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RA self study- special cases and treatments Flashcards

Special Cases and treatments- self study module
ONLY also look at chemical agents for test 43

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196057195abrasions"scraping injuries", resulting in the formation of a hard, brown surface0
196057196sandpaper, emory cloth, slicing with scalpelremove surface irregularities after embalming (esp. with abrasions) so that they will not protrude through the applied wax surface use:1
196057197opaque masking undercoatwhat should be applied to the affect area (abrasion)?2
196057198cosmetic undercoatthe third step in treating an abrasion is to apply wax, excersing care not to alter the:3
196057199flatnessThe greatest fault in wax surfacing is:4
196057200highest point of the area treatedApply wax to the center of the abrased area, feathering outward to the margins of the abrasion, keeping the center of the abrasion as the:5
196057201"buttering"what should be avoided in the treatment of abrasions, as the wax over the area as such a practice will tend to dislodge the underlying cosmetic undercoat.6
196057202normal complexionthe fourth step in the treatment of abrasions is to adjust wax color to duplicate what coloring of the individual?7
196057203fifth step in the treatment of abrasionsreproduce skin texture and associated facial markings8
196057204lacerationsirregularly torn or jagged wounds, ranging from small scratches to deep wounds in the tissue9
196057205classifications of lacerationsmay be either minor or major10
196057206minor lacerationa scratch11
196057207minor lacerationto treat, cover the affected area with a cosmetically adjusted wax12
196057208powder incision sealerin the case of a major laceration, fill the area with:13
196057209intradermal suturingif the margins of a major laceration can be returned to normal contact- utilize bond adhesive or employ:14
196057210basket weave sutureif the margins of a major laceration cannot be returned to normal contact- utilize:15
196057211waxto complete each manner of treatment in a major laceration, apply:16
196057212major lacerationa) fill area with powder incision sealer, b) employ either bond adhesive or intradermal suturing for margins that can be returned to normal contact c) or utilize basket weave suture if they margins cannot be returned to normal contact d) apply wax17
196057213burnsclassified according to their affect upon body tissues18
196057215first degree burnresults in a reddening of the skin; treatment requires simple cosmetic correction19
196057216second degree burnresults in acute inflammation of the skin, accompanied by blisters, singed hair, and swollen eyes and lips; to treat you must puncture all blisters present before embalming20
196057218second degree burn1) puncture all blisters present before embalming 2) densely apply massage cream or petroleum jelly 3) remove all loose tissues after embalming- apply cavity fluid compress for a few hours 4) seal "affected areas" if oozing is present 5) complete treatment same as abrasion 6) singed hair may be darkened by use of an eyebrow pencil or hair restoration21
196057219third degree burninvolves the destruction of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues22
196057220third degree burnother associated problems- charring, highly edematous condition of the body (if the individual lives for a period of time following the infliction of the burns) and extreme mummification23
196057221third degree burnburns inflicted or occurring after death are classified as:24
196057222third degree burndeodorizing and preserving may be only options available to restorative artists in extreme cases25
196057223injected hypodermicallyin the treatment of third degree burns, after embalming all unpreserved areas should be:26
196057224excisedin the treatment of third degree burns, after embalming, all charred areas should be:27
196057225reduce apparent swellingsexternal pressure, exectric spatula, surgical reduction28
196057226on seared tissuesplace gauze on the area and paint with a liquid sealer to create a base for restorative wax29
196057227highly edematous bodyespecially in the case of a third degree burn, reduce swelling through the application of external pressure, heat from the electric spatula, injection of constricting agents, or by lancing followed by external pressure30
196057228mummified remainsadvanced dehydration under extreme heat; utilize wax to fill out sunken contours31
196057230third degree burn-deoderize/preserve; hypodermic injection; excision of charred tissues; reduction of swelling, esp. in edematous bodies; wax building;32
196057231bleaching agenta chemical substance that lightens (blanches) a skin discoloration33
196057232lighteningbleaches on tissue may have what effect on skin color?34
196057233dehydrationbleaching agents may have what effect on the moisture content of normal skin- due to their harsh effect- actually may burn the skin, causing:35
196057234enhancedbleaching agents may have what effect on surface preservation- depending on the bleaching agent used (for example, cavity fluid), surface preservation of tissues may be:36
196057235methods of applying bleaching agentssurface compress; hypodermic injection of cavity fluid; alternate method of applying alcohol/phenol washes;37
196057236surface compresscavity fluid, mortuary bleaches, sodium hypochlorite (laundry bleach)38
196057237hypodermic injection of cavity fluidleast effective technique because of the lack of control of its distribution through the tissues (i.e. leaching into surrounding tissues)39
196057238hypodermic injection of cavity fluidassociated problems with this method of bleaching: -leakage -dehydration -problems in cosmetic application40
196057239emergency treatmentalternate washes of alcohol and phenol- can be used when time for extended bleaching treatment is not available.41
196057240criticalalternate washes of alcohol and pheol are a technique utilized when speed is:42
196209577cotton swab/ small brushthe "emergency" treatment consists of the application of phenol followed by isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol) wash using a:43
196209578isopropyl alcoholServes to buffer the harsh effects of phenol44
196209579permanentthe emergency treatment bleaching can cause the discoloration to re-appear as the effects are not:45
196209580excessive________ use of phenol applications may have a harmful effect upon both the dead human remains and the practicioner46
196209581beforewhen should temporary sutures be utilized in embalming to maintain proper position of the tissues in an excision and deep cavity restorations47
196209582after embalming, the following must be performed:1) diseased tissues must be completely excised 2) hard and dehydrated tissues at the margin of the large cavity should be carefully trimmed 3) undercut the margins of the caivty48
196209583lockingundercut the margins of the cavity in the excision and deep cavity restorations, so the wax under the edge of the cavity provides some degree of support49
196209584taperingwhen undercutting the margins of the cavity in the excision and deep cavity restorations, doing this to the wax over the outer margins of the cavity (as the edges will depress slightly when undercut50
196209585basket weave sutureWhen undercutting the margins of the cavity in an excision and deep cavity restoration, this suture will not have to be performed intradermally (under the surface); the needle will have to be passed only through the external depressed surface edges of the cavity51
196209586dry the deep tissue surfacestime permitting- application of a cavity fluid pack to the cavity for four or more hours when treating the excision and deep cavity restorations52
196209587immediaterequired restoration of an excision and deep cavity restoration using hypodermic injection of undiluted embalming fluid in to the affected tissues should be:53
196209588after dryingin the treatment of an excision and deep tissues restoration, the tissues should be seared when?54
196209589phenol (carbolic acid)in the excision and deep tissue restoration skin my be dried and seared, exercising care to aviod contact with external skin surfaces useing a mortuary chemical or:55
196209590sear the tissuesin the excision and deep tissue restoration skin may be treated by applying heat using the electric spatula to:56
196209591liquid sealerprovides a barrier against potential leakage; to prevent possible displacement of the restoration57
196209592excision and deep tissue restoration1) temporary sutures before embalming 2) excision after embalming 3) dry deep tissues 4) sear tissues 5) apply liquid sealer 6) apply deep filler 7) suture caivty margins 8) wax surfacing 9) reproduce skin texture/facial markings 10) application of cosmetics58
1962095931/4 inchnormally, the filler is carried to within what measurement of the cavity surface?59
196209594deep filling- liquid sealer and cotton - cotton and plaster-of-paris - wound filler wax60
196209595basket weave suturewhen treating excisions and deep tissue restoration suture the caivity margins using what suture:61
196209596intradermallywhen treating excisions and deep tissue restoration, the stitches can be made through the skin if the cavity margins have been undercut; otherwise the suture is performed:62
196209597stitchesin an excision and deep tissue restoration, these are not drawn tightly together; their purpose is to hold the margins of the caivty in postion and to support wax or other restorative materials63
196209598cross sticheswhen treating the excision or deep tissue restoration, wax surfacing the first wax application is embedded in the:64
196209599surface contourwhen treating the excision or deep tissue restoration, the application of additional wax to achieve (i.e. note surface treatement of abrasions)65
196209600bordersthe purpose of an incision is to hold ________ together.66
196209601excessgather and turn under ________ tissues:67
196209602positionpurpose of sutures is to hold flaps of skin in _________ during embalming.68
196209603distortionthe purpose of sutures is to correct ________ from sagging muscles69
196209604fixedthe purpose of sutures is to hold the margin of a deep wound in a _______ position70
196209605anchorthe purpose of sutures is to form a mesh to ________ wax and other restorative materials71
196209606anchorthe purpose of sutures is to ________ deep filler72
196209607circlethe purpose of sutures is to _______ and hold the margins of a hole73
196209608armaturethe purpose of sutures is to serve as a:74
196209609attachthe purpose of sutures is to _______ a hair patch75
196209610types of sutures (waxed or unwaxed)linen silk nylon cotton76
196209611types of needles employed for suturingcrescent- curved; "U" shape77
196209612intradermal suturescrescent- curved, with non-cutting edges78
196209613all other sutures"U" shape thumb needle, with cutting edges79
196209614hemostat (needle holder)reccommended to insert and withdraw needles when suturing80
196209615intradermal (hidden)suturing pattern is performed beneath the surface of the skin; the needle does not pierce the surface tissues81
196209616intradermal (hidden)purpose- to hold the margins of clean cuts (incisions) together; may be performed before of after embalming82
196209617types of intradermal suturessingle; double; worm suture (inversion)83
196209618single intradermal suturemade with one neede and one piece of ligature; has value only when there is no tension that draws the margins apart84
196209619double intradermal suturemade with two needles and a single piece of ligature; has greater holding ability than does the single intradermal suture85
196209620worm suturealso known as the inversion stitch;performed after embalming with a cutting edge needle86
196209621worm sutureprimary purpose- to gather in, turn under, excess skin tissues87
196209622worm suturewhen properly executed, suture pattern is not visible, so it can be used on exposed surfaces and easily covered with wax88
196209623worm suturethe pattern resembles that of the single intradermal suture in that there is no piercing of the margins of the incision. It is made, however, within the derma of the margins89
196209624bridge stitchalso known as the interrupted stitch90
196209625bridge stitchserves primarily as a temporary stitch; each stitch is individually tied and cut individually91
196209626purse string suturepurpose- to hold the margins of small holes in postion using a cutting-edge needle92
196209627SEPARATELYin the case of a decapitation, the head and trunk are embalmed __________; with the ligation of vessels as needed93
196209628wooden dowel rod (metal rod)utilized to connect the head of the torso94
196209629foramen magnumin the decapitation case, the lower end is typically wired to the vertebral column, while the upper end is inserted into the:95
196209630lateral splintingin the case of a decapitation, this may also be required to establish this particular dimension of the neck size96
196209631suturesevered muscles must be repositioned into their proper location with97
196209632skin slip (desquamation)the separation of the dermis from the epidermis as a result of decomposition; created by utilization of an embalming fluid that is too dilute in an attempt to retain natural textures of skin tissues98
196209633skin slip (desquamation)may require a re-embalming of the part involved or a complete re-embalming of the entire body with high index fluid- or hypodermically inject all unpreserved areas with undiluted embalming fluid99
196209634skin slip (desquamation)remove all loose tissues and apply a cavity fluid compress100
196209635skin slip (desquamation)if the area is not exposed or viewable: -paint with a liquid sealer and wrap the area with plastic If the area is exposed: -treat in the same manner as an abrasion101
196209636fracturesclassified as simple or compound102
196209637simple fracturecharacterized by no break in the skin103
196209638compound fracturecharacterized when the broken bones pierce the skin104
196209639facturesif they distort the physiognomic form of the surface tissues should be corrected, if possible, before embalming procedures105
196209640fracturesmassage cream should be liberally used to inhibit the dehydrating effect of leakage which typically accompanies the embalming process- also swollen and discolored tissues should be treated with a cavity fluid compress during/after embalming. prie back depressed fractures.106
196209641depressed fracturesmay be pied back into alignment, wired together, splintered together, or bridged with wiring or artificial filling materials, such as plaster-of-paris or cotton and liquid sealer107
196209642simple cranial fractures (fractured nasal bones)may be supported with a filling material, such as cotton and liquid sealer or plaster-of-paris108
196209643over-riding facturesmay be reset by impact of the restorative artist's hand upon the affected area109
196209644plaster of paris-to serve as a base for a deep cavity restoration - may be modeled or shaped to recreate the form of destroyed bony structures - may be used in attaching dismembered parts (bandages) - may be utilized in mask making (face and hands)110
196209645hasten (speed up) setting of plaster of paris- table salt - warm water - excess stirring of the plaster soultion111
196209646retard (slow down) setting of plaster of paris-vinegar -cold water112
196209647molddevelopment of this on a body primarily becomes a problem when remains are held for an extended time period before final disposition or on the disinterred body113
196209648moldthrives on moisture and in moist, damp environments114
196209649inhibit (retard) the development of mold- petroleum jelly - massage cream - moth ball crystals (placed in the casket shell and with casket closed)115
196209650eliminate established mold growth- creoste (cresol)- 1% solution - phenol- 1% solution - half and half mixture of methyl alcohol (methanol) and acetic acid (vinegar)116
196209651moldonce removed from an exposed area, the area should receive the same treatment as would an abrasion117
196209652discolored nailscan be removed by the embalming process118
196209653fingernail fileafter embalming, the nail may be lifted by careful insertion of a:119
196209654business cardmay be trimmed to the required shape and inserted beneath the fingernail to conceal the discoloration120
196209655outer nail surfaceshould then be colored to match the coloring of the other nails121
196209656opaque liquid cosmeticmay be applied underneath the discolored nail, with the surface of the nail tinted to match the other fingernails122
196209657opaque liquid cosmeticliquid is preferable as it will not rub off after it dies; a cream may be used but care must be exercised to aviod soiling of cakset interior or burial clothing123
196209658drying powdermust be applied if opaque cream cosmetic is used in disguising nail discolorations124
196209659rifle and pistol wounds-small point enterance - larger and oftentimes shattered point of exit -infiltration of blood into the eyelids - swollen and distended eyelids125
196209660shotgun wounds- fractures of bony structures - extensive damage to the facial features, scalp and facial tissues126
196209661penetrating wounds (gun shot wounds)- remains should be embalmed with a strong preservative solution (high index) under relatively low pressures; face and other affected visible areas should be creamed heavily before the embalming process is initiated127
196209662cottonduring embalming, and when leakage has turned relatively clear, the bullet hole should be plugged with:128
196209663bullet holemay produce dehyrated tissue margins which should be excised if necessary129
196209664a base/ foundation for restorative art materialsfollowing embalming, replace the original cotton plug with a fresh plug and paint with a liquid sealer to provide130
196209665swellingsmay be treated with application of heat from the electric spatula, methods of external pressure, or applications of surface compress of cavity fluid131
196209666discolorationsmay be treated with surface compresses of cavity fluid of other bleaching agent132
196209667powder burnsmust be masked with an opaque cosmetic and waxed133
196209668leakage (from nose and ears)may be plugged with cotton as necessary134
196315339scabsprior to embalming, should be heavily creamed with massage cream or petroleum jelly; typically removed AFTER embalming procedures have been completed135
196315340scabsremoval should be done by prying with the edge of the scalpel; once removed surface will be very irregular and will require wax application (cosmetics alone are not sufficent)136
196315341vinegar or cutile removerobstinate scabs may be painted with what to aid in their removal?137
196315342oozing scabsmust be dried with a cotton compress of cavity fluid or local application of phenol; affected area should be painted with a quick drying liquid sealer before applying wax138
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Case Study (Diuretics and Potassium Imbalance) Flashcards

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2183011461High potassium levelsHyperkalemia, perform ECG to check for dysrthymias0
2183015440LasixMay cause transient hearing loss, avoid taking with other ototoxic drugs such as gentamicin Useful in patients with renal impairments1
2183021958Thiazide diureticsCause hypokalemia, if taken with digoxin, these effect can be increased, dysrthymias may develop Not very useful in patient swith renal impairment2
2183027702Diuretics best time to takein the morning3
2183048459Patients on loop diureticsEnsure patient eats potassium rich foods, like citrus fruits4
2183071277triamterene (Dyrenium)potassium sparing diuretic5
2183072144Signs of hyperkalemiaConfusion, anxiety, weakness, and numbness or tingling of the hands and feet6
2183075918Adverse effects of LasixHyponatremia, dehydration, hypotension, hyperglycemia, and hyperuricemia7
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Chapter 15 - Diuretic Agents - Test#3 Pharm Flashcards

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515223624Four main targets of Diuretics:1.) Membrane transport proteins 2.)Water permeability segments of nephron - Decrease amount of h20 reabsorbed regardless of Na ion concentration 3.) Enzyme Inhibition - Proximal convoluted tubule 4.) Interference with hormone receptors0
515223625Natriuretic-Increase Na ion secretion, and when Na leaves, body water will follow -Increase water secretion1
515223626A ________ is not necessarily a _________.Diuretic; natriuretic2
515716003Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors:-Primarily block reabsorption of NaHc03 in the PCT -Rarely used -Forerunner of modern diuretics -Acetazolamide is the prototype3
515716004Acetazolamide:Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor4
515716005Acetazolamide Pharmacokinetics:-Well absorbed orally -Effects seen in 30 minutes -Peak in 2 hours -Persists for 12 hours5
515716006Excretion of Acetazolamide-Excreted in the S2 segment of PCT -Decrease dose in someone with renal insufficiency because is a larger molecule6
515716007Acetazolamide Pharmacokinetics:-85% suppression of HCO-3; reabsorption in the PCT -Significant loss of HCO in body can lead to metabolic acidosis -Trouble with acid base balance7
515716008Clinical use of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors in Glaucoma:-CA in the ciliary body can decrease IOP8
515716009Clinical use of CA Inhibitors in Alkanization of urine:-Trapping of weak acids9
515716010Clinical use of CA inhibitors in someone who has Metabolic Alkalosis:-Treat with Acetyzolamide -Will cause patient to become more acidotic10
515716011Clincal use of CA inhibitors in someone who has Acute Mountain Sickness:-Decrease cerebral edema by decreasing CSF production -Decrease in the ICP as well11
515716012Toxicity of CA inhibitors - Acetylzolamide:-Potassium wasting -Decreased buffering capacity -Drowsiness -Hypersensitivity *Contraindicated in patients with cirrhosis.12
515716013Mechanism of action of Loop Diuretics:-Selectively inhibit NaCl reabsorption in the thick ascending loop (TAL) -No development of acidosis -Most efficacious diuretics available -Ex: Furosemide ( Sulfanamide) Ethacryic acid (Not a sulfa drug)13
515716014Absorption of Loop diuretics - Lasix-Rapid (3 hours for Furosemide) -Rapid onset of action14
515716015Excretion of Lasix:-Renal secretion and glomerular filtration15
515716016Duration of action for Lasix:-2 to 6 hours - 1/2 life depends on the renal state.16
515716017Pharmacodynamics of Loop diuretics - Lasix-Inhibit the Na/K/2Cl (NKCC2) transporter17
515716018Results of loop diuretics inhibiting the NKCC2 transporter:-Reduction in NaCl absorption -Diminish lumen positive potential -Increase secretion (loss) of Mg and Ca.18
515716019How do loop diuretics induce renal prostaglandin synthesis?Participates in renal actions of diuretics19
515716020What can NSAID administration do to Loop Diuretics:Inhibit PG synthesis and interfere with the effectiveness of diuretics20
515728445What do Loop diuretics treat in the body?-Increase renal blood flow -Decrease pulmonary congestion -Decrease left ventricle filling pressure21
5157284465 indications for loop diuretic administration:1.) Acute pulmonary edema 2.) Edema - peripheral 3.) Acute hypercalcemia 4.) Hyperkalemia 5.) Acute renal failure - Increase in flow, and may flush out casts (precipitates than can build up and damage the nephron)22
515728447Loop Diuretics in treatment of anion OD:-Br, F, I all reabsorbed in the TAL -Must administer with NaCl to decrease loss Ex: Young child eating toothpaste and getting too much fluoride in their system23
515728448Toxicity of Loop diuretics:-Hypokalemia metabolic alkalosis - Reversed through K admin and fluid replacement -Ototoxicity -Hyperuricemia - Gout - Caused by a decrease in amount of uric acid being absorbed -Hypomagnesemia/Hypocalecemia -Dehydration24
515728449Allergic reactions of loop diuretics:-All are sulfonamides (Except ethacyrnic acid) -Avoid in patients with sulfa allergies - Rash -iosiniphils Nephritis Resolves rapidly25
515728450Mechanism of Action of Thiazides:-Inhibit NaCl transport in the DCT -Some inhibition of CA activity -All can be given orally -Prototype: Hydrochlorothiazide -All are suldonamides as well - avoid giving to people who have an allergy.26
515728451Pharmacokinetics of Thiazides:-Well absorbed orally -Metabolism is different within medication of this class -Excreted in the 2s segment - compete with uric acid for secretion27
515728452Pharmacodynamics of Thiazides:-Inhibit NaCl reabsorption at the DCT -Enhance Ca reabsorption (Unknown mechanism) -Enahance prostaglandin production - Same caution with NSAIDS -- Will decrease efficacy of thiazides if pt has renal failure.28
515728453What will NSAIDS do when a patient is on Thiazide?If the patient is suffering from renal failure, will decrease the efficacy of that thiazide.29
515903756Clinical indications for Thiazides:- HTN -CHF -Nephrolithiasis due to idiopathic hypercalciuria. -Nephrogenic diabetes indipidous30
515903757Toxicity of Thiazides-Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis -Hyperuricemia -Impaired carbohydrate clearance -Hyperlipidemia -Allergic rxs in people with sulfa allergy -Weaness, fatigue -Impotence - due to volume depletion31
515903758Why do Thiazides sometimes cause hyperuricemia?-Because it is secreted in the S2 segment -Compete with uric acid for secretion32
515903759How do thiazides cause hyponatremia with toxicity?-Because thiazides inhibit the action the NCC and therefore decrease NaCl reabsorption at the DCT33
515903760Potassium sparing diuretics:-Block the aldosterone receptors -Inhibition of Na flux through ion channels in luminal membrane -Na reabsorption couples to K and H secretion -Acts on the ENaC channe;34
515903761Pharmacokinetics of Aldactone:-Is a K sparing diuretic -Onset and duration determined by kinetics of aldosterone response in individual Ex: Depends on patients hormone levels, such as SIADH Effect takes place in the COLLECTING TUBULE35
515903762Aldactone is inactivated in the:Liver36
515903763Aldactone has a ________ onset, and can take ______ ________ to take full effect.Slow onset; several days37
515903764Pharmacodynamics of Aldactone:-Reduce Na absorption in collecting tubules and ducts (mainly the ducts) -Na absorption regulated by aldosterone -Rate of K secretion related with Aldosterone levels38
515903765Clinical indications for a potassium sparing diuretic - Primary-Most useful in states of mineralcorticoid excess -Conn syndrome -Ectopic ACTH production39
515903766Secondary clinical indications for K sparing diuretic:-CHF -Nephrotic syndrome -Use of other diuretics40
515903767Toxicity of K sparing diuretic:-Hyperkalemia -Increase with renal disease -Most common is K sparing agent is the sole diuretic -Gynecomastia -Acute renal failure (Rare) -Kidney stones41
515903768Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis:-Results from toxicity in K sparing diuretics -Inhibits H secretion in parallel with K secretion42
515903769This K sparing diuretic blocks the Aldosterone receptors:Aldactone (Spironolactone)43
515903770This K sparing diuretic causes inhibition of Na flux through ion channels in the luminal membrane:-Amiloride44
515903771Contraindications to someone taking a K sparing Diuretic:-Patient taking K -Patient on drugs affecting K -Liver disease impairs metabolism45
515903772Osmotic diuretics-Target the Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and descending loop of Henle -These areas are freely permeable to water -Osmotic agents that are NOT transported cause water retention in tubule46
515903773Mannitol-Osmotic diuretic -Used mainly to reduce Intracranial pressure -Promote removal of renal toxins through acute hemolysis and after use of radiocontrast agents -USeful for hyperproteinuria or RHABDO -Help flush out the system47
515903774Absorption of mannitolPoor - can induce diarrhea48
515903775Metabolism of mannitolNot metabolized49
515903776Excretion of Mannitol-Glomerular filtration (30-60 minutes) -No significant reabsorption -No significant secretion *If patients have issues with their GFR, these meds may not have much of an effect50
515903777Pharmacodynamics of osmotic diuretics:-Counter osmotic force -Result : Urine volume increases -Reduced Na reabsorption51
515903778Clinical indications for Osmotic diuretics:-Increase urine output -Reduce ICP - 60 to 90 minutes after administration.52
515903779Toxicity of osmotic diuretics:-Extracellular volume expansion -Rapidly distributed to extracellular compartments -Can lead to congestion and hyponatremia prior to diuresis -If pt has renal problems, it will slowly go to the EC compartments and lead to edema53
515903780Toxicity of osmotic diuretics:-Dehydration - excessive use without water replacement -Hypernatremia -Hyperkalemia -In patients with real failure, will cause HYPOnatremia (Stay in system longer, and therefore more Na loss )54
515903781Administration of Osmotic Diuretics:-Caution : Mannitol can crystalize (Penetrate through blood vessels) -In line filter set should always be used with higher concentrations (>20%)55
515903782Antidiuretic hormone - Agonist-Vasopressin -Desmopressin *Both increase ADH levels and increase blood volume and BP56
515903783ADH - Antagonist-Conivaptin -Non selective - Lithium57
515903784Which drug is useful for patients refractory to loop agents?-Metolazone (Thiazide)58
515903785Diabetes Insipidous-Excessive thirst -Excessive urination59
515903786Use of Thiazide diuretics in tx of Diabetes Insipidous:-Decrease plasma volume -Decreased GFR -Water and NaCl reabsorption (PCT)60
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Ch 15 - Diuretic Agents Flashcards

Basic and Clinical Pharmacology 12th ed
Opimised for Flashcard Deluxe

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1214686131What substances are reabsorbed in descending loop of Henle?WATER. PASSIVE re-absorption.0
1214686132Which diuretic agents are active in the descending LoH?NO AGENTS are currently in use.1
1214696122TRUE or FALSE. Glomerulus has poor water permeability.FALSE. Glomerulus has VERY HIGH water permeability.2
1214696123Name diuretics with major action on glomerulus.No diuretics act on glomerulus.3
1214739967Which substances are reabsorbed in the straight segment of PT?Organic ACID and BASES. Diuretics.4
1214739968Which parts of nephron have high permeability for water?Glomerulus PCT PTSS ThDLoH5
1214739969Which parts of the nephron have low permeability to water?TAL DCT6
1214847157Which part of the nephron Inulin is reabsorbed?Inulin is NOT REABSORBED in the tubules.7
1216269244Nearly 100% of glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed where?In PCT.8
1214739971Which part of nephron is responsible for re-absorption of most of bicarbonate?PCT Some 85% of bicarbonate is reabsorbed here.9
1214739972Where majority of Na+, K+, Ca++ and Mg++ is reabsorbed?PCT is the part where some 65% of these ions are reabsorbed.10
1214739973Which part of the nephron is carbonic anhydrase is effective in?PCT.11
1214847158Complete the sentence. ... is a substance that is ... but not reabsorbed or secreted in tubules.INULIN is a substance that is FILTERED but not reabsorbed or secreted in tubules.12
1214739974What are the functions of CA in PCT?Reabsorption of bicarbonate.13
1214739975What are the consequences of CA being inactive in PCT?Increased EXCRETION of BICARBONATE.14
1214739976What transporters are active in PCT?- NHE3 - Na+/H+ Exchanger; - CA - Carbonic Anhydrase.15
1214739977What structure is responsible for transport/reabsorption of water in the Descending Loop pf Henle?Aquaporins.16
1214847159Which substance is reabsorbed via paracellular pathway in PCT?POTASSIUM.17
1215117195How the mechanism of NaHCO3 reabsorption is initiated?The reabsorption starts with NHE3 pump which pumps Na+ from the tubular lumen into the cell in exchange for H+. From within the cell NKATP pump removes intracellular Na+ in order to maintain low intracellular [Na+].18
1214847161How is water reabsorbed in PCT?Water is reabsorbed PASSIVELY in PCT.19
1214847162What is importance of inulin?Inulin a substance that is NOT REABSORBED or SECRETED in the tubules, that is useful to use as an indicator against which concentration of other substances can be measured.20
1214847163Complete the sentence. Inulin is a substance that is ... in tubules.Inulin is a substance that is FILTERED in tubules.21
1214847164Which part of nephron is inulin secreted in the kidney?Inulin is NOT SECRETED in any part of nephron. It is FILTERED in GLOMERULUS.22
1214847165What part of filtered glucose is reabsorbed in the PCT?Virtually ALL of filtered GLUCOSE is reabsorbed in PCT.23
1215238702What is the mechanism behind reabsorption of NaCl in DCT?Na+/Cl- CO-TRANSPORTER (NCC) is responsible for reabsorption.24
1215218235TRUE or FALSE. 25% of NaCl is reabsorbed in TAL.TRUE.25
1214847166NHE initiates what process in PCT?NHE initiates REABSORPTION of SODIUM BICARBONATE in PCT by reabsorbing Na+.26
1214847167Which enzyme is responsible for reabsorption of NaHCO3 in the kidney?Carbonic Anhydrase.27
1214879121What is the mechanism of CA action?NaHCO3 → dissociation → Na+ + HCO3-. Na+ → exchange → H+ via NHE3 => increase in intraluminal H+. H+ + HCO3- = H2CO3. H2CO3 → dehydration by CA → H2O + CO2. CO2 diffuses into tubular cells. CO2 + H2O → rehydration by CA → to H2CO3. H2CO3 dissociates into H+ + H2CO3-. 2CO3- then transported by BASOLATERAL MEMBRANE TRANSPORTER into interstitium.28
1215186455How is NaCl reabsorbed in the PCT?The reabsorption of NaCl is the result of movement of Na+ across apical membrane in EXCHANGE to H+ via NHE3 TRANSPORTER. The movement of H+ into the lumen increases luminal [H+]. This in response ACTIVATES Cl-/BASE EXCHANGER, which moves Cl- from the lumen into the cells, thus balancing increased acidity in the PCT. The net result is reabsorption of NaCl.29
1215218236Which part of the nephron are NSAIDs, Uric Acid and diuretics are secreted into the lumen?NSAIDs, Uric Acid and diuretics are secreted into the lumen in PCT.30
1215218237TRUE or FALSE. In Descending Loop of Henle interstitium is hypotonic.FALSE. The interstitium surrounding the LH is HYPERTONIC - this results in the OSMOTICALLY driven REABSORPTION of H2O.31
1215218238TRUE or FALSE. Like in DLH, water is osmotically well absorbed in TAL.FALSE. TAL is RELATIVELY water IMPERMEABLE.32
1215218239TRUE or FALSE. Overall about 40% of NaCl is reabsorbed in TAL.FALSE. 25% of NaCl is reabsorbed in TAL.33
1215218240Why TAL is called diluting segment?As NaCl is ACTIVELY REABSORBED from TAL - this DECREASES osmolality of the luminal content as TAL is practically IMPERMEABLE to WATER.34
1215218241How does NK2CL co-transporter work?NK2CL co-transporter transports Na+, K+ and 2Cl- from the lumen into the cell. The transport of K+ creates excess of K+ within the cell. This results in BACKLEAK of K+ OUT of the cell back into the lumen. This BACKLEAK creates driving FORCE for reabsorption of CATIONS Mg++ and Ca++ via PARACELLULAR pathway.35
1215221786Complete the sentence. As a result of action of loop diuretics there is ... of lumen-positive potential.As a result of action of loop diuretics there is DECREASE of lumen-positive potential.36
1215221787How is lumen positive potential affected by action of loop diuretics?Loop diuretics block NK2CL co-transporter, which results in decrease in NaCl reabsorption and this causes REDUCES lumen-positive potential.37
1215221788Why there is decreased lumen-positive potential with loop diuretics?Loop diuretics block NK2CL transporter. This PREVENTS BACKLEAK of K+ from the cell into the lumen and this in turn causes DECREASE in lumen-positive potential. (and in turn prevents reabsorption of Mg++ and Ca++ via PARACELLULAR pathway).38
1215224885How urine is further diluted in DCT?Approximately 10% of NaCl is reabsorbed in DCT at the same time DCT is almost IMPERMEABLE to WATER. This leads to further dilution of urine.39
1215238703TRUE or FALSE. Due to backleak of K+ out of he cell into the lumen Ca++is electrically driven out of lumen.FALSE. There is NO BACKLEAK of K+ into the lumen and so there is NO ELECTRICALLY driven REABSORPTION Ca++.40
1215238704How is Ca++ reabsorbed in the DCT?Ca++ is reabsorbed from the lumen via PTH driven Ca++ channel and from the cell, via BASO-LATERAL Na+/Ca++ EXCHANGER back into interstitium.41
1215238705Which group of diuretics is active in DCT?THIAZIDE diuretics.42
1215238706What is the collecting tubule system?The collecting tubule system connects DCT to the ureter. It consists from: - CONECTING TUBULE; - COLLECTING TUBULE; - COLLECTING DUCT.43
1215238707Which part of nephron is responsible for the final concentration of Na+ in the urine?The COLLECTING TUBULE SYSTEM.44
1215238708What are the three important roles that the Collecting Tubule System plays in the formation of urine?1. Final concentration of Na+ in the urine 2. CTS is the site where mineralocorticoids play the important role in urine formation; 3. CTS is the most important site for K+ secretion by the kidney.45
1215239362What are the main two types of cells in the CTS?- Principal cells - Intercalated cells (α and β)46
1215241638What are intercalated cells responsible for?There are TWO types of INTERCALATED cells - α and β. The α-cells are responsible for SECRETION of H+. The β-cells are responsible for SECRETION of BICARBONATE.47
1215241639What is the role of principal cells in the CTS?Principal cells are responsible for transport of of Na+, K+ and WATER.48
1215243195What are the transporter responsible for movement of Na+ and K+ across the cell membrane in principal cells?There are NO TRANSPORTERS for Na+ and K+ in principal cells. Na+ abd K+ move across cellular membrane through dedicated Na+ and K+ channels.49
1215245885How to explain lumen negative potential in CTS?Due to the fact that Na+ and K+ movement across the membrane in principal cells DOES NOT involve ANIONS, and there is EXCESS of Na+ movement into the cell compared to K+ moving out of the cell, - there is excess MOVEMENT of the positive CHARGE across the membrane, creating luminal negative charge of 10-50mV.50
1215251286How Cl- is transported from the lumen in CTS?As there is negative (10-50mV) luminal potential in CTS, this creates driving electrical force for reabsorption of Cl- via PARACELLULAR pathway back into blood. This, in turn, drives K+ from the cell into the lumen via the K+ channel into the lumen.51
1215251287What is the important relationship between Na+ and K+ in the CTS?The more Na+ is delivered to CTS, the more K+ is excreted. Likewise if there is increased delivery of an anion that can not be reabsorbed as easy as Cl- (e.g. HCO3-), the negative luminal potential is further increased and causes furthermore increase in K+ excretion.52
1215251288What regulates the function of Na Epithelial channel (ENaC) in CTS?ALDOSTERON regulates activity (activates) of ENaC, leading to increased reabsorptio of Na+ in CTS. Aldosterone also stimulates Na+/K+A pump in basolateral membrane, The activation of NKA leads to further increase in transmembrane potential difference enhancing Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion.53
1216839089What are the other names for Vasopressin?- ADH - Arginine Vasopressin (AVP)54
1216839090How many types of Vasopressin receptors are known?There are two types of receptors: - V1 - in vascular beds and CNS - V2 - in kidneys55
1216839091How V2 receptors function?V2 receptors are located on basolateral membrane part of the cell. The secretion of ADH stimulates the receptors (GPCR) and leads to insertion of AQUAORINS in the apical membrane of the cells which dramatically ENCHANCE water REABSORPTION.56
1216839092What is the other important action of ADH in reabsorption of water in the CDS?ADH stimulated Urea Transporter molecules (UT1) in the apical membrane of part of CDS.57
1217117316When is effect of Acetazolamide is notable?It starts acting within 30 minutes with peak effect at 12 hours.58
1217501720What type of acidosis develops in Acetazolamide use?HYPERCHLORAEMIC metabolic acidosis.59
1217501723What is the mechanism of hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis development in Acetazolamide use?Increased NaCl reabsorption.60
1217501725What are the important uses of CA inhibitors?- Decrease in production of aqueous humor leading to decrease in intraocular pressure in glaucoma; - Decrease in CSF production by choroid plexus - may relieve increased ICP.61
1217501727What are adverse effects of Acetazolamide?- Hypokalaemia; - Renal stones; - Hyeprchlraemic metabolic acidosis.62
1217501730What is the interaction between Acetazolamide and Phenytoin?There is decreased decreased excretion of Phenytoin leading to toxic levels of Phenytoin.63
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Test 3: Diuretic Agents Flashcards

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344345335What is the general purpose of diuretics?They accelerate urine output formation by inhibiting Na and H20 resorption into the blood, to decrease blood volume and blood pressure.0
344345336What are some general side effects of diuretics?Hypovolemia (by ↓blood volume), acid-base imbalances, dysrythmias (r/t electrolye imbalances).1
344345337Where do the most potent diuretics tend to block resorption? What part of the nephron produces the least diuresis?PCT produces most diuresis. DCT produces the least.2
344345338Describe filtration r/t nephron action.It is a nonselective process based upon molecular size that occurs in the glomerulus. It takes substances out of the blood.3
344345339Describe resorption r/t nephron action.Selective process in which substances (H20, electrolytes, glucose) are returned to the blood. Occurs most in the PCT.4
344345340Describe secretion r/t nephron action.Selective process occuring in the PCT via active pumps, which moves substances from the blood to urine.5
344345341What substances move at the PCT, and what occurs there?Resorption of Na, H20.6
344345342What substances move at the Descending Loop of Henle, and what occurs there?H20 resorption. Urine concentrates.7
344345343What substances move at the ascending loop of henle, and what occurs there?Na, Ca resorption. No water enters or leaves (it is impermeable).8
344345344What happens at the early DCt, and what occurs there?Na and Cl resorption with passive H20 resorption.9
344345345What happens at the late DCT and collecting duct, and what happens there?Na and K exchange due to aldosterone. ADH causes H20 to be resorbed; if not present, H20 is excreted.10
344345346How do osmotic Diuretics work?Act at proximal tubule and descending loop to create an osmotic force w/i the nephon that keeps water from being resorbed. Used to ↑ renal blood blow (dilates renal arteries), ↓ intracranial pressure and cranial edema, and ↓elevated intraocular pressure (glaucoma).11
344345348When are osmotic diuretics contraindicated?Drug allergy, severe renal disease.12
344345350What are some side effects of osmotic diuretics?Edema (causes water to leave at all capillary beds), pulmonary congestion, dehydration.13
344345354How do loop (High ceiling) Diuretics work?Act at ascending loop to block Cl, Na, and some Ca resorption. Most potent, they promote diuresis even when renal blood flow & GFR are low. Dilates blood vessels to reduce preload and afterload.14
344345357When are loop diuretics indicated?To treat edema, to control hypertension, and to excrete excess Ca.15
344345358When are loop diuretics contraindicated? What are some interactions?Contraindicated with hypokalemia (cause K excretion), hyponatremia (cause Na excretion), hypotension. Interacts with NSAIDs (which reduce renal fn), digoxin (which needs normal K levels or else is toxic), and other K-wasting drugs.16
344345359What are some side effects of loop diuretics?Electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, postural hypotension, ototoxic (may be reversible), hyperglycemia (↓insulin release). ↑LDL and ↓HDL, Preg Cat X.17
344345360How do Thiazide/Thiazide-like Diuretics work?work at DCT to inhibit Na, K, Cl, and H20 resorption. Also dilates arterioles to decrease preload and afterload.18
344345361When are thiazide/thiazide-like diuretics indicated?To treat heart failure, hypertension, hepatic/renal disease, edema.19
344345362When are thazide diuretics contraindicated? What are some interactions?Contraindicated w/ renal failure. Digoxin (low K), lithium (delays excretion), NSAIDs (reduce renal fn).20
344345363What are some side effects of thiazide diuretics?Hypokalemia, hypocalciumia, hyperglycemia (delayed insuline release), impotence/decreased libido. No ototoxicity like loop diuretics.21
344345364How do Potassium Sparing Diuretics work?Work at late DCT and collecting duct by inhibiting adolsterone (↓H20 and Na retention). AKA aldosterone Inhibiting Diuretics). Spare K, but are weak diuretics.22
344345365When are Potassium Sparing Diuretics indicated?Indicated for hypertension, hyperaldosteronism (antagonizes aldosterone), and reversing K loss caused by other diuretics.23
344345366When are potassium sparing diuretics contraindicated? What are some interactions?Contraindicated with hyperkalemia, severe renal failure. Can interact with ACE inhibitors and other K-sparing drugs, K supplements, NSAIDS (which inhibit action).24
344345367What are some side effects of Potassium Sparing Diuretics?Hyperkalemia, dizziness (r/t dehydration), urinary frequency.25
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Nubia Flashcards

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754242255Who conquered Egypt in 730 B.C.?The Nubians , under the rule of King Piye.0
754242256Who conquered Egypt in 664B.C.?the Assyrians1
754254583What did Nubian farmers grow?What did Nubian farmers grow?2
754254584What country had better soil than Nubia?Egypt3
754254585What did Nubian farmers rarely have?What did Nubian farmers rarely have?4
754269279What was lost when King Ezana of Axum conquered Kush?Kush culture and knowledge of Kush writing5
754269280What ancient civilization was located mostly in the desert, but partially in the savannah?Nubia6
754269281Who conquered Kush in 350 B.C.?Axum7
754269282What present day country is Nubia located in?Sudan8
754269283What protected the Nubians from outside invaders, but made it harder to trade?The Cataracts9
754269284What was the normal summer temperature in Nubia?100ºF+10
754269285What was the normal winter temperature in Nubia?Below freezing11
754269286What made Nubia rich?Its precious metals and stones12
754269287How long did Kush last?1,000 years13
754269288What fertilized the soil?The Nile floods14
754269289What was the first Nubian Kingdom?Ta-Seti15
754269290What was the first Kushite capital?Napata16
754287747What did Egypt show Nubia?It's religion17
754287748Kerma was the Nubian capital, but what else did it serve as?A center of trade18
754287749When the Egyptians lost some of their land, what happened to the Nubians?They grew more powerful and kicked the Egyptians out of their land19
754287750What did the Nubian miners mine?Gold, silver, and copper20
754287751Nubians taxed traders from what country?Egypt21
754287752When Egypt was expanding its land why did it choose Nubia?For its precious stones and metals22
754287753Where were the Nubian king and queens buried?In underground chambers under their pyramids.23
754287754When Egypt conquered Nubia what were the Nubians forced to do?Pay tribute to the pharaoh24
754287755Who conquered Lower Nubia?Thutmose III25
754287756What did Nubia start as?Kerma26
754287757How many symbols were in the Kushite writing?2327
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Nubia Flashcards

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316238834Kingdom of Kush Map Blue Dot-Kerma Oldest recorded urban culture of Sub-Saharan Africa Conquered Nubia and it becomes their Kingdom0
3162388358th Century BCEKushite Kings march North and Conquer Thebes and Unify Nubia, Late Period=Kushite control of Egypt. They unify Egypt: "Black Pharohs" Napatian Phase1
316238836Temple of Amun, Doukki Gel, (Kerma) Sudan, 25th Dynasty, 600BCE Doukki Gel=Red Mount Napatan Period L-Shaped Room2
316238837Broken and reassembled statues of Kushite Rulers, Doukki Gel (Kerma), 600BCE3
316238838Statue of Tanutamun, Temple of Amun, Doukki Gel, Kerma-Sudan, 25th Dynasty, 600BCE: Inspired by Egyptian, strong African features Skullcap double-uraeus=Nubian More fleshly compared to Egyptian4
316238839Statue of Senkamanisken, Amun, GebelBarkal, Napata-Sudan, 25th Dynasty 640BCE. Temple of Amun contained broken statues very similar to Doukki Gel5
316238840Meroitic Stele, Meroe, 24BCE Either side of a door on a temple6
316238841Ornament from the Tomb of the Queen Amanishakheto, Upper Nubia, Kushite, Meroitic Period 50 BCE: Rams head of solar deity Amun7
316238842Royal pyramids, Meroe, Upper Nubia (Sudan), 340BCE8
316238843Temple Complex of Naga: Temple of Apendemak, 1st CE 50 Miles South of Meroe Apedemak and Amun Roman Kiosk in front of Apedemak Ecleticism-Roman/Egyptian/Kush9
316238844Temple of Apedemak, Naga, Upper Nubia, Kushite, Meroitic 1st CE Iconography related to narmer palate even though it is many years apart10
316238845Roman Kiosk in Front of the Temple of Apedemak, Naga, Upper Nubia, Kushite, Merotic Period. Cultural exchange b/t Meroitic Nubia and Augustan Rome, Corinthian Capitals, Roman Architecture, Ureaus, Isis Figure11
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APUSH: Out of Many chapter 7 Flashcards

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1942448682MilitiasPeople originally thought what type of group could win the war, while Washington wanted an actual army?0
1942448683Continental ArmyThe name of the army that was America's official fighting force during the revolution, which also served as a way to unite the people and promote nationalism.1
1942448684ToriesWhat did the patriots call Loyalists? A group that was difficult to mobilize because there was no single opinion on what they actually wanted.2
1942448685Hessian mercenariesWhat group made up 1/3 of Britain's army during the revolution? Criticized by the Americans for being undemocratic with no cause.3
1942448686New YorkThe effect of this battle was that Washington was finally able to convince the Continental Congress that they needed a real army, and they should only use defensive strategies. Patriots didn't really win, only sneaked out at night.4
1946071655Ticonderoga, SaratogaThe battles at these two forts, also called the Northern Campaigns, featured rhe biggest british defeat until yorktown. Meanwhile, Ben Frank used this victory to persuade the French to help the Patriots.5
1946071656SavannahThis battle was the biggest American defeat, also called Southern strategy. A successful attack on Georgia, the weakest colony, allowed the British to take over the Southern colonies, then hand over power to the Loyalists there.6
1946071657YorktownThe last big battle of the war, Cornwallis surrendered 1781.7
1946071658War of 1812Which war followed the end of the revolution because Britain didn't follow through on aggreements?8
1947020756LandFor what item did the French primarily ally with America during the war?9
1947020757againstWere Indian tribes typically for or against the patriots?10
1947020758Treaty of Paris, 1783Name, year of what ended the war (hint: similar name to the one that ended the French and Indian war)11
1947020759George Washington1783: this military officer called for a restraint of physical force against congress for not giving soldiers bonuses, and resigned his commission as a general after the war, providing an example of military subordination to civil authority.12
194702076020,000In the newly independent America, how many people did a territory need before establishing a constitution and government?13
1947020761These United StatesThis phrase was used after gaining independence, and reflected that the colonists did not feel like a unified country but rather identified with their own states.14
1947020762WhigsWhich political party was most favorable in the colonies for creating a new government structure? There was a democracy with an upper house to check things.15
1947020763Bill of RightsThis document would be created as people argued that the government should be in the hands of the people.16
1947020764Land of Ordinance of 17851785: this made the survey and sale of Western lands available and drove out many Indians.17
1947020765Northwest Ordinance of 17871787: this created 3-5 new states in the NW (around Ohio) where slavery was prohibited as per Jefferson's plan for the new states.18
1947020766Local IndependenceWhat type of independence specifically were looking for before the war?19
1947253186Benedict ArnoldAP TERM: A famous American who comitted treason because he was upset with his his position in the army. Gave away location to British.20
1947253187Valley ForgeAP TERM: winter quarters for American soldiers in Pennsylvania.21
1947253188Articles of Confederation*AP TERM: the first written constitution that would make America a union of self-governed states with a congress made up of one delegate from each state as well as a president. Congress controlled military, taxes, religion, government all left up to state.22
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Presidents Flashcards

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2903753268George Washington10
2903753269John Adams21
2903756510Thomas Jefferson32
2903756511James Madison43
2903757255James Monroe54
2903759403John Quincy Adams65
2903759404Andrew Jackson76
2903761243Martin Van Buren87
2903762822William H. Harrison98
2903763740John Tyler109
2903764222James K Polk1110
2903765198Zachary Taylor1211
2903767108Millard Fillmore1312
2903768237Franklin Pierce1413
2903769162James Buchanan1514
2903770142Abraham Lincoln1615
2903770822Andrew Johnson1716
2903771943Ulysses S Grant1817
2903773016Rutherford B Hayes1918
2903773631James A Garfield2019
2903774606Chester A Arthur2120
2903775380Grover Cleveland_1st2221
2903776258Benjamin Harrison2322
2903778089Grover Cleveland_2nd2423
2903779038William McKinley2524
2903780273Theodore Roosevelt2625
2903782408William H Taft2726
2903783079Woodrow Wilson2827
2903784524Warren G Harding2928
2903787925Calvin Coolidge3029
2903788882Herbert Hoover3130
2903789958Franklin Delano Roosevelt3231
2903790891Harry S Truman3332
2903791678Dwight D Eisenhower3433
2903792750John F Kennedy3534
2903793601Lyndon B Johnson3635
2903794362Richard M Nixon3736
2903794897Gerald R Ford3837
2903795741Jimmy Carter3938
2903796680Ronald Reagan4039
2903797430George H W Bush4140
2903797983Bill Clinton4241
2903798450George W Bush4342
2903799172Barack H Obama4443
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Presidents Flashcards

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2903753268George Washington10
2903753269John Adams21
2903756510Thomas Jefferson32
2903756511James Madison43
2903757255James Monroe54
2903759403John Quincy Adams65
2903759404Andrew Jackson76
2903761243Martin Van Buren87
2903762822William H. Harrison98
2903763740John Tyler109
2903764222James K Polk1110
2903765198Zachary Taylor1211
2903767108Millard Fillmore1312
2903768237Franklin Pierce1413
2903769162James Buchanan1514
2903770142Abraham Lincoln1615
2903770822Andrew Johnson1716
2903771943Ulysses S Grant1817
2903773016Rutherford B Hayes1918
2903773631James A Garfield2019
2903774606Chester A Arthur2120
2903775380Grover Cleveland_1st2221
2903776258Benjamin Harrison2322
2903778089Grover Cleveland_2nd2423
2903779038William McKinley2524
2903780273Theodore Roosevelt2625
2903782408William H Taft2726
2903783079Woodrow Wilson2827
2903784524Warren G Harding2928
2903787925Calvin Coolidge3029
2903788882Herbert Hoover3130
2903789958Franklin Delano Roosevelt3231
2903790891Harry S Truman3332
2903791678Dwight D Eisenhower3433
2903792750John F Kennedy3534
2903793601Lyndon B Johnson3635
2903794362Richard M Nixon3736
2903794897Gerald R Ford3837
2903795741Jimmy Carter3938
2903796680Ronald Reagan4039
2903797430George H W Bush4140
2903797983Bill Clinton4241
2903798450George W Bush4342
2903799172Barack H Obama4443
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