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AP World History Chapter 16 Flashcards

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5702581628City of ConstantineMoved to Constantinople after 330CE City kept the name until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, who remained it Istanbul0
5702581629Caesaropapism- As a Christian, Constantine couldn't claim divine status like other Roman rulers - Initiated policy where the emperor not only ruled as secular lord but also played an active role in church related affairs1
5702581630Justinian and Theodora- Most important early Byzantine emperor was Justinian (reigned 527-565CE), who ruled with aid of wife, Theodora - Came from obscure origins - Like Constantine, lavished resources on imperial capital - Most notable construction project was church of Hagia Sophia (holy wisdom), later would be turned into a mosque by Ottoman conquerors2
5702581631Justinian's Code- Codification of Roman law - Ordered a systematic review of Roman law and issued the Corpus iuris civilis (Body of the Civil Law) - Influenced civil law cods in most of Europe, Japan3
5702581632Byzantine Conquests- Most ambitious venture was effort to reconquer western Roman empire from Germanic people and reestablish Roman authority - 533-565, Byzantine forces gained control over Italy, Sicily, much of northwestern Africa, and southern Spain - Did not possess resources to sustain long term occupation - Shortly have he died, forces abandoned Rome4
5702581633Muslim Conquests and Byzantine Revival- While emperor devoted efforts to western Mediterranean, Sassanids threatened Byzantium from the east and the Slavic peoples approached from the north5
5702581634Muslim Conquests- By mid 7th century, Byzantine Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and north Africa was under Muslim rule - Muslim forces later subjected Constantinople to two sieges - Resisted due to military technology - "Greek fire," launched at fleets and ground forces of invaders - Byzantine empire retained hold on Anatolia, Greece, and Balkan region6
5702581635The Theme System- Placed an imperial province called a theme under authority of a general, who assumed responsibility for both military defence and civil administration - Received appointments from emperor, who closely monitored activities to prevent decentralisation of power and authority - Generals recruited armies from peasants, received land - Effective fighting force, enabled Byzantium to expand influence between 9-12th centuries - By mid 11th century, Byzantium dominated eastern Mediterranean region7
5702581636Rise of Franks- 476CE, Germanic general Odoacer deposed last of western Roman emperors - Did not make himself emperor and did not appoint anyone - Most successful Germans - 8th century, aristocratic clan of the Carolingians extended Frankish power - Founder Charles Martel - 732 battle of Tours8
5702581637Charlemagne- Reached high point under Martel's grandson Charlemagne - Built capital at Aachen - Didn't have a lot of money so relied on counts - Began to make centralised institutions9
5702581638Charlemagne as Emperor- Only in year 800 did he claim title of emperor - During service at church, pop proclaimed him emperor - Before didn't want the title because did not want to directly challenge Byzantine emperors10
5702581639Age of the VikingsInternal disunity and external invasions brought the Carolingian empire to an early end11
5702581640Louis the Pious- Only surviving son, succeeded father and held empire together - Three son's disputed on the inheritance of the empire and waged wars against each other - In 843, divided empire into three portions - Thus less than a century after its creation, the Carolingian empire dissolved12
5702581641Invasions= Muslims from the south, = Magyars (descendants of nomadic peoples who had settled in Hungary) from the east, and from the north came the vikings (most feared of all invaders) - Viking invasions were part of a much larger process of expansion by the Nordic peoples of Scandinavia13
5702581642Vikings- Many norse seafarers were merchants or migrants - Some turned maritime skills more toward raiding and plundering than trading or raising crops - These were the vikings14
5702581643Devolution of Political Authority- Because imperial authorities couldn't defend their territories, Carolingian empire became chief casualty of the invasions - Became society of competing regional states15
5702581644The Two Economies of Early Medieval Europe Byzantine Peasantry- Strongest when large class of free peasants flourished - After the theme system when soldiers got allotment of land, the large and prosperous class of free servants cultivated their lands intensively to improve the families fortune - This went into a gradual decline after the 11th century as wealthy cultivators started to accumulate large estate - During its time though, the free peasantry provided agricultural surpluses16
5702581645Manufacturing- Agricultural surplus supported manufacturing in cities, especially Constantinople - Byzantine crafts workers had a reputation for their glassware, linen and woolen textiles, gems, jewelry, and fine work in gold and silver17
5702581646Silk- 6th century, started making high quality silk textiles - Soon made major contributions to Byzantine economy - So important that government regulated it very closely and only allowed individuals to participate in only one activity (weaving, dying, etc) to prevent the creation of a monopoly by a few wealthy people18
5702581647Byzantine Trade- Economy benefited from trade - Drew wealth by controlling trade and levying customs duties on merchandise that passed through its lands - Byzantium also served as the western anchor of the Eurasian trading network, revived silk roads of classical times - Silk and porcelain from China - Spices from India and southeast Asia - Carpets from Persian - Woolen textiles from western Europe - Timber, furs, honey, amber, and slaves form Russia and Scandinavia19
5702581648Western Europe: Heavy Plow- New kind of heavy plow that replaced the light plows - With this, they cleared new lands for cultivation - Constructed water mills and employed a special horse collar - Increased cultivation of beans, enriched diets western Christendom - Western Europeans made many small adaptations that created foundation for rural prosperity in 1000CE20
5702581649Byzantium: An Urban Society- Alexandria, Antioch, and Damascus (great cities) - Constantinople still the heart of empire - Aristocrats maintained enormous palaces - Upper class women generally wore veils in cities - Dwellings of less privileged classes were not so splendid21
5702581650Attractions of Constantinople- Even for the poor, Constantinople had its attractions - City of baths - Taverns and restaurants offered settings for social gatherings - Theatres= entertainment - Mass entertainment took place in the Hippodrome22
5702581651Western Europe: A Rural SocietyDidn't have such a nice setting23
5702581652Population- 5th-6th century, epidemic disease and political turmoil took toll on both Byzantium and western Europe - After 8th century both entered an era of demographic recovery - By 1000CE, both had built productive agricultural economies that sustained sizable and increasing populations24
5702581653Evolution of Christian Societies in Byzantium and Western Europe- Heirs of Roman empires, were Christian societies - Similar in some ways (check other document) - Differed in doctrines, rituals and church authority25
5702581654Popes and Patriarch- Bishop/Pope of Rome - Patriarch of Constantinople26
5702581655Pope Gregory IAlso known as Gregory the Great, most responsible for charting independent course for Roman church - Penance importance27
5702581656The Patriarchs- Patriarchs were powerful officials, but didn't enjoy independence like the west - Byzantine emperors treated church as a department of state - Appointed the patriarchs and instructed them to deliver sermons that supported imperial policy and encouraged obedience to imperial authorities - Caused tensions28
5702581657Iconoclasm- Emperor Leo III - Byzantine had long tradition of producing icons - Leo, became convinced that the veneration of images were sinful - In 726 made iconoclasm policy and destroyed religious images, prohibiting use in church - Spark protests and riots - Only 843 did Leo's followers abandon the policy of iconoclasm29
5702581658St. Basil and St. Benedict- St. Basil in Byzantium (330-380 around about) - St. Benedict in Italy (480-550 around about) - Provided regulations that had mild asceticism combined with meditation and work on behalf of church - Poverty, chastity, and obedience became prime virtues for Basilian and Benedictine monks30
5702581659St. Scholastica- Monasteries in Byzantium adopted Basilian rule while counterparts in western Europe largely followed St. Benedict - Through influence of St. Benedict's sister, an adaptation of Benedictine rule soon provided guidance for religious life of women in convents31
5702581660Monasticism and Society= Christian monasteries provided social services that built close relations with local communities - Because of various roles played in larger society, monasteries were very effective agents in the spread of Christianity32
5702581661Missionaries- Late 6th century, Pope Gregory I sent missionaries to England and targeted the Pagan Germanic kings - 8th England, in Roman church - Byzantine sent missionaries to Balkan and Slavic lands - Most famous missionaries to Slavs were Saints Cyril and Methodius - Devised alphabet called Cyrillic alphabet, for previously illiterate Slavic peoples - In Russia and most other parts of former Soviet Union, Cyrillic alphabet still survives - 989, Russians officially converted to Christianity - Spread of Byzantine cultural and religious influence in Russia grew33
5702581662Two Churches- The had the same basic Christian doctrine, churches experienced increasing friction after 6th century - Mirrored political strains, as Byzantium was angry that Charlemagne accepted title of emperor - Iconoclastic movement in 8th-9th century was one focus of difference (western theologians thought it was okay)34
5702581663Schism- Patriarchs argued for autonomy of all major Christian jurisdictions, including Constantinople, while popes asserted primacy of Rome as sole seat of authority for all Christendom - In 1054 the patriarch and pope mutually excommunicated each other - Schism between eastern and western churches still here today35
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AP World History 1 Chapter 1 Terms Flashcards

The terms and definitions for the vocabulary terms in Ways of the World: Chapter 1.

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5346469812Venus FigurinesPaleolithic carvings of the female form, often with exaggerated breasts, buttocks, hips and stomachs, which may have had religious significance.0
5346469813trance danceIn San culture, a nightlong ritual held to activate a person's inner spiritual potency (n/um) to counteract the evil influences of gods and ancestors. This practice was apparently common to the Khoisan people, of who the Ju/'Hoansi are a surviving remnant.1
5346469814shamanIn many early societies, a person believed to have the ability to act as a bridge between living humans and supernatural forces, often by means of trances induced by psychoactive drugs.2
5346469815San, or Ju/'hoansiA Paleolithic people living on the northern edge of the Kalahari desert in southern Africa.3
5346469816Paleolithic "settling down"The process by which some Paleolithic people moved towards permanent settlement in the wake of the last Ice Age. Settlement was marked by increasing storage of food and accumulation of goods as well as growing inequalities in society.4
5346469817Paleolithic rock artAlthough this term can refer to the art of any gathering and hunting society, it is typically used to describe the hundreds of Paleolithic paintings discovered in Spain and France and dating at about 20,000 years ago; these paintings usually depict a range of animals, although human figures and abstract designs are also found.5
5346469818PaleolithicLiterally "old stone age", the term used to describe early Homo sapiens societies in the period before the development of agriculture.6
5346469819"the original affluent society"Term coined by the scholar Marshall Sahlins in 1972 to describe Paleolithic societies, which he registered as affluent not because they had so much but because they wanted or needed so little.7
5346469820n/umAmong the San, a spiritual potency that becomes activated during "curing dances" and protects humans from the malevolent forces of gods or ancestral spirits.8
5346469821NeanderthalsHomo sapiens neanderthalensis, a European variant of the Homo sapiens that died out about 25,000 years ago.9
5346469822megafaunal extinctionDying-out of a number of large animal species, including the mammoth and several species of hoses and camels, that occurred around 11,000-10,000 years ago, at the end of the Ice Age. The extinction may have been caused by the excessive hunting or by the changing climate of the era.10
5346469823Jomon cultureA settled Paleolithic culture of prehistoric Japan, characterized by seaside villages and the creation of some of the world's earliest pottery.11
5346469824insulting the meatA San cultural practice meant to deflate pride that involved negative comments about the meat brought in by a hunter and the expectation that a successful hunter would disparage his own kill.12
5346469825Ice AgeAny of a number of cold periods in history; the last Ice Age was at its peak around 20,000 years ago.13
5346469826"human revolution"The term used to describe the transition of humans from acting out of biological imperative to dependence on learned or invented ways of living (culture).14
5346469827HadzaA people of northern Tanzania, almost the last surviving Paleolithic society.15
5346469828Great GoddessAccording to one theory, a dominant deity of the Paleolithic Era.16
5346469829"gathering and hunting peoples"As the name suggests, people who live by collecting food rather than producing it. Recent scholars have turned this term instead of the older "hunter-gatherer" in recognition that such societies depend much more heavily on gathering than hunting for survival.17
5346469830Flores manA recently discovered hominid species of Indonesia.18
5346469831DreamtimeA complex worldview of Australia's Aboriginal people that held that current humans live in a vibration or echo of ancestral happenings.19
5346469832Clovis CultureThe earliest widespread and distinctive culture of North America; named from the Clovis point, a particular kind of projectile point.20
5346469833Chumash CulturePaleolithic culture of southern California that survived until the modern era.21
5346469834Brotherhood of the TomolA prestigious craft guild that monopolized the building and ownership of large oceangoing canoes, or tomols, among the Chumash people (located in what is now southern California)22
5346469835Austronesian migrationsThe last phase of the great human migraton that established a human presence in every habitable region of the earth. Austronesian-speaking people settled in the Pacific Islands and Madagascar in a series of seaborne migrations that began around 3,500 years ago.23
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AP World History: Unit 4 Flashcards

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6099731942Trans-Oceanic Tradeglobal trading system in the Caribbean and the Americans trade networks extended to all corners of Atlantic Ocean0
6099731943Columbian ExchangeAn exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.1
6099731944MercantilismAn economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought2
6099731945Triangular TradeTrading System between Europe, Africa, and the colonies; European purchased slaves in Africa and sold them to colonies, new materials from colonies went to Europe while European finished products were sold in the colonies.3
6099731946Middle PassageA voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies4
6099731947CaravelA small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.5
6099731948Cartographythe science or the art of making maps6
6099731949Joint-stock companiesbusinesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses7
6099731950East India CompaniesBritish, French, and Dutch trading companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted independently in their regions.8
6099731953SikhismA monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak. It is not a part of Islam or Hinduism.9
6099731954VodunAfrican religious ideas and practices among descendants of African slaves in Haiti.10
6099731958HumanismA Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements11
6099731959Protestant ReformationA religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.12
6099731960Martin LutherA German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. He led the Protestant Reformation.13
609973196195 ThesesMartin Luther's ideas that he posted on the church door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation14
6099731962AnglicanismA Protestant denomination of the Christian faith founded by Henry VIII in England15
6099731963Catholic ReformationReligious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.16
6099731964JesuitsMembers of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.17
6099731965Scientific RevolutionA major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.18
6099731971John Locke17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.19
6099731972ColumbusItalian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)20
6099731973MagellanPortuguese explorer who sailed around the Southern end of South America and eventually reached the Philippines, but was killed in a local war there21
6099731974Vasco da Gamathe first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa.22
6099731975Zheng HeAn imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.23
6099731976Little Ice AgeTemporary but significant cooling period between the fourteenth and the nineteenth centuries; accompanied by wide temperature fluctuations, droughts, and storms, causing famines and dislocation.24
6099731977Chattel SlaveryAbsolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person.25
6099731979Plantation EconomyThis referred to the inefficient, slave-centered economy of the South where all land was used to grow large amounts of cash crops for export.26
6099731980Indentured servitudeA worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.27
6099731981Encomienda SystemSpaniards received grants of a number of Indians, from whom they could exact "tribute" in the form of gold or labor28
6099731982Hacienda Systemlanded estates granted to conquistadors29
6099731983Mita SystemThe system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept.30
6099731984DevshirmeChristian boys, taken from the Balkan provinces, converted to Islam, and recruited by force to serve the Ottoman government. The boys must passed through a series of examinations to determine their intelligence and capabilities.31
6099731985Jannisariesa member of the Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's guard32
6099731986Zamindarsa landowner, especially one who leases his land to tenant farmers.33
6099731987Daimyo(in feudal Japan) one of the great lords who were vassals of the shogun34
6099731993Cape Colonya former province of southern South Africa that was settled by the Dutch in 1652 and ceded to Great Britain in 181435
6099731996Commercial RevolutionA dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price.36
6099731998Cossacksmember of a people of southern Russia and Ukraine, noted for their horsemanship and military skill37
6099731999Boyarsa member of the old aristocracy in Russia, next in rank to a prince38
6099732001Absolutismthe acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters39
6099732002*Louis XIV(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.40
6099732003Phillip IIKing of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies. He was also father to Alexander the Great.41
6099732004Ivan III"Ivan the Great"; ruled as great prince and first ruler of the independent state called Russia. Prince of Moscow who ended Mongol rule in 1480 and adopted the title of tsar.42
6099732005Ivan IVthe Terrible, beat the Mongols, Tartars, and the Poles, forced nobles into service, first ruler to take the title tsar43
6099732006Peter the Great(1672-1725) Russian tsar. He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.44
6099732007Parliamentary monarchyA government with a king or queen whose power is limited by the power of a parliament45
6099732008Divine RightsA belief of kings and monarchs that they have a God-given right to rule and that rebellion against them is a sin.46
6099732009VersaillesA palace built for Louis XIV near the town of Versailles, southwest of Paris. It was built around a chateau belonging to Louis XIII, which was transformed by additions in the grand French classical style47
6099732010Taj Mahalthe acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters48
6099732012Ottomans (Suleiman)Gun powder empire 349
6099732013Safavids (Abbas)Gun powder empire 250
6099732014Mughals (Akbar, Aurangzeb)Gunpowder empire 151
6099732017Aztecsa nomadic tribe in northern Mexico, arrived in Mesoamerica around the beginning of the 13th century. From their magnificent capital city, Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs emerged as the dominant force in central Mexico, developing an intricate social, political, religious and commercial organization that brought many of the region's city-states under their control by the 15th century52
6099732018IncasA Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.53
6099732019Ming-Dynasty - Chinaruling dynasty of China—then known as the Empire of the Great Ming—for 276 years following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.54
6099732020Tokugawa Shogunate - JapanShift of shogunate living city to Edo (Tokyo55
6099732021ConquistadorsEarly-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)56
6099732026Glorious RevolutionA reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.57
6099732027Enlightenmenta European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition58
6099732028John Locke17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.59
60997320317 Years Wara war fought between 1754 and 1763, involving every European great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire, spanning five continents, and affected Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions, led by the Kingdom of Great Britain (Prussia, Portugal, Hanover, and other small German states) on one side and the Kingdom of France (Austria-led Holy Roman Empire, Russia, Spain, and Sweden) on the other.60
6099732032French & Indian WarAmerican version of the 7 Year's War, French and Indians fight colonists and are victorious in early stages, then British pour on the pressure and emerge victorious, end-result French are removed from North America and Britain is left in debt.61
6099732035Hernan Cortesa Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire62
6099732036Francisco PizzaroSpanish conquistador who conquered the Inca's63
6099732038Pugachev RebellionYemelyan Pugachev rallied the peasants and Cossacks and promised the serfs land of their own and freedom from their lords64
6099732043Japan's Closed Country policyDidn't allow anyone to enter or leave the country.65
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AP Language & Literature Terms Flashcards

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2604312461Absolutea word free from limitations or qualifications - best, all, none, perfect, worst0
2604312462AbstractComplex, discusses intangible qualities like good and evil, seldom uses examples to support its points.1
2604312463AbsurdExtremely ridiculous or completely lacking reason; unreasonable or foolish.2
2604312464AcademicDry and rhetorical writing; sucking all the life out of its subject with analysis.3
2604312465AccentIn poetry, the stressed portion of a word.4
2604312466Active VoiceThe opposite of passive voice; a sentence with an active verb. It expresses more energy and command of the essay than does the passive voice.5
2604312467Ad hominem argumentAn argument attacking an individual's character rather than his or her position on an issue6
2604312468AestheticAppealing to the senses; a coherent sense of taste or style.7
2604312469AllegoryA story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself.8
2604312470AlliterationThe repetition of initial consonant sounds.9
2604312471AllusionA reference to another work or famous figure.10
2604312472AmbibranchA poetic foot -- light, heavy, light11
2604312473AmbiguityThe multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.12
2604312474Anachronism"Misplaced in time." An aspect of a story that doesn't belong in its supposed time setting.13
2604312475AnalogyA comparison, usually involving two or more symbolic parts, employed to clarify an action or a relationship.14
2604312476AnapestA poetic foot -- light, light, heavy15
2604312477AnaphoraA sub-type of parallelism, when the exact repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines or sentences.16
2604312478anecdoteA short account of an interesting or humorous incident17
2604312479AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause that determines what a pronoun refers to.18
2604312480Anthimeriasubstitution of one part of speech for another (for example, changing a noun into a verb)19
2604312481AnthropomorphismWhen animals are given human characteristics. Often confused with personification.20
2604312482AnticlimaxOccurs when an action produces far smaller results than one had been led to expect.21
2604312483AntiheroA protagonist who is markedly unheroic: morally weak, cowardly, dishonest, or any number of other unsavory qualities.22
2604312484AntithesisAn opposition or contrast of ideas. Balancing words, phrases, or ideas that are strongly contrasted, often by means of grammatical structure.23
2604312485antonomasiathe substitution of a title, epithet, or descriptive phrase for a proper name; example calling a lover Casanova.24
2604312486AphorismA short and usually witty saying.25
2604312487ApostropheA figure of speech wherein the speaker talks directly to something that is nonhuman.26
2604312488ApotheosisElevation to divine status; the perfect example of something. Making a God of something or someone.27
2604312489AppositiveA noun or noun substitute that is placed directly next to the noun it is describing: My student, Sidney, makes me want to retire.28
2604312490ArchaismThe use of deliberately old-fashioned language.29
2604312491ArchetypeA detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response30
2604312492Argumenta statement of the meaning or main point of a literary work31
2604312493AsideA speech (usually just a short comment) made by an actor to the audience, as though momentarily stepping outside of the action on stage.32
2604312494AssonanceThe repeated use of vowel sounds: "Old king Cole was a merry old soul."33
2604312495AsyndetonThe deliberate omission of conjunctions from series of related independent clauses. The effect is to create a tight, concise, and forceful sentence.34
2604312496AtmosphereThe emotional tone or background that surrounds a scene35
2604312497AttitudeA speaker's, author's, or character's disposition toward or opinion of a subject.36
2604312498balanced sentencea sentence in which words, phrases, or clauses are set off against each other to emphasize a contrast37
2604312499BathosA false or forced emotion that is often humorous; Writing strains for grandeur it can't support and tries too hard to be a tear jerker.38
2604312500Black humorThe use of disturbing themes in comedy.39
2604312501BombastPretentious, exaggeratedly learned language.40
2604312502burlesqueludicrous parody or grotesque caricature; humorous and provocative stage show41
2604312503cacophony(n) harsh-sounding mixture of words, voices, or sounds42
2604312504CaricatureA portrait (verbal or otherwise) that exaggerates a facet of personality.43
2604312505carpe diem"Seize the day"; a Latin phrase implying that one must live for the present moment, for tomorrow may be too late.44
2604312506CatharsisDrawn from Aristotle's writings on tragedy. Refers to the "cleansing" of emotion an audience member experiences during a play45
2604312507chiasmusA statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed ("Susan walked in, and out rushed Mary."), A statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed ("Susan walked in, and out rushed Mary.")46
2604312508chorusA group of characters in Greek tragedy (and in later forms of drama), who comment on the action of a play without participation in it.47
2604312509clichéA worn-out idea or overused expression48
2604312510coherenceMarked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts.49
2604312511Coinage (neologism)A new word, usually one invented on the spot.50
2604312512Colloquial/ColloquialismThe use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, but give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Include local or regional dialect51
2604312513Complex (Dense)Suggesting that there is more than one possibility in the meaning of words.52
2604312514Conceit (Controlling Image)A startling or unusual metaphor, or a metaphor developed and expanded upon several lines.53
2604312515concreteCapable of being perceived by the senses.54
2604312516ConnotationEverything other than the literal meaning that a word suggests or implies.55
2604312517ConsonanceThe repetition of consonant sounds within words (rather than at their beginnings)56
2604312518cumulative sentencea sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases57
2604312519DeductionA form of reasoning that begins with a generalization, then applies the generalization to a specific case or cases.58
2604312520DenotationThe strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color.59
2604312521DictionThe words an author chooses to use.60
2604312522Didacticliterally means "teaching." These words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.61
2604312523DirgeA song for the dead. Its tone is typically slow, heavy, depressed, and melancholy62
2604312524DissonanceRefers to the grating of incompatible sounds.63
2604312525DoggerelCrude, simplistic verse, often in sing-song rhyme, like limericks.64
2604312526Dominant ExpressionPrecisely and clearly expressed or readily observable.65
2604312527Dramatic IronyWhen the audience knows something that the characters in the drama do not66
2604312528Dramatic MonologueWhen a single speaker in literature says something to a silent audience.67
2604312529ElegiacExpressing sorrow or lamentation; a work that has a mournful quality.68
2604312530ElementsBasic techniques of each genre of literature69
2604312531epigramA concise but ingenious, witty, and thoughtful statement.70
2604312532epiphanyA moment of sudden revelation or insight71
2604312533epiplexis(1) A rhetorical term for asking questions to rebuke or reproach rather than to elicit answers; (2) More broadly, a form of argument in which a speaker attempts to shame an opponent into adopting a particular point of view.72
2604312534Epistropheending of a series of lines, phrases, clauses, or sentences with the same word or words.73
2604312535EpitaphLines that commemorate the dead at their burial place.74
2604312536EthosAppeals to an audience's sense of ethics/morality/trust; Achieved by projecting an image of credibility which supports the speaker's position.75
2604312537EuphemismA word or phrase that takes the place of a harsh, unpleasant, or impolite reality.76
2604312538euphonyA succession of harmonious sounds used in poetry or prose; the opposite of cacophony.77
2604312539ExplicitTo say or write something directly and clearly.78
2604312540Extended MetaphorA metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.79
2604312541FallacyA failure of logical reasoning. Appear to make an argument reasonable, but falsely so.80
2604312542FarceExtremely broad humor; in earlier times, a funny play or a comedy.81
2604312543Feminine rhymeLines rhymed by their final two syllables. Properly, the penultimate syllables are stressed and the final syllables are unstressed.82
2604312544Figurative LanguageWriting or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid83
2604312545Figure of speechA device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things.84
2604312546First personA narrator who is a character in the story and tells the tale from his or her point of view.85
2604312547flat charactera character who embodies a single quality and who does not develop throughout the story86
2604312548FoilA secondary character whose purpose is to highlight the characteristics of a main character, usually by contrast.87
2604312549foreshadowingA narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader.88
2604312550frame devicea story within a story89
2604312551GenreA sub-category of literature.90
2604312552Gerunda verb ending in 'ing' to serve as a noun - 'Stabbing (used as a noun) is what I do said the thief.'91
2604312553GothicA sensibility that includes such features as dark, gloomy castles and weird screams from the attic each night.92
2604312554grotesqueCommonly used to denote aberrations from the norm of harmony, balance and proportion. Characterized by distortion, exaggeration, absurd, or the bizarre.93
2604312555HomilyThis term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.94
2604312556HubrisThe excessive pride or ambition that leads to the main character's downfall95
2604312557HyperboleExaggeration or deliberate overstatement.96
2604312558IdiomAn expression that cannot be understood if taken literally.97
2604312559ImageryThe sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions; related to the five senses: visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory. O98
2604312560ImplicitTo say or write something that suggests and implies but never says it directly or clearly.99
2604312561in medias resA Latin term for a narrative that starts not at the beginning of events but at some other critical point.100
2604312562Inductive ReasoningA method of reasoning by which a speaker collects a number of instances and forms a generalization that is meant to apply to all instances.101
2604312563Inference/inferTo draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. If it is directly stated, then it is not this.102
2604312564Interior MonologueRefers to writing that records the mental talking that goes on inside a character's head; tends to be coherent.103
2604312565Invectivean emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language. (For example, in Henry IV, Part hill of flesh.")104
2604312566InversionSwitching the customary order of elements in a sentence or phrase.105
2604312567Irony/ironicThe contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. there are three major types: (1) verbal - when the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) meaning (2) situational - when events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when what the characters and readers think ought to happen is not what does happen (3) dramatic - when facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work.106
2604312568JargonA pattern of speech and vocabulary associated with a particular group of people. Computer analysis have their own vocabulary, as do doctors, plumbers, etc.107
2604312569JuxtapositionPlacement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts.108
2604312570LampoonA satire.109
2604312571Limited OmniscientA Third person narrator who generally reports only what one character sees, and who only reports the thoughts of that one privileged character.110
2604312572Literary ConceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects Displays intellectual cleverness through unusual comparisons that make good sense111
2604312573Litotesa form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite. Examples: "Not a bad idea."112
2604312574LogosAn appeal to reason.113
2604312575Loose sentenceA sentence that is complete before its end: Jack loved Barbara despite her irritating snorting laugh.114
2604312576MacabreGrisly, gruesome; horrible, distressing; having death as a subject.115
2604312577Malapropisma word humorously misused: Example, he is the AMPLE of her eye... instead of "he is the APPLE of her eye".116
2604312578Masculine rhymeA rhyme ending on the final stressed syllable (regular old rhyme)117
2604312579maxima concise statement, often offering advice; an adage118
2604312580MeaningWhat makes sense, what's important, why the writer/speaker said what he/she said.119
2604312581MelodramaA form of cheesy theater in which the hero is very, very good, the villain mean and rotten, and the heroine oh-so-pure.120
2604312582MetaphorA comparison or analogy that states one thing IS another.121
2604312583MetonymyOne word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated (such as crown for royalty).122
2604312584MonosyllabicHaving or characterized by or consisting of one syllable.123
2604312585MoodThe prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work.124
2604312586motifa principal idea, feature, theme, or element; a repeated or dominant figure in a design125
2604312587NarrativeThe telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.126
2604312588NemesisThe protagonist's arch enemy or supreme and persistent difficulty.127
2604312589neologisma new word, expression, or usage; the creation or use of new words or senses128
2604312590Non SequiturThis literally means "it does not follow". An argument by misdirection that is logically irrelevant.129
2604312591ObjectivityTreatment of subject matter in an impersonal manner or from an outside view.130
2604312592OmniscientA third person narrator who sees into each character's mind and understands all the action going on.131
2604312593OnomatopoeiaWords that sound like what they mean132
2604312594OppositionA pairing of images whereby each becomes more striking and informative because it's placed in contrast to the other one.133
2604312595OxymoronA phrase composed of opposites; a contradiction.134
2604312596ParableA story that instructs.135
2604312597ParadoxA situation or statement that seems to contradict itself, but on closer inspection, does not.136
2604312598ParallelismRepeated syntactical similarities used for effect.137
2604312599ParaphraseTo restate phrases and sentences in your own words.138
2604312600Parenthetical phraseA phrase set off by commas that interrupts the flow of a sentence with some commentary or added detail.139
2604312601ParodyA work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.140
2604312602Passive VoiceThe opposite of active voice; a sentence phrased so something happens to someone: Mordred was bitten by the dog.141
2604312603PathosAn appeal to emotion. May use loaded words to make you feel guilty, happy, angry, confused etc.142
2604312604PedanticAn adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of using big words).143
2604312605PentameterA poetic line with five feet.144
2604312606Periodic SentenceA sentence that is not grammatically complete until it has reached it s final phrase: Despite Barbara's irritation at Jack, she loved him.145
2604312607PersonaThe narrator in a non first-person novel.146
2604312608PersonificationWhen an inanimate object takes on human shape.147
2604312609philippica strong verbal denunciation. The term comes from the orations of Demosthenes against Phlip of Macedonia in the fourth century.148
2604312610PlaintA poem or speech expressing sorrow.149
2604312611Point of ViewThe perspective from which the action of a novel is presented.150
2604312612PolysyllabicHaving or characterized by words of more than three syllables.151
2604312613PolysyndetonThe use of consecutive coordinating conjunctions even when they are not needed. The effect is to render the reader somewhat breathless.152
2604312614PreludeAn introductory poem to a longer work of verse153
2604312615Proseone of the major divisions of genre that refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms.154
2604312616ProtagonistThe main character of a novel or play155
2604312617PunThe usually humorous use of a word in such a way to suggest two or more meanings156
2604312618Red HerringAn argument that distracts the reader by raising issues irrelevant to the case. It is like being given too many suspects in a murder mystery.157
2604312619RepetitionThe duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.158
2604312620RhetoricFrom the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.159
2604312621rhetorical devicesliterary techniques used to heighten the effectiveness of expression160
2604312622Rhetorical questionA question that suggests an answer.161
2604312623Rhetorical ShiftThis occurs when the author of an essay significantly alters his or hers diction, syntax, or both. It isn't exactly a different writer who is writing, but it feels awfully close to it. Important to recognize because they are dramatic and usually occur at critical points in an argument.162
2604312624Round charactera character who demonstrates some complexity and who develops or changes in the course of a work163
2604312625SarcasmFrom the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something.164
2604312626SatireA work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule.165
2604312627simileA comparison using like or as166
2604312628Simple SentenceAn independent clause. It has a subject and a verb, and that's pretty much it. The giant chopped down the bean tree.167
2604312629SlangInformal language consisting of words and expressions that are not considered appropriate for formal occasions168
2604312630Slant (general)A biased way of looking at or presenting something.169
2604312631SimileA figure of speech when what is unknown is compared to something that is known using "like," "as," or "than".170
2604312632solecismnonstandard grammatical usage; a violation of grammatical rules171
2604312633SoliloquyA speech spoken by a character alone on stage, meant to convey the impression that the audience is listening to the character's thoughts.172
2604312634Stock charactersStandard or clichéd character types.173
2604312635stream of consciousnessa style of writing that portrays the inner (often chaotic) workings of a character's mind.174
2604312636SubjectivityA treatment of subject matter that uses the interior or personal view of a single observer and is typically colored with that observer's emotional responses.175
2604312637Subjunctive MoodA grammatical situation involving the words "if" and "were," setting up a hypothetical situation.176
2604312638SuggestTo imply, infer, indicate.177
2604312639SummaryA simple retelling of what you've just read.178
2604312640syllepsisA kind of ellipsis in which one word (usually a verb) is understood differently in relation to two or more other words, which it modifies or governs.179
2604312641Syllogisma deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.180
2604312642SymbolismA device in literature where an object represents an idea.181
2604312643Synecdochea figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole or, occasionally, the whole is used to represent a part. Examples: To refer to a boat as a "sail"; to refer to a car as "wheels".182
2604312644Synesthesiawhen one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another. Ex: The sight of red ants makes you itchy.183
2604312645SyntaxThe ordering and structuring of words.184
2604312646synthesisTo unite a variety of sources to achieve a common end.185
2604312647TechniqueThe methods and tools of the author.186
2604312648TensionA feeling of excitement and expectation the reader or audience feels because of the conflict, mood, or atmosphere of the work.187
2604312649ThemeThe main idea of the overall work; the central idea.188
2604312650ThesisThe main position of an argument. The writer's statement of purpose.189
2604312651ToneSimilar to mood, it describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. Easier to determine in spoken language than in written.190
2604312652Tragic flawIn a tragedy, this is the weakness of a character in an otherwise good (or even great) individual that ultimately leads to his demise.191
2604312653TravestyA grotesque parody192
2604312654TruismA way-too obvious truth193
2604312655Understatementthe ironic minimalizing of fact; the opposite of hyperbole.194
2604312656Unreliable narratorWhen the first person narrator is crazy, a liar, very young, or for some reason not entirely credible195
2604312657UtopiaAn idealized place. Imaginary communities in which people are able to live in happiness, prosperity, and peace.196
2604312658verisimilitudeSimilar to truth; quality of realism in a work that persuades the reader that he is getting a vision of life as is.197
2604312659Witin modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. Usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement.198
2604312660Zeugmaa sentence tied together by the same verb or noun. Especially acute if the noun or verb does not have the exact same meaning in both parts of the sentence. She dashed His hopes and out of his life when she waked through the door.199
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AP World History Regions (countries) Flashcards

World Regions in AP History Mr. Cooper

Terms : Hide Images
3397952496ChinaEast Asia0
3397952497JapanEast Asia1
3397952498North KoreaEast Asia2
3397952499South KoreaEast Asia3
3397952500VietnamSoutheast Asia4
3397952501ThailandSoutheast Asia5
3397952502LaosSoutheast Asia6
3397952503IndonesiaSoutheast Asia7
3397952504MalaysiaSoutheast Asia8
3397952505IndiaSouth Asia9
3397952506PakistanSouth Asia10
3397952507BhutanSouth Asia11
3397952508BangladeshSouth Asia12
3397952509EgyptMiddle East13
3397952510Saudi ArabiaMiddle East14
3397952511MoroccoNorth Africa15
3397952512IsraelMiddle East16
3397952513IraqMiddle East17
3397952514AfghanistanSouth Asia18
3397952515RussiaRussian Asia19
3397952516MongoliaEast Asia20
3397952517KazakhstanCentral Asia21
3397952518NigeriaWest Africa22
3397952519SomaliaEast Africa23
3397952520Democratic Republic of CongoCentral Africa24
3397952521KenyaEast Africa25
3397952522South AfricaSouth Africa26
3397952523PolandEurope27
3397952524SlovakiaEurope28
3397952525LithuaniaEurope29
3397952526CroatiaEurope30
3397952527SpainEurope31
3397952528United KingdomEurope32
3397952529SwedenEurope33
3397952530ItalyEurope34
3397952531GermanyEurope35
3397952532AustriaEurope36
3397952533CanadaNorth America37
3397952534United StatesNorth America38
3397952535MexicoNorth America/Latin America39
3397952536CubaCaribbean40
3397952537PanamaLatin America41
3397952538BrazilLatin America42
3397952539ArgentinaLatin America43
3397952540AustraliaOceania44
3397952541New ZealandOceania45
3397952542Papua New GuineaOceania46
3397952543GreenlandNorth America47
3397952544PortugalEurope48
3397952545MadagascarEast Africa49
3397952546AlgeriaNorth Africa50
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AP World History Chapter 13 Flashcards

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1082512277Taika reformsAttempt to remake the Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor and the Han-Tang era; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army. Began around 6460
1082512278Tale of GenjiWritten by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any language; evidence for mannered style of Japanese society. Described the imperial court at Heian.1
1082512279FujiwaraMid-9th-century Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power.2
1082512280BushiRegional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies. During the period of the Bushi, combat often depended on man-to-man struggles between champions typical of heroic warfare3
1082512281SamuraiMounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor4
1082512282SeppukuRitual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor5
1082512283Gempei warsWaged for five years from 1180 on Honshu between the Taira and Minamoto families; ended in destruction of the Taira. Signaled the beginning of the Japanese feudal age6
1082512284BakufuMilitary government established by the Minamoto after the Gempei Wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai7
1082512285ShogunsMilitary leaders of the bakufu8
1082512286DaimyoWarlord rulers of small states following Onin War9
1082512287Ashikaga Shogunateholdings consolidated into unified and bounded ministates.10
1082512288ChosonEarliest Korean kingdom; conquered by the Han in 109 B.C.E.11
1082512289SinificationExtensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions. Japan began the process in the 5th and 6th centuries CE12
1082512290SillaKorean kingdom in the Southeast; became a vassal of the Tang and paid tribute; ruled Korea from 66813
1082512291Trung sistersLeaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 C.E.; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society14
1082512292NguyenSouthern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi.15
1082512293KamiNature spirits of Japan16
1082512294TairaPowerful Japanese family in 11th and 12th centuries; competed with Minamoto family; defeated after Gempei Wars.17
1082512295MinamotoDefeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military government in 12th-century Japan18
1082512296Tribute systemSystem in which people surrounding China sent emissaries who offered tribute to the Chinese emperor and acknowledged the superiority of the emperor and China.19
1082512297TrinhDynasty that ruled in north Vietnam at Hanoi, 1533 to 1772; rivals of Nguyen family in South20
1082512298HueCapital of the Nguyen Southern Vietnamese Dynasty21
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AP Language Rhetorical Terms Flashcards

AP Language and Composition rhetorical terms and glossary part 2

Terms : Hide Images
2313644253parallelismthe technique of arranging words, phrases, clauses or structures by placing them side by side in similar form, parallel structure0
2283400608metonymyA figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.1
1368733668anecdotea short account of some interesting or humorous event, often a personal experience of the speaker or writer.2
1368733679antithesisThe opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite3
1368733686colloquialismA word or phrase (including slang) used in everyday conversation and informal writing but that is often inappropriate in formal writing (y'all, ain't)4
2283405161narrationA method of informing that explains something by recounting events, telling a story5
1368733690didacticA term used to describe fiction or nonfiction that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking. This is also a tone word.6
2283394169logical fallaciesincorrect reasoning in an argument7
1368733695ad hominemIn argument, an attack against a person rather than the issue.8
4008998634asyndetonthe omission or absence of a conjunction between parts of a sentence.9
1368733704anadiplosisRepetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause10
2313658116periodic sentencea sentence that presents its central meaning at the end11
2283384653epanelepsisto repeat at the end of a sentence the words that appeared at the beginning.12
1368733707anaphoraform of parallel structure that uses the same words at the beginning of successive clauses13
2283389200euphemisma polite or vague word or phrase used to replace another word or phrase that is too direct or rude.14
2283391634jargonthe special language of a profession or group15
2283396283logospersuasion based on statistics, facts and reasons16
2283398065loose sentencea type of sentence where the main idea comes first, followed by dependent clauses17
1368733675antecedentThe word, phrase or clause referred to by a pronoun.18
2313670263moodsimilar to tone, the primary emotional attitude of a work19
2283407127oversimplificationwhen a writer obscures details or denies the complexity of the issues in an argument20
2313637927oxymorona figure of speech composed of contradictory words or phrases21
2313639217pacingthe movement of a literary piece from one point or one section to another22
1368733671antimetaboleFigure of emphasis in which the words in one phrase or clause are replicated, exactly or closely, in reverse grammatical order in the next phrase or clause;23
2283388084epistropheto opposite of anaphora: to end successive clauses with the same words24
2313642244paradoxa statement that seems to contradict itself but turns out to have a rational meaning25
2313647950parodya work that ridicules the style of another work by imitating and exaggerating its elements26
2313650085pathoswhen a writer tries to persuade by appealing to emotions27
4009003942compound sentenceA sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions.28
2313656362pedantica term used to describe writing that borders on lecturing. This can also describe tone.29
2313661234persuasiona form of argumentation, one of the four modes of discourse, language intended to convince30
2313666466puna small joke or play on words within a text31
4008985649metaphorA comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared.32
4008987960syntaxSentence structure, specifically the effect of arranging sentences a certain way33
4009001060polysyndetonDeliberate use of many conjunctions34
4009059394synecdocheA figure of speech in which a part is substituted for the whole.35
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