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MKT 350 Test 4 Flashcards

2455101130	Why would a manufacturer want to use a wholesaler or retailer?	Supply chains add value to customer. Retailers lessen transactions which are less expensive. Competitive advantage increases	0
2455101131	Intensive distribution	A product is distributed through as many channels as possible so that consumers encounter the product virtually everywhere they go	1
2455101132	Selective distribution	That a moderate number of retailers are used in a treadle area	2
2455101133	Exclusive distribution	A manufacturer grants exclusive rights to a limited number of wholesalers or retailers in a given geographic area	3
2455101134	Types of power	Coercive, reward, legitimate, referent, and expert	4
2455101135	Coercive power	Based on ability to inflict punishment or deprive others of something valued	5
2455101136	Reward power	The ability to influence others by the granting or promising of desirable consequences	6
2455101137	Legitimate power	All managers have power that results from manager formal positions within the organization ( legal contracts)	7
2455101138	Referent power	One channel member believes their goals to be congruent with another's goals and so likely to conform to the latter's influence attempts	8
2455101139	Expert power	One channel member believes the other to have superior expertise and so is likely to conform to the latter's influence attempts	9
2455101140	Channel leader	Dominant leader of a marketing channel or supply chain, may be a producer, wholesaler, or retailer, and may establish channel policies and coordinate development of the marketing mix, possesses channel power	10
2455101141	Vertical intergration	The business practice of owning all of the businesses involved in each step of manufacturing process	11
2455101142	Types of vertical intergration	Corporate, administered, and contractual	12
2455101143	Corporate	They own everything from manufacturing, wholesale, and retailing.	13
2455101144	Administered	Channel dominated by one powerful member who acts as a channel captain	14
2455101145	Contractual	Channel coordinated through contractual agreements among channel members (ex: McDonalds)	15
2455101146	Tying agreements	Buyer is required to buy one product in order to get another. Legal when proper product functionally requires use of tied product.	16
2455101147	Exclusive dealing	Arrangement a manufacture makes with a reseller to handle only its products not those of its competitors	17
2455101148	What is wholesaling?	Selling goods and services to those buying resale/business use	18
2455101149	Merchant wholesaler	Independently owned businesses that take title to goods, assume ownership risks, and buy and resell products	19
2455101150	Limited line wholesaler	Few products lines but extensive assortment (ex: groceries)	20
2455101151	Speciality line wholesaler	Either a single product line or only a few products within the line. (Ex: fruit)	21
2455101152	Drop shipper	Accepts orders from customers and forwards them to producers, which ship directly to the customers who place the orders. Takes title but no possession of goods (ex: lumber)	22
2455101153	Agent	Sell part or all of a MFG product line in a given territory, not employees, little or no control over prices or terms, carry several non-competing lines from different MFG, never carry 2 of the same product	23
2455101154	Brokers	Marketing intermediaries who bring buyers and sellers together and assist in negotiating an exchange but don't take title to the goods (ex: eBay)	24
2455101155	Commission merchants	Receives goods on consignment from local sellers and negotiates sales in large, central markets ( ex: age products)	25
2455101156	Physical distribution functions	An integrated set of activities that deal with managing the movement of product 1. Order Processing 2. Inventory Management 3. Materials Handling 4. Warehousing 5. Transportation	26
2455101157	Stock-out costs	The costs that result when a company runs out of a particular item for which there is demand and the company must act quickly to meet the demand or suffer the costs of not meeting it	27
2455101158	Reorder points	Minimum and maximum stock levels which determine when a reorder is placed and for how much	28
2455101159	Containerization	Simplifies trans-shipment from mode of transport to another. It has revolutionized business transportation by significantly lowering costs of shipping goods over long distance.	29
2455101160	Freight forwarder	Business that handles overseas shipments	30
2455101161	Modes of transportation	Rail, trucks, air, pipeline, and water	31
2455101162	Rail	Advantage: full capability, low cost, extensive routes Disadvantages: poor reliability/ damage	32
2455101163	Truck	Advantage: complete pick ups/ delivery, extensive routes, fairly fast Disadvantage: size/weight restrictions, higher cost, more weather sensitive	33
2461640127	Air	Advantage: fast, low damage, frequent departures Disadvantage: high cost, limited capabilities	34
2461682318	Pipeline	Advantage: low cost, very reliable Disadvantage: limited capabilities/routes, slow	35
2461698113	Water	Advantage: low cost, huge capacities Disadvantage: limited routes/schedules, slowest, more weather sensitive	36
2461736733	What is retailing?	Set of business activities that add value to products sold to consumers Almost everything you spend money on goes to retailing. End of supply chain; marketing meets the consumer	37
2461907074	Types of stores	Department stores: Sears, jcpenney Discount stores: Walmart, target Supermarket: Kroger Warehouse: Costco, SAMs club Convenience store: 7-11 Outlet store: Nordstrom rack, tj maxx Category kill: toys r us, bass pro shops Speciality store: jewelry store, shoe store	38
2461923849	Franchising	An arrangement by which the owner of a product or service allows others to purchase the right to distribute the product or service with help from the owner. Licensing that provides a complete package of materials and services	39
2461931674	Types of shopping centers	Neighborhood shopping centers, community shopping centers, non-traditional shopping center, lifestyle shopping center	40
2461938189	Neighborhood shopping center	Several small convenience and speciality stores, serves those within 10 min. of the location, 2-3 mile target market, little coordination of selling effort	41
2461961559	Community shopping centers	One primary store and often 20-40 smaller outlets; serve a population of consumers who are within a 10-20 mile drive	42
2461981662	Non-traditional shopping centers	Factory outlet malls, mini warehouse malls,money anchor department stores	43
2461984594	Lifestyle shopping center	Mini cities, Branson landing, stores, restaurants, entertainment	44
2461993860	Scrambled merchandising	Offering several unrelated product lines in a single store. (Ex: you can buy food, clothing, electronics at Walmart)	45
2462002981	Wheel of retailing	A concept that describes how new forms of retail outlets enter the market. (Enter as low status, low margin stores. Move to higher status/prices. Higher status and prices stay the same. New form of outlet enters retailing environment)	46
2462042190	Manufacturer Agent	Work for several producers and carry non-competitive, complementary merchandise in an exclusive territory	47
2462048714	Selling agents	Do not take title too good, take the place of the market department, have authority over price/promotion/distribution	48
2462049461	Category killers	A specialist that offers an extensive assortment in a particular category, so overwhelming the category that other retailers have difficulty competing	49
2462063548	Types of non-store retailing	Catalog, direct selling, TV home shopping, vending machines	50
2462081869	Pool car	Groups of shippers pool their shipments	51
2462083964	Mixed car	Mixed cargo, packed in bags, boxes, drums, tanks, cylinders, rail car	52

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Ch. 9 Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe Flashcards

"Key Points" document questions

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501946551	Hagia Sophia	new church constructed in Constantinople during reign of Justinian	0
501946552	Greek fire	Byzantine weapon made of mixture of chemicals that ignited when touched by H2O; to drive away attacking Arab ships	1
503408776	Tsar	Slavic meaning king; derived from "Caesar"	2
501946553	Theodora	didn't marry imperial heir, sister Zoë overthrow her & put in convent, regain power at the age of 70	3
501946554	Boyars	Russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than counterparts in Western Europe	4
501946555	Tartars	Mongols; captured Russia cities and destroyed Kievan state in 1236; left Russian Orthodoxy and aristocracy intact	5
501946556	Iconoclasm	religious controversy within Byzantine Empire in 8th century; emperor attempt to suppress veneration of icons; means breaking of images; icon veneration restored after long struggle	6
501946557	What branch of Christianity was supported by the Byzantine Empire?	Orthodox Christianity	7
501946558	What areas of the globe were affected by culture and politics of the Byzantine?	Areas that had not been previously controlled by major civilizations	8
501946559	Which area was most affected?	Eastern Europe (Balkans and W Russia)	9
501946560	Which areas did the Byzantines control?	Eastern Europe (Balkans and W Russia)	10
501946561	In what direction was trade taking place in both eastern and western Europe during the early Postclassical period?	Northern	11
501946562	What commonalities were there between the development of eastern and western Europe?	Similarities were that civilization spread northward b/c of missionary appeal of religion, new trading activities brought northern regions in contact with major world trade centers, and same source of cultural inspiration, political ideas, and artistic styles	12
501946563	What differences were there between the development of eastern and western Europe?	Different versions of Christianity, different cultural organizations, little mutual contact, commercial patterns went north to south rather than east to west; major portions of E Europe more advanced than W in political sophistication, cultural range, and economic vitality	13
501946564	What was the Byzantine capital?	Constantinople	14
501946565	What was the common language of Byzantine?	Greek	15
501946566	What was the emperor's political style in the Byzantine Empire?	Complex administration around a remote emperor, who was surrounded by elaborate rituals	16
501946567	Justinian's accomplishments:	Rebuilt Constantinople, systematized Roman legal code, Hagia Sophia, recapture old Roman Empire with help of Belisarius (held territory briefly until Germanic peoples won it back)	17
501946568	What was the most significant thing about Justinian's code?	Reduced confusion, united and organized new empire, paralleling state bureaucracy, helped spread Roman legal principles in various parts of Europe	18
501946569	What Roman achievements did the Byzantines spread?	Engineering, military tactics, and law	19
501946570	What group became a threat to the Byzantine Empire in the 7th century?	Arab Muslims became a threat because they built a fleet and kept on attacking Constantinople.	20
501946571	Explain how the threat of Arab Muslims in the 7th century affected the Byzantine economy	The invasions and taxation weakened the position of small farmers and resulted in greater aristocratic estates and new power for aristocratic generals. The free rural population was forced into greater dependence.	21
501946572	What role did the emperor have in religion?	The emperor was held to be ordained by God to be head of the church and state. He appointed church bishops and passes religious and secular laws.	22
501946573	How was the Byzantine empire's political system similar to that of the Chinese?	Aristocrats predominated, but talent also counted among this elite of highly educated scholars.	23
501946574	Describe the Byzantine government structure and administration.	Bureaucrats were specialized into various offices and officials close to the emperor were mainly eunuchs. Provincial governors were appointed from the center and were charged with keeping tabs in military authorities. An elaborate system of spies helped preserve loyalty while creating intense distrust even among friends.	24
501946575	Describe the Byzantine economy.	Bureaucracy regulated trade and controlled food prices. The peasant class supplied goods and provided the bulk of tax revenues. Food prices were kept low to content the lower class in a system supported largely by taxes on the hard-pressed peasantry. Silk production expanded with silkworms and techniques imported from China. Various luxury products were sent north. The empire had a favorable trading position with less sophisticated lands. Only China produced luxury goods of comparable quality. The empire trade with India, the Arabs, and East Asia and received simpler goods from W Europe and Africa. The large merchant class never gained significant political power because of the elaborate network of government controls.	25
501946576	Describe what was characteristic about Byzantine art.	The adaptation of Roman domed buildings, elaboration of powerful and richly colored mosaics, and a tradition of icon paintings of the saints and other religious figures. The art was often richly ornamented. The blue and gold backgrounds set with richly dressed religious figures represented the unchanging brilliance of heaven.	26
501946577	What are some of the differences between the Western Christian church and the Eastern Orthodox church?	What bread to use for the celebration of Christ's Last Supper to use during church liturgy, priest celibacy, papal supremacy	27
501946578	By the late 11th century which group became a threat to the Byzantine Empire?	Seljuk Turks	28
501946579	What happened in 1453?	Turkish sultan brought mercenaries from the West and Constantinople fell in two months	29
501946580	How was Orthodox Christianity spread to Eastern Europe and Russia?	Missionaries	30
501946581	Who were the two most famous orthodox missionaries? Why?	Cyril and Methodius went to spread the Orthodox religion to southern Russia, where their knowledge of the Slavic language greatly helped them.	31
501946582	What other religion was spread to parts of Eastern Europe?	Roman Catholicism	32
501946583	What area had the largest influx of Jews?	Poland	33
501946584	What group of languages characterized Eastern Europe and Russia?	Slavic	34
501946585	How, when and where was Kievan Rus' founded?	How: Traders from Scandinavia went through Slavic lands by moving along the rivers of W Russia. They set up some governments along their trade route. When: 855 CE. Where: city of Kiev	35
501946586	How did Christianity spread to Kiev?	King Vladimir converted to Christianity, thus converting the people as well	36
501946587	Who made the church appointments in Kiev?	They were Orthodox Christians so the king made church appointments.	37
501946588	What influences did Byzantines have on Kievan Rus'?	Central ruler had wide powers, fervent devotion to power of God and to many Eastern saints, ornate churches filled with icons & the smell of incense, monastic movement, monogamy, almsgiving	38
501946589	What effects did the Mongol invasions have on the Russian territory?	Russian literature grew less creative, trade activity decreased; Russian affairs were left alone, new harmony among various Russian social classes	39
501946590	What modern nations share characteristics from both eastern and western Europe?	Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Russia, Ukraine, Lithuania,	40
501946591	What religion was adopted in Poland?	Roman Catholicism	41
501946592	What disadvantages did Eastern Europe suffer in comparison to Western Europe?	Under outside control (Tatars and Turks), Byzantine patterns never recaptured, key features of Kievan social structure disappeared; less vigor in politics, economy, and culture	42
501946593	What role did the Byzantine Empire have on shaping later developments in Eastern Europe?	What role did the Byzantine Empire have on shaping later developments in Eastern Europe?	43

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Unit 2 vocabulary review Myers' psychology second edition for AP Flashcards

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1624465950	Hindsight bias	The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.	0
1624467084	Critical thinking	Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, assesses the source, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.	1
1624468768	Theory	An examination using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.	2
1624469364	Hypothesis	A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.	3
1624472246	Operational definition	A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures.	4
1624474146	Replication	Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.	5
1624476485	Case study	A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.	6
1624478095	Naturalistic observation	Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.	7
1624479951	Survey	A technique for ascertaining the self - reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.	8
1624480657	Sampling bias	A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample.	9
1624481604	Population	All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.	10
1624482202	Random sample	A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.	11
1624483259	Correlation	A measure of the extent to which two variables change together, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other.	12
1624483627	Correlation coefficient	A statistical index of the relationship between two variables.	13
1624485374	Scatterplot	A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the value of two variables. The slope of the points suggest the direction of the relationship between two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation.	14
1624486328	Illusory correlation	The perception of relationship where none exists.	15
1624489775	Experiment	A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable) by random assessment of participants, that examining her aims to control other relevant variables.	16
1624490609	Experimental group	In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable	17
1624492386	Control group	In an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.	18
1624493371	Random assignment	Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, best minimizing pre-existing differences between the different groups.	19
1624494590	Double-blind procedure	And experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or the placebo. Commonly used in drug evaluation studies.	20
1624498940	Placebo	Effect experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active ingredient.	21
1624499793	Independent variable	The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.	22
1624500779	Confounding variable	A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.	23
1624501400	D pendant variable	The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.	24
1624503088	Validity	The extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to.	25
1624504160	Descriptive statistics	Numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.	26
1624505463	Histogram	A bar graph depicting a frequency distribution.	27
1624505825	Mode	The most frequently occurring scores in a distribution.	28
1624506567	Mean	The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of the scores.	29
1624507279	Median	The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it.	30
1624508228	Skewed distribution	A representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value.	31
1624508695	Range	The difference between the highest and the lowest scores in a distribution.	32
1624509685	Standard deviation	A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.	33
1624513056	Normal curve	(Normal Distribution) a symmetrical, bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (about 68% fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes.	34
1624514779	Inferential statistics	Numerical data that allows one to generalize - to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population.	35
1624516635	Statistical significance	A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained results occurred by chance.	36
1624518049	Culture	The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.	37
1624519516	Informed consent	And ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.	38
1624523797	Debriefing	A Postexperimental explanation of the study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants.	39

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Unit 1 vocabulary review Myers' psychology second edition for AP Flashcards

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1624374157	Empiricism	The view that knowledge orientates in experience and that science should therefore rely on observation and experimentation.	0
1624377671	Structuralism	Early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener;used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.	1
1624379943	Functionalism	Early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and Flourish.	2
1624381412	Experimental psychology	The study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method.	3
1624383995	Behaviorism	The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologist today agree with one but not two.	4
1624384874	Humanistic psychology	A historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people.	5
1624387284	Cognitive Neuroscience	The interdisciplinary study of the brain active linked with cognition including perception, thinking, memory, and language.	6
1624387596	Psychology	The science of behavior and mental processes.	7
1624392411	Nature - nurture issue	The long-standing controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.	8
1624394146	Natural selection	The principle that, among the range of inherited traits variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.	9
1624396967	Levels of analysis	The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social - cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.	10
1624398160	Biopsychological approach	An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social - cultural levels of analysis.	11
1624401058	Behavioral psychology	The scientific study of observable behavior, and it's explanation by principles of learning.	12
1624403356	Biological psychology	The scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes.	13
1624404471	Cognitive psychology	The scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	14
1624405781	Evolutionary psychology	The study of the evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection.	15
1624406842	Psychodynamic psychology	A branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.	16
1624409588	Social - cultural psychology	The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.	17
1624411776	Psychometrics	The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.	18
1624413180	Basic research	Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.	19
1624414233	Developmental psychology	A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan.	20
1624416330	Educational psychology	The study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.	21
1624417381	Personality psychology	The study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.	22
1624418413	Social psychology	The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.	23
1624418571	Applied research	Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.	24
1624424279	Industrial - organizational (I/O) psychology	The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.	25
1624426622	Human factors psychology	And I/O psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use.	26
1624428697	Counseling psychology	A branch of psychology that assist people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well - being.	27
1624430787	Clinical psychology	A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.	28
1624433968	Psychiatry	A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical for example drug treatments as well as psychological therapy.	29
1624436205	Positive psychology	The scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.	30
1624437812	Community psychology	A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.	31
1624441707	Testing effect	Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test - enhanced learning.	32
1624444790	SQ3R	A study method incorporating five steps: Survey, question, read, retrieve, review.	33

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APUSH American Pageant Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1972349314	How would you characterize life on the frontier?	Downright grim for most pioneer families	0
1972350132	How did pioneering Americans become marooned by geography?	...	1
1972350874	What was the effect of the dramatic growth of cities between 1800-1860?	resulted in unsanitary conditions	2
1972351682	How can "ecological imperialism" best be described?	aggressive exploitation of the West's bounty	3
1972352600	When the Irish flocked to the US in the 1840s, why did they stay in the larger seaport cities?	too poor to move west and buy land	4
1972356694	Why did native-born Protestant Americans distrust and resent the Irish?	Irish were Roman Catholic (not protestant)	5
1972357391	What caused German immigrants to come to the US?	Escape economic hardships and autocratic gov't	6
1972358505	What can you conclude about German immigrants in the US?	they prospered with astonishing ease	7
1972359056	What is it called when there is fear and opposition to open immigration?	Nativism	8
1972359824	What can you conclude about immigrants coming to the US before 1860?	They helped to fuel economic expansion	9
1972360890	Who was the "Father of the Factory System" in the US?	Samuel Slater	10
1972362786	What happened to most of the cotton produced in the American South in the early 1800s?	Sold to England	11
1972363355	What began the American phase of the industrial revoltion?	textile mills	12
1972364611	What characterized the American work force in the early 1800s?	Substantial employment of women and children in factories	13
1972365758	How did the Massachusetts Supreme Court rule in the case of Commonwealth v Hunt?	By saying labor unions weren't illegal conspiracies	14
1972366144	What was the "Cult of Domesticity"?	Glorified the traditional role of women as homemakers	15
1972366756	What was the trend of 19th century families?	Getting smaller	16
1972367252	What was one of the goals of the child-centered family of the 1800s?	Raise independent individuals	17
1972368196	What problems were faced by Western road building?	Expense, states' rights advocates oppostion, eastern states oppose, wartime interruptions	18
1972368646	What was the underlying basis for modern production?	...	19
1972370153	By 1850, what products were produced by the American factory system?	textiles, boots and shoes, firearms, and sewing machines	20
1972370516	Where was the major region for steamboats transporting freight and passengers?	West and South rivers	21
1972371270	For some farmers what was the effect of constructing the Erie Canal?	forced New England farmers to move or change occupations	22
1972371817	Compared with canals, how were railroads different?	Railroads could be built almost anywhere	23
1972373722	In the new continental economy, what did the South, West, and East each specialize in?	South- grew cotton West- grew grains and livestock to feed factory workers East- made machines and textiles for other two regions	24
1972375016	Regarding transportation, what bound the West and South together, and what connected West and East?	West & South by steamboats West & East by steamboats and canals	25
1972375323	As the new continental market grew, what was viewed as a refuge?	The home	26
1972376214	What was a major economic consequence of the transportation and marketing revolution?	A steady improvement in average wages & standard way of living	27
1972376471	What event brought in the "canal era" of American history?	Erie Canal in NY	28
1972377048	Where were most early railroads in the US built?	North	29

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CompTIA Project+ Study Guide Chapter 6: Defining the Cost, Quality, and Risk Plans Flashcards

The Comptia Project+ Exam Topics Covered in this Chapter Include
2.3 Outline a process for managing changes to the project
◦Approvals required
◦Forms needed
◦Turnaround times
◦Document routing
◦Communication flow
2.8 Outline the components of a risk management plan
◦Initial risk assessment
◦Risk matrix
◦Risk register
◦Risk response strategies
◦Stakeholder risk tolerances
2.10 Identify the components of a quality management plan
◦Quality metrics, control limits, and frequency of measurement
◦Quality assurance processes
◦Quality control processes
◦Quality baseline
2.11 Identify components of a cost management plan
◦Control limits
◦Assign costs
◦Chart of accounts
◦Project budget
◦Cost estimates (bottom up, top down, parametric, expert judgment, analogous)
◦Cost baseline
2.13 Explain the purpose and common components of a transition plan
◦Ownership
◦Transition dates
◦Training
◦Extended support
◦Warranties

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1601317626	appraisal costs	Costs of quality that cover the activities that keep the product defects from reaching the client, including inspection, testing, and formal quality audits.	0
1601317627	benchmarking	Compares previous similar activities to the current project activities to provide a standard to measure performance against. It's often used to derive ideas for quality improvements for the project.	1
1601317628	bottom-up estimating	Individually estimating each work package, all of which are then rolled up, or added together, to come up with a total project estimate. This is a very accurate means of estimating, provided the estimates at the work package level are accurate.	2
1601317629	contingency reserve	An amount of money or time set aside and dedicated to the project to be used to cover unforeseen costs or time that was not identified as part of the planning process.	3
1601317630	cost baseline	The total approved, expected cost of the project created in the planning process. It's used as a comparison to actual project expenses throughout the remainder of the project.	4
1601317631	cost budgeting	Assigning cost estimates to activities and creating the cost baseline, which measures the performance of the project throughout the project's life.	5
1601317632	cost estimating	Developing an estimation of the cost of resources needed for each project activity.	6
1601317633	cost of quality	The cost of all of the work required to assure the project meets the quality standards. The three costs associated with the cost of quality are prevention costs, appraisal costs, and failure costs.	7
1601317634	failure costs	The cost if the product fails, including downtime, user support, rework, and scrapping the project.	8
1601317635	impact	The consequences imposed if a risk event occurs on the project.	9
1601317636	management reserve	An amount of money set aside by upper management to cover future expenses that can't be predicted during project planning.	10
1601317637	prevention costs	The cost of activities performed to avoid quality problems, including quality planning, training, and any product or process testing.	11
1601317638	probability	The likelihood a risk event will occur. Probability is expressed as a number between 0.0 and 1.0.	12
1601317639	qualitative risk analysis	Determining the impact of identified risks on the project and the probability they'll occur. Aligns risks in a priority order according to their effect on the project objectives.	13
1601317640	quality management plan	Describes how the project management team will enact the quality policy and documents the resources needed to carry out the quality plan. It describes the responsibilities of the project team in implementing quality and outlines all the processes and procedures the project team and organization will use to satisfy quality requirements.	14
1601317641	quality metric	a standard of measurement that specifically defines what will be measured and how it will be measured.	15
1601317642	quality planning	Identifying the quality standards applicable for the project and how they'll be fulfilled.	16
1601317643	quantitative risk analysis	A complex analysis technique that uses a mathematical approach to numerically analyze the probability and impact of risk events.	17
1601317644	risk	A potential future event that can have either negative or positive consequences.	18
1601317645	risk analysis	The process used to identify and focus on those risks that are the most critical to the success of your project.	19
1601317646	risk identification	Identifying the potential project risks and documenting their characteristics.	20
1601317647	risk list	A numbered list of risks that are produced during the risk identification process and that are documented within a risk register.	21
1601317648	risk planning	Identifying, analyzing, and determining how risk events will be managed for a project.	22
1601317649	risk response planning	A process that describes how to reduce threats and take advantage of opportunities, documents the plan for negative and positive risk events, and assigns owners to each risk.	23
1601317650	risk triggers	An event that warns a risk is imminent and a response plan should be implemented.	24
1601317651	work effort	The total time it takes for a person to complete a task if they did nothing else from the time they started until the task was complete.	25

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Pharm Ch. 15 - Diuretic Agents Flashcards

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1516016434	Bicarbonate diuretic? - whats the example?	A diuretic that selectively increases sodium bicarbonate excretion. e. g. carbonic anhydrase inhibitor	0
1516016435	Diluting segment? What are the examples?	A segment of the nephron that removes solute without water. The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule are both diluting segments.	1
1516055415	Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis? Results from?	diminished bicarbonate concentration, and a decrease in blood pH. Typical result of bicarbonate diuresis	2
1516055416	Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis? Results from?	decrease in serum potassium and an increase in blood pH. Typical result of loop and thiazide diuretics.	3
1516055417	Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus	Loss of urine- caused by a lack of responsiveness to antidiuretic hormone	4
1516055418	Pituitary diabetes insipidus	Loss of urine- caused by a lack of antidiuretic hormone	5
1516055419	Potassium sparing diuretic? Whats the example?	A diuretic that reduces the exchange of potassium for sodium in the collecting tubule; a drug that increases sodium and reduces potassium excretion. Example: aldosterone antagonist	6
1516055420	Uricosuric diuretic? Whats the example?	increases uric acid excretion. Example: ethacrynic acid	7
1516055421	The Kidneys do what?	1. secrete renin to regulate blood pressure 2. secrete erythropoietin which stimulates red blood cell production 3.produce Calcitriol (active form of vitamin D) to help maintain bone homeostasis	8
1516055422	What happens as Filtrate Travels Through the Nephron?	its Composition Changes	9
1516055423	What do nephrons do?	Filtrate same composition as plasma minus large proteins in Bowman's capsule	10
1516055424	Nephron absorption occurs how? And what is reabsorbed?	some substances in the filtrate pass through the walls of the neprhon and into the blood, most of the water in the filtrate is reabsorbed, glucose, amino acids, sodium, chloride, calcium and bicarbonate are reabsorbed	11
1516055425	Nephron secretion occurs how? What is secreted?	some substances pass from the blood through the walls of the nephron and become part of the filtrate, potassium, phosphate, hydrogen and ammonium ion and many organic acids are secreted into the filtrate	12
1516055426	Proximal Convoluted Tubule carries out?	isosmotic reabsorption of amino acids, glucose, cations, sodium and bicarb	13
1516055427	Bicarb reabsorption is accomplished by?	converting bicarbonate to carbonic acid which dissociates to carbon dioxide.	14
1516055428	What does the Thick Ascending Limb of Loop of Henle do?	Pumps Na, K, and Cl out of the lumen and into the interstitium of the kidney.	15
1516055429	What does the Distal Convoluted Tubule do?	Actively pumps Na and Cl out of the lumen and into the interstitium.	16
1516055430	Where is the Cortical Collecting Tubule?	---final segment of the nephron and is the last tubular site of Na reabsorption --- is controlled by aldosterone	17
1516055431	Cortical Collecting Tubule is the primary site of?	acidification of urine and of potassium excretion.	18
1516055432	Most Diuretics Act by Blocking?	Sodium Reabsorption in the Nephron	19
1516055433	Diuretics are useful in the treatment of?	heart failure, kidney failure, liver failure or cirrhosis, hypertension	20
1516055434	Blocking re absorption sodium causes?	keeps more water in the filtrate =the greater the volume of urine	21
1516055435	The Most Efficacious Diuretics are those that?	Affect the Loop of Henle	22
1516055436	Loop Diuretics MOA	Block reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the ascending loop of Henle	23
1516055437	Loop Diuretics are AKA?	high-ceiling diuretics because they produce a dose-dependent diuresis	24
1516055438	Loop Diuretics are used to treat?	reduce edema associated with heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, chronic renal failure (CrCl < 30ml/min), hypertension, and hyper-calcemia	25
1516055439	Side effects of loop diuretics	1. Increase the excretion of potassium, magnesium, and calcium 2. metabolic alkalosis 3. Increase blood glucose and uric acid 4. Ototoxicity, tinnitus, ear pain, and vertigo.	26
1516055440	most commonly prescribed loop diuretic	Furosemide (Lasix)	27
1516055441	Furosemide contra	sulfa allergy	28
1516055442	only loop diuretic that is not a sulfonamide derivative	Ethacrynic acid. So if pt. is allergic to sulfa give this drug. It is More ototoxic than the other loop diuretics	29
1516055443	most Widely Prescribed Class of Diuretics	Thiazides	30
1516055444	Thiazides MOA	Block reabsorption of sodium at the early portion of the distal tubule and increase water excretion	31
1516055445	Thiazides are used to treat?	mild to moderate hypertension	32
1516055446	Thiazides side effects	1.Increase potassium and magnesium excretion 2. Inhibit calcium excretion 3. hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, hyperlipidemia	33
1516055447	Thiazides contra	sulfa allergy	34
1516055448	Thiazides are not effective in patients with? And not as efficient as which diuretics?	severe renal disease (Creat. clearance < 30 mg/min). They are also Less efficacious than the loop diuretics	35
1516055449	Potassium-Sparing Diuretics may help prevent? And they are not as effective as which diuretic?	Hypokalemia. However they are Less Efficacious than the Loop Diuretics	36
1516055450	Potassium-Sparing Diuretics MOA Example of?	Block the exchange between sodium and potassium in the tubule causing sodium to stay in the tubule and leave through the urine More potassium is retained by the body Example = spironalactone (aldactone)	37
1516055451	spironolactone (Aldactone) actions	Inhibits aldosterone	38
1516055452	spironolactone (Aldactone) adverse effects	hyperkalemia, gynecomastia and impotence	39
1516055453	spironolactone (Aldactone) indications	Hypertension, CHF, Polycystic ovary disease, alcoholic cirrhosis, and hirsutism in women	40
1516055454	Potassium-Sparing Diuretics interactions	ACE inhibitors or potassium supplements	41
1516055455	Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors MOA	prevent formation of carbonic acid from water and carbon dioxide: causes bicarbonate diuresis and resultant metabolic acidosis.	42
1516055456	acetazolamide (Diamox) indications. Is what type of drug?	angle glaucoma, altitude sickness and epilepsy (Is a Carbonyic Anhydrase Inhibitor.)	43
1516055457	acetazolamide (Diamox) adverse effects	paresthesia	44
1516055458	acetazolamide (Diamox) interactions	amphetamines, and quinidine	45
1516055459	mannitol	very potent (Osmotic) diuretic; mannitol remains in the lumen and "holds" water The volume of urine is increased.	46
1516055460	Mannitol indications	cerebral edema, acute glaucoma, acute renal failure, promote excretion of toxins	47
1516055461	Mannitol adverse effects	Rapid volume expansion leading to pulmonary edema. HNV	48
1516055462	Electrolyte Changes	chart on slide 55	49
1516055463	Conivaptan MOA	Arginine vasopressin (AVP), also called anti-diuretic hormone,Conivaptan is a V2-receptor antagonist;	50
1516055464	Conivaptan Toxicity	HVD, thirst, hypokalemia, hypertension, and orthostatic hypotension. Rapid correction of serum sodium.	51
1516055465	Conivaptan Interactions	CYP3A4.	52
1516055466	Tolvaptan MOA	Antagonizes V2 receptors	53
1516055467	Tolvaptan Toxicity	. GI bleeding has occurred in cirrhotic patients.	54
1516055468	Tolvaptan Interactions	CYP3A	55
1516055469	Acids and Bases can be Administered to maintain?	normal body pH	56
1516055470	Acidosis and alkalosis can have?	serious or fatal consequences if not corrected quickly	57
1516055471	a pH of 7.0 is	neutral	58
1516055472	a pH above 7.0 is	basic or alkaline	59
1516055473	a pH below 7.0 is	acidic	60
1516055474	pH of plasma and most body fluids is	between 7.35 and 7.45	61
1516055475	Alkalosis develops at?	pH values above 7.45	62
1516055476	sodium bicarbonate treats?	shock, cardiac arrest, diabetes mellitus	63
1516055477	sodium bicarbonate adverse effects	fluid overload, alkalosis	64
1516055478	Electrolytes are?	small charged molecules that are essential to homeostasis -nerve conduction -muscle contraction -bone growth and remodeling	65
1516055479	Sodium electrolyte found where? Controlled by who?	extracellular fluid.. Sodium and water regulation are closely coupled and under dual control: ADH and Aldosterone.	66
1516055480	Potassium found where? responsible for?	The major intracellular cation facilitates propagation of electrical impulses.	67
1516055481	Calcium found where? responsible for? Controlled by who?	The most abundant mineral in the body. The gradient between the intravascular and extravascular ..which is maintained by parathyroid hormone and vitamin D.	68
1516055482	Magnesium found where? responsible for?	intracellular. Magnesium promotes enzyme reactions within the cell during metabolism, helps in the production of ATP, participates in protein synthesis, and plays a role in coagulation, platelet aggregation, and neuromuscular activity	69
1516055483	Chloride found where?	Chloride is a major extracellular anion	70
1516055484	Intravenous Fluid Therapy Using Crystalloids and Colloids is Used to?	replace lost fluids	71
1516055485	Causes of water and ion loss	hemorrhage severe burns diarrhea vomiting inadequate fluid intake	72
1516055486	Intravenous fluid therapy is	the replacement of water and ions that have been lost	73
1516055487	basic types of intravenous replacement fluids	Colloids crystalloids	74
1516055488	Intravenous Fluid Therapy adverse effects	Shock, dehydration or electrolyte loss may occur Large fluid or electrolyte losses may be fatal	75
1516055489	examples of colliods	plasma protein fraction (Plasmanate) albumin (Albuminar) dextran 40 (Gentran 40) hetastarch (Hespan)`	76
1516055490	colliods MOA	proteins or large molecules that stay suspended in the blood for long periods of time draw water molecules from cells and tissues into the blood vessels-increase osmotic pressure called plasma or volume expanders	77
1516055491	crystalloids MOA	IV solutions that contain electrolytes in concentrations resembling plasma leave the blood and enter cells used to replace lost fluids and promote urine output	78
1516055492	crystalloids examples	normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) lactated Ringer's plasmalyte hypertonic saline (3% sodium chloride) 5% dextrose in water (D5W)	79

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GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN PLANTS Flashcards

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2449619956	control plant movements	Hormones	0
2449623225	target	usually organic cpds, produced by one part of the plant and effect a different part of the plant	1
2449628672	they are chemical messengers	hormones	2
2449632565	auxin, cytokines, gibberellins	Growth Promoters	3
2449637227	- most are Indoeacetic acid (IAA) - produced in apical meristem - promotes elongation of young developing shoots	auxin	4
2449640913	- produces phototropisms - migrate down to lateral bud and prevents them from growing - increase in vascular cambium	auxin	5
2449640914	phototropisms	plant grows towards the light	6
2449642298	_____ ends up on dark side and soften cells - allows them to elongate	auxin	7
2449646052	- produced in seeds -promote development of fruit - can be sprayed to prevent leaf and fruit from dropping	auxin	8
2449647825	- response of stems to gravity - Herbicides	auxin	9
2449647826	cause plant to grow to death	Herbicides	10
2449650942	ex. 2-4D (roundup): works best on grasses (monocots) Dioxin - behaves like auxin	Herbicides	11
2449655550	- modified forms of adenine that stimulate cytokinesis	cytokines	12
2449656724	- stimulate RNA and Protein synthesis - move from the roots to target tissue by moving up in the xylem sap	cytokines	13
2449660295	- stimulate axillary bud growth (Auxin can't suppress axillary bud growth once it has begun)	cytokines	14
2449661610	Lower buds thus grow before higher ones since they are closer to the cytokines source than the auxin source	cytokines	15
2449664465	- more cytokines than auxin	cause shoot buds to develop	16
2449669440	- more auxin than cytokines	cause roots to form	17
2449674492	(70 different kinds)	Gibberellins	18
2449676745	- produce primarily in roots and young leaves - stimulates growth in leaves and stems	Gibberellins	19
2449678432	- stimulates cell elongation and division in stems	Gibberellins	20
2449680913	- cause bolting - controls fruit development along with auxin	Gibberellins	21
2449680914	- when released - signals seeds to break dormancy and germinate	Gibberellins	22
2449682379	bolting	rapid growth of floral parts of a plant	23
2449685637	2 kinds of Growth Inhibitors	Abscisic acid (ABA) Ethylene	24
2449686747	- helps prepare plants for winter by suspending both primary and secondary growth	Abscisic acid (ABA)	25
2449689641	- inhibits cell division in vascular cambium - acts in closing stomata in times of water stress	Abscisic acid (ABA)	26
2449692829	- a gaseous hormone that diffuses through air spaces between plant cells	Ethylene	27
2449692830	- causes fruit to ripen and leaf abscission - released at wound sites	Ethylene	28
2449696513	abscission	leaves fall off	29
2449697812	growth responses that result in curvatures of the whole plant organs toward or away from a directional stimulus	Tropisms	30
2449700719	(Tropisms) Directional:	coming from one direction instead of several	31
2449703340	3 Primary Stimuli which result in Tropisms:	Phototropism Geotropism Thigmotropism	32
2449704725	grows toward the sun	Phototropism	33
2449705713	roots grow down, stems/floral parts grow up	Geotropism (Gravitropism)	34
2449710159	(+) geotropism	Roots	35
2449710160	(-) geotropism	Shoots	36
2449712123	directional growth in response to touch	Thigmotropism	37
2449714704	Nastic movements	Turgor Movements	38
2449716050	independent of direction of stimulus	Turgor Movements	39
2449717178	reversible movements caused by changes in turgor pressure of specialized cells in response to stimuli	Turgor Movements	40
2449718320	(Turgor Movements) Pulvini	reversible movements caused by changes in turgor pressure of specialized cells in response to stimuli	41
2449720910	(Turgor Movements) Seismonastic	movements due to touch, shaking, thermal stimulation	42
2449723335	ex. Mimosa, Venus's Fly-trap	(Turgor Movements) Seismonastic	43
2449725057	movement of leaves to a vertical position in evening and lowering of leaves to a horizontal position in morning	Sleep movements	44
2449727215	Sleep movements	(Turgor Movements)	45
2449732064	a physiological cycle with a frequency of about 24 hrs that persists even when an organism is sheltered from environmental cues	Circadian Rhythms	46
2449733961	synchronized with the earth's light dark cycle	Circadian Rhythms	47
2449734984	-physiological response to day length -Critical Night Length	Photoperiodism	48
2449737027	controls flowering and other responses to photoperiod	-Critical Night Length	49

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Growth and Development of Organisms Flashcards

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1979840194	stages	what a plant goes through during its life cycle	0
1979840195	embryo	tiny plant that the seed contains	1
1979840196	reproduce	make new plants	2
1979840197	flower	where reproduction takes place	3
1979840198	stem	stores food and water--carries food and water from one part of the plant to another	4
1979840199	stamen	make and hold pollen--the male part of the flower	5
1979840200	carpel	in the center of the flower ; where the plant makes its seeds; female part	6
1979840201	petal	brightly colored to attract insects; insects pick up pollen from one flower and take it to another	7

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AAAAAAAA Flashcards

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1436620507	AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA	AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA		0
1436620508	AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA	AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA		1

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