| 953650084 | Grand Monarque & Sun King | Louis XIV, king of France from 1643 to 1715 was dominant political figure in Europe of his day - smtms known as Age of Louis XIV. 72 years - longest tenure. Developed achievements of Richelieu -> absolutism. From 1661 was actual working head of Fr. Govt. Made Fr. strongest country in Europe. Set pace of European events and set model for war and diplomacy. Fr. lang., thought, lit, styles, architecture etc were centerpiece of Euro. Fr. Land of Light. Light radiating from Louis plus symbolism of sun at center of universe and more thinkers accepting this theory now. Members of Louis' court orbited around him, his room was center of palace and rest of France and Europe revolved/orbited around Versailles. Sun motif throughout palace. | | 0 |
| 953650085 | Charles II of Spain | Came to Spanish throne in 1665(after PII, PIII and PIV) when Sp already "sick man of Europe." Fall in G and Silver from new world, expense of PII's crusades and failure to develop Sp. merchant class and domestic economy. Chas II - imbecile and impotent-product of inbreeding in Hapsburg family. Known that he would be end of line and therefore question of Sp. succession became major issue. LXIV had his eye on it and a "claim" by wife-sister of Chas II. In question was not just Spain but also, Sp. NEtherlands, Sp. holdings in Italy and all Sp. America. His death pptd. War of Sp. Succession. | | 1 |
| 953650086 | Franche Comte | French speaking region betwn ducal Burgundy and Switz but owned by Sp. Habsburgs. Louis wished to acquire this territory and extend Fr. to its natural boundaries. But this meant dismembering HRE. Would intrigue with smaller power thro'out Eure with disregard for ideology to attain his goals - supported republicans in Holland and monarchists in England since they were dependent on foreign assistance and by supporting their causes was therefore able to better achieve his own. | | 2 |
| 953650087 | universal monarchy | political situation in which one state might subordinate all others to its will. If Louis XIV had achieved his territorial ambitions he would have developed a "UM" Previously the Fr. had feared that the Hapsburgs might achieve UM. Fear of UM invoked BOP policy. | | 3 |
| 953650088 | Estates General of the United Provinces | Dutch republican government body - one among several republican govt. in Euro (Switz, Genoa, Venice and Engl. Cromwell). Dutch got independence confirmed at Peace of Westphalia in 1648. Of all republics of Euro - Dutch were most wealthy, most flourishing and most civilized. They had acquired pride in freedom and independence in struggle with Spain. They were able to rely on wealth, ready money, shipping and diplomacy. | | 4 |
| 953650089 | Arminians | the followers of Arminius, theologian of Leyden-favored a modification of Calvinism - toning down of predestination. Supported by burghers. | | 5 |
| 953650090 | Hugo Grotius | Wrote Law of War and Peace, pioneering treatise on international law. HG fled to France at time of Arminian Heresy and Synod. | | 6 |
| 953650091 | Baruch Spinoza | from family of refugee Portuguese Jews, philosopher examining fundamentals of reality, human conduct, church and state. Made a living as lens grinder. | | 7 |
| 953650092 | Christian Huyghens | Dutch scientist, 1629-1695, worked mainly in physics and math. Improved telescope (Dutch Invention), made clocks with pendulums, discovered Saturn's rings, and launched wave theory of light. | | 8 |
| 953650093 | Bank of Amsterdam | 1609 founded by Dutch. Since Euro money in chaos (debasing of coins by some) there was need for trustworthy banking institution. BofA accepted mixed money, assessed its gold value and at fixed rates of exchange, allowed depositors to withdraw equiv. amts in gold florins minted by BofA. Became sought after reliable currency and allowed depositors to draw checks. Dutch government guaranteed deposits - BofA became financial center of Europe. Would remain so until Fr. Rev. | | 9 |
| 953650094 | House of Orange | Stadholder/leader for most provinces of Holland was usually from HofO. It has been prestigious since days of William the Silent(fought agnst Spain in reign of Philip II). Prince of Orange, in addition to being stadholder was also one of the feudal noblemen(military experts). When foreigners threatened invasion - power of stadholder increased as provinces sought his military leadership & protection. When all was calm and economic activity as usual in the provinces, the merchant/burgher class prevailed. | | 10 |
| 953650095 | William of Orange/William III | b.1650. From HofO and not seemingly destined for stadholder. Spoke many languages. He was a devout Calvinist. He married Mary, niece of King of England (ChasII) and Daughter of future King James II. Married her in 1677. He would ultimately become king of England through this marriage and as such ruled as ___ III. He played an important role in defending the Dutch provinces against Louis XIV and would then stimulate alliances against France as king of England. | | 11 |
| 953650096 | Navigation Act | passed by the revolutionary government in England in 1651. It was the first of series of political measure by which the Brit. Empire built. It was aimed against the Dutch carrying trade. It stated that imported products must come to England in English ships or ships from a country in which goods produced | | 12 |
| 953650097 | English-Dutch Wars | 1652-1674, indecisive wars over Navigation Acts during which the Engl. did annex New Amsterdam and rename it New York. The Dutch were simultaneously attacked by French - war of Devolution , 1667-8. LXIV claiming Sp. Netherlands and Franche Comte. The Dutch objected because Spanish Netherlands seen as buffer betwn them and France. The Dutch dropped the dispute with England and put Balance of Power mechanism into operation - allying with Brit and also with Sweden to form TRIPLE ALLIANCE. | | 13 |
| 953650098 | Hereditary Stadholderate | 6 of 7 provinces of Holland voted to make stadholder office hereditary to House of Orange - led at the time by William of Orange This move was because fear of outsiders (LXIV) & William tried to centralize his powers once in this position - model of day showed importance of strong central government tho' this resulted in uneasy feeling in REPUBLIC of Holland. The aim was to stave off French threat tho' (Dutch War, '72-78) and William sought BoP policy. He made alliance with Denmark, Brandenburg and even Austria and Sp. Hapsburg! The policy was successful because it wore down the French policy | | 14 |
| 953650099 | Treaty of Nimwegen | 1678 Ended Dutch war - gain for Fr. from Sp. and HRE was Franche Comte plus some towns in Flanders. Dutch preserved their territory intact. Within 10 years Wm. of O also becomes King of England and therefore able to bring England into combination against France and made it more a part of Euro politics and prevent Fr from dominating | | 15 |
| 953650100 | Puritan | Calvinists Protestants in England. Asserted rights of Parliament agnst mounting claims of royalty in England. Many discontented with religious and economic pressures left for New World-N. Am and West Indies. But from those who stayed, a strong contingent grew in Parliament-17th century. The gentry class growing in England because of dissolution of monasteries, commercial rev. and pr. rev in England at put up incomes along with and even ahead of some prices. | | 16 |
| 953650101 | Presbyterian | Puritans in Scotland - Calvinism spread there by John Knox in 16th century. State Religion. About 20,000 of these had settled in N. Ireland in 17th cent. - under govt. auspices and driving out native celts - Protestant transplant. Often friction betw. England and Presbyt. Scotland. | | 17 |
| 953650102 | Anglican | English protestants belonging to the Church of England, established as result of HVIII's Act of
Supremacy. Anglican church still had many traditions of R.Ch. including hierarchy of bishops and use of
ceremony and ornamentation, etc. | | 18 |
| 953650103 | James VI/James I | of Scotland and of England; Son of Mary Stuart (aka Mary,Queen of Scots). King of Scotland for 35 yrs before K of England in 1603. Descendant of H VII. Believed in absolutism, well educated, and politically shrewd. Bored parliament with lectures on absolutism and belief in divine right. "Wisest fool in Christendom" - pedantic. Threatened to "Harry the Puritans out of the land" | | 19 |
| 953650104 | The Hampton Court Conference | Church conference held at Hampton Court palace in 1604 under leadership of James I. He had ealier rejected the demands of the Puritan minority as laid out in the Millinary Petition. | | 20 |
| 953650105 | The True Law of Free Monarchy | Book written by J I supporting royal absolutism. "Free" referred to free of control by Parliament, churchmen or laws and customs. Saw himself as head of all institutions in England and therefore to rule absolutely. | | 21 |
| 953650106 | tunnage and poundage | One of fixed and customary revenues of English crown - medieval in character, by which king had rights (given by Parliament at his accession) to collect specified duties on exports and imports, according to quantity, not value, and hence not rising in proportion to prices. Other ex. of revenues would be escheats, fees for knighthood, rights of wardship and marriage. Signif. - Lmted funds for crown and put king at financial mercy of parliament. JI and ChI both had to seek ways to increase income. | | 22 |
| 953650107 | Archbishop Laud | In 1625 Charles I succeeded his father, James I) Like his father, Charles I did not sympathize with Puritans and supported the Anglican hierarchy with himself as head of the Church of England. He directed his Archbishop _____, to enforce religious conformity. In 1637 when Laud attempted to impose High Anglicanism on Presbyt. Scots the result was rebellion. | | 23 |
| 956848669 | prerogative courts | Members of Parliament under Ch. I disliked these courts that were set up by crown and not part of traditional system that had enforced common/historic-customary law of England.
Ex: Star Chamber and High Commission | | 24 |
| 956848670 | Ship Money Case | 1629 to 1640 Ch. trying to rule without Parliament but running out of funds.Attempted to modernize navy with funds raised without Parliamentary consent - ship money- traditionally paid only by coastal towns. Parliamentary class supported medieval idea that taxes be authorized by Parlt. and saw this as an incr. in taxes. | | 25 |
| 956848671 | Long Parliament | In need of money to fight Scots Ch I called Parliament in 1640 - proved hostile so called new elections - same men returned. Theortically sat fro 20 years until 1660. Leaders - men like John Hampden, John Pym and Oliver Cromwell - small/moderate landowning gentry. Merchant class, while supplying no real leaders were supportive of these leaders form the gentry. Used Scots rebellion to pressure king - by 1642 led to open Civil War. | | 26 |
| 956848672 | Solemn League and Covenant | During war, as price of support from Scottish army, Parliament adopted this, 1642, which prescribed that religion in England, Scotland, and Ireland should be made uniform "according to the word of God and the example of the best reformed churches." Thus "Presbyterianism"became the established legal religion of the three kingdoms. | | 27 |
| 956848673 | Roundheads | Parliamentary forces . Named for close haircuts favored by Puritans. Gradually defeated the royalists(known as Cavaliers) especially once formed into Cromwell's New Model Army/ Ironsides in which Protestant exaltation provided basis for morale discipline and will to fight. "Put your trust in God and keep your powder dry" | | 28 |
| 956848674 | Pride's Purge | Cromwell felt kingshould be executed to prevent counterrevolution. Parlt. hesitated so Cromwaell used army to break up Parlt. which had started at 500 in 1640 and already sunk to 150. Used Colonel Pride to remove dissenters(100 of them) and left only about 50 - The Rump. | | 29 |
| 956848675 | The Rump | The 50 or so left in Parlt after Pride's Purge. Put Charles to death on scaffold in 1649. In subsequent revolutions the terms purge and rump have sometimes been used. | | 30 |
| 956848676 | Levellers | Called advanced political democrats were numerous in Puritan armies | | 31 |
| 956848677 | Diggers | More of a fringe group, these occupied and cultivated commonlands, or lands privately owned in a general repudiation of property. Wanted communal ownership of property. | | 32 |
| 956848678 | Fifth Monarchy Men | millenial group who thought end of world at hand. Took name from Bible readings which they interpreted to say there have been four empires - Assyria, Persian, Alexander, and Caesar's - thought Fifth at hand - Christ's, in which justice would rule. | | 33 |
| 956848679 | Cromwell | would oppose all the above three movements - they threatened all the established persons in society. But as regicide and Puritan, he could not turn to Royalists and Anglicans for support
HE RULED ENGLAND AS A MILITARY DICTATOR | | 34 |
| 956848680 | Instrument of Government | the I of G which did include provisions for religious toleration(tho not for Catholics). However, placed England under military rule - the regime of the "major generals" 12 military districts and applied strict, Puritanical codes - he tore up the I of G becos so much dissension - ruled as dictator. | | 35 |
| 956848681 | Charles II | Son of Ch. I and restored in 1660. Also restoration of C of E and Parlt. King more careful in his dealings with Parlt and Parlt more warmly disposed to King since interregnum been a frightening disturbance. King was now given income in form of taxation set by Parlt. - gave new power to Parlt. and flexibility to govts.CH. I a very social king - Engl. goes back to preCromwll culture. No heirs, number of mistresses - Nell Gwynn, relaxed, sensual man. Not interested in doctrinal issues - determined not to "set out on his travels again" therefore easygoing. | | 36 |
| 956848682 | Dissenters | fomerely called the Puritans and now refusing to accept the restored Church of England. Parlt excluded these people from the town "corporations" and forbade ed. by clergymen and religious meetings not held according to C of E. | | 37 |
| 956848683 | Treaty of Dover | 1670 Secret Treaty betw. Chas II and Louis XIV assuring former of income in exchange for help in expected war against Dutch and easy policy agnst Cath, gradually re- Catholicizing England and convenient conversion. | | 38 |
| 956848684 | "declaration of indulgence" | Chas II issued this nonenforcement of laws against Dissenters which at face meant Puritans but in reality was targetted at RC. Ppl feared this the thin end of wedge of Counter Reformation(already been successful in Bohemia and Poland). Parlt. retorted with Test Act, 1673. | | 39 |
| 956848685 | Test Act of 1673 | Passed by Parlt in response to King Ch II's "declaration of indulgence". Required all officeholders to take communion in the C of E. Renewed legislation against the Dissenters and made it imposs. for Caths to seve int he govt, army or navy. On Statute Books unitl 1828. | | 40 |
| 956848686 | Whigs | Strong exclusionary movt grew in parlt becos of Cath. James - heir to throne. Suspicious of king, Caths, and Frenchmen. Derogatory term from Gaelic word for SCOTS HORSE HERDER | | 41 |
| 956848687 | Tories | derogatory term from Celtic word for IRISH OUTLAW. supporters of king in parlt. - party of lesser aristocracy and gentry, those who were suspicious of moneyed interest of London and felt strong loyalty to church and king. | | 42 |
| 956848688 | Titus Oates & Popish Plot | Oates was a notorious liar who fabricated, in 1677, a tale of a Jesuit plot to murder Charles II, massacre Protestants and put the king's brother, James, on throne in England. It was a complete fabrication - no evidence to support it - but it had the effect of inflaming public opinion against the Catholics and James, who later become the unpopular James II in 1685. | | 43 |
| 956848689 | Trial of the seven bishops | After JII became king in 1685, he offered a program like his brother's of religious toleration. Whether intending religious secularization or to aid Caths - equally repugnant to C of E. Seven bishopes refused to endorse it and prodecuted for disobedience to the king but ACQUITTED by a jury. By his actions JII had violated liberties of established church, threatened monop. of Anglican church and aroused fears of "popery". CAUSED WHIGS AND TORIES TO UNITE IN OPPOSITION. | | 44 |
| 956848690 | Glorious Revolution | 1688, events by which the last would-be absolutist, JII was removed from throne and William and Mary, who were willing to sign Bill of Rights and rule as constitutional monarch, were installed. Vindicated the principles of parliamentary government, the rule of law, and even the right of rebellion against tyranny.
From 1688 to 1832 England would be best example of rule by a true aristocracy but one which also , within its limits, was a regime of political liberty. | | 45 |
| 956848691 | William and Mary | William of Orange III - Prot Dutchman who'd spent his adult life blocking ambitions of Louis XIV, and Mary, prot daughter from first marriage of James II before he became Cath. Chief purpose to bring Engl. into bop agnst Fr. Invited by prominent E/men to invade. Did in 1688 and he and Mary crowned following year. Agreed in advance to sign Bill of Rights. | | 46 |
| 956848692 | Battle of the Boyne | 1690, army of Dutchmen, Germans, Scots and French Huguenots under Wm III, defeated a French and Irish force led by James II. Liberties of England saved and James II fled to France where maintained at Louis' court as legitimate ruler of England. L's goal to restore Cath. Stuarts to England - gave Engl. an additional reason to oppose French. | | 47 |
| 956848693 | Bill of Rights | 1689 VERY important document, enacted by parliament, saying
-no law could be suspended by the king(As Test Act had been)
-no taxes raised or army maintained without parlt's consent
-no subject arrested & detained without legal process.
William III accepted these articles as conditions to receiving the crown. THUS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KING PEOPLE WAS A KIND OF CONTRACT. | | 48 |
| 956848694 | Toleration Act of 1689 | Allowed Protestant Dissenters to pracatice their religion but still excluded them from political life and public service. Since ways of evading these restrictions were soon found and since even Catholics were not molested unless they supported the Pretenders, there was thereafter no serious trouble over religion in England and Lowland Scotland. | | 49 |
| 956848695 | Act of Settlement | 1701; No Catholic could be king of England; this excluded the descendants of James II, known in the following century as the Pretenders - James III and Charles(Bonnie Prince - the Old and the Young Pretenders) who would receive some support from Jacobites who resisted Hanoverian kings after last of Stuarts, Queen Anne died in 1714. | | 50 |
| 956848696 | United Kingdom of Great Britain | 1707 , fear that JII might somehow be restored through Scotland, and concern about France, led to disire to join two kingdoms. Little sentiment in Scotland for this. The English tempted the Scots with economic advantages. Gained rights of entree into English East India Co., English colonies and English system of mercantilism and Navigation Acts.
This country was created because of this | | 51 |
| 956848697 | penal code for Ireland | E TO BURDEN OF ALIEN CHURCH AND ABSENTEE LANDLORDS, was added the PC. Cath clergy banished, Caths forbidden to vote/sit in parlt., no Cath education, ownership of land, etc. Irish shipping excluded from Brit colonies, imported goods had to come through England, no export of Irish products except agri and most foreign excha. recieved from this went to pay English absentee landlords!!!! Purpose of PC strategic - to weaken a potentially hostile country while at war with France and commercial-to favor Engl. manufacturers by removing Irish competiton and in part it was social-to confirm Anglican ascendancy. | | 52 |
