parliament; resulted in the treaty of Paris and a gov based on enlightenment ideas	103
3678171393	French Revolution	caused by a rigid social structure, enlightenment ideas and the American rev, famine and bad harvests, debt, and a weak and inefficient King; resulted in much violence and a dictator	104
3678171394	Louis XVI	King of France during the French Revolution; wanted to raise taxes	105
3678171395	Estates General	France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners	106
3678171396	Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen	constitution written by the third estate adopted by the National Assembly; had revolutionary ideas	107
3678171397	reign of terror	radicals seize the gov; very violent time period; Committee of Public Safety was the government; leader was Robespierre	108
3678171398	meritocracy	to advance on merit, not birth	109
3678171399	Continental System	France's attempt to stop trade going into Britain so they could conquer it; didn't work because France was their biggest traders so they wouldn't get goods	110
3678171400	Napoleonic Code	law code; equality under the law, civil marriages and divorce, and equalized inheritance	111
3678171401	Conservative Restoration	time in Europe when they restored the old regime	112
3678171402	Congress of Vienna	a meeting with all the monarchs where the old monarchs were restored, the balance of power was restored, and they surrounded France with strong countries	113
3678171403	Chartist Movement	attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the right to vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the Reform Act of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed	114
3678171404	Marxism	also called communism or socialism; belief that history was a class struggle between rich and poor	115
3678171405	Social Darwinism	survival of the fittest; weak will die out making the human race stronger	116
3678171406	Principles of Population	population will increase faster than food supply so there will always be poverty and hunger	117
3678171407	William Wilburforce	lead the antislavery movement in Parliament	118
3678171408	liberalism	the idea of change (comes from Enlightenment ideas)	119
3678171409	Aborigines	original inhabitants of Australia	120
3678171410	Maoris	natives of New Zealand	121
3678171411	Suleiman	"The Law Giver" responsible for a golden age; modernized the army and conquered land	122
3678171412	vizier	second in command; in charge of daily activities of the empire	123
3678171413	janissaries	an elite force in the military; young Christian boys taken as tribute	124
3678171414	divan	council that consulted with the sultan	125
3678171415	Sinan	Ottoman architect who built schools; helped rebuild Constantinople	126
3678171416	Battle of Lepanto	the Spanish defeated the Muslims in the Mediterranean	127
3678171417	Abbas the Great	shah who used force and diplomacy; 40,000 men in his standing army, used Russians as slaves; reduced taxes and encouraged industry (silk)	128
3678171418	Battle of Chaldiran	naval battle between the Safavids and the Ottomans and their religions; Ottomans win which determines that Shi'Ite Islam will be primarily in Persia	129
3678171419	mullah	prayer leaders and teachers	130
3678171420	Urdu	language that is a mix between Persian and Hindi	131
3678171421	Sikhism	religion that mixed Islam and Hindu	132
3678171422	Babur	defeated the sultan and conquered Northern India; conquered south into the Deccan plateau	133
3678171423	Akbar	religious toleration; gave gov jobs to all; got rid of the jizya (tax); tried to improve the life of the lower class/peasants	134
3678171424	Aurangzeb	Mughal emperor who began using the jizya again	135
3678171425	Taj Mahal	Indian architecture with Quaran verses all over it	136
3678171426	Asian Trade Network	trade network that stretched thousands of miles from the Middle East to Asia	137
3678171427	Straight of Malacca	major port of trade; no one country controlled trade; no military presence	138
3678171428	Isfahan	Safavid capital; built mosques and bathhouses; rug and cloth industry	139
3678171429	Constantinople		140
3678171430	Francis Xavier	Spanish Jesuit missionary who worked to convert the lower castes	141
3678171431	Robert di Nobili	Italian Jesuit missionary who adopted the ways of the upper castes in an attempt to convert them	142
3678171432	Arab Zone	carpets, glass, weapons, and books	143
3678171433	Central Zone	cotton textiles and spices	144
3678171434	Eastern Zone	paper, silk, and spices	145
3678171435	bullion	silver and gold	146
3678171436	Gunpowder empires	the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals; used gunpowder muskets and cannons in the military	147
3678171437	mercantilism	the idea that a colony exists for the sake of the mother country; the more gold and silver a country has, the more powerful they are	148

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AP World History Exam Review (Unit 3 & 4) Flashcards

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4369370246	diffusion	Is the spreading of other peoples ideas to different parts of the world.	0
4369374103	conduit	a means by which something is transmitted (ex: religion, disease, technology via trade routes)	1
4369380103	Swahili city-states	A number of commercial polities established mostly by Indian Ocean trade by Bantu descendants the Swahili, they rose to significant economic and political sapience between 700 and 1100 CE forming large trade ports with coral brick houses and a wealthy merchant and artisan class. Primarily traded gold and ivory but knowledge also traveled along these routes	2
4369383535	Timbuktu	Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning; Muslim	3
4369387410	Venice	An Italian town along with Pisa and Genoa that controlled the Mediterranean trade after 1200 CE bringing silks and spices from Asia to Europe.	4
4369398093	luxury goods	Goods that have special qualities that make them more expensive than alternative goods (ex: silk, cotton textiles, porcelain, spices, precious gems/metals)	5
4369404104	porcelain	a thin, beautiful pottery invented in China; China had a monopoly on porcelain for a long time, luxury good	6
4369411186	astrolabe	An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets; encouraged the growth of trade and exploration; invented by the Greek 220 BCE	7
4369427919	paper money	legal currency issued on paper; it developed in China as a convenient alternative to metal coins	8
4369442063	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance.	9
4369445308	Byzantine Empire	(330 CE-1453 CE) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. Christian, centralized, Hagia Sophia, ceasorpapism	10
4369472698	caesaropapism	A political- religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment, as in the Byzantine Empire.	11
4369485130	Bantu migration	The movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, iron metallurgy, and agricultural techniques from around 500 BCE to around 1000 CE	12
4369497083	Polynesian migration	originating from somewhere in Southeast Asia, these people spread out to neighboring islands, bringing culture, trade, and agriculture with them via canoes. (spread domesticated animals like dogs, pigs, and chickens and crops like sugar cane, bananas, and taro)	13
4369658733	diasporic community	a group (in this case, merchants) scattered far from home who settles together (examples: Muslim merchant communities in the Indian Ocean, Chinese merchant communities in SE Asia, Jewish communities in the Mediterranean)	14
4369668537	Ibn Battuta	Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. Was very judgmental of other cultures.	15
4369671630	Marco Polo	Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.	16
4369674980	Neoconfucianism	term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism	17
4369678503	Tang and Song Dynasties	Two of the most famous dynasties in all of Chinese history, not just in the era c. 600 -c. 1450. Under these dynasties, China had the world's largest population, the most advanced technology and the most splendid cities.	18
4369834211	moveable type	A system of printing in the Tang and Song that resulted in an increase in literacy and bureaucrats among the lower classes; spread from E. Asia to the Islamic empires and Western Europe during the 500 - 1450 CE time period.	19
4369847229	gunpowder	Invented within China during the 9th century, this substance was became the dominate military technology used to expand European and Asian empires by the 15th century (1400s)	20
4369860712	feudalism	A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land (aka: decentralized political authority) - seen in Western Europe and Japan in period 3 (500 - 1450)	21
4369867751	Black Death	A deadly plague with origins in East Asia that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351; followed previously established trade routes	22
4369874711	syncretism	The unification or blending of opposing people, ideas, or practices, frequently in the realm of religion. For example, when Christianity was adopted by people in a new land, they often incorporate it into their existing culture and traditions.	23
4369885716	Islam	622 C.E. A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims. Expanded through the use of merchants and missionaries and military expansion.	24
4369886887	mosque	A Muslim place of worship; has several distinct architectural elements such as minarets (towers that call Muslims to prayer), and a qibla wall that indicates the direction of Mecca	25
4369890068	caliphate	Islamic empire ruled by those believed to be the successors to the Prophet Muhammad. (examples: Umayyad, Abbasid)	26
4369905174	chinampa field system	a method of ancient Mesoamerican agriculture which used small, rectangle-shaped areas of fertile arable land to grow crops on the shallow lake beds in the Valley of Mexico	27
4369907653	Aztecs	Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax (tribute system). Practiced human sacrifice and used religion to justify their rule. Capital was Tenochtitlan in modern-day Mexico City.	28
4369911954	horse collar	Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; increased agricultural production in Europe b/c soil was harder there and required more work to plow	29
4369918817	Little Ice Age	A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable.	30
4369921219	Vikings	one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the eighth through the tenth century.	31
4369924802	urbanization	Movement of people from rural areas to cities	32
4369929401	guild	A medieval organization of crafts workers or trades people.	33
4369933045	coerced labor	When people are forced to work either as slaves or serfs.	34
4369935833	serfs	men of women who were the poorest members of society, peasants who worked the lord's land in exchange for protection	35
4369941104	mit'a	Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control.	36
4369977335	Muhammad	The last prophet believed by Muslims who talked to the Archangel Gabriel and whose life teachings is compiled in the Hadith.	37
4369984861	Mongols	A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.	38
4369988717	caliph	A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government	39
4369998577	Crusades	Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation.	40
4370039594	Ming Dynasty	Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.	41
4370045753	Zheng He	An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.	42
4370067257	caravels	Slender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese; highly maneuverable and able to sail against the wind; key to development of Portuguese trade empire	43
4370073505	mercantilism	An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought	44
4370081308	joint-stock companies	Formed in the absence of support from the British Crown, these accrued funding for colonization through the sale of public stock. These companies dominated English colonization throughout the seventeenth century.	45
4370088931	Columbian Exchange	The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.	46
4370091845	the great dying	The name given to the near extinction (90% mortality rate) of the indigenous people of the Americas due to smallpox and measles brought via the Columbian Exchange	47
4370096575	Sunni Muslim	Majority of the Muslims; believe successor of Muhammad can be an elected caliph.	48
4370098129	Shiite Muslim	Accept only the descendants of Ali as the true leaders of Islam	49
4370101860	Reformation	A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches	50
4370103660	Martin Luther	16th century German monk and professor who is considered to be the person who started the Protestant Reformation; he began by criticizing Church practices (mainly indulgences) and ultimately broke with the Catholic Church to form his own new religious faith	51
4370106342	Counter Reformation	the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)	52
4370108507	Jesuits	Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.	53
4370110969	Sikhism	the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam	54
4370116178	wood block prints	Japanese artform, Ukiyo-e school, depict nature and landscapes,historical tales	55
4370120931	Renaissance	"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome; began in Florence, Italy	56
4370123615	Vodun	Or voodoo is a syncretism faith that combines the animist faith of West Africa with Christianity.	57
4370130916	indentured servitude	A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.	58
4370134066	chattel slavery	A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold like property.	59
4370140710	encomienda	A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it	60
4370143926	Manchus	Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.	61
4370146144	creoles	Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.	62
4370148054	castas	middle-level status between Europeans and pure minorities (made up of mezitos and mulattoes)	63
4370149497	peninsulares	Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.	64
4370152114	daimyo	A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai	65
4370155528	gentry	A class of powerful, well-to-do people who enjoy a high social status; usually wealthy and land-owning existing in Europe	66
4370159625	Divine right	Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god. (Used by European kings to justify their rule)	67
4370166691	millet system	Divided regions in the Ottoman Empire by religion (Orthodox Christians, Jews, Armenian Christians, Muslims). Leaders of each millet supported the Sultan in exchange for power over their millet.	68
4370174901	devshirme	Ottoman policy of taking boys from Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers	69
4370177278	janissaries	Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.	70
4370181925	Civil Service Exam	In Imperial China starting in the Han dynasty, it was an exam based on Confucian teachings that was used to select people for various government service jobs in the nationwide administrative bureaucracy.	71
4370186692	samurai	a member of a powerful military caste in feudal Japan, especially a member of the class of military retainers of the daimyos.	72
4370194973	maritime	of, relating to, or adjacent to the sea.	73
4370197805	Dutch Empire	Dominated by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) Established Cape Town, New Amsterdam in Manhattan, Batavia on Java and displaced the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean. Also had Ceylon and some colonies in the West Indies. Most wealth came from SE Asian spices and tea from plantations in Ceylon.	74

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AP World History Final-Religions Flashcards

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2666886264	Believed in rewards and punishments in the afterlife -religion started under the Persians	Zoroastrianism	0
2666886265	Originated in India and has No Single Founder	Hinduism	1
2667095426	worships the polytheistic gods of the Brahmins(priests)	Hinduism	2
2667100725	believe in the divine essence:Brahma that takes the from of many gods(Vishnu,Shiva)	Hinduism	3
2667106018	believes in reincarnation into animals and humans based on Karma-the good or bad actions determine if a person moves up in caste in the next life	Hinduism	4
2667110109	believe in Moksha -rejoining of a soul with the Brahma after a number of good lives	Hinduism	5
2667115492	believe in Dharma -moral law; belief that actions produce consequences	Hinduism	6
2667116625	reinforced Indian caste system (gave people hope b/c they could increase in caste in the next life)	Hinduism	7
2667268919	practice Sati-when widows throw themselves on their husbands funeral pyre	Hinduism	8
2667128018	main religion of India throughout history -belief in cattle as sacred	Hinduism	9
2667131525	founded by Indian prince: Gautama -he was troubled by worlds suffering -became Buddha=enlightened one	Buddhism	10
2667252371	Four Noble Truths	Buddhism	11
2667253338	Eight-fold Path	Buddhism	12
2667138472	Opposed the Indian Caste System and stressed equal treatment of all people	Buddhism	13
2667142876	Belief in Nirvana-a series of reincarnation that eventually lead to a souls union with the divine essence	Buddhism	14
2667150685	popular in India b/c it accepted women and men from all ranks of society(had monks and nuns)	Buddhism	15
2667156183	spread by merchants along Silk Road into East Asia (Sri Lanka, Japan, Korea, China)	Buddhism	16
2667159116	Mauryan emperor Ashoka spread this religion	Buddhism	17
2667164509	mixed with Confucianism to produce Neo-Confucianism	Buddhism	18
2667167300	as this religion spread it developed Bodhisattvas-through meditation ordinary people can reach Nirvana	Buddhism	19
2667169282	founded by Kung Fu-tse during the Era of Warring States (he was also called Confucius)	Confucianism	20
2667190075	believed that the best way to get China out of the Era of Warring States was education and orderly govt	Confucianism	21
2667175552	main teachings=filial piety and ancestor worship	Confucianism	22
2667178842	this religion supports educated government officials and helps rulers to maintain support of citizens	Confucianism	23
2667180028	Analects=sacred texts (used on civil service exam)	Confucianism	24
2667186121	founded by Lao-zi during the Era of Warring States	Daoism	25
2667194050	believed that the natural balance of the universe would bring China out of the Era of Warring States	Daoism	26
2667194051	yin and yang	Daoism	27
2667200932	one of the first monotheistic religions	Judaism	28
2667204797	originated in Babylon(Middle East)	Judaism	29
2667206095	not a missionary religion but led to Christianity	Judaism	30
2667257914	holy book:Torah	Judaism	31
2667206913	believed that Jesus was the Messiah(savior from sins)	Christianity	32
2667210875	main people:12 disciples, Paul of Tarsus	Christianity	33
2667218707	spread b/c of roman roads, missionaries, and acceptance of all social classes and women	Christianity	34
2667222797	faced mass persecution because it was taken as a threat (Diocletian persecuted thousands)	Christianity	35
2667228329	Constantine, Edict of Milan, Theodosius all supported this religion	Christianity	36
2667256925	holy book:Bible(with new testament)	Christianity	37
2667234365	founder was visited by the angel Gabriel and told there is only one god: Allah	Islam	38
2667243290	hijrah: flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina	Islam	39
2667244926	this religion's holy community is called the umma	Islam	40
2667246917	practice the hajj (pilgrimage to the Ka'aba in Mecca)	Islam	41
2667248686	follow the Five Pillars	Islam	42
2667254910	holy book:Quran sayings of Muhammed:Hadith Moral Code:Shariah	Islam	43
2667262461	this religion split because some believed descendants of Ali should be caliph while others believed the umma should decide	Islam	44
2667274917	expanded through military conquest	Islam	45
2667276477	practice Jihad	Islam	46

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Ap Language Flashcards

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2910959763	Allegory	A short moral story. it is also a figurative sentence or discourse.	0
2910959764	alliteration	Repetition of the same letter or sound within nearby words. Most often, repeated initial consonants.	1
2910961065	allusion	a reference to a famous story, person, object, or event.	2
2910961066	ambiguity	flaw in writing. Has lack of detail, it's vague.	3
2910961928	anachronism	Use of historically inaccurate details in a text	4
2910962628	analogy	A comparison of two things for the purpose of explaining or clarifying a difficult idea	5

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AP Language Set H Flashcards

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862557315	LANGUID	lacking spirit or liveliness	0
862557316	COMMENSURATE	corresponding in size or degree or extent	1
862557317	NOVICE	someone new to a field or activity	2
862557318	DILETTANTE	a person who takes up an art, activity, or subject merely for amusement in a superficial way	3
862557319	SORDID	morally base; vile; dirty or filthy	4
862557320	EXIGENCY	a case or situation that demands prompt action or remedy	5
862557321	ARDUOUS	requiring great exertion; full of hardships	6
862557322	APATHETIC	having or showing little or no emotion	7
862557323	MINUTIAE	precise details; trifling matters	8
862557324	PURCHASE	a firm foothold, grasp etc, as for climbing or levering something	9
862557325	EFFICACY	capacity for producing a desired result	10
862557326	CAPRICIOUS	subject to, led by a sudden, odd notion or unpredictable change; erratic	11
862557327	SUPPOSITION	an idea or theory believed to be true without proof.	12
862557328	CONJECTURE	an un-testable proposition	13
862557329	DIATRIBE	a bitter, sharply abusive denunciation, attack, or criticism	14
862557330	ABSTRUSE	hard to understand because of extreme complexity or abstractness as well as being esoteric	15
862557331	INSATIABLE	impossible to satisfy	16
862557332	VORACIOUS	exceedingly eager or avid (readers, collectors, etc.)	17
862557333	IMPERVIOUS	1. not permitting passage; impenetrable 2. incapable of being injured, influenced, or affected	18
862557334	CAMARADERIE	good-fellowship	19
862557335	ACUITY	sharpness; keenness (vision, mind, etc.)	20
862557336	OBTUSE	not quick or alert in perception or intellect; dull	21
862557337	FLOUT	to scoff at, mock, scorn	22
862557338	TOUT	to describe or advertise boastfully; praise extravagantly	23
862557339	MORASS	a soft wet area of low-lying land that sinks underfoot (usually used figuratively)	24
862557340	EPITOMIZE	serve as a typical example of	25
862557341	PARAGON	a model of pattern of excellence; the ideal standard	26
862557342	VACILLATE	to waver in mind or opinion	27
862557343	WINDFALL	a sudden good fortune (as a sudden opportunity to make money)	28
862557344	VANGUARD	the front part of an army; the forefront in any movement, field, activity	29

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Unit #1 Vocabulary (AP Language and Composition) Flashcards

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2906580873	acquisitive	(adj.) able to get and retain ideas or information; concerned with acquiring wealth or property synonyms: greedy, retentive	0
2906583493	arrogate	(v.) to claim or take without right synonyms: usurp, seize, commandeer	1
2906589497	belabor	(v.) to work on excessively; to thrash soundly synonyms: overwork, blow out of proportion	2
2906590558	carping	(adj.) tending to find fault, especially in a petty, nasty, or hairsplitting way; (n.) petty, nagging criticism synonyms: nit-picking, complaining, whining	3
2906592609	coherent	(adj.) holding or sticking together; making a logical whole; comprehensible, meaningful synonyms: connected, reasonable, logical	4
2906594707	congeal	(v.) to change from liquid to solid, thicken; to make inflexible or rigid synonyms: harden, jell, solidify	5
2906595947	emulate	(v.) to imitate with the intent of equaling or surpassing the model synonyms: copy, mimic, measure up to	6
2906599191	encomium	(n.) a formal expression of praise, a lavish tribute synonyms: accolade, tribute, testimonial	7
2906602841	eschew	(v.) to avoid, shun, keep away from synonyms: forgo, steer clear of, abstain from	8
2906604098	germane	(adj.) relevant, appropriate, apropos, fitting synonyms: pertinent, apt, suitable, applicable	9
2906605955	insatiable	(adj.) so great or demanding as not to be satisfied synonyms: voracious, ravenous, unquenchable	10
2906608970	intransigent	(adj.) refusing to compromise, irreconcilable synonyms: uncompromising, unyielding, obstinate, stubborn	11
2906616157	invidious	(adj.) offensive, hateful; tending to cause bitterness and resentment synonyms: unfair, discriminatory, spiteful, malicious	12
2906619148	largesse	(n.) generosity in giving; lavish or bountiful contributions synonyms: kindness, generosity, charity	13
2906621057	reconnaissance	(n.) a survey made for military purposes; any kind of preliminary inspection or examination synonyms: survey, exploration, inspection, observation	14
2906623009	substantiate	(v.) to establish by evidence, prove; to give concrete or substantial form to synonyms: verify, confirm, validate, authenticate	15
2906626666	taciturn	(adj.) habitually silent or quiet, inclined to talk very little synonyms: untalkative, quiet, secretive	16
2906628741	temporize	(v.) to stall or act evasively in order to gain time, avoid a confrontation, or postpone a decision; to compromise synonyms: dillydally, procrastinate, delay	17
2906631995	tenable	(adj.) capable of being held or defended synonyms: justifiable, defensible, supportable, arguable	18
2911776191	banal	(adj.) hackneyed, trite, commonplace	19

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Period 3 - AP World History Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

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5447490666	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
5447490667	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	1
5447490668	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	2
5447490669	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	3
5447490670	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	4
5447490671	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	5
5447490672	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	6
5447490673	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	7
5447490674	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	8
5447490675	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	9
5447490676	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	10
5447490677	Jihad	Islamic holy war	11
5447490678	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	12
5447490679	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	13
5447490681	Dhimmis	"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus	14
5447490682	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	15
5447490684	Wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids	16
5447490685	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	17
5447490686	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	18
5447490687	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	19
5447490690	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	20
5447490691	Chinggis (Genghis) Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	21
5447490693	Arabic numerals	Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West	22
5447490696	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	23
5447490697	Mansa	title of the ruler of Mali	24
5447490698	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	25
5447490700	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	26
5447490705	Iconoclasm	the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	27
5447490713	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	28
5447490714	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	29
5447490715	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	30
5447490716	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	31
5447490717	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	32
5447490718	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	33
5447490719	Clovis	King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496	34
5447490720	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	35
5447490721	Charles Martel	first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732	36
5447490722	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	37
5447490723	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	38
5447490724	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	39
5447490725	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	40
5447490727	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	41
5447490730	Pope Urban II	organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	42
5447490734	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	43
5447490736	Guilds	associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities	44
5447490737	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	45
5447490740	Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia	46
5447490743	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	47
5447490744	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	48
5447490745	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	49
5447490746	Footbinding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.	50
5447490748	Fujiwara	mid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power	51
5447490750	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	52
5447490754	Shoguns	military leaders of the bakufu	53
5447490755	Daimyos	warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states	54
5447490762	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits	55
5447490763	Batu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236	56
5447490764	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	57
5447490765	Ilkhan khanate	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire	58
5447490768	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	59
5447490770	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	60
5447490771	Ming Dynasty	replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China	61
5447490772	Ethnocentrism	judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history	62
5447490773	Muhammad's primary historical achievement	spread of Islam	63
5447490774	Silk Road Trade system		64
5447490775	Kingdom of Mali		65
5447490776	Inca and Rome both had	extensive road systems	66
5447490778	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	67
5447490780	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	68
5447490781	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	69
5447490782	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	70
5447490783	Black Death	plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.	71
5447490784	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		72
5447490785	Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade	Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu	73
5447490786	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	74
5447490787	New forms of monetization	Checks, Bills of Exchange	75
5447490788	Bantu Migrations		76
5447490789	footbinding	began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming	77
5447490790	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	78