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APWH: The Earth and its Peoples // Chapter 9 Flashcards

3023221847	Charlemagne	king of the Franks who united most of Western Europe	0
3023221848	Byzantine Empire	the Eastern Roman empire after the fall of the Western Empire. capital : Constantinople official religion : Christianity	1
3023221849	manor	a self sufficient land owned by a Lord aka manorial system. part of feudalism	2
3023221850	Kievan Russia	medieval Slavic state. weakened by internal disputes and fell to Mongols in 1240	3
3023221851	serfs	agriculture laborers within the manorial system. bound to the Lord's property	4
3023221852	vassals	members of military elite who received land from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	5
3023221853	fief	estate of land granted in return for military service. those who got fiefs were vassals	6
3023221854	papacy	office/authority of the pope	7
3023221855	Holy Roman Empire	loose federation of mostly German states and principalities. headed by an emperor elected by princes	8
3023221856	investiture controversy	dispute between popes of HRE over who held the ultimate authority over bishops of lands	9
3023221857	monasticism	living in a religious community apart from secular society. prominent in medieval Christianity and Buddhism. monasteries were primary centers	10
3023221858	horse collar	harnessing method that increased control on horses	11
3023221859	Crusades	armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule	12

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Chapter 7 The earth and its people Flashcards

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610884143	Moonson	Seasonal winds in the Indian Ocean caused by the differences in temperature between the rapidly heating and cooling landmasses of Africa and Asia and the slowly changing ocean waters. These strong and predictable winds have long been ridden across the open sea by sailors, and the large amounts of rainfall that they deposit on parts of India, Southeast Asia, and China allow for the cultivation of several crops a year.	0
610884144	Vedas	four collections of sacred writings produced by the Aryans during an early stage of their settlement in India	1
610884145	Varna	(Hinduism) the name for the original social division of Vedic people into four groups (which are subdivided into thousands of jatis)	2
610884146	jaitis	These were guilds of individuals who worked in similar trades, and they functioned as subcastes in India	3
610884147	Karma	(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation	4
610884148	moksha	The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths.	5
610884149	Buddah	"The Enlightened One" founder of Buddhism	6
610884150	Mahayana	one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing a common search for universal salvation especially through faith alone	7
610884151	Theravada	means "teaching of the elders" and refers to the oldest Buddhist tradition	8
610884152	hinduism	a body of religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural indians in caste system	9
610884153	Mauryan empire	The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes.	10
610884154	ashoka	Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.	11
610884155	Mahabharata	A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavad-Gita, the most important work of Indian sacred literature.	12
610884156	Bhagavada-Gita	A sacred Hindu text in which a warrior-hero in distress is assured by Lord Krishna, an incarnation of the god Vishnu, that not just Brahmins but also ordinary people could make spiritual process by performing selfless acts throughout their lives.	13
610884157	Tamil kingdom	The kingdoms of southern India, inhabited primarily by speakers of Dravidian languages,which developed in partial isolation, and somewhat differently, from the Arya north. They produced epics, poetry, and performance arts. Elements of Tamil religious beliefs were merged into the Hindu synthesis.	14
610884158	Gupta empire	Powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, on a capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture	15
610884159	theater state	Historians' term for a state that acquires prestige and power by developing attractive cultural forms and staging elaborate public ceremonies (as well as redistributing valuable resources) to attract and bind subjects to the center. Examples include the Gupta Empire in India and Srivijaya in Southeast Asia.	16

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The Earth and It's Peoples Chapters 1-8 and 33 Flashcards

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733987837	civilization	An ambiguous term often used to denote more complex societies but sometimes used by anthropologists to describe any group of people sharing a set of cultural traits	0
733987838	culture	socially transmitted patterns of actions and expressions. Ex: arts, beliefs, knowledge, and technology	1
733987839	history	study of past events and changes in the development, transmission, and transformation of cultural practices	2
733987840	Stone Age	Period characterized by the production of tools and other nonmetallic substances	3
733987841	Paleolithic	Period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans	4
733987842	Neolithic	Period of Stone Age associated with the Agricultural Revolutions	5
733987843	foragers	People who support themselves by hunting and gathering	6
733987844	Agricultural Revolutions	Change from food gathering to food production that occurred between 8000 and 2000 B.C.E.	7
733987845	megaliths	structures and complexes of very large stones constructed for ceremonial and religious purposes	8
733987846	Sumerians	People living in Mesopotamia at the start of the period	9
733987847	Semitic	Family of languages spoken in West Asia and northern Africa, including Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician	10
733987848	city-state	Self-governing urban centers controlling agricultural territories	11
733987849	Babylon	Largest and most important city in Mesopotamia	12
733987850	Hammurabi	Amorite ruler of Babylon who wrote his own Law Code named after him	13
733987851	scribe	trained professionals who applied their skills of reading and writing to tasks of administration	14
733987852	ziggurat	Multistory, mud-brick, pyramid-shaped tower approached by ramps and stairs	15
733987853	amulet	small charms meant to protect the bearer from evil	16
733987854	cuneiform	system of writing where wedge-shaped symbols represent words or syllables	17
733987855	bronze	Stronger metal made of an alloy of copper with tin or arsenic	18
733987856	pharaoh	central figure in the Egyptian state	19
733987857	ma'at	divinely authorized order of the universe	20
733987858	pyramid	large, triangular stone monument used as a burial place for a king	21
733987859	Memphis	capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near head of Nile Delta	22
733987860	Thebes	capital city of Egypt during the Middle and New Kingdoms	23
733987861	hieroglyphics	picture symbols that stand for words, syllables, or individual sounds	24
733987862	papyrus	reed that grows along the Nile and is used as writing material	25
733987863	mummy	body preserved by chemical processes or special natural circumstances	26
733987864	Harappa	site of city in Indus Valley civilization	27
733987865	Mohenjo-Daro	largest city of the Indus Valley civilization	28
733987866	Loess	Yellowish-brown dust that makes a fertile soil	29
733987867	Shang	First dynasty of China that is on written records (1750-1045 B.C.)	30
733987868	Zhou	Overtook Shang in north China and created the Mandate of Heaven (1045-221 B.C.)	31
733987869	Mandate of Heaven	Validated the institution of the monarchy by connecting politics and religion	32
733987870	Confucius	Chinese philosopher, Kongzi, who introduced the idea of Confucianism	33
733987871	Daoism	Urged withdrawal from the empty formalities, rigid hierarchy, and distractions of Chinese society	34
733987872	yin/yang	Nature of male and female roles in the natural order	35
733987873	Kush	An Egyptian name for Nubia, the region alongside The Nile River south of Egypt.	36
733987874	Meroe	Capital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from the fourth century B.C.E. to the fourth century C.E.	37
733987875	Celts	People sharing common linguistic and cultural features that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium	38
733987876	Druids	The class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic people	39
733987877	Olmec	The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers and monumental construction	40
733987878	Chavin	The first major urban civilization in South America (900-2500 B.C.E.	41
733987879	llama	A hoofed animal indigenous to the Andes Mountains in South America.	42
733987880	Shang	The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of this culture.	43
733987881	divination	Techniques for ascertaining the future or the will of the gods by interpreting natural phenomena such as, in early China, the cracks on oracle bones or, in ancient Greece, the flight of birds through sectors of the sky.	44
733987882	Zhou	The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History. (p. 61)	45
733987883	Mandate of Heaven	the chinese emperor rules with the blessings of heaven as long as he rules wisely	46
733987884	ying yang	Chinese symbol that means complementary opposites; dark and happy	47
733987885	Legalism	In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. (p.52)	48
733987886	Confucius	Chinese philosopher (circa 551-478 BC)	49
733987887	Daoism	Chinese philosophy based on the teachings of Laozi; taught that people should turn to nature and give up their worldly concerns	50
733987888	Kush	an ancient nubian kingdom whose rulers contolled egypt between 2000 and 1000 B.C.	51
733987889	Meroe	an ancient city in N Sudan, on the Nile; capital of a kingdom that flourished from about 700 bc to about 350 a.d	52
733987890	Olmec	The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., these people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction.	53
733987891	Chavin	the first major South American civilization, which flourished in the highlands of what is now Peru from about 900 to 200 B.C.	54
733987892	llama	wild or domesticated South American cud-chewing animal related to camels but smaller and lacking a hump	55
733987893	Republic	Period when Rome was mainly governed by the Senate	56
733987894	Senate	Council of the heads of wealthy, landowning families	57
733987895	patron/client relationship	The patron (wealthy and powerful), provided legal and economic protection for the client.	58
733987896	Principate	Period following the Republic	59
733987897	Augustus	Name for Octavian, founder of the Principate	60
733987898	equites	Prosperous landowners second in wealth and social status to the senatorial class	61
733987899	pax romana	stability and prosperity guaranteed by Rome	62
733987900	Romanization	spread of Lain language and Roman way of life	63
733987901	Jesus	Jewish carpenter from Galilee in Israel	64
733987902	Paul	Jew from Tarsus who preached Christianity	65
733987903	aqueduct	long elevated or underground conduits to carry water	66
733987904	Third-Century Crisis	Political, military, and economic turmoil of the Roman Empire	67
733987905	Constantine	Reunited the entire Roman Empire	68
733987906	Qin	Dynasty and state of eastern china	69
733987907	Shi Huangdi	Founder of the Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire	70
733987908	Han	Dynasty after Qin	71
733987909	Xiongnu	Confederacy of nomads in the north	72
733987910	Gaozu	throne name of Liu Bang, who brought down the Qin and founded the Han dynasty	73
733987911	Sima Qian	Chief astrologer who was was considered historian of China	74
733987912	Chang'an	Capital of Qin and early Han Empires	75
733987913	gentry	emperors used these people as administrative personnel	76
733987914	monsoon	Seasonal winds in the indian ocean caused by the differences in temperature and the slowly changing ocean waters	77
733987915	Vedas	early indian sacred "knowledge" - the literal meaning of the term - long preserved and communicated orally by Brahmin priests and eventually written down	78
733987916	varna	Two categories of social identity of great importance in indian history	79
733987917	jati	regional groups of people who have a common occupation sphere and who marry, eat, and interact with other members of their group	80
733987918	karma	the residue of deeds performed in past and present lives that adheres to a "spirit" and determines what form it will assume in its next life cycle	81
733987919	moksha	the Hindu concept of the spirit's "liberation" from the endless cycle of rebirths	82
733987920	Buddha	and indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who renounced his wealth and social postition	83
733987921	Mahayana Buddhism	"great vehicle" branch of Buddhism followed in china, Japan, and Central Asia	84
733987922	Theravada Buddhism	"way of the Elders" branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia	85
733987923	Hinduism	A general term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity	86
733987924	Mauryan Empire	The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent	87
733987925	Ashoka	third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (273-232 B.C.E.)	88
733987926	Mahabharata	A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kingship groups in early india	89
733987927	Bhagavad-Gita	the most important work of indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuno and the god Krishna	90
733987928	Tamil kingdoms	The kingdoms of southern india, inhabited primarily by speakers of Dravidian languages	91
733987929	Gupta Empire	A powerful indian state based on a capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley	92
733987930	theater-state	Historians' term for a state that acquires prestige and power by developing attractive cultural forms and staging elaborate public ceremonies	93
733987931	Funan	An early complex society in Southeast Asia between the first and sixth centuries C.E.	94
733987932	Silk Road	Trade route connecting China and the Middle East	95
733987933	Parthians	Iranaian dynasty created from an Iranian nomadic group	96
733987934	Sasanid Empire	Iranaian empire that defeated the Parthians	97
733987935	stirrup	device for securing a horseman's feet, allowing him to easily wield weapons	98
733987936	Indian Ocean Maritime System	Trade network across the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea	99
733987937	trans-Sahara caravan routes	Trading network connecting North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa across the Sahara	100
733987938	Sahel	"Coastland" of Sahara	101
733987939	sub-Saharan Africa	Portion of Africa south of the Sahara	102
733987940	steppes	Flat, semiarid plains with no trees	103
733987941	savanna	Tropical or subtropical grassland	104
733987942	tropical rain forest	High-precipitation forest zones	105
733987943	"great traditions"	cultural heritages shared by the educated elites	106
733987944	"small traditions"	local customs and beliefs, usually from nonliterate people	107
733987945	Bantu	group of sub-Saharan African languages and people who speak them	108
733987946	Armenia	Early Christian kingdom, eastern Anatolia and western Caucasus	109
733987947	Ethiopia	East African highland nation lying east of the Nile River	110
733987948	Shi'ites	Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Shi'ism is the state religion of Iran	111
733987949	Sunnis	Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries	112
733987950	Mecca	City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion	113
733987951	Muhammad	(570-632 C.E.) Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam	114
733987952	muslim	(in Arabic,Islam means "submission) to the will of God	115
733987953	Islam	Religion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad (570-632 C.E.) on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his death into the Quran. In the tradition of Judaism and Christianity, and sharing much of their lore, Islam calls on all people to recognize one creator god—Allah—who rewards or punishes believers after death according to how they led their lives	116
733987954	Medina	City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca	117
733987955	umma	The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community	118
733987956	caliphate	Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire	119
733987957	Quran	Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam	120
733987958	Umayyad Caliphate	First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate	121
733987959	Abbasid Caliphate	Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258	122
733987960	mamluks	Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)	123
733987961	Ghana	First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast	124
733987962	ulama	Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies	125
733987963	hadith	A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law	126
733987964	globalization	growth to a global or worldwide scale	127
733987965	weapons of mass destruction	nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons that can kill tens of thousands of people all at once	128
733987966	terrorism	the calculated use of violence (or threat of violence) against civilians in order to attain goals that are political or religious or ideological in nature	129
733987967	Usama bin Laden	Arab terrorist who established al-Qaeda (born in 1957)	130
733987968	World Trade Organization	An international agency which encourages trade between member nations, administers global trade agreements and resolves disputes when they arise.	131
733987969	Universal Declaration of Human Rights	A 1948 statement in which the United Nations declared that all human beings have rights to life, liberty, and security.	132
733987970	nongovernmental organizations	Nonprofit international organizations devoted to investigating human rights abuses and providing humanitarian relief. Two NGOs won the Nobel Peace Prize in the 1990s: International Campaign to Ban Landmines (1997) and Doctors Without Borders (1999).	133
733987971	Cultural imperialism	Domination of one culture over another by a deliberate policy or by economic or technological superiority.	134
733987972	global pop culture	Popular cultural practices and institutions that have been adopted internationally, such as music, the INternet, television, food, and fashion.	135
733987973	global elite culture	attitudes and outlook of well educated, prosperous, Western oriented people around the world.	136
733987974	economic sanctions	Boycotts, embargoes, and other economic measures that one country uses to pressure another country into changing its policies.	137
733987975	nuclear proliferation	the spread of nuclear weapons to new nations	138
733987976	postmodernism	genre of art and literature and especially architecture in reaction against principles and practices of established modernism	139

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AP The Earth and its People Chap 10 Flashcards

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517707826	Champa rice	Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift .	0
517707827	Fujiwara	Aristocratic family that dominated the Japanese imperial court between the ninth and twelfth centuries.	1
517707828	Grand Canal	The 1,100-mile (1,771-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.	2
517707829	gunpowder	A mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal, in various proportions. The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets.	3
517707830	junk	A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang, Ming, and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.	4
517707831	Kamakura Shogunate	The first of Japan's decentralized military governments	5
517707832	Koryo	Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1259.	6
517707833	Li Shimin	One of the founders of the Tang Empire and its second emperor (r. 626-649). He led the expansion of the empire into Central Asia.	7
517707834	movable type	Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page, rather than requiring the carving of entire pages at a time. It may have been invented in Korea in the thirteenth century.	8
517707835	neo-Confucianism	Term used to describe new approaches to understanding classic Confucian texts that became the basic ruling philosophy of China from the Song period to the twentieth century.	9
517707836	shamanism	The practice of identifying special individuals who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia.	10
517707837	Song Empire	Empire in central and southern China (960-1126) while the Liao people controlled the north. Empire in southern China (1127-1279; the "Southern Song") while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics	11
517707838	Tang Empire	Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an.	12
517707840	tributary system	A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China in exchange for trading rights or strategic alliances.	13
517707841	Srivijaya	A state based on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, between the seventh and eleventh centuries C.E. It amassed wealth and power by a combination of selective adaptation of Indian technologies and concepts, control of the lucrative trade routes between India and China, and skillful showmanship and diplomacy in holding together a disparate realm of inland and coastal territories	14
517707842	Zen	The Japanese word for a branch of Mahayana Buddhism based on highly disciplined meditation. It is known in Sanskrit as dhyana, in Chinese as chan, and in Korean as son.	15

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APWH: The Earth and Its Peoples // Chapter 8 Flashcards

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2973136079	Caliphate	religious government ruled by a Caliph	0
2973136080	Caliph	pope/king of a Caliphate	1
2973136081	Fihrist	catalog of Islamic Caliphates	2
2973136082	Mecca	caravan city	3
2973136083	Muhammad	an Arab prophet that founded Islam. he grew up as an orphan then had many daughters. known as the "Messenger of God"	4
2973136084	Muslim	"submission" in Arabic. a person who submits to God.	5
2973136085	Hijra	Muhammad and his follower's journey from Mecca to Medina to flee persecution. lead to the formation of the Umma	6
2973136086	Umma	community made by Meccan immigrants and major groups in Medina that accepted Islam and Muhammad as the Messenger of God	7
2973136087	The Quran	book of divine revelations of Muhammad made by the people	8
2973136088	Shi'ites	Muslims that believed Ali (his cousin and son-in-law) should have ruled. is now the state religion of Iran and Iraq	9
2973136089	Ummayad Caliphate	first hereditary dynasty of Muslim Caliphs. capital in Damascus	10
2973136090	Sunnis	Muslims that supported the first 3 Caliphs	11
2973136091	Karijite Sects	people who initially supported Ali but rebelled against him in the end	12
2973136092	how did Islam spread?	through trade and conversion / force	13
2973136093	how were the conquered lands controlled?	Umar set up military camps and left the people's land alone	14
2973136094	Abbasid Caliphate	took over Ummayad Caliphate. reinterpreted the Quran. capital in Bagdhad	15
2973136095	Mamluks	army of Turkish slaves that eventually defeated the Mongols and seized control of Egypt and Syria	16
2973136096	The Shi'ite Buyids	controlled the Sunni Caliph. conquered Iran and Iraq	17
2973136097	Ghana	sub-Saharan kingdom that benefitted from trade	18
2973136098	Fatamid Caliphate	pretended to be Shi'ite Imams (prayer leaders) descended from Ali	19
2973136099	Islamic Spain	ended in mixed cultures (Roman, German, Jewish, etc.) most adopted Islam. there were many technological advancements	20
2973136100	why did Spain splinter?	they adopted Caliphate system but it didn't work out	21
2973136101	Ulams	Muslim religious scholars	22
2973136102	Crusaders	Christians that took Jerusalem and fought the Muslims by making friends with their enemies	23
2973136103	Hadith	a tradition relating the words and deeds of Muhammad. was like the bible. people had a hard time discerning the truthful books from the made-up/twisted ones	24
2973136104	Shari'a	books that became the foundation of Islamic civilization	25
2973136105	what happened when Islam was increasing?	slowed down Christianity	26
2973136106	was there a central religious authority?	no, which kept flexibility	27
2973136107	what came with the growth of trade?	science discoveries	28
2973136108	roles of women in Islamic culture?	rural women were more free and urban women were concealed. women overall had more rights than normal	29
2973136109	Aisha	Muhammad's wife that was like Mary in the bible. Aisha's name was tarnished because she had power	30

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WHAP Chapter #8 The Earth and Its Peoples; 6th edition Flashcards

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2821666303	Silk Road	Caravan routes connecting China and the Middle East across Central Asia and Iran	0
2821666304	Parthians	Iranian ruling dynasty between ca. 250 B.C.E and 226 B.C.E	1
2821666884	stirrup	Device for securing a horseman's feet, enabling him to wield weapons more effectively. First evidence of the use of stirrups was among the Kushan people of northern Afghanistan in approximately the first century C.E	2
2821667286	Indian Ocean Maritime System	In premodern times, a network of seaports, trade routes and maritime culture linking countries on the rim of the Indian Ocean from Africa to Indonesia.	3
2821667743	trans-Saharan caravan routes	Trading network linking North Africa with sub-Saharan Africa across the Sahara.	4
2821667744	Sahel	Belt south of the Sahara; literally "coastland" in Arabic.	5
2821668429	sub-Saharan Africa	Portion of the African continent lying south of the Sahara.	6
2821668430	steppe	An ecological region of grass- and shrub-covered plains that is treeless and too arid for agriculture	7
2821668709	savanna	Tropical or subtropical grassland, either treeless or with occasional clumps of trees. Most extensive in sub-Saharan Africa but also present in South America.	8
2821668710	tropical rain forest	High precipitation forest zones of the Americas, Africa, and Asian lying between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.	9
2821669406	"great traditions"	Historians' term for a literate, well institutionalized complex of religious and social beliefs and practices adhered to by diverse societies over a broad geographical area.	10
2821669407	"small traditions"	Historians' term for a localized usually nonliterate, set of customs and beliefs adhered to by a single society, often in conjunction with a "great tradition."	11
2821669725	Bantu	Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages.	12
2821669726	Armenia	One of the earliest Christian kingdoms, situated in eastern Anatolia and the western Caucasus and occupied by speakers of the Armenian language.	13
2821669727	Ethiopia	East African high-land nation lying east of the Nile River.	14

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The Earth and Its People: Chapter 7 Networks of Communication and Exchange, 300 BCE-600 CE Flashcards

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1841887080	The Silk Road was not just a means of bringing peoples and parts of the world into contact; it was a	social system	0
1841887081	Travelers and traders seldom owned much___ or wielded___	Land and political power	1
1841887082	Travelers and traders were socially isolated and secretive because	Any talk about markets, products, routes, and travel conditions could help their competitors, they nevertheless contributed more to drawing the world together than did all but a few kings and emperors	2
1841887083	____ studies show that the peoples of Central Asia engaged in long distance exchange from at least 1500 BCE.	Archaeology and linguistic	3
1841887084	The ___, as it came to be called in modern times, experienced several periods of heavy use. The first began around 100 BCE.	Silk Road	4
1841887085	The ___, a people originally from east of the Caspian Sea, had become a major force by 247 BCE. They left few written sources, and recurring wars with Greeks and Romans to the west prevented travelers from the Mediterranean region from gaining firm knowledge of their kingdom.	Parthians	5
1841887086	In 128 BCE a Chinese general named ___ made his first exploratory journey across the deserts and mountains of Inner Asia on behalf of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.	Zhang Jian (jahng jee-en)	6
1841887087	___ General Zhang Jian reaches Ferghana (date)	128 BCE	7
1841887088	About ___ date Buddhist pilgrim Faxian travels Silk Road	400 CE	8
1841887089	___ date Periplus of the Erythraen Sea; Indonesian migration to Madagascar	1st Century CE	9
1841887090	Date Bantu Migrations	500 BCE- 1000 CE	10
1841887091	Date First mention of camels in northern Shara	46 BCE	11
1841887092	The trading demands that brought the Silk Road into being were ___, especially horses, and on the western end, the organized Parthian state, which had captured the flourishing markets of Mesopotamia from the Seleucids.	Chinese eagerness for western products	12
1841887093	By ___ date, Greeks could buy Chinese silk	100 BCE	13
1841887094	General Zhang definitely seems to have brought ___ and ___ plants to China	Alfalfa and wine grapes; Other crops chinese farmers adopted pistachios, walnuts, pomegranates, sesame, coriander, spinach	14
1841887095	Traders going to west from China carried new fruits such as ___ and ___ which the Romans mistakenly attributed to other eastern lands.	Peaches and apricots	15
1841887096	The ____ now brought many new crops to Mesopotamia.	Silk Road; Extra, Sasanid farmers pioneered in planting cotton, sugar cane, rice, citrus trees, eggplants and other crops from India and China	16
1841887097	The Sasnids established their ___ faith which the Parthians had not particularly stressed as a state religion.	Zoroastrian	17
1841887098	Both Zoroastrianism and Christianity practiced ___.	Intolerance	18
1841887099	____ warfare and the use of mounted ___ originated in Central Asia and spread eastward and westward through military campaigns.	Chariot; Bowmen	19
1841887100	Evidence of the ___, one of the most important inventions, comes first from the Kushan people who ruled northern Afghanistan.	Stirrup	20
1841887101	Using ___, a mounted warrior could supplement his bow and arrow with a long lance and charge his enemy at a gallop without fear that the impact of his attack would push him off his mount.	Stirrup	21
1841887102	A multilingual, multiethnic society of seafarers established the ______, a trade network.	Indian Ocean Maritime System	22
1841887103	Trade took place in three distinct regions during the Indian Ocean Maritime Systems, _____, _____, and _______	South China Sea, East coast of India to the Persian Gulf, west coast of India to the Persian Gulf and the east coast of Africa	23
1841887104	Occasionally a____ appears, such as Hippalus who was said to have discovered the seasonal monsoon winds that facilitate sailing across the Indian Ocean. Of course, the regular seasonal alternation of steady winds could not have remained unnoticed for thousands of years.	Greek	24
1841887105	Indian Ocean vessels relied on roughly ____ lateen sails.	Triangular	25
1841887106	Arabia grew the scrubby trees whose aromatic resins were valued as frankincense and myrrh like this country....	Israel	26
1841887107	Pottery was obtained in trade with particularly _____	China	27
1841887108	____ seldom accompanied the men on long sea voyages, so sailors and merchants often married local women in port cities.	Women	28
1841887109	The windswept ____, a desert stretching from the Red Sea to the Atlantic Ocean and broken only by the Nile River.	Sahara	29
1841887110	Scarcity of water was restricting travel to a few difficult routes initially known only to desert nomads. Trade over _________ at first only a trickle eventually expanded into a significant stream.	trans-Saharan caravan routes	30
1841887111	Domestic ___ may have originated in western Asia or in North Africa	Cattle	31
1841887112	Farming peoples of the Sahel literally meaning the _____	Coast	32
1841887113	Linkage between two different trading systems one in _____ and one in _____ developed gradually over the Sahara	The South; The North	33
1841911960	The most important African network of cultural exchange from 300 BCE to 1100 CE rose within the region and took the form of _______	Folk Migration; put in place enduring characteristics of African Culture	34
1841911961	Cultural heritages shared by the educated elites within each region- heritages that some anthropologists call "____"- typically include a written language, common legal and belief systems, ethical codes, and other intellectual attitudes.	Great Traditions	35
1841911962	These had developed during the region's long period of isolation from the rest of the world and had been refined, renewed, and interwoven by repeated episodes of migration and social interaction.	Small Traditions	36
1841911963	_____ played an important role in social rituals, as did dancing and wearing masks, which often showed great artistry in their design.	Music	37
1841911964	Some historians hypothesize that this culture unity emanated from the peoples who once occupied the southern Sahara.	"Africanity"	38
1841911965	Date of the emergence of the Old Kingdom of Egypt	2700 BCE	39
1841911966	____ forced population migrations.	Climate Changes	40
1841911967	_____, the Mauryan ruler of India promoted Buddhism between the third century BCE and the second century CE.	King Ashoka	41

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The Earth and its Peoples: Third edition Chapter 1-4 Vocabulary Flashcards

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2869474221	legalism	1) In China, a political philosophy 2) that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state oppression and control.	0
2869477170	Daoism	1) Chinese philosophy, originated during the Warring States period with Laozi (604-531 BCE). 2) offered an alternative to Confucianism emphasis on hierarchy and duty.3) taught to accept the world as you find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the "path" of nature.	1
2869478969	Kush	1) Egyptian name for Nubia. Kingdom south of Egypt in the early 2 millennium BCE 2) Had large deposits of gold, also traded luxury items received through Sub-Saharan Trade.	2
2869481929	hierarchy	1) a system of ranking, 2) where each rank is subordinate to the one above it.	3
2869483307	aristocracy	1) is an upper class; wealth is based on land ownership 2) and power is passed on from one generation to another.	4
2869484358	bureaucracy	government officials	5
2869485405	Hittites	1) Established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the 2 millennium BCE. 2) Wealth based on traded metals, military power was based on chariot forces. 3) Competed with Egypt for control of Syria-Palestine. 4) Fell to unidentified invaders ca. 1200 BCE.	6
2869487162	first temple	1) monumental sanctuary built in Jerusalem 2) by the King Solomon 3) in the 10th century BCE 4) to be the religious center for Israelites	7
2869496040	Phoenicians	1) People from the coast of Lebanon and Syria, in the first millennium BCE. 2) Merchants and sailors explored the Mediterranean, 3) engaged in long-distance trade, 4) established colonies (Carthage)	8
2869496758	Carthage	1) city located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 BCE. 2) Major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean 3) until destroyed by the Romans in 146 BCE	9
2869498523	Neo-Babylonian kingdom	1) Babylon AGAIN became a major political and cultural center in the 7-6th centuries BCE. 2) King Nebuchadnezzar captured Jerusalem and deported Jews to Babylon.	10
2869502314	satrap	1) governor of a province in the Persian empire 2) often a relative to the king	11
2869505701	tyrant	1) term used by the Greeks to describe someone who seized and held power 2) in violation of the normal procedures and traditions of the community, 3) 6-7th centuries BCE.	12
2869507855	democracy	1) system of government 2) in which all "citizens"(however defined) have equal political and legal rights, privileges and protections	13
2869515357	Hedertous	1) Greek historian in the 5th century B.C.E 2) recorded causes, events and results of the Persian Wars 3) Started the Western tradition of historical writing	14
2869527055	Alexander the Great	- 1) King of Macedonia in northern Greece, 4th century BCE. 2)Conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, 3) founded many Greek-style cities and spread Greek culture across western Asia.	15
2869527744	Hellenistic Age	1) period from 323 to 30 BCE, 2) in which Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great	16
2869537758	Hellenistic synthesis	1) Blending of Greek and local cultures(Persian, Egyptian, Assyrian) on the territories conquered by Alexander's armies 3) As a result, a distinct new culture emerged (Hellenistic culture)	17
2869557124	civilization	1)society which relies on sedentary agriculture 2) and ability to produce food surpluses, 3) characterized by existence of nonfarming elites, merchant and manufacturing groups.	18
2869561918	agriculture revolutions	1) the change(transition) from food gathering to food production 2) that occurred between ca. 8000 BCE and 2000 BCE	19
2869686167	Sumerians	1) people who dominated Mesopotamia 2) in the third millennium 3) created first civilization in the region, irrigation technology, cuneiform, organized area into city-states	20
2869708333	city-state	1) a small independent state 2) consisting of an urban center, and the surrounding agricultural territory 3) Urban center provided military protection to the area and the agricultural territory delivered food supplies	21
2869722999	Hammurabi	1) ruler of Babylon in the 18th century BCE 2) best known for a code of laws inscribed on a black stone pillar	22
2869730332	scribe	1) a professional position 2) reserved for men 3) who had undergone lengthy training required to be able to read and write	23
2869736198	ziggurat	1) massive pyramidal stepped tower 2) made of mudbricks in religious complexes of 3) Mesopotamia	24
2869752468	cuneiform	1) a system of writing on clay tablets 2) originated in Mesopotamia ca. 3000 BCE 3) Because so many symbols had to be learned, only administrators and scribes used it	25
2869786815	Harrapa	1) cite of one of the great cities of the IRV civilization 2) in the third millennium BCE	26
2869791681	Mohenjo-Daro	1) largest of the cities of the IRV civilization	27

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The Earth and it's Peoples AP 5th Edition Chapters 4-7 Vocabuary Flashcards

Chapters 4-7 Vocabulary

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913583477	Cyrus	Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire between 550 and 530 B.C.E. He conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples.	0
913583478	Darius I	Third ruler of the Persian Empire (r. 521 - 486 BCE). He crushed the wide-spread initial resistance to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians rather than Medes. He established a system of provinces and tribute, began construction of Persepolis, and expanded Persian control in the east (Pakistan) and west (Northern Greece)	1
913583479	Satrap	The governor of a province in the Achaemenid Persian Empire, often a relative of the king.	2
913583480	Persepolis	A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland.	3
913583481	Zoroatrianism	A religion originating in ancient Iran that became the official religion of the Acharmenids. It centered on a single benevolent deity, Ahurmazda, who engaged in a struggle with demonic forces before prevailing and restoring a pristine world. It emphasized truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature.	4
913583482	Polis	The Greek term for a city-state, an urban center and the agricultural territory under its control.	5
913583483	hoplite	A heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic and Classical periods who fought in the close-packed phalanx formation.	6
913583484	tyrant	The term the Greeks used to describe someone who seized and held power in violation of the normal procedures and traditions of the community. Tyrants appeared in many Greek city-states in the seventh and sixth centuries B.C.E., often talking advantage of the disaffection of the emerging middle class and, by weakening the old elite, unwittingly contributing to the evolution of democracy.	7
913583485	democracy	A system of government in which "citizens" (however defined) have equal political and legal right, privileges, and protections, as in the Greek city-state of Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E.	8
913583486	sacrifice	A gift given to a deity, often with the aim of creating a relationship, gaining favor, and obligating the god to provide some benefit to the sacrificer, sometimes in order to sustain the deity and thereby guarantee the continuing vitality of the natural world.	9
913583487	Herodotus	Heir to the technique of historia ('"investigation/research") developed by Greeks in the late Archaic period. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands. He traced the antecedents and chronicled the wars between the Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, thus originating the Western tradition of historical writing.	10
913583488	Pericles	Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens, supervised construction of the Acropolis, and pursued a policy of imperial expansion that led to the Peloponnesian War. He formulated a strategy of attrition but died from the plague early in the war.	11
913583489	Persian Wars	Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire.	12
913583490	trireme	Greek and Phoenician warship of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. It was sleek and light, powered by 170 oars arranged in three vertical tiers. Manned by skilled sailors, it was capable of short bursts of speed and complex maneuvers.	13
913583491	Socrates	Athenian philosopher (ca. 470-399 B.C.E.) who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior.	14
913583492	Peloponnesian War	A war (431-404 B.C.E.) between the Athenian and Spartan alliance systems that convulsed most of the Greek world. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism. Possession of a naval empire allowed Athens to fight a war of attrition. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed because of Athenian errors and Persian financial support.	15
913583493	Alexander	King of Macedonia in northern Greece. Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.	16
913583494	Hellenistic Age	Term for the era, usually dated 323-30 B.C.E., in which Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam in the seventh century C.E.	17
913583495	Ptolemies	The Macedonian dynasty, descended from one of Alexander the Great's officers, that ruled Egypt for three centuries (323-30 B.C.E.).	18
913583496	Alexandria	City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of the Ptolemies. Its merchants engaged in trade with areas bordering the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean	19
913583497	republic	The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E, during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate.	20
913583498	senate	A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire. Under Senate leadership, Rome conquered an empire of unprecedented extent in the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea.	21
913583499	patron/client relationship	In ancient Rome, a fundamental social relationship in which the patron- a wealthy and powerful individual- provided legal and economic protection and assistance to clients, men of lesser status and means, and in return the clients supported the political careers and economic interests of their patron.	22
913583500	principate	A term used to characterize Roman government in the first three centuries C.E., based on the ambiguous title princeps, ("first citizen") adopted by Augustus to conceal his military dictatorship.	23
913583501	Augustus	Honorific name of Octavian, founder of the Roman Principate, the military dictatorship that replaced the failing rule of the Roman Senate. After defeating all rivals, between 31 B.C.E. and 14 C.E. he laid the groundwork for several centuries of stability and prosperity in the Roman Empire.	24
913583502	equites	In ancient Italy, prosperous landowners second in wealth and status to the senatorial aristocracy. The Roman emperors allied with this group to counterbalance the influence of the old aristocracy and used the equites to staff the imperial civil service.	25
913583503	pax romana	Literally "Roman peace," it connoted the stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the lands of the Roman Empire in the first two centuries C.E. The movement of people and trade goods along Roman roads and safe seas allowed for the spread of cultural practices, technologies, and religious ideas.	26
913583504	romanization	The process by which the Latin language and Roman culture became dominant in the western provinces. Indigenous peoples in the provinces often chose to Romanize because of the political and economical advantages that it brought, as well as the allure of Roman success.	27
913583505	Jesus	A Jew from Galilee in northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices. He was executed as a revolutionary by the Romans. Hailed as the Messiah and son of God by his followers, he became the central figure in Christianity, a belief system that developed in the centuries after his death.	28
913583506	Paul	A Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but, after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus, became a Christian. Taking advantage of his Hellenized background and Roman citizenship, he traveled throughout Syria-Palestine, Anatolia, and Greece, preaching the new religion and establishing churches. Finding his greatest success among pagans ("gentiles"), he began the process by which Christianity separated from Judaism.	29
913583507	aqueduct	A conduit, either elevated or underground, that used gravity to carry water from a source to a location- usually a city- that needed it. The Romans built many aqueducts in a period of substantial urbanization.	30
913583508	Third-century crisis	Historians' term for the political, military, and economic turmoil that beset the Roman Empire during much of the third century C.E.: frequent change of rulers, civil wars, barbarian invasions, decline of urban centers, and near destruction of long-distance commerce and the monetary economy. After 284 C.E. Diocletian restored order by making fundamental changes.	31
913583509	Constantine	Roman emperor (r. 312 - 337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion.	32
913583510	Qin	A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first Chinese empire (221 - 206 B.C.E.). The Qin ruler, Chi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society and ruthlessly marshaled subjects for military and construction projects, engendering hostility that led to the fall of his dynasty shortly after his death. The Qin framework was largely taken over by the succeeding Han Empire.	33
913583511	Shi Huangdi	Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221 - 210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states, standardization of practices, and forcible organization of labor for military and engineering tasks. His tomb, with its army of life size terracotta soldiers, has been partially excavated.	34
913583512	Han	A term used to designate (1) the ethnic Chinese people who originated in the Yellow River Valley and spread throughout regions of China suitable for agriculture and (2) the dynasty of emperors who ruled from 202 B.C.E. to 220 C.E.	35
913583513	xiongnu	A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these "barbarians," as they called them, and finally succeeded in dispersing the Xiongnu in the first century C.E.	36
913583514	gaozu	The throne name of Liu Bang, one of the rebel leaders who brought down the Qin and founded the Han dynasty in 202 B.C.E.	37
913583515	Sima Qian	Chief astrologer for the Han dynasty emperor Wu. He composed a monumental history of China from its legendary origins to his own time and is regarded as the Chinese "father of history."	38
913583516	Chang'an	City in the Wei Valley in eastern China. It became the capital of the Qin and early Han Empires. Its main features were imitated in the cities and towns that sprang up throughout the Han Empire.	39
913583517	gentry	In China, the class of prosperous families, next in wealth below the rural aristocrats, from which the emperors drew their administrative personnel. Respected for their education and expertise, these officials became a privileged group and made the government more efficient and responsive than in the past. The term gentry also denotes the class of landholding families in England below the aristocracy.	40
913583518	monsoon	Seasonal winds in the Indian Ocean caused by the differences in temperature between the rapidly heating and cooling landmasses of Africa and Asia and the slowly changing ocean waters. These strong and predictable winds have long been ridden across the open sea by sailors, and the large amounts of rainfall that they deposit on parts of India, Southeast Asia, and China allow for the cultivation of several crops a year.	41
913583519	vedas	Early Indian sacred "knowledge"- the literal meaning of the term- long preserved communicated orally y Brahmin priests and eventually written down. These religious texts, including the thousand poetic hymns to various deities contained in the Rig Veda, are our main source of information about the Vedic period (ca. 1500 - 500 B.C.E.).	42
913583520	varna/jati	Two categories of social identity of great importance in Indian history. Varna are the four major social divisions: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class. Within the system of varna are many jati, regional groups of people who have a common occupational sphere and who marry, eat, and generally interact with other members of their group.	43
913583521	karma	In Indian tradition, the residue of deeds performed in past and present lives that adheres to a "spirit" and determines what form it will assume in its next life cycle. The doctrines of karma and reincarnation were used by the elite in ancient India to encourage people to accept their social position and do their duty.	44
913583522	moksha	The Hindu concept of the spirit's "liberation" from the endless cycle of rebirths. There are various avenues- such as physical discipline, meditation, and acts of devotion to the gods- by which the spirit can distance itself from desire for the things of this world and be merged with the divine force that animates the universe.	45
913583523	Buddha	An Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who renounced his wealth and social position. After becoming "enlightened" (the meaning of Buddha), he enunciated the principles of Buddhism. This doctrine evolved and spread throughout India and to Southeast, East, and Central Asia.	46
913583524	Mahayana Buddhism	"Great Vehicle" branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help other attain enlightenment.	47
913583525	Theravada Buddhism	"Way of the Elders" branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. Theravada remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods and emphasizes austerity and the individual's search for enlightenment.	48
913583526	Hinduism	A general term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. Hinduism has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices. It spread along the trade routes to Southeast Asia.	49
913583527	Mauryan Empire	The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes on agriculture, iron mining, and control of trade routes.	50
913583528	Ashoka	Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 273 - 232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.	51
913583529	Mahabharata	A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavad-Gita.	52
913583530	Bhagarad-Gita	The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit.	53
913583531	Tamil Kingdoms	The kingdoms of southern India, inhabited primarily by speakers of Dravidians languages, which developed in partial isolation, and somewhat differently, from the Arya north. They produced epics, poetry, and performance arts. Elements of Tamil religious beliefs were merged into the Hindu synthesis.	54
913583532	Gupta Empire	A powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, on a capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture.	55
913583533	theater-state	Historians' term for a state that acquires prestige and power by developing attractive cultural forms and staging cultural forms and staging elaborate public ceremonies (as well as redistributing valuable resources) to attract and bind subjects to the center. Examples include the Gupta Empire in India and Srivijaya in Southeast Asia.	56
913583534	Funan	An early complex society in Southeast Asia between the first and sixth centuries C.E. It was centered in the rich rice-growing region of southern Vietnam, and it controlled the passage of trade across the Malaysian isthmus.	57
913583535	Silk Road	Caravan routes connecting China and the Middle East across Central Asia and Iran.	58
913583536	Parthians	Iranian ruling dynasty between ca. 250 B.C.E. and 226 C.E.	59
913583537	Sasanid Empire	Iranian empire, established ca. 224, with a capital in Ctesiphon, Mesopotamia. The Sasanid emperors established Zoroastrianism as the state religion. Islamic Arab armies overthrew the empire ca. 640.	60
913583538	Stirrup	Device for securing a horseman's feet, enabling him to wield weapons more effectively. First evidence of the use of the stirrup was among the Kushan people of northern Afghanistan in approximately the first century C.E.	61
913583539	Indian Ocean Meritime System	In premodern times, a network of seaports, trade routes, and maritime culture linking countries on the rim of the Indian Ocean from Africa to Indonesia.	62
913583540	trans-saharan caravan routes	Trading network linking North Africa with sub-Saharan Africa across the Sahara.	63
913583541	Sahel	Belt south of the Sahara; literally "coastland" in Arabic.	64
913583542	sub-saharan Africa	Portion of the African continent lying south of the Sahara.	65
913583543	steppes	Treeless plains, especially the high, flat expanses of northern Eurasia, which usually have little rain and are covered with coarse grass. They are good lands for nomads and their herds. Living on the steppes promoted the breeding of horses and the development of military skills that were essential to the rise of the Mongol Empire.	66
913583544	savanna	Tropical or subtropical grassland, either treeless of with occasional clumps of trees. Most extensive in sub-Saharan Africa but also present in South America.	67
913583545	tropical rain forest	High-precipitation forest zones of the Americas, Africa, and Asia lying between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.	68
913583546	"great traditions"	Historians' term for a literate, well-institutionalized complex of religious and social beliefs and practices adhered to by diverse societies over a broad geographical area.	69
913583547	"small traditions"	Historians' term for a localized, usually nonliterate, set of customs and beliefs adhered to by a single society, often in conjunction with a "great tradition."	70
913583548	Bantu	Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages.	71
913583549	Armenia	One of the earliest Christian kingdoms, situated in eastern Anatolia and the western Caucasus and occupied by speakers of the Armenian language.	72
913583550	Ethiopia	East African highland nation lying east of the Nile River.	73

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AP World History: The Earth and Its People's: Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1907275105	Charlemagne	King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests, he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Though illiterate himself, he sponsored a brief intellectual revival.	0
1907282942	Medieval	Literally "Middle Age", a term that historians of Europe use for the period ca. 500 to ca. 1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-Roman Antiquity and the Renaissance.	1
1907295045	Byzantine Empire	Historians name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the 4th century onward, taken from "Byzantium", an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453.	2
1907304393	Byzantine Religion	The Byzantine empire experienced a schism between the Latin Church and the Orthodox Church--a break that has only partially mended	3
1907308779	Orthodox Church	Church founded by Jesus Christ and described throughout the New Testament. All other Christian Churches and sects can be traced back historically to it.	4
1907310851	Constantinople	City in which the religious schism took place	5
1907323056	1054	When the religious schism between the Orthodox Church and the Latin Church happened	6
1907333572	Justinian	Byzantine emperor who ruled from 527-565 & had the bubonic plague named after him. ("The plague of Justinian").	7
1907338906	Women in Byzantine Empire	Had less rights & could only speak to men of the family; often wore veils over their faces when in public.	8
1907353597	Economy of Byzantine Empire	Inclination of set prices, organize grain shipments to the capital, and monopolize trade in luxury goods like Tyrian Purple Cloth	9
1907356008	Corpus Juris Civilis	Added a 3rd tradition in Roman law	10
1907359309	Hagia Sophia	"Sacred wisdom" // Cathedral in Constantinople	11
1907378905	Cyril and Methodius	9th century// brothers//went on a successful mission to the Slavs of Moravia & preached to them & perfected a writing system called (Cyrillic)// Slavic Christians	12
1907384273	Treaty of Verdun	Split the empire into 3 parts: West (France), Middle (Burgundy), and East (Germany)	13
1907405055	Vikings	Warriors descending from multi-oared, dragon-prowed boats to pillage monasteries, villages, and towns. Sought booty & slaves	14
1907420243	Normans in 1066	(NW) France: organized the most important and ambitious expeditions in terms of numbers of men & horses and long-lasting impact	15
1907448713	Medieval diet	-Beer -Lard or Butter -Bread made from barley, rye, or wheat -All supplemented by game & pork from herds and swine fed on forest acorns and beech nuts	16
1907459167	Manor	In medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence (manor house), outbuildings, peasant villages, and surrounding land.	17
1907477144	Serfs	In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord	18
1907484694	Feudalism	Land awarded for military service (from Latin word fuedom)	19
1907498924	Vassals	It became common to refer to medieval Europe as a "feudal society" in which kings and rulers would give land to "vassals" in return for being sworn to military support. Sworn supporter to king	20
1907501549	Impact of Armored Knights	Increase of these Knights, entailed a greater financial outlay	21
1907504707	Fief	In Medieval Europe, land granted in return for a sworn oath o provide specified military service	22
1907506300	Women in Medieval Period	Were heiress' or candidates for marriage	23
1907517315	Bayeaux Tapestry	A piece of embroidery 230 ft. Long & 20 inches wide depicting William the Conqueror's invasion of England	24
1907519489	Papacy	The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head	25
1907519554	Nepotism	Giving preferment to one's close kin (favoring)	26
1907528149	Simony	Selling ecclesiastical appointments, often to people not of the clergy	27
1907534636	Holy Roman Empire	Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by and emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806	28
1907538900	Canon Law	Law of the Church. Gave the pope exclusive legal jurisdiction over all clergy and church property wherever located.	29
1907543089	Investure Controversy	Dispute between the pope and the holy Roman emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands.	30
1907553724	Monasticism	Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty	31
1907563689	Rule of Benedict	Wrote to govern monks' behavior of envisioning a balanced life of devotion and work, along with obligations of celibacy, poverty, and obedience of the abbot	32
1907566395	Cluny	Reform movement centered on the Benedictine abbey of Cluny in (E) France	33
1907569062	Varangian Traders	Sailed across the Baltic & down Russia's rivers	34
1907570743	Druzhina	Military retainers	35
1907573002	Kiev	City in Russia; taken over by the Varangians around 880	36
1907573939	Metropolitan	Chief Bishop	37
1907576274	Slash and Burn farming	They would burn parts of the forest, farm there, and then shift around	38
1907579448	Horse collar and plow	Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders	39
1907582442	Venice	Self sufficient city that boosted the economy in (W) Europe	40
1907583752	Flanders	Just as Venice, self sufficient city that boosted the economy in (W) Europe	41
1907584439	Venice and Flanders	They boosted West Europe's economy	42
1907592377	Crusades	Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. Brought an end to Europe's centuries of intellectual isolation.	43
1907592944	Crusades	Cross	44
1907597559	Pilgrimages	Journey to sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for gins	45
1907601458	First Crusade	Holy war against Muslims// had crosses stitched to shirts// as a pilgrimage	46
1907601774	Fourth Crusade	Sacked Constantinople to pay for the pilgrimage to Jerusalem	47
1907605253	Courtly Love	Idealization of feminine beauty and grace that influenced later European ideas for Romance	48

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