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AP Language & Composition Flashcards

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2870431110allegoryA narrative in which characters and settings stand for abstract ideas or moral qualities0
2870436519alliterationRepetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in a sequence. Ex. [L]et us go forth the land we love...1
2870439171allusionsA brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance2
2870440055ambiguityThe multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.3
2870440772apostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.4
2870442309rhetorical appealsRhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion).5
2870446494ethosEthos is an appeal to credibility. The writer is seeking to convince you that he or she has the background, history, skills, and/or expertise to speak on the issue. Whenever you encounter an ethos argument, always ask yourself is the credibility is substantiated and valid.6
2870449757pathosAn appeal to emotion. Typically, pathos arguments may use loaded words to make you feel guilty, lonely, worried, insecure, or confused. The easiest way to remember whats pathos arguments are is to see most advertising as a form of pathos argument.7
2870450456logosAn appeal to reason. It occurs when a writer tries to convince you of the logic of his argument. Writers may use inductive argumentation or deductive argumentation, but they clearly have examples and generally rational tone to their language. The problem with logos is that is can appear reasonable until you dissect the argument and then find fallacies that defeat the viability of the argument on the reader's eyes. Of course, that presupposes that the readers is able to identify the fallacies.8
2870453158assonanceRepetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity.9
2870455304attitudeA speaker's, author's, or character's disposition toward or opinion of a subject.10
2870456656claimAlso called an assertion or proposition, a claim states the argument's main idea or position/ A claim differs from a topic or subject in that a claim has to be arguable.11
2870463666ColloquialismA word or phrase (including slang) used in everyday conversation and informal writing but that is often inappropriate in formal writing (y'all, ain't)12
2870464667ConceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects.13
2870470272concessionAn argumentative strategy by which a speaker or writer acknowledges the validity of an opponent's point.14
2870473219contextWords, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.15
2870474188counterargumentAn opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward. Rather than ignoring the counterargument, a strong writer will usually address it through the process of concession and refutation.16
2870479153deductionThe logical process wherein you reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premiss) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise). The process of deduction is usually demonstrated in the form of a syllogism. Major Premise: Exercise contributes to better health. Minor Premise: Yoga is a type of exercise. Conclusion: Yoga contributes to better health.17
2870485487dictionA writer's or speaker's choice of words18
2870486942didacticFrom the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.19
2870488088euphemismFrom the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT20
2870489838hyperboleA figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony. The opposite of hyperbole is understatement.21
2870490764imageryDescription that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)22
2870497637inversionThe reversal of the normal word order in a sentence or phrase. (variation of the subject-verb-object order) Ex. "United there is little we cannot to in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided there is little we can do." - JFK23
2870500995ironyA figure of speech that uses contradictory statements or situations to reveal a reality different from what appears to be true. Ex. "Nature has become simply a visual form of entertainment, and it had better look snappy." - Joy Williams24
2870504325juxtapositionPlacement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences.25
2870524594jargonSpecial words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand26
2870525604moodThe feeling or atmosphere created by the text.27
2870526607narrationIn classical oration, the factual and background information, establishing why a subject or problem needs addressing; it precedes the confirmation, or laying out of evidence to support claim made in the argument.28
2870529421occasionThe time and place a speech is given or a piece is written.29
2870530052modifierAn adjective, adverb, phrase, or clause that modifies a noun, pronoun, or verb. The purpose of a modifier is usually to describe, focus, or qualify.30
2870534871oxymoronA paradox made up of two seemingly contradictory words.31
2870535400paradoxA statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.32
2870538044parallelismSimilarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.33
2870538790personaGreek for "mask." The face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience.34
2870541172personificationAttribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea.35
2870542860parodyA piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule.36
2870543262polemicAn aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all over all others.37
2870547555propagandaThe spread of ideas and information to further a cause. In its negative sense, propaganda is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause.38
2870550506purposeThe speaker's goal; what they hope to achieve.39
2870602858qualifierWords like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely that are used to temper claims a bit, making them less absolute.40
2870604085rebuttalThe attempt to disprove (or poke holes) the opposing view by refuting it (or finding fault with it)41
2870605166refutationThe denial of the validity of an opposing argument.42
2870610138proseOrdinary writing (both fiction and nonfiction) as distinguished from verse.43
2870611171rhetoricFrom the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.44
2870626707rhetorical triangleA diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience.45
2870629506rhetorical questionFigure of speech in the form of a question posed for the rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer.46
2870631075satireThe use of irony or sarcasm to critique society or an individual.47
2870634571schemeArtful syntax; a deviation from the normal order of words. Common schemes include parallelism, juxtaposition, antithesis and antimetabole.48
2870662747SOAPSA mnemonic device that stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, and Speaker. It is a handy way to remember the various elements that make up the rhetorical situation.49
2870663181speakerA term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing50
2870664679stanceA speaker's attitude toward the audience (differing from tone, the speaker's attitude toward the subject).51
2870666716subjectThe topic of a text. What the text is about.52
2870667219syllogismThe logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion. Major Premise: Exercise contributes to better health. Minor Premise: Yoga is a type of exercise. Conclusion: Yoga contributes to better health.53
2870674896syntaxThe arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language. (Phrases, clauses, and sentences.)54
2870676680toneA speaker's attitude toward the subject conveyed by the speaker's stylistic and rhetorical choices.55
2870678337witIn rhetoric, the use of laughter, humor, irony, and satire in the confirmation or refutation of an argument.56
2870682035themeA topic of discussion or writing; a major idea broad enough to cover the entire scope of a work.57
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AP World History Unit 2 Flashcards

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4973668815Caste Systema class structure that is determined by birth. Loosely, it means that in some societies, if your parents are poor, you're going to be poor, too. Same goes for being rich0
4973668816PatriarchyA male dominated society1
4973668817MatriarchalA female dominated society2
4973668818Mandate of Heavenan ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that tiān (heaven) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly.3
4973668819Silk Roadan ancient network of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East by merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea4
4973668820Social Heirarchyhow individuals and groups are arranged in a relatively linear ladder5
4973668821Reincarnationthe rebirth of a soul in a new body.6
4973668822AssimilationThe process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group7
4973668823MonotheisticThe belief in only one god8
4973668824Eightfold Paththe path to nirvana, comprising eight aspects in which an aspirant must become practiced: right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.9
4973668825Zoroanstrianismone of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago.10
4973668826Greek Philosophythe rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics11
4973668827PolytheisticThe belief in many gods12
4973668828Legalismstrict adherence, or the principle of strict adherence, to law or prescription, especially to the letter rather than the spirit.13
4973668829Confucianisma system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius.14
4973668830Buddhismis a nontheistic religion or philosophy (Sanskrit: dharma; Pali: धम्म dhamma) that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha ("the awakened one").15
4973668831Islamthe religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah.16
4973668832Judaisman ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text (part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud.17
4973668833Christianitythe religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices.18
4973668834Daoisma philosophical, ethical or religious tradition of Chinese origin, or faith of Chinese exemplification, that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao.19
4973668835Han Dynastyan empire in ancient China, that lasted from 206 b.c.e- 24 c.e.20
4973668836Persiaan empire located in modern day Iran but stretched as far as Egypt and Iraq.21
4973668837Guptaan empire located in northern India that lasted from 320-550 c.e.22
4973668838Ancient Egyptan empire that lasted for 3000 years23
4973668839Roman empirelocated in modern day Italy but expanded to outlying countries throughout its reign, it lasted from 201 b.c.e- 476 c.e.24
4973668840Mayalocated in modern day central america, it lasted from 1800 b.c.e- 250 c.e.25
4973668841StateA body of people living in a defined territory who have a government with the power to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority26
4973668842Empirean extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority.27
4973668843Hebrew ScripturesTorah, Old Testament28
4973668844Assyrian Empirethis empire covered much of what is now Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Anatolia; its height was during the seventh and eighth centuries BCE.29
4973668845Babylonian EmpireEmpire in Mesopotamia which was formed by Hammurabi, the sixth ruler of the invading Amorites.30
4973668846Roman EmpireExisted from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.31
4973668847Sanskrit ScripturesAn ancient Indic language of India, in which the Hindu scriptures and classical Indian epic poems are written and from which many northern Indian languages are derived.32
4973668848Vedic ReligionsCore beliefs in sanskrit scriptures; Hinduism; influence of Indo-European traditions in the development of the social and political roles of a caste system; importance of multiple manifestations of Brahma to promote teachings about reincarnation.33
4973668849HinduismA religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms34
4973668850Mauryan Empire(321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya.35
4973668851AshokaLeader of the Mauryan dynasty of India who conquered most of India but eventually gave up violence and converted to Buddhism.36
4973668852Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha)Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have renounced his worldly possessions and taught of a way to overcome suffering.37
4973668853Emperor ConstantineFounded Constantinople; best known for being the first Christian Roman Emperor; issued the Edit of Milan in 313, granting religious toleration throughout the empire.38
4973668854Buddha39
4973668855Shiva40
4973668856Brahma41
4973668857Vishnu42
4973668858Darius I43
4973668859Alexander the Great44
4973668860Parthenon45
4973668861Agora at Corinth46
4973668862Hoplite Armor47
4973668863Gupta Empire(320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta.48
4973668864Roman Columns49
4973668865Greek Columns50
4973668866Pantheon51
4973668867Aqueduct52
4973668868Colosseum53
4973668869Circus Maximus54
4973668870Christianity Rho Chi Symbol (Emperor Constantine)Religion?55
4973668871Indian Ocean Maritime System56
4973668872Silk Road57
4973668873Trans-Saharan Trade Route58
4973668874filial pietyIn Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.59
4973668875monasticismA way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith60
4973668876shamanismThe practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia.61
4973668877animismBelief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.62
4973668878ancestor venerationVeneration of the dead or ancestor reverence is based on the beliefs that the dead have a continued existence, and may possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living, the worship of deceased ancestors63
4973668879syncretic religionCombines two religious traditions into something distinctly new, while containing traits of both64
4973668880Persian EmpireGreatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Fell to Alexander the Great.65
4973668881Qin Dynastythe Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall66
4973668882Han Dynasty(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity67
4973668883PhoeniciaSemitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. Famous for developing the first alphabet, which was adopted by the Greeks.68
4973668884HellenisticOf or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great.69
4973668885TeotihuacanA large central city in the Mesoamerican region. Located about 25 miles Northeast of present day Mexico City. Exhibited city planning and unprecedented size for its time. Reached its peak around the year 450.70
4973668886Mochecivilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples.71
4973668887ChacoAn urban center established by Anasazi located in southern New Mexico. There, they built a walled city with dozens of three-story adobe houses with timbered roofs. Community religious functions were carried out in two large circular chambers called kivas.72
4973668888Cahokiaan ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.73
4973668889PersepolisA complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland. It is believed that the New Year's festival was celebrated here, as well as the coronations, weddings, and funerals of the Persian kings, who were buried in cliff-tombs nearby.74
4973668890Chang'anCapital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million, larger than any other city in the world at that time.75
4973668891PataliputraThe captial of both Muryan and Gupta empires76
4973668892AthensA democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.77
4973668893CarthageCity located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E.78
4973668894AlexandriaCity on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras.79
4973668895ConstantinopleA large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul80
4973668896Silk Roadstrade routes stretching from China to the Mediterranean, which allowed for the exchange of goods and ideas from China to the Roman Empire81
4973668897Trans-Saharan Caravan RouteIslamic trade in West Africa was conducted by caravans of camels. According to Ibn Battuta, the explorer who accompanied one of the caravans, the average size was a thousand camels per caravan, with some being as large as 12,000.82
4973668898Indian Ocean Sea Laneslanes throughout the Indian Ocean connecting East Africa, southern Arabia, the Persian Gulf, India, Southeast Asia, and southern China83
4973668899Mediterranean Sea LanesTrade routes that connected the Mediterranean civilizations together. The need for a sea rout for trade in the region. Trade increased and diffusion of cultures occurred84
4973668900Qanat Systema traditional system of gravity-fed irrigation that uses gently sloping tunnels to capture groundwater and direct it to low-lying fields85
4973668901Shadufa mechanical device that consists of a long pole balanced on a crossbeam. It has a rope and bucket on one end and a weighted balance on the other. It is used for transferring water from the river to the fields.86
4973668902Jesus of Nazaretha teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity.87
4973668903Paul of TarsusA Pharisaic Jew who persecuted the Early Christian community; later, he had an experience of the Risen Christ and became the "Apostle to the Gentiles" writing numerous letters to the Christian communities.88
4973668904Greco-Roman PhilosophyIdeas that emphasized logic, empirical observation, and nature of political power and hierarchy.89
4973668905ZoroastrianismWhat religion?90
4973668906ChristianityWhat religion?91
4973668907corvee laborunpaid forced labor usually by lower classes, forced upon them by the government92
4973668908tributeMoney paid by one country to another in return for protection93
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AP WORLD HISTORY CH 4 Flashcards

CH 4 VOCAB

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1821719852Cyrus the Greatking of Persia and founder of the Persian empire (circa 600-529 BC)0
1821719853Zoroastrianismsystem of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster1
1821719854Olympic Gamesone of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations2
1821719855PericlesAthenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athen's political and cultural supremacy in Greece3
1821719856Peloponnesian Wara war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta4
1821719857Philip II of Macedonking of ancient Macedonia and father of Alexander the Great (382-336 BC)5
1821719858Hellenistic Periodthat culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms6
1821719859Alexandria, Egyptone of many cities of that name founded by Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterranean's greatest library; center of literary studies7
1821719860Roman RepublicThe period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. (p. 148)8
1821719861Punic WarsA series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.9
1821719862Carthagean ancient city state on the north African coast near modern Tunis10
1821719863Hannibalgeneral who commanded the Carthaginian army in the second Punic War11
1821719864DiocletianRoman emperor (284-305CE) restored empire by improving administration and tax collection.12
1821719865ConstantineEmperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)13
1821719866PolisA city-state in ancient Greece14
1821719867SenateIn ancient Rome, the supreme governing body, originally made up only of aristocrats.15
1821719868ConsulsTwo officials from the patrician class were appointed each year of the Roman Republic to supervise the government and command the armies16
1821719869CiceroA senator and a famous orator of Rome. Calm and philosophical when meeting excited Casca during the night before the assassination; triumvirs put him to death17
1821719870AristotleGreek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.18
1821719871Socratesphilosopher who believed in an absolute right or wrong; asked students pointed questions to make them use their reason, later became Socratic method; tutor of Plato19
1821719872StoicsHellenistic group of philosophers; emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery20
1821719873PlatoStudent of Socrates, wrote The Republic about the perfectly governed society21
1821719874Sophacles(496-406BCE) great Athenian playwright. famous play: Oedipus Rex22
1821719875Illiadepic tale of the trojan war23
1821719876Odysseya Greek epic poem (attributed to Homer) describing the journey of Odysseus after the fall of Troy24
1821719877DoricAlong with Ionian and Corinthian; distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the least ornate of the three styles25
1821719878Ionica taller, thinner column with scroll shapes on its capital26
1821719879CorinthianAlong with Doric and Ionian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the most ornate of the three styles.27
1821719880Julius Caesarconqueror of Gaul and master of Italy (100-44 BC)28
1821719881Agustus CaesarOctavian, a.k.a. _____________, stabilized the frontier, glorified Rome, instituted civil service, and defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra.29
1821719882Direct DemocracyA form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives30
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AP Language Rhetorical terms - Flashcards

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3120812339analogyA similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.0
3120812340anecdoteA story or brief episode told by the writer or a character to illustrate a point.1
3120818090argumenta form of communication that relies on reason and evidence to discover truth; author's intention is to lead the reader/audience to conviction, or agreement with the author's claim and/or suggested course of action.2
3120831566deductive reasoningreasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)3
3120836839inductive reasoningderiving general principles from particular facts or instances. Every cat I have ever seen has four legs; cats are four legged creatures4
3120842266persuasiona form of communication (written, visual or verbal) that, in comparison with argument, is more aggressively designed to lead an audience from conviction to action; relies on reason and other appropriate techniques. Persuasion may resort to propaganda to manipulate an audience; however, writers and speakers of integrity should use argument whether logical, emotional, or ethical- that are honest and fair.5
3120863942syllogismfrom the Greek From the Greek for "reckoning together," a syllogism (or syllogistic reasoning or syllogistic logic) is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A frequently cited example proceeds as follows: major premise: All men are mortal. minor premise: Socrates is a man. conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is a mortal. A syllogism's conclusion is valid only if each of the two premises is valid. Syllogisms may also present the specific idea first ("Socrates") and the general second ("all men"). Adapted from V. Stevenson, Patrick Henry High School, and Abrams' Glossary of Literary Terms6
3120869869colloquialCharacteristic of writing that seeks the effect of informal spoken language as distinct from formal or literary English.7
3120872559connotationAn idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning8
3120874762denotationThe dictionary definition of a word9
3120876211dialectA regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.10
3120878904dictionRelated to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. FOR AP EXAMSyou should be able to describe the uthors diction and understand how it compliments his purpose (along with imagery syntax, literary devices, etc)11
3120880266didacticFrom the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing,especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.12
3120886374invectiveAn emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.13
3120887658pedanticAn adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish.14
3120889340sarcasmthe use of irony to mock or convey contempt From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic (that is, intended to ridicule). When well done, sarcasm can be witty and insightful; when poorly done, it is simply cruel.15
3120891298semanticsThe branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.16
3120894246toneSimilar to mood, tone describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. Tone is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if it were read aloud can help in identifying an author's tone. Some words describing tone are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, somber, etc.17
3120896444undertoneAn attitude that may lie under the ostensible tone of the piece. Under a cheery surface, for example, a work may have threatening undertones. William Blake's "The Chimney Sweeper" from the Songs of Innocence has a grim undertone.18
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AP Language and Composition: Tropes Flashcards

For expanded definitions and examples, examine http://www.virtualsalt.com/rhetoric.htm or http://www.americanrhetoric.com/rhetoricaldevicesinsound.htm or http://www.mrgunnar.net/files/Schemes%20and%20Tropes%20complete%20HO.pdf (to whom I am greatly indebted).

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1184289351Tropes--rhetorical figures of speech in which the word is used in a different way from its accepted or normal form0
1184289352Metaphor--implied comparison between two things of unlike nature1
1184289353Simile--explicit comparison between two things of unlike nature2
1184289354Synecdoche--figure of speech in which a part stands for the whole3
1184289355Metonymy--substitution of some attributive or suggestive word for what is actually meant4
1184289356Antanaclasis--repetition of a word in two different senses5
1184289357Paronomasis--use of words alike in sound but different in meaning6
1184289358Syllepsis--use of a word understood differently in relation to two or more other words, which it modifies or governs7
1184289359Anthimeria--the substitution of one part of speech for another8
1184289360Periphrasis (antonomasia)--substitution of a descriptive word or phrase for a proper name or of a proper name for a quality associated with the name9
1184289361Personification (prosopopoeia)--investing abstractions for inanimate objects with human qualities or abilities10
1184289362Hyperbole--the use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect11
1184289363Litotes--deliberate use of understatement12
1184289364Rhetorical question--asking a question, not for the purpose of eliciting an answer but for the purpose of asserting or denying something obliquely13
1184289365Irony--use of a word in such a way as to convey a meaning opposite to the literal meaning of the word14
1184289366Onomatapoeia--use of words whose sound echoes the sense15
1184289367Oxymoron--the yoking of two terms which are ordinarily contradictory16
1184289368Paradox--an apparently contradictory statement that nevertheless contains a measure of truth17
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AP Language Vocabulary quiz 1 Flashcards

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1602265135Mercenarya hired soldier0
1602265136credulouseager to believe1
1602265137animosityresentment, hostility2
1602265138nostalgiasentimental longing for the past3
1602265139convivialfond of partying4
1602265140discernto have insight5
1602265141protentan omen6
1602265142providentpreparing for the future7
1602265143colloquialconversational or informal language8
1602265144amenityattractive or comfortable feature9
1602265145chasmdeep, gaping hole10
1602265146epitomea brief summary that captures the meaning of the whole11
1602265147speciousdeceptively plausible or attractive12
1602265148absolveto forgive or free from blame; to free from sin; to free from obligation13
1602265149vindictiveseeking revenge14
1602265150munificentvery generous15
1602265151deferencerespect16
1602265152debaucherywild living17
1602265153amorousfeeling loving18
1602265154affableeasy to talk to; friendly19
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AP World History Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1082396312Middle AgesThe period in western European history between the fall of the Roman Empire and the 15th century.0
1082396313gothicAn architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls.1
1082396314VikingsSeagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th centuries; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America.2
1082396315ManorialismSystem of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor for access to land.3
1082396316SerfsPeasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system.4
1082396317MoldboardHeavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils.5
1082396318Three-field systemOne-third of the land left unplanted each year to increase fertility.6
1082396319Clovis: King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 4967
1082396320CarolingiansRoyal house of the Franks from the 8th to the 10th centuries8
1082396321Charles MartelCarolingian monarch of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732.9
1082396322CharlemagneCarolingian monarch who established a large empire in France and Germany circa 80010
1082396323Holy Roman emperorsRulers in northern Italy and Germany following the breakup of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy11
1082396324FeudalismRelationships among the military elite during the Middle Ages; greater lords provided protection to lesser lords in return for military service12
1082396325VassalsMembers of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty13
1082396326CapetiansFrench dynasty ruling from the 10th century; developed a strong feudal monarchy14
1082396327William the ConquerorInvaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England15
1082396328Magna CartaGreat Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy.16
1082396329ParliamentsBodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the feudal principle that rulers should consult their vassals17
1082396330Hundred Years WarConflict between England and France (1337-1453).18
1082396331Pope Urban IICalled First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control19
1082396332St. Clare of Assisi13th-century founder of a women's monastic order; represented a new spirit of purity and dedication to the Catholic church20
1082396333Gregory VII11th-century pope who attempted to free the Catholic church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over the practice of lay investiture of bishops21
1082396334Peter AbelardAuthor of Yes and No; a university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine22
1082396335St. Bernard of ClairvauxEmphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities23
1082396336Thomas AquinasCreator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and the nature of God.24
1082396337ScholasticismDominant medieval philosophical approach, so called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on the use of logic to resolve theological problems25
1082396338TroubadoursPoets in 14th-century southern France; gave a new value to the emotion of love in the Western tradition26
1082396339Hanseatic LeagueAn organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance27
1082396340GuildsAssociations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship, discouraged innovations; often established franchise within cities28
1082396341Black DeathPlague that struck Europe in the 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure29
1082396342Roman Catholic churchChurch established in western Europe during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages with its head being the bishop of Rome or pope.30
1082396343PopeMeaning papa or father; bishop of Rome and head of Catholic church31
1082396344FranksOne of the principal tribes of the Germanic peoples; settled in area of France during the folk migrations of the 4th and 5th centuries.32
1082396345Benedict of Nursia(480 - 550) Italian abbot who founded the monastery at Monte Cassino and the Benedictine order based on his teachings.33
1082396346Three estatesThe three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries; church, nobles, and urban leaders.34
1082396347Ferdinand and IsabellaKing Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile married in 1469 to bring the kingdoms of Spain together to complete the reconquest of Spain from the Muslims35
1082396348ReconquistaFerdinand and Isabella's attempt to drive the Muslims out of Spain.36
1082396349First Crusade(1096 - 1099) Crusade called by Pope Urban II which captured Jerusalem37
1082396350Third Crusade(1189 - 1192) Crusade led by King Richard the Lionhearted to recapture the city of Jerusalem from Islamic forces led by Saladin; failed in attempt38
1082396351Fourth Crusade(1202 - 1204) Crusade which by a strange series of events attacked and sacked Constantinople39
1082396352Francis of Assisi(1181 - 1226) Son of wealthy merchant; he renounced his wealth and chose a harsh life of poverty; later founded the Holy Order of St. Francis40
1082396353InvestitureA formal conferring of power to clergy usually with robes or other Christian symbols41
1082396354Augustine of Hippo(354 - 430) Bishop of Hippo who wrote Confessions and City of God, which formed the basis for the doctrine of man's salvation by divine grace for the church42
1082396355Roger Bacon(1214 - 1292) English philosopher and scientist who withdrew from medieval scholasticism and focused on experimental science; influenced later thinkers of the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution43
1082396356Geoffrey ChaucerEnglish author who wrote The Canterbury Tales, a literary masterpiece written in the vernacular in which pilgrims were going to worship at the shrine of Thomas Becket at Canterbury44
1082396357RomanesqueArchitectural style which was an adaptation of the Roman basilica and barrel arch form45
1082396358BeowulfAnglo-Saxon epic poem dated to the 8th century which details Anglo-Saxon society through the adventures of the hero Beowulf46
1082396359ChivalryMedieval code used by knights which included the ideals of courage, honor, and the protection of the weak47
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AP English Language Mythological Allusions Flashcards

Allusions to learn

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1157487784Achilles' heelMEANING: one spot that is most vulnerable; one weakness a person may have ORIGIN: Achilles was invulnerable except for his heel (Achilles tendon).0
1157487785AdonisMEANING: a handsome young man ORIGIN: Aphrodite loved him and he was handsome and young1
1157487786ApolloMEANING: a physically perfect male ORIGIN: the God of music and light; known for his physical beauty2
1157487787AtlanteanMEANING: strong like Atlas ORIGIN: Atlas carried the globe (world) on his shoulders3
1157487788AuroraMEANING: early morning or sunrise ORIGIN: from the Roman personification of Dawn or Eos4
1157487789BacchanalianMEANING: pertaining to a wild, drunken party or celebration ORIGIN: from the Roman god of wine, Bacchus5
1157487791GorgonMEANING: a very ugly or terrible person, especially a repulsive woman ORIGIN: Medusa, one of three sisters who have snakes for hair and faces so horrible that anyone who looked at them turned to stone6
1157487792HarpyMEANING: a predatory person or nagging woman ORIGIN: from harpy, a foul creature that was part woman, part bird7
1157487793HerculeanMEANING: very strong or of extraordinary power ORIGIN: from Hercules, Hera's glory8
1157487794MedeaMEANING: sorceress or enchantress ORIGIN: from Medea who helped Jason and the Argonauts capture the Golden Fleece; known for her revenge against Jason when he spurned her for the princess of Corinth and so murdered her own children by him.9
1157487795museMEANING: some creature of inspiration ORIGIN: the daughters of Mnemosyne and Zeus, divine singers that presided over thought in all its forms10
1157487796narcissismMEANING: being in love with our own self-image ORIGIN: named for Narcissus, a handsome young man who despised love. Echo, a nymph who was in love with him, was rejected and decreed, "Let he who loves not others, love himself." Hearing this, he fell in love with his image, while gazing in a pond, and drowned himself trying to capture it.11
1157487797OdysseyMEANING: a long journey ORIGIN: named for Odysseus, the character in The Odyssey, by Homer. Odysseus makes his long journey back from the Trojan War, encountering several obstacles along the way only to return and find his wife Penelope accepting suitors.12
1157487798OlympianMEANING: majestic in manner, superior to mundane affairs ORIGIN: any participant in the ancient or modern Olympic games; named after 12 gods that were supposed to reside on Mt. Olympus.13
1157487799Pandora's BoxMEANING: Something that opens the door for bad occurrences, opened by someone known for curiosity ORIGIN: named for Pandora who was the first mortal, sent by Zeus, to punish man for Prometheus' theft of fire. For her curiosity in opening the box, Zeus gave her all human ills in the world, leaving only hope at the bottom.14
1157487800PhoenixMEANING: a symbol of immortality or rebirth ORIGIN: named after the Egyptian Mythology phoenix, a long bird which lived in the Arabian desert and then consumed itself in fire, rising renewed from the flame to start another long life.15
1157487801PlutocracyMEANING: a government by the wealthy ORIGIN: named after Pluton, the "Rich Man," a ritual tile of Hades. He was originally the god of the fields because the ground was the source of all wealth, ores and jewels.16
1157487802PrometheanMEANING: life-bringing, creative, or courageously original ORIGIN: named after a Titan who brought man the use of fire which he had stolen from heaven for their benefit.17
1157487803ProteanMEANING: taking many forms, versatile ORIGIN: named after Proteus, a god of the sea, charged with tending the flocks of the sea creatures belonging to Poseidon. He had the ability to change himself into whatever form he desired, using this power particularly when he wanted to elude those asking him questions.18
1157487804psycheMEANING: the human soul, self, the mind ORIGIN: named after Psyche, a maiden who, after undergoing many hardships due to Aphrodite's jealousy, reunited with Cupid and was made immortal by Jupiter; she personifies the soul joined to the heart of love.19
1157487805PygmalionMEANING: someone (usually a male) who tries to fashion someone into the person he desires ORIGIN: from a myth adapted into a play by George Bernard Shaw; a woman-hating sculptor who makes a female figure of ivory who Aphrodite brings to life for him.20
1157487806SisypheanMEANING: greedy and avaricious ORIGIN: from the shrewd and greedy king of Corinth, Sisyphus, who was doomed forever in Hades to roll uphill a heavy stone, which always rolled down again.21
1157487807ZeusMEANING: a powerful man ORIGIN: king of the gods, ruler of Mt. Olympus, vengeful hurler of thunderbolts.22
1157487808Riddle of the SphinxMEANING: a riddle or question that is difficult to answer and without an answer, one may result in a terrible fate ORIGIN: A sphinx is a mythical creature with, as a minimum, the body of a lion and a human head. In Greek tradition, it has the haunches of a lion, the wings of a great bird, and the face of a woman. She is mythicised as treacherous and merciless. Those who cannot answer her riddle suffer a fate typical in such mythological stories, as they are killed and eaten by this ravenous monster.23
1157487809song of the sirensMEANING: listening to the call of something that could result in death or destruction ORIGIN: dangerous and beautiful creatures, portrayed as femme fatales who lured nearby sailors with their enchanting music and voices to shipwreck on the rocky coast of their island.24
1157487810Oedipus complexMEANING: a person's unconscious desire to mate with others who possess the traits of their opposite sex parent ORIGIN: in Greek mythology, Oedipus murders his father and marries his mother25
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