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AP World History Flashcards

By: 3rd Jonathan Pheng and Nhi Nguyen

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2810356621SumerThe world's first civilization, the Sumerians were the dominant people in Mesopotamia. Human numbers grew especially fast in the land of Sumer in the southern half of Mesopotamia. By about 5000 B.C.E. the Sumerians were constructing elaborate irrigation networks that helped them realize abundant agricultural harvests.0
2810405871Semitic MigrantsThe wealth of Sumer attracted migrants from other regions. People who spoke Akkadian, Aramaic, Hebrew, and Phoenician moved in to Sumer. Semitic peoples were nomadic herders who went to Mesopotamia from Arabian and Syrian deserts to the south and west.1
2810407205Sumerian City-StatesBy 3000 BCE, Sumerians built cities surrounded by fields of crops. Each is a city-state and each have an independent political unit. These cities all experienced internal and external pressures that prompted them to establish states; formal government institutions that wielded authority throughout their territories.2
2810409446Sumerian KingsThe earliest Sumerian governments were probably assemblies of prominent men who made decisions for the whole community. These individual rulers gradually seized the authority of the assemblies and established them as monarchs.3
2810403755Sargon of Akkad(2370-2315 BCE) Sargon was the creator of empire in Mesopotamia. Sargon; a talented administrator and warrior, was a minister to the king of the Kish. He organized a coup against the king, recruited an army, and went on the offensive against the Sumerian city-states. He conquered the cities one by one, destroyed their defensive walls, and placed them under his own governors and administrators.4
2810357182Hammurabi and the Babylonian Empire1792-1750 BCE Babylonian Hammurabi; styled himself as "king of the four quarters of the world." Hammurabi improved on Sargon's administrative techniques by relying on centralized bureaucratic rule and regular taxation. Hammurabi developed a more efficient and predictable government than his predecessors and also spread its costs more evenly over the population.5
2810358592Hammurabi's LawsHammurabi maintained his empire by setting a code of law. Hammurabi's laws established high standards of behavior and stern punishments for violators. They prescribed death penalties for murder, theft, frauds, false accusations,etc.. The code relied heavily on the principle of lex talionis, the"law of retaliation."6
2810360978The Assyrian EmpireThe Assyrian state was one among many struggling for power and position in northern Mesopotamia. The Assyrians relied on the administrative techniques pioneered by their Babylonian predecessors. A combination of internal unrest and external assault brought their empire down in 612 B.C.E.7
2810361343Nebuchadnezzar and the New Babylonian EmpireKing Nebuchadnezzar gave wealth and resources for his capital city. Babylon occupied some 850 hectares, and the city's defensive walls were reportedly so thick that a four-horse chariot could turn around on top of them.8
2810366834Bronze MetallurgyCraftsman had fashioned copper into tools and jewelry, however, copper is to soft to be worked on. Experimentation with copper metallurgy led to the invention of bronze. Bronze had an immediate impact on military affairs, as craftsman turned out swords, spears, axes, and armor.9
2810372808Iron MetallurgyExperimentation with iron metallurgy began as early as the fourth millennium B.C.E. Iron soon spread throughout Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and other regions as well, and Assyrian conquerors made used iron weapons in building their empire. Since iron deposits are much cheaper and more available than copper and tin, iron quickly became the metal of choice for weapons and tools.10
2810373491The WheelThe first use of wheels probably took place about 3500 B.C.E. Efficient means of transportation were based on wheeled vehicles and sailing ships, both of which facilitated long distance trade. Wheeled carts and wagons enabled people to haul heavy loads of bulk goods, such as grains, bricks, or metal ores, over much longer distances than human porters or draft animals can manage.11
2812390070ShipbuildingSumerians experimented with technologies of maritime transportation. By 3500 B.C.E. they had built watercraft that allowed them to venture into the Persian Gulf and beyond. Sumerian merchants shipped woolen textiles, leather goods, sesame oil, and jewelry to India in exchange for copper, ivory, pearls, and semiprecious stones.12
2812390769Trade NetworksAssyrian merchants traveled regularly by donkey caravan some 1,600 kilometers from their home of Assur in northern Mesopotamia to Kanesh in Anatolia. Merchants transported at least eighty tons of tin and one hundred thousand textiles from Assur and returned with no less than ten tons of silver.13
2810375050Social ClassesAgriculture enabled human groups to accumulate wealth, and clear distinctions between the more and less wealthy. With increasingly specialized labor and long distance trade, however, cities provided more opportunities for the accumulation of wealth. Community members originally elected their kings, but royal status soon became hereditary, as kings arranged for their sons to succeed them.14
2812392090Temple CommunitiesThe principal role of the priestly elites was to intervene with the gods to ensure good fortune for their communities. Temples generated their own income from vast tracts of land that they owned and large workshops that they maintained. Temples functioned as banks where individuals could store wealth, and they helped underwrite trading ventures to distant lands.15
2810379873SlavesSlaves came from three main sources; prisoners of war, convicted criminals, and heavily indebted individuals who sold themselves into slavery in order to satisfy their obligations. Some slaves worked as agricultural laborers on the estates of nobles or temple communities, but most were domestic servants in wealthy households.16
2810380192Patriarchal SocietyMesopotamians built a patriarchal society that vested authority over public and private affairs in adult men. Within their households men decided the work that family members would perform and made marriage arrangements for their children, as well as others who came under their authority. Men ruled as kings, and decisions about policies and public affairs, rested almost entirely in men's hands.17
2810382181Women's RolesFew women wielded great power as high priestesses who managed the enormous estates belonging to their temples. Others obtained a formal education and worked as scribes. Women also pursued careers as midwives, shopkeepers, brewers, bakers, tavern keepers, and textile manufactures.18
2810383205Cuneiform WritingA writing system that depends on pictures, useful for purposes such as keeping records, but is a cumbersome way to communicate abstract ideas. By 2900 B.C.E. the Sumerians developed a more flexible system of writing that used graphic symbols to represent sounds, syllables, and ideas as well as physical objects.19
2810386083EducationMost education in ancient times was vocational instruction designed to train individuals to work in specific trades and crafts. Most of those who learned to read and write became scribes, or government officials. A few pursued their studies further and became priests, physicians, or professionals such as engineers and architects. Literacy was essential to the smooth functioning of Mesopotamian society.20
2810388203Astronomy and MathematicsMesopotamian scholars devoted themselves to the study of astronomy and mathematics; both important sciences for agricultural societies. Knowledge of astronomy helped them prepare accurate calendars, which in turn enabled them to chart the rhythms of the seasons and determine the appropriate times for planning and harvesting crops. They used their mathematical skills to survey agricultural lands and allocate them to proper owners or tenants.21
2810389241The Epic of GilgameshBest known of the reflective literature from Mesopotamia. Epic of Gilgamesh is about the experiences of Gilgamesh and Enkidu, the epic explored themes of friendship, relations between humans and the gods, and especially the meaning of life and death.22
2810391867The Early HebrewsThe earliest Hebrews were pastoral nomads who inhabited lands between Egypt and Mesopotamia during the second millennium B.C.E. As Mesopotamia prospered, some of the Hebrews settled into the region's cities.23
2810393380Moses and MonotheismMoses taught that there was only one god, Yahweh, who was the creator and the one who sustains the world. He also taught that the Mesopotamian gods were false.24
2812398155The Early PhoenicianThe Phoenicians occupied a narrow coastal plain between the Mediterranean Sea and Lebanon Mountains north of the Israelite's kingdom. They spoke a Semitic language, referred to themselves as Canannites, and their land as Canaan.25
2812398516Phoenician Trade NetworksThe Phoenicians were known for their maritime trade networks. Lacking a agricultural society, the Phoenicians turned to trade. They traded things like metal goods, textiles and pottery for food and raw materials.26
2812399596Alphabetic WritingBy 1500 B.C.E, Phoenicians developed an alphabetic script consisting of 22 symbols each representing a consonant. It had no symbols for vowels.27
2812400340Indo-European LanguagesThe Indo-European family consists of many languages form Europe, southwest Asia, and India.28
2812400791The Indo-European HomelandThe original homeland was most likely the steppe region of modern day Ukraine and southern Russia. Just north of the Black Sea and Caspian Sea.29
2812400792HorsesIndo-Europeans domesticated horses around 4000 B.C.E. They most likely used horses as a source of food initially but started riding them once they were domesticated.30
2812404591The HittitesProbably the most influential Indo-European group in ancient times, the Hittites migrated to Anatolia. In 1595 B.C.E, they toppled the Babylonian empire and were the dominating power in southwest Asia. Their empire declined after 1200 B.C.E due to invaders.31
2812405111War ChariotsThe Hittites were the ones who innovated the chariots using spoked wheels making them lighter and easier to maneuver.32
2812421816Early Sudanic AgricultureThe people of Eastern Sudan were herders until about 7500 B.C.E when they began to settle and cultivate.33
2812421820Climatic ChangeAt around 5000 B.C.E, the northern half of Africa experienced long term climate change. The Sahara which at this point could support life became increasingly arid.34
2812423133The Nile River ValleyThe world's longest river flows from Lake Victoria . The Nile flooded yearly, leaving behind rich, fertile soil.35
2812423764Early Agriculture in the Nile ValleyThe Egyptians were able to use the flood of Nile to make ease of their agriculture. They could sow their seeds easily and simply harvest them in winter and early spring.36
2812424034Political OrganizationThe earliest Egyptian and Nubian states were small kingdoms. In the following centuries, residents living farther down to Nile founded similar states.37
2812424035MenesA conqueror that unified Egypt. He rose to power in southern Egypt and extended his authority north. He founded the city of Memphis near modern day Cairo.38
2812425843The Archaic Period and the Old KingdomThe period of Egyptian history where the power of the pharaohs was strongest and the period the pyramids were built. The Archaic Period was 3100 -2600 B.C.E and the Early Kingdom was 2660-2160 B.C.E.39
2812426215Relations between Egypt and NubiaBoth civilizations were wary of each other. Egypt because they thought Nubia would threaten Upper Egypt and they desired things like gold and precious stones that only came from Nubia. Nubia was equally wary of their northern neighbors and sought to control trade along the Nile.40
2812426666The Early Kingdom of KushA kingdom founded by the Nubians that dominated the upper parts of the Nile and occasionally threatened southern Egypt.41
2812426958The Middle KingdomPharaohs of this kingdom weren't as powerful as pharaohs of the Old Kingdom but they were able to unite Egypt after the period of unrest. 2040-1640 B.C.E42
2812426959The HyksosA group of Semitic people who were horse-riding nomads and captured Memphis around 1674 B.C.E. They probably introduced horses to Egypt and bronze weapons.43
2812427453The New KingdomPharaohs of the new kingdom ruled over a prosperous society. Agricultural surplus supported a large population . The pharaohs of this period didn't build pyramids but they did build temples and palaces to showcase their power.44
2812428150Egyptian ImperialismThe New Kingdom pharaohs expelled the Hyksos and worked to extend Egyptian power. Tutmosis III personally led campaigns to Palestine and Syria. He also dominated the coastal regions of eastern Mediterranean and north Africa.45
2812428791The Revived Kingdom of KushThe Nubian leaders established this kingdom around the tenth century this time with its capital in Napata. King Kashta created a dynasty that ruled Egypt for almost a century.46
2812428792Cities of the Nile ValleyCities weren't as prominent in Egypt as they were in Mesopotamia. People were mostly clustered in villages although there were some major cities. Menes founded Memphis and it became the capital due to its location. Thebes was also an important city and so was Heliopolis.47
2812430776TransportationEgypt had the Nile as a source of transportation. The current flowed north and the winds blew south. Transportation was just a matter of using sails or omitting them.48
2812431866Hieroglyphic WritingThe system of Egyptian writing that used pictographs to depict sounds and ideas. Hieroglyphs were cumbersome to use in everyday affairs so Egyptians commonly used hieratic, a simplified form of hieroglyphics.49
2812434586Meroitic WritingAn alphabetic script devised by Nubian scribes where the hieroglyphics represented sounds and therefore was a more flexible system of writing.50
2812435145Amon and ReAmon was a Theban diety associated with the sun and Re was the sun god worshiped in Heliopolis. Many preists worshiped them as a combine cult known as Amon-Re.51
2812435682Aten and MonotheismA pharaoh tried to change the religion of Egypt from worshiping Amon-Re to a god named Aten. This represented monotheism as he view Aten as the sole god.52
2812435683MummificationMummification was the practice of preserving the body because the Egyptians believed that the afterlife was an extension of this life.53
2812437279Nubian Religious BeliefsNubian probably inherited their practices from early societies of Sudan. The most prominent of Nubian religion was probably the lion god Apedemak who served as a war god.54
2821698481Cult of OsirisThe cult of Osiris attached particularly strong popular interest. According to the myths surrounding the cult, Osiris's evil brother Seth murdered him and scattered his dismembered parts throughout the land, but the victim's loyal wife, Isis, retrieved his parts and gave her husband a proper burial. Impressed by her devotion, the gods restored Osiris to life. Egyptians associated Osiris with the Nile and their crops.55
2812437280The BantuThe Bantu were probably the most influential people do sub-sharan Africa. The Bantu inhabited region in the eastern part of what is now Nigeria and the southern part of modern day Cameroon.56
2812437659Bantu MigrationsThe Bantu displayed a readiness to migrate. By 3000 B.C.E they were slowly spreading south into the west African forest and after 2000 B.C.E they expanded rapidly to the Congo Basin River.57
2812438207Iron and MigrationThe Bantus production of iron tools and weapons helped to quicken Bantu migration. Iron tools allowed the people to clear land and expand agriculture even more. Iron weapons helped the Bantu against adversaries.58
2812438599Spread of AgricultureBetween 1000 and 500 B.C.E cultivators spread yams and grains into eats and South Africa. Meanwhile herders introduced sheep and cattle to the region.59
2812439408Religious BeliefsSudanic and Niger-Congo people had monotheistic beliefs. They believed in a divine force that could take the form of spirits and often addressed this force through prayers.60
2812439956The Indus RiverThe Indus got its water from rain and melting snow in the mountains. As the waters travel downhill, they pick up silt and like the Nile, the Indus floods and deposits this silt.61
2812439957Political Org.The earliest Egyptian and Nubian states were small kingdoms. In the following centuries, residents living farther down to Nile founded similar states.62
2812442216Harappa and Mohenjo-DaroTwo of the most important cites of the Indus Valley civilizations. Both had city walls and a citadel. Both had market places , temples, and public buildings. Mohenjo-Daro had a large pool that could've been used for religious purposes.63
2812442873Specialized Labor and TradePottery and tools from the two cities found its way to all corners of the Indus Valley. The Harrapans traded these things for gold, silver and copper. They also traded with Mesopotamians as proven by the Indus Valley seals found in Mesopotamia.64
2812445275Harappan DeclineHarrapan society entered a period of decline around 1900 B.C.E. There are two theories for this. One is ecological degradation and the other is natural catastrophes.65
2812445750The Early AryansThe Aryans practiced a small amount of agriculture when they first came to India but depended more on pastoral way of life. The Aryans used horses to pull carts and wagons and to facilitate transport.66
2812445751The VedasThe Vedas are a collection of hymns, songs, prayers and rituals honoring the various Aryan gods. They represent a priestly perspective on affairs.67
2812446440The Vedic AgeThe period in which the Vedas were composed. The Vedas refer frequently to conflicts between Aryans and indigenous peoples whom the Aryans called dasas, meaning enemies or subject peoples.68
2812447135Aryan Migrations in IndiaThe Aryan groups settled in the Punjab then began to move east and south establishing communities along the way.69
2812447824Caste and VarnaCaste developed as the Aryans established settlements. Differences between them and the Dravidians probably prompted them to create social distinctions.70
2812449004Social Distinctions in the Late Vedic AgeAt the end of the Vedic age, Aryans added the category of Untouchables to their caste system- people who did the unpleasant tasks such as butchering.71
2812450007Subcastes and JatiPeople working in similar tasks had the same jati. Occupation was a large part in determining a persons jati.72
2812450632Caste and Social MobilityThe castes system wasn't a rigid system but rather operated to accommodate for social change. Someone can move up or down the ladder depending on how they live their life.73
2812451043The Lawbook of ManuThe Lawbook of Manu reflected the society constructed earlier under Aryan influence. The author advised men to treat women with honor and respect, but he insisted that women remain subject to the guidance of the principal men in their lives. The Lawbook also specified that the most important duties of women were to bear children and maintain wholesome homes for their families.74
2812451044SatiOne Indian custom demonstrated in especially dramatic fashion the dependence of women on their men, the practice of sati. A widow voluntarily threw herself on the funeral pyre of her deceased husband to join him in death. Sati never became a popular or widely practiced custom in India.75
2812452248Aryan GodsThe chief deity of the Rig Veda was Indra, the boisterous and often violent character who was partial both to fighting and to strong drink. The Aryans portrayed him as the wielder of thunderbolts who led them into battle against their enemies. The Aryans also recognized a host of other deities, including gods of the sun, the sky, the moon, fire, health, disease, dawn, and the underworld.76
2812452711Ritual SacrificesThey involved the slaughter of dozens and sometimes even hundreds of specially prepared animals, as priests spoke the sacred and mysterious chants and worshipers partook of soma, a hallucinogenic concoction that produced sensations of power and divine inspiration. The Aryans believed that during the sacrificial event their gods visited the earth and joined the worshipers in ritual eating and drinking.77
2812452712SpiritualityLater in the Vedic age, Aryan religious thought underwent a remarkable evolution. Many Aryans became dissatisfied with the sacrificial cults of the Vedas, which increasingly seemed like sterile rituals rather than a genuine means of communicating with the gods.78
2812453583The UpanishadsThe word "upanishad" literally means "a sitting in front of," and it refers to the practice of disciples gathering before a sage for discussion of religious issues. The Upanishads often took the form of dialogues that explored the Vedas and the religious issues that they raised.79
2812453999Brahman, the Universal SoulEach person participates in a larger cosmic order and forms a small part of a universal soul, known as Brahman. Brahman is an eternal, unchanging, permanent foundation for all things that exist; hence the only genuine reality. The highest goal of the individual soul, however, was to escape this cycle of birth and rebirth and enter into permanent union with Brahman.80
2812454345Teachings of the UpanishadsThe Upanishads developed several specific doctrines that helped to explain this line of thought. The authors of the Upanishads sought to escape the cycle altogether and attain the state of moksha, which they characterized as a deep, dreamless sleep that came with permanent liberation from physical incarnation.81
2812457320The Yellow RiverThe Yellow River is boisterous and unpredictable. It rises in the mountains bordering the high plateau of Tibet, and it courses almost 4,700 kilometers before emptying into the Yellow Sea. It takes its name, Huang He, meaning Yellow River, from the vast quantities of light colored loess soil that it picks up along its route.82
2812458177Yangshao Society and Banpo VillageYangshoo society, which flourished from about 5000 to 3000 B.C.E., in the middle region of the Yellow River valley, is especially well known from the discovery in 1952 of an entire neolithic village at Banpo, near modern Xi'an. Excavations at Banpo unearthed a large quantity of fine painted pottery and bone tools used by early cultivators.83
2812458178The Xia DynastyArchaeologist discoveries have suggested that the Xia dynasty made one of the first efforts to organize public life in China on a large scale. The Xia was certainly one of the more vigorous states of its time. The dynasty encouraged the founding of cities and the development of metallurgy, since the ruling classes needed administrative centers and bronze weapons to maintain their control.84
2812459071Shang Political OrganizationShang rulers relied on a large corps of political allies. The Shang state rested on a vast network of walled towns whose local rulers recognized the authority of the Shang kings. Shang society revolved around several large cities. The Shang capital moved six times during the course of the dynasty.85
2812461079The Shang Capital at AoThe Shang named one of its earliest capitals of Ao, and archaeologists have found its remains near modern Zhengzhou. The most remarkable feature of this site is the city wall. The wall consisted of layer upon layer of pounded earth, soil packed firmly between wooden forms and then pounded with mallets until it reached rocklike hardness before the addition of a new layer of soil on top.86
2812461475The Shang Capital at YinArchaeologists working at Yin have identified a complex of royal palaces, archives with written documents, several residential neighborhoods, two large bronze boundaries, several workshops, used by potters, woodworkers, bone carvers, and other craftsmen, and scattered burial groups.87
2812464384The Rise of the ZhouAccording to Zhou accounts, the last Shang king was a criminal fool who gave himself over to wine, women, tyranny, and greed. As a result, many of the towns and political districts subject to the Shang transferred their loyalties to the Zhou. After several unsuccessful attempts to discipline to the Shang king, Zhou forces toppled his government in 1122 B.C.E. and replaced it with their own state.88
2812464385The Mandate of HeavenHeavenly powers granted the right to govern the mandate of heaven to the son of heaven. The ruler then served as a link between heaven and earth. He had the duty to govern conscientiously, observe high standards of honor and justice, and maintain order and harmony within his realm.89
2812465423Weakening of the ZhouDespite their best efforts, however, the Zhou kings could not maintain control indefinitely over this decentralized political system. Subordinates gradually established their own bases of power, they ruled their territories not only as allies of the Zhou kings but also as long established and traditional governors.90
2812465733Ruling ElitesRuling elites possessed much of the bronze weaponry that ensured military strength and political hegemony, and through their subordinates and retainers they controlled most of the remaining bronze weapons available in northern China. They also supplied their households with cast bronze utensils which were beyond the means of less privileged people.91
2812466938Merchants and TradeThere is very little information about merchants and trade in ancient China until the latter part of the Zhou dynasty, but archaeologist discoveries show that long distance trade routes reached China during Shang and probably Xia times as well. Identity of the most important trade items are not clear, but archaeologists have unearthed a few pieces of Shang pottery.92
2812466939PeasantsA large class of semiservile peasants populated the Chinese countryside. They owned no land but provided agricultural, military, and labor services for their lords in exchange for plots to cultivate, security, and a portion of the harvest. They lived like their neolithic predecessors in small subterranean houses excavated to a depth of about one meter and protected from the elements by thatched walls and roofs.93
2812467599Veneration of AncestorsA practice with roots in neolithic times. People believed that the spirits of their ancestors passed into another realm of existence from which they had the power to support and protect their surviving families if the descendants displayed proper respect and ministered to the spirit's needs. Survivors buried tools, weapons, jewelry, and other material goods along with their dead.94
2812467942Oracle BonesOracle bones were the principal instruments used by fortune tellers in ancient China. In China, diviners used specially prepared broad bones, such as the shoulder blades of sheep or turtle shells. They inscribed a question on the bone and then subjected it to heat, either by placing it into a fire or by scorching it with an extremely hot tool. When heated, the bone developed networks of splits and cracks. The fortune teller then studied the patterns and determined the answer inscribed on the bone.95
2812467943Zhou LiteratureSeveral writings of the Zhou dynasty won recognition as works of high authority, and they exercised deep influence because they served as textbooks of Chinese schools. Among the most popular of these works in ancient times was the Book of Changes, which was a manual instructing diviners in the art of foretelling the future.96
2812468556The Book of SongsA collection of verses on themes both light and serious. Many of the 311 poems in the collection date from a much earlier period and reflect conditions of the early Zhou dynasty. Many of the poems are charming verses about life, love, family, friendship, eating, drinking, work, play, nature, and daily life that offer reflections on human affairs without particular concern for political or social conditions.97
2812469044Destruction of Chinese LiteratureThe Book of Songs and other writings of the Zhou dynasty offer only a small sample of China's earliest literary tradition, for most of Zhou writings have perished. Records indicate that the tomb of one Zhou king contained hundreds of books written on bamboo strips, but none of them survive.98
2812469045Nomadic SocietyNomadic peoples did little farming, since the arid steppe did not reward efforts at cultivation. Nomads concentrated on herding their animals, driving them to regions where they could find food and water.99
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AP Language Vocabulary Flashcards

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2407894355AlliterationThe repetition of sounds, especially initial consonants in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells).0
2407895077AnalogyA similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar.1
2407897695AnaphoraOne of the devices of repetition, in which the same expression (word or words) is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences. Ex. "It was the best of times; it was the worst of times."2
2407898684AllusionA direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art.3
2407899096ApostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect is to give vent to or display intense emotion, which can no longer be held back:4
2407900308Colloquial/colloquialismThe use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialects.5
2407900519AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom6
2407900868AtmosphereThe emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described.7
2407901446AnecdoteA short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event. The term most frequently refers to an incident in the life of a person.8
2407902136AntithesisFigure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure; a contrasting of opposing ideas in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences. Antithesis creates a definite and systematic relationship between ideas.9
2407902425AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP Language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.10
2407902650ClauseA grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.11
2407902954AsyndetonConsists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. This can give the effect of unpremeditated multiplicity, of an extemporaneous rather than a labored account. Asyndetic lists can be more emphatic than if a final conjunction were used.12
2407903485ConnotationThe nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes.13
2407903655AphorismA terse statement of know authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle.14
2407906113JuxtapositionWhen two words, phrases, images, ideas are placed close together or side by side for comparison or contrast.15
2407906812ParallelismIt refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity.16
2407907107MetonymyA term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name." It is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.17
2407907656ParadoxA statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.18
2407907830HyperboleA figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement.19
2407908039MetaphorFigure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity.20
2407908324DictionRelated to style, this refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness.21
2407908702EuphemismFrom the Greek for "good speech," these are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. "Passed away" instead of "died"22
2407909023IronyThe contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true.23
2407909431Figurative LanguageWriting or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid. (Similes and metaphors)24
2407909649PedanticAn adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish.25
2407910117Loose SentenceA type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses.26
2407911250DenotationThe strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion attitude, or color.27
2407911492GenreThe major category into which a literary work fits. (Prose, Poetry, and Drama)28
2407912001NarrativeThe telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.29
2407912817HomilyThis term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.30
2407913044ImageryThe sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, this uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory imagery.31
2407913166OxymoronGroups of apparently contradictory terms are paired together for effect. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness."32
2407913512Inference / InferTo draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented.33
2407913660Periodic SentenceA sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. For example: "Ecstatic with my AP score, I let out a loud, joyful shout!" The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence.34
2407913908LitotesFrom the Greek word "simple" or "plain." A figure of thought in which a point is affirmed by negating its opposite. Ex. He's no fool (which implies he is wise).35
2407914911RhetoricFrom the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.36
2407915082SyllogismFrom the Greek for "reckoning together," this is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second, "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A frequently cited example proceeds as follows; Major premise: All men are mortal Minor premise: Socrates is a man. Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal.37
2407915405SynecdocheIs a type of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole, the whole for a part, the genus for the species, the species for the genus, the material for the thing made, or in short, any portion , section, or main quality for the whole or the thing itself (or vice versa).38
2407916795Symbol/symbolismGenerally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually it is something concrete - such as object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract.39
2407916939ToneSimilar to mood, this describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. It is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if it were read aloud can. Some words describing tone are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, and somber.40
2407917239ProseOne of the major divisions of genre, this refers to fiction and non-fiction, including all its forms. In prose the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line.41
2407917440PersonificationA figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. It is used to make these abstractions, animal, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.42
2407917733SarcasmFrom the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," this involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony is a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic, that is, intended to ridicule. When well done, this can be witty and insightful; when done poorly, it's simply cruel.43
2407917923Rhetorical modesThis flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of writing. The four most common rhetorical modes and their purposes are as follows: Exposition Argumentation Description Narration44
2407918715PolysyndetonFigure of addition and emphasis which intentionally employs a series of conjunctions not normally found in successive words, phrases or clauses; the deliberate and excessive use of conjunctions in successive words or clauses. The effect is a feeling of multiplicity, energetic enumeration, and building up - a persistence or intensity.45
2407919066RepetitionThe duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.46
2407919238Rhetorical QuestionA question that does not require a response. It's use it to prompt thought in the reader.47
2407919713TransitionA word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, this helps effectively signal a shift from one idea to another.48
2407919714SyntaxThe way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. This is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of this as the groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words.49
2407919911Point of viewIn literature, the perspective from which a story is told.50
2407919912UnderstatementThe ironic minimizing of fact. It presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole.51
2407920121ThemeThe central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually it is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, it may be directly stated, especially in expository or argumentative writing.52
2407920122ThesisIn expository writing, this statement is the sentence or a group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively, and thoroughly a writer has proved the thesis.53
2407920256SatireA work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule.54
2407920602StyleThe distinctive way in which a writer uses language: a writer's distinctive use of diction, tone, and syntax.55
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ap language vocabulary Flashcards

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25439311351. Abstractrefers to language that describes concepts rather than concrete images.0
25439311362. Ad Hominemin an argument, an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "against the man."1
25439311373. Allegorya work that functions on a symbolic level.2
25439311384. Alliterationthe repletion of initial consonant sounds, such as a tongue twister.3
25439311395. Allusiona reference contained in a work.4
25439311406. Analogya literary device employed to serve as a basis for comparison. It is assumed that what applies to the parallel situation also applies to the original circumstance. In other words, it is the comparison between two different items.5
25439311417. Anecdotea story or brief episode told by the writer or a character to illustrate a point.6
25439311428. Antecedentthe word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers.7
25439311439. Antithesisthe presentation of two contrasting images. The ideas are balanced by word phrase, clause, or paragraph. "To be or not to be..." Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country."8
254393114410. Argumenta single assertion or a series of assertions presented and defended by the writer.9
254393114511. Attitudethe relationship an author has toward his / her subject and /or his/her audience.10
254393114612. Balancea situation in which all parts of the presentation are equal, wither in sentences or paragraphs or sections of a longer work.11
254393114713. Cacophonyharsh and discordant sounds in a line or passage in a literary work.12
254393114814. Characterthose who carry out the action of the plot in literature. Major, minor, static and dynamic are types of characters.13
254393114915. Colloquialthe use of slang in writing, often to create local color and to provide an informal tone.14
254393115016. Comic Reliefthe inclusion of a humorous character or scene to contrast with the tragic elements of a work, thereby intensifying the next tragic event.15
254393115117. Conflicta class between opposing forces in a literary work, such as a man vs. man; man vs nature; man vs god; man vs self.16
254393115218. Connotationthe interpretive level of a word based on its associated images rather than its literal meaning.17
254393115319. Deductionthe process of moving from a general rule to a specific example.18
254393115420. Denotationthe literal or dictionary meaning of a word.19
254393115521. Dialectthe re-creation of regional spoken language, such as a southern dialect.20
254393115622. Dictionthe author's choice of words that creates tone, attitude, and style, as well as meaning.21
254393115723. Didacticwriting whose purpose is to instruct or to teach. A didactic work is usually formal and focuses on moral or ethical concerns.22
254393115824. Discoursea discussion on a specific topic23
254393115925. Ellipsisan indication by a series of three periods that some material has been omitted from a given text. It could be a word, a phrase, a sentence, a paragraph, or a whole section. Be wary of the ellipsis; it could obscure the real meaning of the piece of writing.24
254393116026. Epigraphthe use of a quotation at the beginning of a work that hints at its theme. Heming way begins The Sun Also Rises with two epigraphs. One of them is "You are all a lost generation" by Gertrude Stein.25
254393116127. Euphemisma more acceptable and usually more pleasant way of saying something that might be inappropriate or uncomfortable. "He went to his final reward" is a common euphemism of "he died." Euphemisms are also often used to obscure the reality of a situation. The military uses "collateral damage" to indicate civilian deaths in a military operation.26
254393116228. Euphonythe pleasant, mellifluous presentation of sounds in a literary work.27
254393116329. Expositionbackground information presented in a literary work.28
254393116430. Extended Metaphora sustained comparison often referred to as a conceit. The extended metaphor is developed throughout a piece of writing.29
254393116531. Figurative Languagethe body of devices that enables the writer to operate on levels other than the literal one. It I includes metaphor, simile, symbol, motif, and hyperbole, etc.30
254393116632. Flashbacka device that enables a writer to refer to past thoughts, events, or episodes.31
254393116733. Formthe shape or structure of a literary work.32
254393116834. Hyperboleextreme exaggeration, often humorous, it can also be ironic; the opposite of understatement.33
254393116935. Imagea verbal approximation of a sensory impression, concept, or emotion.34
254393117036. Imagerythe total effect of related sensory images in a work of literature.35
254393117137. Inductionthe process that moves from a given series of specifics to a generalization.36
254393117238. Inferencea conclusion one can draw from the presented details.37
254393117339. Invectivea verbally abusive attack.38
254393117440. Ironyan unexpected twist or contrast between what happens and what was intended or expected to happen. It involves dialog and situation and can be intentional or unplanned. Dramatic irony centers around the ignorance of those involved; whereas, the audience is aware of the circumstance.39
254393117541. Logicthe process of reasoning.40
254393117642. Logical Fallacya mistake in reasoning.41
254393117743. Metaphora direct comparison between dissimilar things. "Your eyes are stars."42
254393117844. Metonymya figure of speech in which a representative term is used for a larger idea (The pen is mightier than the sword.)43
254393117945. Monologuea speech given by one character.44
254393118046. Motifthe repetition of variations of an image or idea in a work used to develop theme or characters.45
254393118147. Narratorthe speaker of a literary work.46
254393118248. Onomatopoeiawords that sound like the sound they represent (hiss, gurgle, pop).47
254393118349. Oxymoronan image of contradictory terms (bittersweet, jumbo shrimp).48
254393118450. Pacingthe movement of a literary piece from one point or one section to another.49
254393118551. Parablea story that operates on more than one level and usually teaches a moral lesson.50
254393118652. Parodya comic imitation of a work that ridicules the original. It can be utterly mocking or gently humorous. It depends on allusion and exaggerates and distorts the original style and content.51
254393118753. Pathosthe aspect of literary work that elicit pity from the audience. An appeal to emotion that can be used as a means to persuade.52
254393118854. Pedantica term used to describe writing that borders on lecturing. It is scholarly and academic and often overly difficult and distant.53
254393118955. Periodic Sentencepresents its main clause at the end of the sentence for emphasis and sentence variety. Phrases and / or depend clauses precede the main clause.54
254393119056. Personificationthe assigning f human qualities to inanimate objects or concepts. (Wordsworth personifies "the sea that bares her bosom to the moon" in the poem "London 1802")55
254393119157. Persuasiona type of argument that has as its goal an action on the part of the audience.56
254393119258. Plota sequence of events in a literary work.57
254393119359. Point of Viewthe method of narration in a literary work.58
254393119460. Puna play on words that often has a comic effect. Associated with wit and cleverness. A writer who speaks of the "grave topic of American funerals" may be employing an intentional or unintentional pun.59
254393119561. Reductio ad Absurdumthe Latin for "To reduce to the absurd." This is a technique useful in creating a comic effect (See Twain's "At the funeral") and is also an argumentative technique. It is considered a rhetorical fallacy, because it reduces an argument to an either / or choice.60
254393119662. Rhetoricrefers to the entire process of written communication. Rhetorical strategies and devices are those tools that enable a writer to present ideas to an audience effectively.61
254393119763. Rhetorical questionone that does not expect and explicit answer. It is used to pose an idea to be considered by the speaker or audience. (Ernest Dowson asks, "Where are they now, the days of wine and roses?")62
254393119864. Sarcasma comic technique that ridicules through caustic language. Tone and attitude may both be described as sarcastic in a given text if the writer employs language, irony, and wit to mock or scorn.63
254393119965. Satirea mode of writing based on ridicule, that criticizes the foibles and follies of society without necessarily offering a solution. (Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels is a great satire that exposes mankind's condition.)64
254393120066. Settingthe time and place of a literary work.65
254393120167. Similean indirect comparison that uses the word "like" or "as" to link the differing items in the comparison (Your eyes are like stars.")66
254393120268. Stage Directionsthe specific instructions a playwright includes concerning sets, characterization, delivery, etc.67
254393120369. Stanzaa unit of a poem, similar in rhyme, meter, and length to other units in the poem.68
254393120470. Structurethe organization and form of a work.69
254393120571. Stylethe unique way an author presents his ideas. Diction, syntax, imagery, structure, and content all contribute to a particular style.70
254393120672. Summaryreducing the original text to its essential parts.71
254393120773. Syllogismthe format of formal argument that consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.72
254393120874. Symbolsomething in literary work that stands for something else.73
254393120975. Synecdochea figure of speech that utilizes a part as representative of the whole. (All hands on deck)74
254393121076. Syntaxthe grammatical structure of prose and poetry.75
254393121177. Synthesislocating a number of sources and integrating them into the development and support of a writer's thesis/claim.76
254393121278. Themethe underlying idea the author illustrates through characterization, motifs, language, plot etc.77
254393121379. Thesissimply, the main idea of a piece of writing. It presents the author's assertion or claim. The effectiveness of a presentation is often based on how well the writer presents, develops and supports the thesis.78
254393121480. Tonethe author's attitude toward his subject.79
254393121581. Transitiona word or phrase that links one idea to the next and carries the reader from sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph.80
254393121682. Understatementthe opposite of exaggeration. It is a technique for developing irony and / or humor where one writes or says less than intended.81
254393121783. Voicecan refer to two different areas of writing. The first refers to the relationship between a sentence's subject and verb (active voice and passive voice). The second refers to the total "sound" of a writer's style.82
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AP World History Unit 1 & 2 Flashcards

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5204027187CultureOne of the 5 AP World themes that deals with: Religions, belief systems, philosophies and ideologies, science/maths/technology, and art and architecture0
5204027188EconomicOne of the 5 AP World themes that deals with: agriculture and pastoral production, trade and commerce, labor systems, industrialization, capitalism, and socialism1
5204027189SocialOne of the 5 AP World themes that deals with: Gender roles and relations, family and kinship, racial and ethnic constructions, social and economic classes2
5204027190HEI (Interactions between humans and the environment)One of the 5 AP World themes that deals with: Demography and disease, migration, patterns of settlement, and technology3
5204027191PoliticalOne of the 5 AP World themes that deals with: Expansion and conflict, political structures and forms of governing, empires, nations and nationalism, revolts/revolutions, regional and global structures, and orginizations4
5204027192MesopotamiaRegion between Tigris and Euphrates rivers that dev. first urban societies started as city states. Included Sumer, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian empires; Men claimed power for fertility, respectable women must be veiled5
5204027193Paleolithic PeopleSmall tribes/bands of people; mainly egalitarian and often exploition of resources and extinction of large animals6
5204027194SumeriansCity states were always competing and that led to conquests by Sumerians7
5204027195BabyloniansCode of Hammurabi; Enforced laws; center for math and learning; unpredictable flooding led to belief of vengeful and angry Gods8
5204027196EgyptWomen were equals, have greater life opportunities, arranged marriage but some freedom after marriage;9
5204027204AnimismBelief in natural power that organizes10
5204027205ShamanismBelief that a certain person has the ability to contact the higher being11
5204027206JudaismMonotheistic; invalidated other Gods which led to constant persecution and exiled; Hebrews were the chosen people of God; influenced Christianity and Islam; no widespread hierarchal12
5204027207ZoroastrianismEmphasis on free will of human kind and everyone needs to choose between good and evil; afterlife; never spread outside of Persia; influenced Judaism and Christianity13
5204027208ChristianityOnly only monotheistic belief besides from Islam and Judaism; Jesus is savior, son of one and only God14
5204027209HinduismCreated during time of war; Created because Aryans invaded India and was a response the need for unity and social structure; reincarnation determined by karma that you could gain by being dutiful in current caste; highest level of living life is varna15
5204027210BuddhismCreated during time of peace; embrace suffering and deny wants and beliefs, no emphasis on higher being; ultimate goal is to find nirvana by ending suffering in current reincarnation life; extremely egalitarian, more accessible version of Hindusism16
5204027211DaoismCreated during time of peace; popular with peasants; opposition to Confucianism; polytheistic; focused on balance, nature, and spirituality; advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events17
5204027212ConfucianismCreated at time of chaos; stressed humanity towards others; respect for parents and ancestors (filial piety); belief that only educated people should govern; respect order of relationships and hold the correct people accountable; mandate of heaven; "Analects" written after Kung Fu-Tzu's death by followers; Confucian thinkers in power often thought that Daoism and Confucianism should be done together; moral example of superiors18
5204027213Qin (Shihuangdi)Legalism lead to really harsh rule. Accepted bureaucracy, reduced aristocracy, ironized army, surplus food=increased food; unified china, erected Great Wall of China; put in system of measurement + Chinese riding; fell due to extreme harshness; teracotta soldiers which showed that there was a lot of power, focused greatly on food, and the excess of resources19
5204027214Han (Wu Di)Han dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE) learned from Qin mistakes, maintaining the centralized bureaucracy but using on Confucianism as a guiding philosophy20
5204027215MauryanConquered and ruled India using a centralized bureaucratic government; emperor Ashoka collected taxes through this system; Buddhism was prevalent and Ashoka converted his rulers to Buddhism; First centralized empire in India; Ashoka was tolerant of other religions; declined after Ashoka's death21
5204027216GuptaDecentralized, controlled through military source and a sophisticated culture; known as "Golden Age of India", a unification of India; allowed collaborations between local and regional rulers rather than one main rulers; inventions and discoveries in math and science during this time22
5204027217IndiaCaste system with strict gender rules; Hinduism was prevalent religion with Buddhism more favorable for lower classes, slaves, and women23
5204027218GreeceOligarchy, tiered citizenship, slaves were encourage to be freed; Slaves played a major role in Greece economy and civilization; emphasis on citizen responsibility; Assembly in Athens was open to everybody, but majority of citizens couldn't attend; men that could afford to go to assembly were rich ones and that resulted in their partaking in government proceedings; Women played a small role in the patriarchal city states of everywhere but Sparta24
5204027219PersiaPersia was the biggest empire in the world; elaborate cult of kingship, king was perceived as a god; gov. spies from capital were prominent and watched over the low level provincial authority; Persian imperial bureaucracy and court life was a model for most civilizations later in the world; royal road was a path for trade and commerce; often fought with Greek city states25
5204027220Hellenistic EraAge of Cultural Diffusion; Alexander the Great's empire; conquered Persia; Renaissance Age, time of learning and science and maths; Made up of Persians and Greek26
5204027221Alexander the GreatGreek king; Caused for Persians to be concquered by Greek in a "sign of god"; was never happy with a lot of power, became kingly-god from conquests; got conquered by northern border Macedonia27
5204027222MayaRecorded everything, complex math and religious tradition. Compared to Greek City-States28
5204027223TeotihuacanNot a lot is known, known for its knowledge. Traded with the Maya, another city state of MesoAmerica29
5204027224RomeRepublic: Smaller, easier to control, city-states; had wealthy people and control/abuse over lower class; post-monarchy with senate and public assemblies run by upper-class, republic ended because of growth of area; values are rule of law Empire: Larger, unified state (Constantine); nicer to lower class; empire to encompass30
5204027225MocheIn Peruvian Andean Mountains; had 13 river valleys: good irrigation; warrior priests in charge; complex, sophisticated art31
5204027226Qin Shi HuangdiEmperor of China during Qin dynasty; Ordered building of Great Wall of China; Ruled with Legalism which meant strict laws and punishment32
5204027227Order of ReligeonsPolytheism, Hinduism, Judaism, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity, Islam33
5204027228OligarchyA government ruled by a few powerful people34
5204027229ZigguratsType of temple common to Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians35
5204027230BureaucracyCivil Service the non elected part of government36
5204027231SyncretismCombining beliefs of different religions37
5204027232UrbanizationMovement of people from rural areas to cities38
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Period 6 - AP World History Flashcards

The Newest Stage of World History: 1914-Present

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4671288626Western Frontwar line between Belgium and Switzerland during World War I; featured trench warfare and massive casualties among combatants0
4671288627Eastern Frontwar zone from the Baltic to the Balkans where Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Russians, and Balkan nations fought1
4671288628Archduke Franz FerdinandAustro-Hungarian heir to the throne assassinated at Sarajevo in 1914; precipitated World War I2
4671288629Nicholas IIRussian tsar (r. 1894-1917); executed in 19183
4671288630GallipoliWorld War I battle, 1915; unsuccessful attempt in defense of the Dardenelles4
4671288631Italian Frontwar line between Italy and Austria-Hungary; also produced trench warfare5
4671288632Armenian genocidelaunched by Young Turk leaders in 1915; claimed up to one million lives6
4671288633Submarine warfarea major part of the German naval effort against the Allies during World War I; when employed against the US it precipitated American participation in the war7
4671288634ArmisticeNovember 11, 1918 agreement by Germans to suspend hostilities8
4671288635Georges ClemenceauFrench premier desiring harsher peace terms for Germans9
4671288636David Lloyd GeorgeBritish prime minister; attempted to mediate at peace conference between Clemenceau and Wilson10
4671288637Woodrow WilsonAmerican president who called for self-determination and the League of Nations11
4671288638Treaty of Versaillesended World War I; punished Germany with loss of territory and payment of reparations; did not satisfy any of the signatories12
4671288639League of Nationsinternational organization of nations created after World War I; designed to preserve world peace; the US never joined13
4671288640Indian National Congresspolitical party that grew from regional associations of Western-educated Indians in 1885; dominated by elites; was the principal party throughout the colonial period and after independence14
4671288641Morley-Minto Reforms1909; provided Indians with expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and national legislative councils15
4671288642Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms1919; increased national powers of Indian legislators and place provincial administrations under ministries controlled by Indian-elected legislatures16
4671288643Rowlatt Act1919; placed severe restrictions on Indian civil rights; undercut impact of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms17
4671288644M. K. GandhiWestern-educated Indian lawyer and nationalist politician with many attributes of an Indian holy man; stressed nonviolent tactics and headed the movement for Indian independence18
4671288645Satyagraha"truth force"; Gandhi's policy of nonviolent opposition to British rule19
4671288646Mustafa Kemal, Ataturkpresident of Turkey (1923-1938); responsible for westernization of Turkey20
4671288647Effendiprosperous business and professional urban Egyptian families; generally favored independence21
4671288648Dinshawi incident1906 fracas between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers that resulted in an accidental death; Egyptian protest led to harsh repression that stimulated nationalist sentiment22
4671288649Mandatesgovernments entrusted to victorious European World War I nations over the colonies of the defeated powers23
4671288650Balfour Declaration1917; British promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine24
4671288651ZionismEuropean Jewish movement of the 1860s and 1870s that argued that Jews return to their Holy Land; eventually identified with settlement in Palestine25
4671288652Theodor HertzlAustrian Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; was unsympathetic to Arabs and promoted Jewish immigration into Palestine to form a Jewish state26
4671288653Alfred DreyfusFrench Jew, falsely accused of treason in 1894; acquitted 1906; his false conviction fueled Zionism27
4671288654Wafd PartyEgyptian nationalist party founded after World War I; led by Sa'd Zaghlul; participated in the negotiations that led to limited Egyptian independence in 192228
4671288655W.E.R. Du Bois and Marcus GarveyAfrican American leaders with major impact on rising African nationalism29
4671288656Negritudeliterary movement among African Americans and Africans; sought to combat unfavorable stereotypes of African culture and to celebrate African achievements; influenced early African nationalist movements30
4671288657Kellogg-Briand Pact1928; a multnation treaty, sponsored by American and French leaders, that outlawed war31
4671288658Cubist movementheaded by Pablo Picasso; rendered familiar objects as geometrical shapes32
4671288659Fascismpolitical ideology that became predominant in Italy under Benito Mussolini during the 1920s; attacked the weakness of democracy and the corruption and class conflict of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs33
4671288660Syndicalismorganization of industrial workers to control the means of production and distribution34
4671288661Mexican Revolution1910-1920; civil war; challenged Porio Diaz in 1910 and initiated a revolution after losing fraudulent elections35
4671288662Pancho VillaMexican revolutionary leader in northern Mexico after 191036
4671288663Emilliano ZapataMexican revolutionary commander of a guerrilla movement centered at Morelos; demanded sweeping land reform37
4671288664Mexican Constitution of 1917promised land and educational reform, limited foreign ownership, guaranteed rights for workers, and restricted clerical education and proprerty ownership; never fully implemented38
4671288665Lazaro CardenasMexican president (1934-1940); responsible for large land redistribution to create communal farms; also began program of primary and rural education39
4671288666Corridospopular ballads written to celebrate heroes of the Mexican Revolution40
4671288667Cristerosconservative peasant movement in Mexico during the 1920s; a reaction against secularism41
4671288668Party of Institutionalized Revolution (PRI)inclusive Mexican political party developing from the 1920s; rued for the rest of the 20th century42
4671288669Sovietcouncil of workers; seized the government of St. Petersburg in 1917 to precipitate the Russian Revolution43
4671288670Aleksander Kerenskyliberal revolutionary leader during the early stages of the Russian Revolution of 1917; attempted development of parliamentary rule, but supported continuance of the war against Germany44
4671288671Russian Communist PartyBolshevik wing of the Russian socialists; came to power under Lenin in the November 1917 revolution45
4671288672Council of People's Commissarsgovernment council composed of representatives from Russian soviets and headed by Lenin; came to power after November 191746
4671288673Red Armybuilt up under the leadership of Leon Trotsky; its victories secured communist power after the early years of turmoil following the Russian Revolution47
4671288674New Economic Policy (NEP)initiated in 1921 by Lenin; combined the state establishing basic economic policies with individual initiative; allowed food production to recover48
4671288675Supreme Sovietcommunist-controlled parliament of the USSR49
4671288676CominternCommunist International; an organization under dominance of the USSR; designed to encourage the spread of communism to the rest of the world50
4671288677Joseph StalinLenin's successor as leader of the USSR; strong nationalist view of communism; crushed opposition to his predominance; ruled USSR until his death in 195351
4671288678Collectivizationcreation of large state-run farms replacing individual holdings; allowed mechanization of agriculture and more efficient control over peasants52
4671288679Yuan Shikaiwarlord in northern China after fall of the Qing dynasty; president of China in 1912; hoped to become emperor, but blocked in 1916 by Japanese intervention in China53
4671288680Sun Yatsenhead of Revolutionary Alliance that led the 1911 revolt against the Qing; president of China in 1911, but yielded to Yuan Shikai in 1912; created the Guomindang in 191954
4671288681May Fourth Movementacceptance at Versailles of Japanese gains in China during World War I led to demonstrations and the beginning of a movement to create a liberal democracy55
4671288682Guomindang (National Party)founded by Sun Yatsen in 1919; main support from urban businesspeople and merchants; dominated by Chiang Kai-shek after 192556
4671288683Chiang Kai-shekleader of the Guomindang from 1925; contested with the communists for control of China until defeated in 194957
4671288684Mao Zedongcommunist leader who advocated the role of the peasantry in revolution; led the Communists to victory and ruled China from 1949 to 197658
4671288685Long MarchCommunist retreat under Guomindang pressure in 1934; shifted center of communist power to Shanxi province59
4671288686Totalitarian Statea 20th century form of government that exercised direct control over all aspects of its subjects; existed in Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union, and other Communist states60
4671288687Spanish Civil Warcivil war between republican and autocratic supporters; with support from Germany and Italy,the autocratic regime of Francisco Franco triumphed61
4671288688Import substitution economiesLatin American and other nations' effort to produce what had formerly been imported62
4671288689Corporatismconservative political movement emphasizing the organic nature of society, with the state as mediator between different groups63
4671288690Tojo HidekiJapanese general who dominated internal politics from the mid-1930s; gave the military dominance over civilian cabinets64
4671288691Spanish Civil Warcivil war between republican and autocratic supporters; with support from Germany and Italy, the autocratic regime of Francisco Franco triumphed65
4671288692National Socialist (Nazi) Partyfounded by Adolf Hitler in the period of the Great Depression in Germany66
4671288693BlitzkriegGerman term meaning lightening warfare; involved rapid movement of troops and tanks67
4671288694Vichycollaborationist French government established in Vichy in 1940 following defeat by Germany68
4671288695Winston ChurchillBritish prime minister during World War II; exemplified British determination to resist Germany69
4671288696HolocaustGermany's attempted extermination of European Jews and others; 12 million, including 6 million Jews, died70
4671288697United Nationsglobal organization, founded by the Allies following World War II71
4671288698Tehran Conference1944; meeting between the leaders of Britain, the US, and the Soviet Union; decided to open a new front against Germany in France; gave the Russians a free hand in eastern Europe72
4671288699Yalta Conference1945; agreed upon Soviet entry into the war against Japan, organization of the United Nations; left eastern Europe to the Soviet Union73
4671288700Potsdam Conference1945; meeting between the leaders of the US, Britain, and the Soviet Union; allies accepted Soviet control of eastern Europe; Germany and Austria were divided among the victors74
4671288701Atlantic Charter1941; pact between the US and Britain; gave Britain a strong ally; in return the document contained a clause recognizing the right of all people to select their own government75
4671288702Quit India movementmass civil disobedience campaign against British rule of India in 194276
4671288703Muslim LeagueIndian organization that emerged at the end of World War II; backed Britain in the war77
4671288704Muhammad Ali JinnahMuslim Indian nationalist; leader of the Muslim League; worked for a separate Muslim state; first president of Pakistan78
4671288705Land Freedom ArmyAfrican revolutionary movement for reform of Kenyan colonial system; began a conflict in 1952; called the Mau Mau by the British79
4671288706National Liberation Front (FLN)Algerian nationalist movement that launched a guerrilla war during the 1950s; gained independence for Algeria in 196280
4671288707Afrikaner National Partybecame the majority in the all-white South African legislature in 1948; worked to form the rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid81
4671288708Cold Warstruggle from 1945 to 1989 between the communist and democratic worlds; ended with the collapse of Russia82
4671288709Eastern blocthe eastern European countries of Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, and Eastern Germany dominated by the Soviet Union during the cold war83
4671288710Iron Curtainterm coined by Winston Churchill to describe the division between the Western and communist nations84
4671288711Marshall Plan1947 United States program to rebuild Europe and defeat domestic communist movements85
4671288712North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)formed in 1949 under US leadership to group Canada and western Europe against the Soviets86
4671288713Warsaw Pactthe Soviet response to NATO; made up of Soviets and their European satellites87
4671288714Welfare stateGreat Depression-inspired system that increased government spending to provide social insurance and stimulate the economy88
4671288715Technocrata new type of bureaucrat trained in the sciences or economics and devoted to the power of national planning; rose to importance in governments after World War II89
4671288716Green movementrise during the 1970s in Europe of groups hostile to uncontrolled economic growth90
4671288717Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reaganconservative leaders of the 1970s and 1980s; worked to cut welfare and to promote free enterprise; Cold Warriors91
4671288718European Unionbegan by six nations as the European Economic Community (Commons Market); by the 21st century incorporated most of western European states and was expanding eastward92
4671288719New feminisma wave of agitation for women's rights dating from about 1949; emphasized equality between sexes93
4671288720SolidarityPolish labor movement beginning in the 1970s, taking control of the country from the Soviet Union94
4671288721Socialist realismSoviet effort to replace Western literature and arts with works glorifying state-approved achievements by the masses95
4671288722Third Worldterm for nations not among the capitalist industrial nations of the first world or the industrialized communist nations of the second world96
4671288723North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)agreement between the US, Mexico, and Canada that lowered trade barriers97
4671288724Liberation theologycombination of Roman Catholic and socialist principles aiming to improve the lives of the poor98
4671288725Banana republicsconservative, often dictatorial, Latin American governments friendly to the US; exported tropical products99
4671288726Good Neighbor Policyintroduced by US president Franklin Roosevelt in 1933 to deal fairly, without intervention, with Latin American states100
4671288727Alliance for Progress1961 US programs for economic development of Latin America101
4671288728Indira GandhiPrime Minister of India (1966-1977, 1980-1984); daughter of former Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru; dominated Indian politics for several decades102
4671288729Primary productsfood or industrial crops with a high demand in industrialized economies; their prices tend to fluctuate widely103
4671288730Neocolonialismcontinued dominance of new nations by their former rulers104
4671288731Gamal Abdul Nassermember of the Free Officers Movement who seized power in Egypt in a 1952 military coup; became leader of Egypt; formed a state-directed reforming regime; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal in 1956; most reforms were unsuccessful105
4671288732Anwar Sadatsuccessor of Nasser as Egypt's ruler; dismantled Nasser's costly and failed programs; signed peace treaty with Israel in 1973; assassinated by a Muslim fundamentalist106
4671288733Ayatollah Khomeinireligious leader of Iran following the 1979 revolution; worked for fundamentalist Islamic religious reform and elimination of Western influences107
4671288734ApartheidAfrikaner policy of racial segregation in South Africa designed to create full economic, social, and political exploitation of African majority108
4671288735Homelandsareas in South Africa for residence of "tribal" African peoples; overpopulated and poverty-stricken; source of cheap labor for whites109
4671288736African National Congress (ANC)South African political organization founded to defend African interests; became the ruling political party after the 1994 elections110
4671288737Nelson MandelaANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected president of South Africa in 1994111
4671288738F.W. de KlerkSouth African president (1989-1994); led Afrikaner push for reforms ending apartheid; Nelson Mandela was freed in his presidency112
4671288739Douglas MacArthurAmerican commander during the war against Japan; headed American occupation government of Japan after the war; commanded United Nations forces during the Korean War113
4671288740Liberal Democratic Partymoderate political party that monopolized Japanese governments from 1955 into the 1990s114
4671288741Republic of Koreasouthern half of Korea occupied by the US after World War II; developed parliamentary institutions under authoritarian rulers; underwent major industrial and economic growth after the 1950s115
4671288742Democratic People's Republic of Koreanorthern half of Korea dominated by USSR after World War II; formed a communist dictatorship under Kim Il-Song; attacked South Korea to begin the Korean War116
4671288743Mass Lineeconomic policy of Mao Zedong inaugurated in 1955; led to formation of agricultural cooperatives that then became farming collectives in 1956; peasants lost land gained a few years earlier117
4671288744Great Leap Forwardeconomic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958; proposed small-scale industrialization projects integrated into peasant communities; led to economic disaster and ended in 1960118
4671288745People's Liberation Armymilitary, and dominant, arm of the communist structure in China119
4671288746Cultural Revolutioninitiated by Mao Zedong in 1965 to restore his dominance oveer the pragmatists; disgraced and even killed bureaucrats and intellectuals; called off in 1968120
4671288747Jiang Qingwife of Mao Zedong; one of the Gang of Four; opposed pragmatists and supported the Cultural Revolution; arrested and imprisoned for life in 1976121
4671288748Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, and Liu Shaoquipragmatists who opposed the Great Leap Forward; wanted to restore state direction ad market incentives at the local level122
4671288749Red Guardstudent brigades active during the Cultural Revolution in supporting Mao Zedong's policies123
4671288750Gang of FourJiang Qing and her allies who opposed the pragmatists after the death of Mao Zedong124
4671288751Tayson Rebellionpeasant revolution in southern Vietnam during the 1770s; toppled the Nguyen and the Trinh dynasties125
4671288752Nguyen Anh (Gia Long)with French support, unified Vietnam under the Nguyen dynasty in 1802 with the capital at Hue126
4671288753Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDD)middle-class revolutionary organization during the 1920s; committed to the violent overthrow of French colonialism; crushed by the French127
4671288754Communist Party of Vietnamthe primary nationalist party after the defeat of the VNQDD in 1929; led from 1920s by Ho Chi Minh128
4671288755Ho Chi Minhshifted to a revolution based on the peasantry in the 1930s; presided over the defeat of France in 1954 and the unsuccessful US intervention in Vietnam129
4671288756Viet MinhCommunist Vietnamese movement; fought the Japanese during World War II and the French afterwards130
4671288757Viet Congthe communist guerrilla movement in southern Vietnam during the Vietnamese War131
4671288758Mikhail Gorbachevleader of the USSR (1985-1991); inaugurated major reforms that led to the disintegration of the communist regime132
4671288759Glasnostterm meaning openness; Gorbachev policy opening the opportunity to criticize the government133
4671288760Perestroikaterm meaning economic restructuring; Gorbachev policy for the economic rebuilding of the USSR by allowing more private ownership and decentralized economic control134
4671288761Globalizationthe increasing interconnectedness of all parts of the world; opposed by many environmental and social justice groups135
4671288762Multinational corporationsbusiness organizations with connections across political borders136
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AP World History Unit 2 Flashcards

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5444955205Caste Systema class structure that is determined by birth. Loosely, it means that in some societies, if your parents are poor, you're going to be poor, too. Same goes for being rich0
5444955206PatriarchyA male dominated society1
5444955207MatriarchalA female dominated society2
5444955208Mandate of Heavenan ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that tiān (heaven) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly.3
5444955209Silk Roadan ancient network of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East by merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea4
5444955210Social Heirarchyhow individuals and groups are arranged in a relatively linear ladder5
5444955211Reincarnationthe rebirth of a soul in a new body.6
5444955212AssimilationThe process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group7
5444955213MonotheisticThe belief in only one god8
5444955214Eightfold Paththe path to nirvana, comprising eight aspects in which an aspirant must become practiced: right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.9
5444955215Zoroanstrianismone of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago.10
5444955216Greek Philosophythe rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics11
5444955217PolytheisticThe belief in many gods12
5444955218Legalismstrict adherence, or the principle of strict adherence, to law or prescription, especially to the letter rather than the spirit.13
5444955219Confucianisma system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius.14
5444955220Buddhismis a nontheistic religion or philosophy (Sanskrit: dharma; Pali: धम्म dhamma) that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha ("the awakened one").15
5444955221Islamthe religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah.16
5444955222Judaisman ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text (part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud.17
5444955223Christianitythe religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices.18
5444955224Daoisma philosophical, ethical or religious tradition of Chinese origin, or faith of Chinese exemplification, that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao.19
5444955225Han Dynastyan empire in ancient China, that lasted from 206 b.c.e- 24 c.e.20
5444955226Persiaan empire located in modern day Iran but stretched as far as Egypt and Iraq.21
5444955227Guptaan empire located in northern India that lasted from 320-550 c.e.22
5444955228Ancient Egyptan empire that lasted for 3000 years23
5444955229Roman empirelocated in modern day Italy but expanded to outlying countries throughout its reign, it lasted from 201 b.c.e- 476 c.e.24
5444955230Mayalocated in modern day central america, it lasted from 1800 b.c.e- 250 c.e.25
5444955231StateA body of people living in a defined territory who have a government with the power to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority26
5444955232Empirean extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority.27
5444955233Hebrew ScripturesTorah, Old Testament28
5444955234Assyrian Empirethis empire covered much of what is now Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Anatolia; its height was during the seventh and eighth centuries BCE.29
5444955235Babylonian EmpireEmpire in Mesopotamia which was formed by Hammurabi, the sixth ruler of the invading Amorites.30
5444955236Roman EmpireExisted from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.31
5444955237Sanskrit ScripturesAn ancient Indic language of India, in which the Hindu scriptures and classical Indian epic poems are written and from which many northern Indian languages are derived.32
5444955238Vedic ReligionsCore beliefs in sanskrit scriptures; Hinduism; influence of Indo-European traditions in the development of the social and political roles of a caste system; importance of multiple manifestations of Brahma to promote teachings about reincarnation.33
5444955239HinduismA religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms34
5444955240Mauryan Empire(321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya.35
5444955241AshokaLeader of the Mauryan dynasty of India who conquered most of India but eventually gave up violence and converted to Buddhism.36
5444955242Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha)Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have renounced his worldly possessions and taught of a way to overcome suffering.37
5444955243Emperor ConstantineFounded Constantinople; best known for being the first Christian Roman Emperor; issued the Edit of Milan in 313, granting religious toleration throughout the empire.38
5444955244Buddha39
5444955245Shiva40
5444955246Brahma41
5444955247Vishnu42
5444955248Darius I43
5444955249Alexander the Great44
5444955250Parthenon45
5444955251Agora at Corinth46
5444955252Hoplite Armor47
5444955253Gupta Empire(320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta.48
5444955254Roman Columns49
5444955255Greek Columns50
5444955256Pantheon51
5444955257Aqueduct52
5444955258Colosseum53
5444955259Circus Maximus54
5444955260Christianity Rho Chi Symbol (Emperor Constantine)Religion?55
5444955261Indian Ocean Maritime System56
5444955262Silk Road57
5444955263Trans-Saharan Trade Route58
5444955264filial pietyIn Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.59
5444955265monasticismA way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith60
5444955266shamanismThe practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia.61
5444955267animismBelief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.62
5444955268ancestor venerationVeneration of the dead or ancestor reverence is based on the beliefs that the dead have a continued existence, and may possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living, the worship of deceased ancestors63
5444955269syncretic religionCombines two religious traditions into something distinctly new, while containing traits of both64
5444955270Persian EmpireGreatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Fell to Alexander the Great.65
5444955271Qin Dynastythe Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall66
5444955272Han Dynasty(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity67
5444955273PhoeniciaSemitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. Famous for developing the first alphabet, which was adopted by the Greeks.68
5444955274HellenisticOf or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great.69
5444955275TeotihuacanA large central city in the Mesoamerican region. Located about 25 miles Northeast of present day Mexico City. Exhibited city planning and unprecedented size for its time. Reached its peak around the year 450.70
5444955276Mochecivilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples.71
5444955277ChacoAn urban center established by Anasazi located in southern New Mexico. There, they built a walled city with dozens of three-story adobe houses with timbered roofs. Community religious functions were carried out in two large circular chambers called kivas.72
5444955278Cahokiaan ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.73
5444955279PersepolisA complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland. It is believed that the New Year's festival was celebrated here, as well as the coronations, weddings, and funerals of the Persian kings, who were buried in cliff-tombs nearby.74
5444955280Chang'anCapital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million, larger than any other city in the world at that time.75
5444955281PataliputraThe captial of both Muryan and Gupta empires76
5444955282AthensA democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.77
5444955283CarthageCity located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E.78
5444955284AlexandriaCity on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras.79
5444955285ConstantinopleA large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul80
5444955286Silk Roadstrade routes stretching from China to the Mediterranean, which allowed for the exchange of goods and ideas from China to the Roman Empire81
5444955287Trans-Saharan Caravan RouteIslamic trade in West Africa was conducted by caravans of camels. According to Ibn Battuta, the explorer who accompanied one of the caravans, the average size was a thousand camels per caravan, with some being as large as 12,000.82
5444955288Indian Ocean Sea Laneslanes throughout the Indian Ocean connecting East Africa, southern Arabia, the Persian Gulf, India, Southeast Asia, and southern China83
5444955289Mediterranean Sea LanesTrade routes that connected the Mediterranean civilizations together. The need for a sea rout for trade in the region. Trade increased and diffusion of cultures occurred84
5444955290Qanat Systema traditional system of gravity-fed irrigation that uses gently sloping tunnels to capture groundwater and direct it to low-lying fields85
5444955291Shadufa mechanical device that consists of a long pole balanced on a crossbeam. It has a rope and bucket on one end and a weighted balance on the other. It is used for transferring water from the river to the fields.86
5444955292Jesus of Nazaretha teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity.87
5444955293Paul of TarsusA Pharisaic Jew who persecuted the Early Christian community; later, he had an experience of the Risen Christ and became the "Apostle to the Gentiles" writing numerous letters to the Christian communities.88
5444955294Greco-Roman PhilosophyIdeas that emphasized logic, empirical observation, and nature of political power and hierarchy.89
5444955295ZoroastrianismWhat religion?90
5444955296ChristianityWhat religion?91
5444955297corvee laborunpaid forced labor usually by lower classes, forced upon them by the government92
5444955298tributeMoney paid by one country to another in return for protection93
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AP language and composition Rhetoric: Flashcards

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2126205777rhetorical modeExposition, description, narration, argumentation, The flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing.0
2126205778rhetorical purposethe reason for the speaker's remarks; or a definition of the attitude that the author would like the reader to adopt., primary goal for the speech: to inform, persuade or convince, to explore, to make decisions, to meditate or pray1
2126205779rhetorical techniquesthe devices used in effective or persuasive language2
2126205780forensic argumentsarguments about the past3
2126205781deliberative argumentsan argument that deals with action to be taken in the future, focusing on matters of policy. Includes parliamentary debates and campaign platforms4
2126205782epideictic argumentsAbout the present: about contemporary values(ethics and assumptions widely held by society)5
2126205783Rhetorical appealThe ways in which a writer can influence his/ her audience; logos, ethos, and pathos, ethos, pathos, logos6
2126205784Rhetorical triangleA diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience7
2126205785syllogismA form of deductive reasoning consisting of a a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion: All humans are mortal; Socrates is a human being; Therefore, Socrates is mortal.8
2126205786Toulmin argument:informal logic; an ordinary kind of sentence that includes both a claim and a reason but depends on the audience's agreement with an assumption that is left implicit rather than spelled out . . . Exam: We'd better cancel the picnic because it is going to rain. (The assumption is that people cannot picnic in the rain)9
2126205787analogiesA comparison of two things based on their being alike in some way. (It can be a metaphor or a simile, but it usually takes longer to explain than just one sentence. Exam: They crowded very close about him, with their hands always on him in a careful, caressing grip, as though all the while feeling him to make sure he was there. It was like men handling a fish which is still alive and may jump back into the water. - A Hanging by George Orwell10
2126205788Precedent(civil law) a law established by following earlier judicial decisions, (n.) an example that may serve as a basis for imitation or later action: Exam: If motorist in most other states can pump their own gas safely, surely the state of Oregon can trust its own drivers to be as capable.11
2126205789claimA statement or assertion that is open to challenge and that requires support12
2126205790rhetorical analysisan examination of how well the components of an argument work to persuade or move an audience13
2133208801rhetorical functionThe rhetorical function of something written or spoken is its effect or intended effect on the reader or listener, in terms of how it tries to persuade the reader/listener to accept the argument of the writing or speech.14
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Westland AP Language Devices Flashcards

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2420655408Allegoryan extended narrative in prose or verse in which characters, events, and settings represent abstract qualities and in which the writer intends a second meaning to be read beneath the surface of the story. Often times concepts like death and love are represented by people.0
2420655409AnalogyComparison of two similar but different things, usually to clarify an action or a relationship1
2420655410AnaphoraRepetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row2
2420655411Anecdotea short, simple narrative of an incident; often used for humorous effect or to make a point3
2420655412Antithesisthe presentation of two contrasting images. The ideas are balanced by word, phrase, clause, or paragraphs. "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times (Dickens).4
2420655413Aphorisma short, often witty statement of a principle or a truth about life5
2420655414Apostropheusually in poetry but sometimes in prose; the device of calling out to an imaginary, dead, or absent person or to a place, thing, or personified abstraction6
2420655415AsyndetonCommas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words. The parts are emphasized equally when the conjunction is omitted; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence7
2420655416CaricatureUsed in satire. Descriptive writing that greatly exaggerates a specific feature of a person's appearance or a facet of personality.8
2420655417Colloquialisma word or phrase (including slang) used in everyday conversation and informal writing but that is often inappropriate in formal writing9
2420655418Concrete LanguageLanguage that describes specific, observable things, people, or places, rather than ideas or qualities10
2420655419Deductionthe process of moving from a general rule to a specific example11
2420655420Dictionword choice12
2420655421Didacticwriting whose purpose is to instruct or to teach13
2420655422Epigraphthe use of a quotation at the beginning of a work that hints at its theme14
2420655423Epistropherepetition of a word or expression at the end of successive phrases, clauses, sentences, or verses especially for rhetorical or poetic effect15
2420655424Euphemisma more acceptable and usually more pleasant way of saying something that might be inappropriate or uncomfortable16
2420655425Extended Metaphora sustained comparison throughout a text17
2420655427GeneralizationWhen a writer bases a claim upon an isolated example or asserts that a claim is certain rather than probable. Sweeping generalizations occur when a writer asserts that a claim applies to all instances instead of some18
2420655428Hubristhe excessive pride of ambition that leads a tragic hero to disregard warnings of impending doom, eventually causing his or her downfall.19
2420655429Inductionthe process that moves from a given series of specifics to a generalization20
2420655430Inferencea conclusion one can draw from the presented details21
2420655431Invectivea verbally abusive attack22
2420655432Inversionreversing the customary (subject first, then verb, then complement) order of elements in a sentence or phrase; it is used effectively in many cases, such as posing a question23
2420655433Ironya situation or statement in which the actual outcome or meaning is opposite to what was expected24
2420655434JargonThe special language of a profession or group.25
2420655435Logical Fallacya mistake in reasoning26
2420655436Metonymya figure of speech that uses the name of an object, person, or idea to represent something with which it is associated27
2420655437Motifreoccurring theme or idea in a piece of writing.28
2420655438Objectivityan impersonal presentation of events and characters. It is a writer's attempt to remove himself or herself from any subjective, personal involvement in a story.29
2420655439OversimplificationWhen a writer obscures or denies the complexity of the issues in an argument30
2420655440Parablea short tale that teaches a moral; similar to but shorter than an allegory31
2420655441Paradoxa statement that seems to contradict itself but that turns out to have a rational meaning32
2420655442Parallelismthe technique of arranging words, phrases, clauses, or larger structures by placing them side by side and making them similar in form33
2420655443Parodya work that ridicules the style of another work by imitating and exaggerating its elements.34
2420655444Pedantica term used to describe writing that borders on lecturing. It is scholarly and academic and often overly difficult and distant35
2420655445First person narratora narrator, referred to as "I," who is a character in the story and relates the actions through his or her own perspective, also revealing his or her own thoughts36
2420655446Stream of Consciousnesslike a first person narrator, but instead placing the reader inside the character's head, making the reader privy to the continuous, chaotic flow of disconnected, half-formed thoughts and impressions in the character's mind37
2420655447Omniscientthird person narrator, who is able to see into each character's mind and understands all the action's of the character38
2420655448Limited Omniscienta third person narrator who reports the thoughts of only one character and generally only what that one character sees39
2420655449Objective narrationa third person narrator who only reports what would be visible to a camera; thoughts and feelings are only revealed if a character speaks of them40
2420655450PolysyndetonSentence which uses and or another conjunction (with no commas) to separate the items in a series41
2420655452Rhetoricthe art of effective communication, especially persuasive discourse42
2420655453Rhetorical Questionone that does not expect an explicit answer. It is used to pose an idea to be considered by the speaker or audience.43
2420655454SatireA work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way. Makes fun of problems in society.44
2420655456SyllogismA form of reasoning in which two statements are made and a conclusion is drawn from them. It is the format of a formal argument that consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion45
2420655457Symbolismanything that is meant to be taken both literally and as representative of a higher and more complex significance. A rose represents love.46
2420655458Synecdochea figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent a whole. "Today Washington announced new gun reform laws."47
2420655459Syntaxthe grammatical structure of a sentence48
2420655460Toneattitude of writing49
2420655461Understatement/ Meiosisthe opposite of exaggeration. It is a technique for developing irony and/or humor where one writes or says less than intended.50
2420655462Semanticsthe meaning behind a word or sentence51
2420655463Ethosusing ethics to persuade52
2420655464Pathospersuasion by emotional appeals, an element in experience or in artistic representation evoking pity or compassion.53
2420655465Logosusing logic to persuade54
2420655466Double EntendreA word or phrase that may have more than one interpretation, usually sexual55
2420655467Litotesunderstatement for rhetorical effect, using a negative to say the positive56
2420655468Sarcasma form of humor that is marked by mocking with irony57
2420655469CaricatureA form of satire. Exaggerating characteristics of a person, event, etc that creates an easily identifiable visual58
2420655470Puna play on words59
2420655471Abstractlanguage that describes concepts rather than images60
2420655472Ad Hominemin an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than one the person's ideas.61
2420655473Argumentationwriting that attempts to prove the validity of a point.62
2420655474CoheranceQuality of a piece of writing in which all the parts contribute to the development of the central idea63
2420655475Consonancerepetition of identical consonant sounds within two or more words in close proximity64
2420655476Conundruma riddle whose answer is or involves a pun65
2420655477Discoursespoken or written language, there are four modes: description, exposition, narration, and persuasion66
2420655478Dissonanceharsh or grating sounds that do not go together67
2420655479Dramatic IronyWhen the reader is aware of an inconsistency in a character's perception of a situation and the truth of that situation. The reader knows more than the characters.68
2420655480Euphonya succession of harmonious sounds used in poetry or prose69
2420655481ExplicationThe art of interpreting or discovering the meaning of a text70
2420655482Expositionthe immediate revelation to the audience of the setting and other background information necessary for understanding the plot71
2420655483Figurative Languagesaying something other than what is literally meant for effect using devices such as similes and metaphors.72
2420655484Logicthe process of reasoning73
2420655485LyricalSonglike. Often used to express emotion in poetry.74
2420655486MoodSimilar to tone, primary emotional attitude of a work75
2420655488Non-sequitorLatin for "does not follow". When one statement doesn't logically follow another76
2420655489Pacingthe movement of a literary piece77
2420655490PersuasionA form of argumentation78
2420655491Red HerringWhen a writer raises an irrelevant issue to draw attention away from the real issue79
2420655492Reductio ad AbsurdumLatin for "to reduce to the absurd"80
2420655493Rhetorical modesexposition, description, narration, argumentation81
2420655494Straw Manwhen a writer argues against a claim that is universally considered weak82
2420655495Stylean author's diction, syntax, imagery, structure, and content all contribute to style83
2420655496Thesisthe main idea of a piece of writing84
2420655497Transitiona word or phrase that links one idea to the next85
2420655498Voicethe sound of a writer's style86
2420655499Scare TacticUsing fear to persuade87
2420655500Either-Or Choicea fallacy that reduced a choice down to just two88
2420655501Slippery Slopedescribing an argument where the author exaggerates the future consequences of an action. If you fail this test, you will fail high school and not go to college..."89
2420655502Sentimental Appealsarguments that appeal to emotions90
2420655503Bandwagon appealsarguments that urge people to follow the same path as everyone else91
2420655504Appeals to false authorityargument that draws on the authority of a widely respected person92
2420655506GerundA noun formed from a verb (such as the '-ing' form of an English verb when used as a noun)93
2420655507simple sentenceA sentence consisting of one independent clause and no dependent clause94
2420655508Compound SentenceTwo independent clauses joined by a conjunction (I went to the store, and I bought candy.)95
2420655509Complex SentenceA sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause96
2420655511VerbA word that expresses action, a state of being or feeling, or a relation between two things97
2420655517AntecedentA word, phrase, or clause to which a following pronoun refers. "The glass fell on the floor. It broke.98
2420655518Linking VerbA state-of-being verb, "is", "are" Connects the noun to the verb.99
2420655519Moral Equivilanceargument that suggests that serious wrong doings don't differ from minor offenses100
2420655520Hasty generalizationmaking an inference drawn from insufficient evidence, using stereotypes to argue a point101
2420655521Faulty Causality. Also: Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hocthe fallacious assumption that because two events happened in sequence that the first event caused the second.102
2420655522Begging the Questioncircular reasoning103
2420655523Equivocationhalf-truth Arguing both sides of an argument.104
2420655524Faulty Analogyform of argument where inaccurate comparisons are being made105
3662902042SoliloquySeen in Shakespeare's plays. A longer speech that indicates the speaker's thoughts and emotions.106
3662907030AsideSeen in Shakespeare's plays. A short speech directed to the audience to provide insight or direction.107
3662909418Shakespearean SonnetA type of lyrical poem that uses a specific rhyme scheme and form.108
3662911840QuatrainFour lines of poetry109
3662912657Rhyming CoupletTwo lines of rhyming poetry found at the end of a Shakespearean sonnet110
3662914156Iambic PentameterTwo feet of poetry with five syllables per foot111
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AP World History Unit 5 Flashcards

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3956447443Establishment of the DynastyYang Jian was a ruler who set political discipline on his state. He extended his rule to all of China after a Turkish ruler made him the duke of Sui in 589 C.E. Similar to Qin, the emperors of Sui placed strict demands to insure an effective government. They had palaces, granaries, and defensive walls built. Also, the military was sent to Korea and Central Asia to make higher taxes and demand laborers.0
3956447444The Grand CanalThe Grand Canal is the biggest water construction to ever be built before modern times. After Yang Jian, Sui Yangdi had the canal built to make trade between north and south China. The main reason was to get rice from the Yangzi River valley, which is located in north China. The natural Chinese rivers only flowed from east to west, so the canal was built to facilitate transportation of trade from north to south.1
3956460306Tang TaizongAfter Sui Yandi died, a rebel leader proclaimed himself the ruler of the new dynasty he named after himself. Tang Taizong was an energetic and ruthless leader who had the ability to enforce policies that would help the dynasty. He killed two of his brothers and ignored his father. He was a Confucian ruler who provided an effective and stable government2
3956460307Transportation and CommunicationsBesides the Grand Canal, the Tang peoples used roads, horses, and runners. They had inns, postal stations, and stables to accommodate the travelers along the roads. It usually took about 8 days for horses to get to their destination and even the runners provided fast service.3
3956465842The Equal-Field SystemThis system was what governed agricultural prosperity. It was used to distribute land evenly among land holders and to prevent social problems that were prominent in the Han dynasty. The amount of land was determined by the number of members in the family and the fertility of the land. Land size for each person could be changed if something in the family changed such as a loss or gain of members.4
3956468069Bureaucracy of MeritTang's bureaucracy was based on merit, which was acquired by their performance on the civil service exam. Sui and Tang rulers got government officials by how high in the ranks someone was on the Confucian exams. Most officeholders won by their intellectual abilities.5
3956469528Military ExpansionAfter Tang forces took over Manchuria and the Silla kingdom in Korea, they made the overthrown leaders acknowledge the Tang leader as the overlord. They conquered north Vietnam, west to the Aral Sea, and part of the plateau of Tibet. The Tang empire was one of the largest empires in Chinese history.6
3956473025Tang Foreign RelationsTang established a tributary relationship between China and it's neighboring lands. Neighboring lands had to recognize the Chinese leader as the overlord. If they were subordinate, they would send gifts to the Middle Kingdom (China) and perform the kowtow. The kowtow was a ritual act that the subordinates would perform before the emperor. They would kneel down and put their foreheads on the ground.7
3956475004Tang DeclineCasual and careless leadership was the main cause for Tang's downfall. A rebellion by a military commander led to him capturing the capital but it ended soon when he was killed by another soldier. Tang forces took back the capital but the empire was forever damaged. The Turkish peoples soon gained control over the government and another rebellion further weakened Tang. The dynasty finally ended when the last Tang emperor abdicated his thrown in 907 C.E.8
3956476425Song TaizuAs the first emperor, Song Taizu was an honest and productive emperor. He was named emperor by his troops in 960 C.E. He and his army took control over China. He established a centralized administration which kept military forces under watch. Song rulers rewarded distant provinces if they were loyal to him. They expanded the government through merit which those members would get generous salaries if they passed.9
3956478346Song WeaknessesSon had a financial issue because of the enormous bureaucracy that they held. It devoured China's surplus production. Since the rewards for the bureaucrats were high, imperial treasury was under pressure. The raise of taxes angered the peasants, which made them rebel. They also had a military issue. Scholar bureaucrats were not educated in the military affairs, but they were the leaders of Song's army. Because of this, Song was overthrown slowly until they were completely invaded by the Mongols in 1279.10
3956480320Fast-Ripening RiceSui and Tang both had agricultural advantage with the system of fast-ripening their rice. They took this idea from the Vietnamese peoples who founded fast-ripening rice which enabled cultivators double the crops each year. When they found how fertile the land was in South China, their supply of food expanded.11
3956481509New Agricultural TechniquesAgriculture was also more productive when Chinese cultivators created efficient techniques. They made heavy iron plows and used oxen and buffaloes to help til the land. They also provided soil with manure and organic matter. Reservoirs, dikes, dams, canals, pumps, and water wheels were their main source of irrigation. They also used terraced mountainsides to make for space for agriculture.12
3956484056Population GrowthWhen agricultural surplus increased, the population did also. The population was low after the fall of the Han dynasty but it increased after 800 C.E. Rapid population growth was due to productivity in agricultural economy and distribution of food through transportation networks.13
3956485357UrbanizationFood supplies also increased the growth of cities. In the Tang dynasty, Chang'an was the most popular city. China had the most urbanized land in the world during the Song dynasty. These cities consisted of music halls, theaters, taverns, restaurants, gardens, markets, etc.14
3956486333Patriarchal Social StructuresPatriarchal societies in Song were established most likely because families wanted to preserve family fortunes. Families often remembered ancestors by going long distances to their grave. The ritual was never done in a house but in graves which were in honor of their forefathers.15
3956497344Foot BindingFoot binding was something that the richest families put among the women in the household. It was when a young girl's feet were bound by a 15 foot wrap which prevented her feet not from growing out, but up. Their bones grew irregularly which disallowed them to walk easily or naturally. Walking was extremely painful so they either used a cane or had servants to carry them around. It displayed a woman's social standing and her attractiveness. Foot binding also put young women under the control of their parents.16
3956498500PorcelainDuring Tang times, high quality porcelain was produced. It was lighter, thinner, and adaptable to use more than pottery. It also was used artistically as a utensil for appealing works of art. It eventually spread to other societies like the Abbasids. Fine porcelain has come to be known as chinaware.17
3956500415MetallurgyProduction of iron and steel was due to techniques that were stronger and more useful. Chinese craftsmen found coke as a more productive substance than coal to put into their furnaces. Iron production increased so most of it went to the production of weapons and agricultural tools. The Song dynasty produced about 16.5 million arrowheads a year. Metallurgy also went into the building of bridges and pagodas. These techniques diffused through land beyond China.18
3956501915GunpowderAlong with printing and naval technologies, gunpowder was an important substance made in the Tang dynasty. They were seeking elixirs that would prolong life when they came across a powerful concoction that could blow up buildings. Military officials used this discovery as an advantage. They used gunpowder in fire lances, flamethrowers, and primitive bombs. This was the substance that sparked metal-barreled cannons.19
3956503491PrintingA form of printed originated in the Sui dynasty but it was common in the Tang era. Early printers used block printing techniques where they would carve an image of a page into a wooden block. They inked the block and then pressed a sheet of paper on top. Later printers made an easier way- the movable type: they put dies in the shape of pictures, arranged them in a frame, inked them, then pressed the frame over sheets of paper. Block printing was a lot easier since there is 40,000 characters in the Chinese language.20
3956506022Naval TechnologyBefore naval technology was invented, mariners didn't venture far from land. They traveled on a few sea lanes but they mainly relied on the Persian, Arab, Indian, and Malay mariners for long distance maritime trade. Although, during the Song dynasty, Chinese consumers craved exotic spices which forced the mariners to use their own ships. This was where the magnetic compass came in handy to the mariners. Larger ships held cannons but all of the ships were advanced for ships of their time.21
3956507910Financial InstrumentsTang and Song began to experience a shortage in copper coins when their trade grew. Chinese merchants created a new system of pay to accommodate the shortage. Economic growth developed when these merchants established letters of credit in the Tang dynasty. It enabled merchants to deposit goods in one place then get the equivalent in cash or merchandise in another location. Later developments were notes and checks.22
3956509081Paper MoneyPaper money was invented when they were searching for more alternatives of cash. Wealthy merchants pioneered this during the ninth century. Some merchants weren't able to honor their notes when of poor management. The government forbade private parties from using paper money to keep order. Although later provinces used paper money.23
3956509082A Cosmopolitan SocietyA cosmopolitan society erupted when trade and urbanization increased. Muslim merchants revived the silk roads and Chinese trade centers. Foreign merchants in Chang'an and Luoyang was common. Small merchant societies grew on the Chinese port cities of Guangzhou and Quanzhou. It is said that Huang Chao massacred 120,000 foreigners in 879.24
3956522164DunhuangA county-level city in northwestern Gansu province, Western China. It was a major stop on the ancient Silk Road and is best known for the nearby Dunhuang Caves.25
3956523869Buddhism in ChinaBuddhism began to grow in Chinese culture once the people realized that they could be a confucianist during the day, and a Buddhist by night.26
3956526498Chan Buddhisma Japanese school of Mahayana Buddhism emphasizing the value of meditation and intuition.27
3956527887Persecutionhostility and ill-treatment, especially because of race or political or religious beliefs.28
3956529730Zhu XiZhu Xi or Chu Hsi was a Song Dynasty Confucian scholar who became the leading figure of the School of Principle and the most influential rationalist Neo-Confucian in China.29
3956590180The Silla DynastySilla was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, and one of the world's longest sustained dynasties. Although it was founded by King Park Hyeokgeose, the dynasty was ruled by the Gyeongju Kim clan for most of its 992-year history.30
3956591658Nara JapanEarliest Japanese inhabitants Japan were nomads from NE Asia. Ruled by dozens of states by the middle of the 1st millennium CE. Inspired by Tang example, one clan claimed imperial authority over others. Built a new capital (Nara) in 710 CE, modeled on Chang'an. Adopted Confucianism & Buddhism, but maintained Shinto rites.31
3956594300Heian JapanMoved to new capital, Heian (modern Kyoto), in 794. Japanese emperors were ceremonial figureheads & symbols of authority. Effective power in the hands of the Fujiwara family. Emperor did not rule, which explains the longevity of the imperial house. Chinese learning dominated Japanese education & pol thought32
3956595994The Tale of GenjiThe Tale of Genji was written by a woman, Murasaki Shikibu. a classic work of Japanese literature written by the noblewoman and lady-in-waiting Murasaki Shikibu in the early years of the 11th century, around the peak of the Heian period. It is sometimes called the world's first novel, the first modern novel, the first psychological novel or the first novel still to be considered a classic.33
3956597282Decline of Heian Japan• The equal-field system began to fail • Aristocratic clans accumulated most land • Taira & Minamoto (two most powerful clans) engaged in wars •Clan leader of Minamoto claimed title shogun, military governor; ruled in Kamakura34
3956634868The SamuraiProfessional warriors that were valued for their loyalty, military talent & discipline35
3956653312Nomadic SocietyNomadic families follow a seasonal routine, moving the herds to new grazing land based on the time of year, rather than one of aimless wandering. Historically, each clan had various chosen grazing grounds that were used exclusively by the same clan year after year.36
3956654538Nomadic ReligionShamanism and Buddhism37
3956657976Turkish Conversion to IslamThe established presence of Islam in the region that now constitutes modern Turkey dates back to the latter half of the 11th century when the Seljuks started expanding into eastern Anatolia.38
3956659225MelakaPort city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melacca.39
3956670713HarshaHarshavardhana, commonly called Harsha, was an Indian emperor who ruled northern India from 606 to 647 from his capital Kanauj. He belonged to Pushyabhuti Dynasty. He was a Vaishya.40
3956673675The Conquest of SindThe conquest of Sindh, located in today's Pakistan, happened in stages. During the Caliphate of Omar ibn al Khattab (r), Muslim armies approached the coast of Makran, but Omar (r) withdrew the troops in response to reports of a harsh and inhospitable terrain.41
3956675182The Chola KingdomThe Chola dynasty was one of the longest-ruling dynasties in the history of southern India. Together with the Chēras and the Pāndyas, the Cholas formed the three main Tamil dynasties of Iron Age India, who were collectively known as the Three Crowned Kings.42
3956677440The Monsoonsa seasonal prevailing wind in the region of South and Southeast Asia, blowing from the southwest between May and September and bringing rain (the wet monsoon ), or from the northeast between October and April (the dry monsoon ).43
3956679867Dhows and JunksThe dhow was also markedly different than the ships that sailed on the China Sea. These ships were known as junks.44
3956699229Emporialarge warehouses on the coast of India that held trade goods from all corners of the globe.45
3956699230The Kingdom of AxumThe Kingdom of Aksum or Axum, also known as the Aksumite Empire, was a trading nation in the area of Eritrea and northern Ethiopia, which existed from approximately 100-940 AD.46
3956700462ShankaraOne of the most revered Hindu philosophers and theologians from India who consolidated the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta.47
3956700463RamanujaRamanuja was a Hindu theologian, philosopher, and scriptural exegete, born in a Tamil Brahmin family in the village of Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu. He is also known as Sri Ramanujacharya, Udayavar, Ethirajar, Emberumannar and Lakshmana Muni.48
3956712309The Bhakti MovementThe Bhakti movement is a Hindu religious movement in which the main spiritual practice is loving devotion among the Shaivite and Vaishnava saints. The Bhakti movement originated in ancient Tamil Nadu and began to spread to the north during the late medieval ages when north India was under Islamic rule.49
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AP World History : Sumer Flashcards

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5948554366SumerFirst civilization (before 5k BCE) Settled into lower Mesopotamia Built cities, canals, and dams0
5948586985Government StructureIndependent city-states, massive stone walls for defense, military leader became kings1
5948595500Largest CityUrk (population: 50k)2
5948598895ReligionPolytheistic, gods associated with nature Temples, altars, and ziggurats (large, steep pyramids) Did not believe in afterlife3
5948618774Trade PartnersEgypt, Persia, Southeast Africa, and India4
5948665427Social StructureTop: Kings, Priests, scribes, wealthy landowners Middle: merchants, farmers, professionals Lower: hired workers Bottom: Slaves ( captured, owed debts or parents owed debts(girls))5
5948701076WomenUpper class could own property and have income boys attended school, girls educated at home marriages were arranged6
5948713360ContributionsCuneiform: first version of writing carts, metal plows, wheel & axle, sundials, year calendar, base 60 measurments "Epic of Gilgamesh" - similar to Noah's Ark7
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