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American Pageant Chapter 14 Key Terms/People to Know Flashcards

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1016343140Ancient Order of Hibernians (mid-nineteenth century)Irish semi-secret society that served as a benevolent organization for downtrodden Irish immigrants in the United States.0
1016343141Awful Disclosures (1836)Maria Monk's sensational expose of alleged horrors in Catholic convents. Its popularity reflected nativist fears of Catholic influence.1
1016343142clipper ships (1840s-1850s)Small, swift vessels that gave American shippers an advantage in the carrying trade. They were made largely obsolete by the advent of sturdier, roomier iron steamers on the eve of the Civil War.2
1016343143Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)Massachusetts Supreme Court decision that strengthened the labor movement by upholding the legality of unions.3
1016343144cotton gin (1793)Eli Whitney's invention that sped up the process of harvesting cotton. It made cotton cultivation more profitable, revitalizing the Southern economy and increasing the importance of slavery in the South.4
1016343145cult of domesticityPervasive nineteenth century cultural creed that venerated the domestic role of women. It gave married women greater authority to shape home life but limited opportunities outside the domestic sphere.5
1016343146ecological imperialismHistorians' term for the spoliation of Western natural resources through excessive hunting, logging, mining, and grazing.6
1016343147Erie Canal (completed 1825)New York state canal that linked Lake Erie to the Hudson River. It dramatically lowered shipping costs, fueling an economic boom in upstate New York and increasing the profitability of farming in the Old Northwest. (329)7
1016343148Know-Nothing party (1850s)Nativist political party, also known as the American party, which emerged in response to an influx of immigrants, particularly Irish Catholics.8
1016343149limited liabilityLegal principle that facilitates capital investment by offering protection for individual investors, who, in cases of legal claims or bankruptcy, cannot be held responsible for more than the value of their individual shares.9
1016343150market revolutionEighteenth and nineteenth century transformation from a disaggregated, subsistence economy to a national commercial and industrial network.10
1016343151McCormick reaper (1831)Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots. The introduction of the reaper in the 1830s fueled the establishment of large-scale commercial agriculture in the Midwest.11
1016343152Molly Maguires (1860s-1870s)Secret organization of Irish miners that campaigned, at times violently, against poor working conditions in the Pennsylvania mines.12
1016343153Patent OfficeFederal government bureau that reviews patent applications. A patent is a legal recognition of a new invention, granting exclusive rights to the inventor for a period of years.13
1016343154Pony Express (1860-1861)Short-lived, speedy mail service between Missouri and California that relied on lightweight riders galloping between closely-placed outposts.14
1016343155rendezvousThe principal marketplace of the Northwest fur trade, which peaked in the 1820s and 1830s. Each summer, traders set up camps in the Rocky Mountains to exchange manufactured goods for beaver pelts.15
1016343156"Self-Reliance" (1841)Ralph Waldo Emerson's popular lecture-essay that reflected the spirit of individualism pervasive in American popular culture during the 1830s and 1840s.16
1016343157Tammany Hall (established 1789)Powerful New York political machine that primarily drew support from the city's immigrants, who depended on Tammany Hall patronage, particularly social services.17
1016343158transportation revolutionTerm referring to a series of nineteenth century transportation innovations-turnpikes, steamboats, canals and railroads-that linked local and regional markets, creating a national economy.18
1016343159turnpikePrivately-funded, toll-based public road constructed in the early nineteenth century to facilitate commerce.19
1016343160Samuel Slater"Father of the American Factory System," skilled British mechanic who brought the plans for their textile machines to America.20
1016343161Cyrus McCormickInvented a mechanical mower-reaper; one man could do the work of five.21
1016343162Eli WhitneyMade the cotton gin, developed the idea of interchangeable parts.22
1016343163Carl SchurzGerman political spokesperson; he was against slavery and political corruption.23
1016343164Robert FultonInvented the first steamboat by installing a steam engine in the Clermont steamship.24
1016343165Samuel MorseInvented the telegraph, strung a line between Washington and Baltimore.25
1016343166DeWitt ClintonPresided over the construction of the Erie Canal; Governor of New York.26
1016343167Catharine BeecherUrged women to take up the teaching profession.27
1016343168George CatlinOne of the first Americans to advocate the preservation of nature as a deliberate national policy; he proposed the idea of a national park.28
1016357143William "Boss" TweedPolitical machine Boss who ran Tamany Hall.29
1016357144Thomas Nastpolitical cartoonist who is credited with bringing Boss Tweed to justice.30
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American Pageant Chapter 13 Flashcards

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999362180Andrew JacksonThe seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.0
999362181John C. CalhounThe writer of The South Carolina Exposition, vice president under both John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson; he wrote Exposition and Protest and led the nullification fight in 1832 and 1833. As senator and vice president, he was the leading voice for southern states' rights from 1828 to 1850.1
999362182Henry ClayInfluential Speaker of the House who greatly influenced the decision in the election of 1824 Man who composed the Compromise Tariff of 18302
999362183Martin Van BurenJackson's successor, Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 18363
999362185John Quincy AdamsSecretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.4
999362186Daniel WebsterFamous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.5
999362187Nicholas BiddlePresident of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.6
999362188OsceolaSeminole leader who resisted the removal of his people from Florida in the 1830s. He died under suspicious circumstances after being tricked into surrendering (1837).7
999362189Stephen AustinMan chosen to receive Texas, Original settler of Texas, granted land from Mexico on condition of no slaves, convert to Roman Catholic, and learn Spanish,, Austin, Texas was named after him; he was the man the brought the first Americans into Texas because he was granted permission by the Mexicans. Leader of Texas settlers in 18208
999362190William Henry Harrisonwas an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.9
999362191Sam HoustonEx-governor of Tennessee, led the Texas Rebellion, United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863)10
999362192John TylerWilliam H. Harrison's vice president, elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died (1790-1862)11
999362193Santa AnnaMexican dictator during the Texas Rebellion, Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)12
999362194Black HawkIndian chief who led tribes to resist eviction, Sauk leader who in 1832 led Fox and Sauk warriors against the United States (1767-1838)13
999362195William TravisCommander of the defenders of the Alamo who was only 26 years old. He was determined to hold his position and managed to send messages through Mexican lines asking for assistance, but none came. He was killed in the Battle of the Alamo, and he was important because his death made Texas fight harder for their independence.14
999362196AnnexationThe adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit.15
999362197antislaverywas a wide spread idea (with most of its supporters being in the New England areas) in the 1800's. the North readily opposed the idea of slavery, because it was abusive and their economy didn't rely on it. But even in the South, in the 1820's, there were numerous antislavery societies. These societies were actually more numerous south of Mason and Dixon's line.16
999362198favorite soncandidate that receives the backing of his home state rather than of the national party17
999362199common mana political leader who worked his way up to the top from the bottom. Andrew Jackson was the model common man. He had been orphaned, so he fought in the Revolutionary War at age thirteen. In the War of 1812, he became a hero and launched his political career soon after. He was like the rest of the country, and that's why they liked him so much. The common man began to take over during the Jacksonian Democracy.18
999362200nullificationthe states'-rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by the United States Congress19
999362201spoils systemthe system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power20
999362202rotation in officeJackson's system of periodically replacing officeholders to allow ordinary citizens to play a more prominent role in government21
999362203Democratic-RepublicansPolitical party in the Quincy Adams's presidency that supported the rights of the individual, Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank22
999362204Anti-Masonic PartyThird party in the race between Jackson and Quincy Adams23
999362205Revolution of 1828Jackson's election showed shift of political power to "the common man" (1828), when the government changed hands from quincy adams to jackson24
999362206Twelfth AmendmentBeginning in 1804, electors would vote separately for President and Vice President25
999362207King MobNickname for all the new participants in government that came with Jackson's presidency. This nickname was negative and proposed that Jackson believed in too much democracy, perhaps leading to anarchy26
999362208corrupt bargainIn the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.27
999362209Tariff of Abominations1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.28
999362210South Carolina Expositionwritten by John C. Calhoun denouncing the 1828 Tariff as unconstitutional and that the states should declare it null and void29
999362211Tariff of 1832the tariff that was supposed to abolish the evils of the "Tariff of Abominations" and quiet southern criticism30
999362212Specie CircularOrder that all new land be bought with metallic money, Issued by Jackson - attempt to stop states from speculating land with money they printed that was not backed by anything - required land speculation in speci; Provided that in payment for public lands, the government would accept only gold or silver31
999362213slavocracyTerm the North used to describe the Slaveholding South and its "schemes" to gain more slave-land.32
999362214Tariff of 1833Tariff proposed to settle the dispute between nullies and Jackson, It was a new tariff proposed by Henry Clay and John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the tariff of 1816 This compromise avoided civil war and prolonged the union for another 30 years.33
999362215Trail of TearsThe Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.34
999362216panic of 1837Ecnomic downturn caused by loose lending practices of stat banks' and overspeculation. Martin Van Buren spent most of his time in office attempting to stablize and lessen the economic situation35
999362217Force BillBill that says Congress is authorized to use the military against belligerent states. Is nullified by South Carolina.36
999362218Seminole IndiansThey lived in Florida as runaways from other tribes. They waged a seven years war against the Americans to try and remain in the east instead of being forcibly removed to the west.37
999362219Divorce BillA bill passed by Van Buren in 1837, that divorced the government from banking altogether, and established an independent treasury, so the governemtn could lock its money in vaults in several of the larger cities.38
999362220Bank of the United StatesHamilton's plan to solve Revolutionary debt, Assumption highly controversial, pushed his plan through Congress, based on loose interpretation of Constitution39
999362221Lone Startexas declared independence in 1836 and Houston forced signed treaty with Santa Anna in 183640
999362222independent treasuryPresident Van Buren's plan to keep government funds in its own vaults and do business entirely in hard money rather than keep them in deposits within shaky banks.41
999362223Democratic partypolitical party led by Thomas Jefferson; it feared centralized political power, supported states' rights, opposed Hamilton's financial plan, and supported ties with France. It was heavily influenced by a agrarian interests in the southern states.42
999362224pet banksState banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank.43
999362225Whig partyAn American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements44
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Ch.11 The Triumphs and Travails of Jeffersonian Republic Flashcards

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3044037682A how many party system was quickly evolving and partisanship was evident in campaigns and among voters during the 1790s?two0
3044052475The electorate in 1800 was basically limited to what type of men?property-holding1
3044074137Even those who could not vote were inspired by what type of ideologies about human equality?secular, religious2
3044094766Non-voters expressed their views by marching in parades, signing petitions, singing songs, debating emotionally charged sermons, and especially by reading newspapers. Newspapers grew rapidly in the early decades of what century? They were published how often and were a forum for political conversation/argument/insults? Each party adopted an official newspaper.1800s; regularly3
3044108036The 1790s were dominated by what party which had a major victory in what document? Did the strengthen or weaken the national government? They worked for a what type of economy? They create a sound what system and a national what? They made peace with what countries?Federalists; Constitution; strengthen; diversified; financial; bank; France, England4
3044116850Jefferson believed state governments should have greater authority than the federal government for what reason?closer to people5
3044121260Jefferson believed in separation of church and state known as a what? He considered religious tyranny worse than political tyranny.wall6
3044124927Jefferson believed in what, a truly representative government which could only exist in an agrarian society?republicanism7
3044130993Jefferson feared what type of society creating a small class of extremely wealthy with masses living in horrible conditions which he observed in Europe?industrial8
3044135070Jefferson believed that only a nation of roughly equal what farmers would work for the good of the entire community?Yeoman9
3044138345Jefferson favored government for who and by them who could read enough to be informed?people10
3044145470Jefferson believed what was a necessity to protect white Yeoman farmers from having to become the labor supply for large landowners? In that situation, low wages would prevent them from owning land, and they would be exploited by the large landowners.slavery11
3044159459What was considered a peaceful transition of power from one party to another in which Jefferson was to "restore" revolutionary Republican principles?Revolution of 180012
3044164211The Federalists lost the election of 1800 because of a big mistake with what acts, fighting to save themselves at any cost against the mounting strength of who?Alien and Sedition; Republicans13
3044173158Jefferson pardoned those who were serving time under what act? In what year was a new naturalization law created that returned the years needed for an immigrant to become a citizen from 14 to 5?Sedition; 180214
3044177502The Federalists lost the election of 1800 because of whose anger under President Adams?public15
3044188417The public was angry at Adams and the Federalists because they built up a what, but then didn't go to war? They built up a what, but then not going to war made it unnecessary and it was dissolved? Increased what to pay for both, but did not go to war?navy; army; taxes16
3044195707Jefferson's election was called a revolution because who called it that since it was a return to the full republican experiment, meaning to decrease the scope of what government and end what?Jefferson; federal; corruption17
3044235121Jefferson believed that government had become large and corrupt due to what two things?Alien and Sedition Acts; Federalists18
3044238925Jefferson believed that who catered to the interests of the wealthy elite through the national bank and financial plan?Federalists19
3044245858Jefferson's election was called a revolution because it shifted political authority toward what region? Results also returned to whose rights philosophy of the D-R?South and West; states20
3044309306Jefferson's election was called a revolution because it was the first hotly contested political campaign where what and partisanship were firmly placed in politics?factions21
3044340396Partisanship mainly occurred through what? This was the first time they played a major role in electing the president?press22
3044357734From 1800-1850, who win the North because of industrial and financial traits while the others win the South because of agricultural traits?Federalists23
3044364240In inauguration, Jefferson reached out to who to mend the hard-feelings cause by the campaign which is still practiced today?Federalists24
3044369740Jefferson in his inauguration, said he believed that no great principle split the Republicans and Federalists into rival camps, since both party's believe in federal government and what type of system?republican25
3044375481Jefferson believed in what rather than alliances in foreign policy?friendships26
3044389131As president, Jefferson strove to return the nation to what values? He did that by riding the what of aristocratic customs that had prevailed during the administrations of Washington and Adams? After his inauguration, he returned to his boardinghouse on foot and took dinner in his usual seat at the common table. He introduced the custom of having guests do what instead of bowing stiffly? He established the rule of pell-mell at official dinners, that is seating without regard to what? He sent Congress what type of messages?Republican; White House; shake hands; rank; written27
3044399852What did Jefferson do to Hamilton's financial program?left it intact28
3044405113Jefferson viewed what as a source of government corruption as it was not a way to stimulate growth, so it was his priority to reduce it?debt29
3044408047Jefferson's Secretary of Treasury was who that reduced debt and created balanced budgets?Albert Gallatin30
3044410333Jefferson cut the bureaucracy in Washington by how much ?half31
3044410334Jefferson slashed what budget?military32
3044413920Jefferson eliminated two of America's five posts where?overseas33
3044417108Jefferson replaced all internal what, including that of whiskey of 1791?taxes34
3045677692Jefferson refused to dismiss all the who? He did act quickly to remove the so-called what appointees, highly partisan selections Adams had made after learning of Jefferson's elections?Federalists; midnight35
3045707097Half of the people holding office were appointees of what two presidents and Jefferson tried to convert Feds to D-R?Washington, Adams36
3045774983To Jefferson and other Republicans, what represented a powerful and undemocratic force?judiciary37
3045782863Jefferson and other Republicans thought the judiciary represented a powerful and undemocratic force because judges were appointed, not elected, and served for how long?life38
3045792387Jefferson and other Republicans thought the judiciary represented a powerful and undemocratic force because they had a biased behavior of federalist judges during the trials under what acts which made D-R mistrustful?Alien and Sedition Acts39
3045809244Jefferson and other Republicans thought the judiciary represented a powerful and undemocratic force because of Adams's appointment of the Midnight judges increased the mistrust of the judiciary not controlled by the other branches as seen in what case?Marbury v. Madison40
3045813448Federalist Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 to create what?new judges41
3045821440Many judges were nominated and confirmed in the last days of whose presidency all of which were federalist judges? This was a blatant move to keep Federalists in control of the judicial branch, at least.Adams42
3045833204William Marbury did not get his judgeship, and used what secretary of state for it?Madison43
3045839209What chief justice dismissed Marbury's case, but went on to say that some parts of the Judiciary Act of 1789 had been unconstitutional?John Marshall44
3045846610Marbury v. Madison was important because Supreme Court gave itself the power of what, the power to determine whether or not a law is constitutional?judicial review45
3045851950In what year did Jefferson try to impeach a Supreme Court justice, but the Senate did not vote for it? What was his name?1804; Samuel Chase46
3045862962Under Chief Justice Marshall, a Federalist, many rulings were issued that went against Jefferson's ideology. Rulings that had the effect of strengthening what government, advancing business interests of what classes, and establishing the role of what government in regulating trade?federal; industrial; federal47
3045870966Whose foreign policy was "honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none" for their first term?Jefferson48
3045874704Jefferson reduced the military as a way to both reduce what and protect what?debt; liberty49
3045878462Jefferson hoped to avoid what and entangling alliances of Europe with his foreign policy?wars50
3045882896Realities forced Jefferson to bend his principles on foreign policy in the case of what states?Barbary51
3045896563Pirates of what region used blackmail and attacked merchant ships in the Mediterranean? The forced federalists administrations to pay what as protection?North African Barbary States; tribute52
3045900628In 1801, the leader of what declared war on the US?Tripoli53
3045903894Jefferson sent a navy to what area as a result of them declaring war on the US?North Africa (Tripoli)54
3045910952Four years of off and on fighting occurred, then Jefferson negotiated a peace treaty in what year, which included a payment of 60,000 to who?1805; Pasha55
3045919100Jefferson's error for the future was that he paid for construction of 200 small naval vessels, when what type of ships would have served the nation better? Jefferson also bent his principles to make what purchase?larger; Louisiana56
3045926872In what year did the king of Spain cede the Louisiana territory to France?180057
3045934813In what year did Spaniards at New Orleans withdraw the right of deposit in New Orleans with what treaty as it threatened economic prosperity of western farmers, who planned a march on New Orleans?1802; Pinckney58
3045941193In what year did Jefferson send what two men to buy New Orleans and some land for $10 million?1803; Monroe, Livingston59
3045945164Who shocked the US offering to sell New Orleans and the Louisiana Territory for $15 million, about 3 cents per acre?Napoleon60
3045960375Reasons Napoleon sold the LA territory included whose slave rebellion in Haiti that had cost France troops and cash and also he needed what for European wars?Toussaint L'Ouverture; cash61
3045972866In what year did the senate ratify the purchase of LA territory and the US got it and New Orleans which doubled the size of the US?180362
3045978805Jefferson hesitated the LA purchase because he was a strict what, yet the Constitution does not speak of land sales? So he abandoned it and bought the territory anyway.constructionist63
3045995390The Federalists opposed the LA Purchase because eventually, those lands would be what type of states and most likely the voters there would support the D-R?agricultural64
3046009868Problems with the LA Purchase included that it became a battleground for what since whenever a territory applied for admission as a state, a decision had to be made about it?slavery65
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Campbell Reece Biology 6e Chapter 3 Flashcards

BHS 2010-2011

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81144423alpha (α) helix...0
81144424amineAn organic compound with one or more amino groups.1
81144425amino acidorganic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group2
81144426amino groupA functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1.3
81144427anabolic steroidany of a group of synthetic steroid hormones used to stimulate muscle and bone growth4
81144428carbohydratean essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals5
81144429carbon skeletonThe chain of carbon atoms that forms the structural backbone of an organic molecule.6
81144430carbonyl groupan organic molecule, a functional group consisting of a carbon atom linked to a double bond to an oxygen atom7
81144431carboxyl groupA functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.8
81144432carboxylic acidan organic acid characterized by one or more carboxyl groups9
81144433cellulosea polysaccharide that is the chief constituent of all plant tissues and fibers..., polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls10
81144434chitincomplex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods11
81144435cholesterola type of fat made by the body from saturated fat; a minor part of fat in foods, a specialized lipid12
81144436dehydration reactionA chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.13
81144437denaturationFor proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. For DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature.14
81144438deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)molecule is responisble for the inheritance (genetics); nucleic acid contains the sugar15
81144439disaccharideany of a variety of carbohydrates that yield two monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis16
81144440double helixtwo strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA17
81144441enzymespecialized proteins that speed up chemical reactions18
81144442fatorganic compound consisting of a three-carbon backbone (glycerol) attached to three fatty acids19
81144443functional groupthe portion of a molecule that is active in a chemical reaction and that determines the properties of many organic compounds20
81144444geneA segment of DNA that codes for a protein or RNA molecule21
81144445glycogenone form in which body fuel is stored22
81144446hydrocarbonan organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen23
81144447hydrolysisA chemical process in which polymers are broken down by the chemical addition of water molecules to the bonds linking their monomers; an essential part of digestion.24
81144448hydrophilicHaving an affinity for water; usually polar molecules; this is principally important in relation to the phospholipid bilayer.25
81144449hydrophobic...26
81144450hydroxyl group...27
81144451isomer...28
81144452lipid...29
81144453macromolecule...30
81144454methyl group...31
81144455monomer...32
81144456monosaccharide...33
81144457nucleic acid...34
81144458nucleotide...35
81144459organic compound...36
81144460peptide bond...37
81144461phosphate group...38
81144462phospholipid...39
81144463pleated sheet...40
81144464polymer...41
81144465polypeptide...42
81144466polysaccharide...43
81144467primary structure...44
81144468protein...45
81144469quaternary structure...46
81144470ribonucleic acid (RNA)a nucleic acid; RNA consist of a single strand, nucleotides contain the five-carbon sugar ribose, have a nitrogen base called uracil47
81144471saturated...48
81144472secondary structureThe second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain.49
81144473starchpolysaccharide in plant cells that consists entirely of glucose monomers50
81144474steroida lipid molecule in which the carbon skeleton forms four fused rings51
81144475tertiary structureThe third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.52
81144476unsaturatedsolution in which it is possible for more solute to be dissolved53
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Constitutional Foundations Flashcards

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3060964945Anti-Federalists—led by Thomas Jefferson, one of the first political parties urging the rejection of the Constitution. Its members were farmers and represented the interest of the common people.0
3060974794Articles of Confederation—the first adopted written constitution of the newly independent United States. Because of its weaknesses, the period of time it governed (1781-1789) became known as the critical period.1
3060982984Connecticut Compromise—offered at the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia, it was 6 adopted by the delegates and created a bicameral legislature, where one house is represented by population, and the other house is represented by the states.2
3060987506Consent of the governed—a derivative of the doctrine of natural rights; a philosophy, later adopted by Jefferson when he drafted the Declaration of Independence, that puts the authority of the government in the people's hands.3
3060989009Constitution—provides the basic framework of government. It is the supreme law of the land.4
3060994190Declaration of Independence—blueprint for the American Revolution containing three parts. The first part—an introduction including ideas such as natural rights as related to life, liberty and property, the consent of the governed and the concept of limited government. The second part—a list of grievances against the King of England and the third part—a declaration of independence.5
3060999930Democratic-Republicans—led by Thomas Jefferson, they were characterized as the party of the "common man." They believed in a more limited role of the central government.6
3061001941Federalist Papers—written using the pen name Publius; John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison wrote a series of articles urging the adoption of the Constitution. They argued for establishing a government that could deal with "the tyranny of the majority" by creating three branches of government having distinctive and separate powers.7
3061003508Federalist Party—headed by Alexander Hamilton, this party, made up of the country's upper class, supported a strong national government and set a policy agenda that would solve the nation's economic problems.8
3061004734Limited government—derived from the doctrine of natural rights, it was adopted by Jefferson and restricts the power of government especially in the area of protecting the rights of the people.9
3061015532Natural rights—part of Locke's philosophy; rights that are God given such as life, liberty, and property.10
3061019013New Jersey Plan—offered at the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia, it urged the delegates to create a legislature based on equal representation by the states.11
3061023223Shay's Rebellion—a failed attempt by Daniel Shay, a farmer who lost his property, to revolt against the state government.12
3061025127Three-Fifths Compromise—offered at the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia, it was adopted by the delegates and counted every five slaves as three people for representation and tax purposes.13
3061030206Unalienable rights—rights such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, which are derived from the doctrine of natural rights.14
3061031917Virginia Plan—offered at the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia, it urged the delegates to create a legislature based on the population of each state.15
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Chapter 1- The Theory of Modern Government Flashcards

AP US Government and Politics

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1744050853ConservativeA person who believes in less government, strong national defense, more responsibility and lower taxes.0
1744050854Delegate ModelModel of democracy in which constituents elect their representatives as delegates for their constituency.1
1744050855Direct DemocracyIn its purest form it would have every citizen attending a town meeting and voting on every issue with the majority prevailing. People represent themselves.2
1744050856Elite and Class theoryrevolves around an economic strata of society controlling the policy agenda. The theory that the upper class and wealthy society is recognized as elite, which controls the linkage institutions of government.3
1744050857GovernmentThose institutions that create public policy. Has an effect on the every day life of citizens. Can be seen in multiple different forms.4
1744050858LiberalA person who believes in greater government intervention, smaller military and higher taxes.5
1744050859Linkage Institutionthe means by which individuals can express preferences regarding the development of public policy. Political Parties, special interest groups, and the media.6
1744050860Loose constructionLiberal View of the constitution. Things are implied that are not necessarily stated.7
1744050861PluralismInvolves different groups all vying for control of the policy agenda, resulting in no single group emerging and forcing them to compromise.8
1744050862Policy AgendaA set of policies and/or issues that are to be addressed by a candidate or political party. Can vary based on what party has power.9
1744050863Political PartiesA group of people with similar needs, values and backgrounds who band together in a political setting. The base of political support for a candidate.10
1744050864Politics"Who gets what, when, and how." Why politicians are able to succeed or fail in getting elected and why they succeed or fail in the process of creating public policy. Characterized by conflict and resolution, compromise and the interrelationship of individuals and groups. The means by which individuals and groups get involved. Results in the formal election of officials.11
1744050865Public PolicyA system of regulatory measures and courses of action created by government through politicians that regard to a given topic. The measure of whether the government is succeeding or failing.12
1744050866Representative DemocracyDistinct republican form of government (In America). Elected officials who represent a group of people's beliefs, as opposed to direct democracy.13
1744050867Strict ConstructionistsConservative view of the constitution. If the constitution does not state it directly, it is not implied.14
1744050868Trustee ModelConstiuents elect their delegates as trustees for their constituency.15
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Chapter 1: The Theory of Modern Government Flashcards

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369794513Direct democracysystem of selecting policymakers and of organizing government so that policy represents and responds to the public's preferences0
369794514Elite & Class Theorytheory of govt and politics stating that societies are divided along class; an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal necessities of governmental organization1
369794515Governmentinstitution through which a society makes and enforces public policy (typically maintain national defense, provide services, collect taxes, and preserve others)2
369794516Hyperpluralismgroups that are so strong that the govt is weakened (groups control policy and preent govt from acting)3
369794517Linkage institutionpolitical channels in which people's concerns become political issues on the policy agenda4
369794518Linkage institutionsPolitical parties, elections, news and entertainment media, interest groups are examples of5
369946208Conservativeholding to traditional attitudes and values (cautious about change and innovation)6
369946209Liberalopen to new behavior or opinions and willing to discard traditional values7
369946210Loose Constructionfavoring a liberal construction of the constitution of the US to give broader powers to the federal govt (more liberal)8
369946211Strict constructionrefers to legal philosophy that limits judicial interpretation (more conservative)9
369946212Pluralismtheory of govt and policies emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups; each one pressures for its own preferred policies10
369946213Pluralism, public, compromise_____________ shows that _________ interest will prevail through bargaining and _______________11
369946214Policy agendaissues that attract the serious attention of public officials12
369946215Political partiesgroups that seek govt control through winning elections and holding public office13
369946216Politicsprocess by which we select our government leaders and what policies to produce (produces authoritative decisions about public issues)14
369947300Representative democracysystem of govt; public policies are made by official selected by the voters and held accountable at periodic elections15
369947301Public Policya choice that govt makes in response to a political issue16
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Psychology: Themes and Variations Ch.5 Flashcards

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1715824537ConsciousnessAwareness of local activity at any given moment -Personal Awareness0
1715824538Biological Rhythmsperiodic functions in physiological functioning -rhythms of sleep -The riddle of hypnosis Consciousness-altering drugs -Exploring the dream world1
1715824539Circadian Rhythms24-hour biological cycles found in humans -Temp fluctuations early vs. late riser -Cardiac issues 5am and 10am2
1715824540Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)Sends signals to the pineal gland, whose secretion of hormone melatonin plays a key role in adjusting biological clock -non photo retinal cells-blue -Located in the hypothalamus3
1715824541PERPeriod4
1715824542TIMTimeless-reset to environmental time5
1715824543CLKCLOCK6
1715824544CYCCycle7
1715824545Master PacemakerSCN, local PM also found on liver and lung8
1715824546Internal Desynchronization-Jet lag -work shifts -Illness, stress, fatigue, excitement, drugs -home team advantage9
1715824547Moods and long-term rhythms-Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) -Pineal Gland -Melatonin/Serotonin10
1715824548Why don't we move during sleep?-Brain nucleus inhibits arousal center -Brainstem paralyzes -Cats pons lesions-imaginary prey11
1715824549Why do we need sleep?-Body maintenance -Memory integration -Evolution-safety-less exposure to danger -Energy conservation12
1718604803Beta Brain Wavesfast, alert -Normal wake thoughts13
1718604804Alpha Brain WavesDeep relax, mediation14
1718604805Theta Brain WavesLight sleep15
1718604806Delta Brain Waves-Slow wave -Deep sleep16
1718604807Stage 1Feel self drifting on the edge of consciousness17
1718604808Stage 2Minor noises won't disturb you18
1718604809Stage 3Breathing and pulse have slowed down19
1718604810Stage 4Deep sleep20
1718604811REMVery deep sleep -dominated by Beta waves that resemble whose in awake people21
1718604812Infant Sleep PatternSleep 16 hours 50% REM22
1718604813Adult Sleep Pattern20% REM23
1718604814Effects of Sleep Apnea-Alters heart rhythm -High bp -Weight gain24
1718604815Causes of Sleep Apnea-Correlation between sleep and weight25
1718604816Night Terror-panic -Stage 426
1718604817NightmaresBad dream- REM sleep27
1718604818Effects of Sleep Dep. in rats-motor impairment -Yellowing fur -Lesions -Metabolic Problems -Paw Swelling -Weak EEG -3/8 died28
1718604819Selective Deprivation-Partial sleep del. -worse than always being sleep deprived -Not used to it29
1718604820Influence of Perception on DrugsLow dose of THC-depend on social cues High Doses-Does not matter. You are high30
1718604821Factors that affect drug reaction-Body weight -Metabolism -Arousal -Expectations -Tolerance31
1718604822Types of Tolerance-Physiological -Psychological/Environmental32
1718604823Overdose-too much drug -change in environment33
1718604824Mesmer-Hypnosis is dependent on the person being hypnotized -Cannot force34
1718604825Hypnosis and Memories-Not a literal re-experiencing of long-past events -Doesn't increase accuracy of memory -remember true and false things35
1718604826Manifest ContentThe plot of a dream at its surface level36
1718604827FreudDreams can be simple or tell us about important hidden facets of unconsciousness37
1718604828JungDreams may be linked into collective unconscious38
1718604829CartwrightsDreams let us rehash problems at night39
1718604830HobsonDreams are a side effect of pons firing and cortical interpretation of random signals40
1718604831Problems with Hobson's theory-can still dream with no pons -You can dream in REM -Dreams have more meaning than random41
1718618112Latent Contentunconscious wishes symbolized in dream42
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AP US History American Pageant Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1836458897cult of domesticityidealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands0
1836458898turnpikeA road built by a private company that charges a toll to use it1
1836458899Irish contributionspolicemen and firemen, corn beef, private schools, religion, beer2
1836458900Molly McquiresThese were a group of Pennsylvania Coal Miners who, in the mid-1870's adopted a new technique in dealing with worker-management disputes, namely the use of terrorism. Members of this secret group used arson, sabotage & destruction of property in order to intimidate Mine operators. Eventually their members were arrested and tried.3
1836458901German contributionsConestoga wagon; Kentucky riffle; Christmas tree; kindergarten;4
1836458902Lowell systemDormitories for young women where they were cared for, fed, and sheltered in return for cheap labor, mill towns, homes for workers to live in around the mills5
1836458903trans-Allegheny regionThe Nations Breadbasket; planted corn and raised crops6
1836458904know nothing partyGroup of prejudice people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party.7
1836458905Cumberland (national) roadThe first highway built by the federal government. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.8
1836458906order of the star spangled bannerThe noisier American "Nativists" rallied for political action. In 1849 they formed this, which soon developed into the formidable American, or "Know-Nothing," party—a name derived from its secretiveness.9
1836458907Elias HoweAmerican inventor whose sewing machine helped revolutionize garment manufacture in the factory and in the home.10
1836458908commonwealth v. hunt(1842) a landmark ruling of the MA Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers.11
1836458909Robert Fulton1765-1815) American engineer and inventor, he built the first commercially successful full-sized steamboat, the Clermont, which lead to the development of commercial steamboat ferry services for goods and people12
1836458910Eli WhitneyAn American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged13
1836458911nativismAn anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics.14
1836458912Erie canal"Clinton's Big Ditch" that transformed transportation and economic life across the Great Lakes region from Buffalo to Chicago15
1836458913Samuel slater"Father of the Factory System" in America; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; put into operation the first spinning cotton thread in 1791.16
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Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Flashcards

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492248612Al-MahdiDef: Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession0
492248613Seljuk TurksDef: Nomadic invaders from Central Asia via Persia; supplanted Buyids in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader; governed strictly and staunch Sunnis1
492248614Shah-NamaDef: An epic poem (Book of Kings); written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests2
492248615rubaiyatDef: a piece of Persian literature; best known in the West; written by Omar Khayyan3
492248616al-GhazaliDef: Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by Ulama and ideas were often rejected by orthodox scholars4
492248617DemakDef: Trading center on the north coast of Java; most powerful of the trading states; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other ports5
492248618GhazniDef: Region where Turkic King ruled; used for name of Ghaznavid empire centered in Afghanistan; people living in Ghazni raid northern India annually, become rich and Ghazni becomes major Muslim center6
492248619Qutb-ud-din AibakDef: Lieutenant of Mahmud of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi; proclaimed himself Sultan of india7
492248620ShrivijayaDef: Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion.8
492248621al-RashidDef: Most famous of Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptuous and costly living; dependent on Persian advisors early in reign; death led to civil wars over succession.9
493759600CrusadesDef: Series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and exterminations.10
493759601SufisDef: Mystics within Islam; responsible for expansion of Islam to Southeastern Asia.11
493759602MongolsDef: Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph12
493759603HajjajDef: Ummayad viceroy for eastern provinces; launched punitive campaign against king of Sind in India that resulted in first Islamic conquest in subcontinent.13
493759604Mahmud of GhazniDef: Third ruler of dynasty; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of the wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression.14
493759605Bhaktic CultsDef: Groups of Hindu mystics who tried to fight Muslim conversion by making Hinduism more appealing to lower caste Hindus to prevent them from converting to Islam.15
493759606MalaccaDef: a powerful trading center city among the Southeastern Asian Islands; became the key to widespread conversion.16
493759607BuyidsDef: Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under name of Sultan and retained Abbasids as figureheads.17
493759608SaladinDef: Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century who reconquered most of the crusades outposts for Islam.18
493759609UlamaDef: Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non Islam ideas and scientific thinking.19
493913353Chinggis KhanDef: Elected the khagan, or supreme ruler, of the Mongol tribes in 1206. First raided in the 1220's and then smashed the Turko-Persian kingdoms that had developed in the regions to the east of Baghdad.20
493913354Muhammad Ibn QasimDef: Arab general who conquered Sind in India. Declared the region, as well as the Indus valley to the northeast, provinces of the Umayyad Empire.21
493913355Muhammad of GhurDef: Military commander of Persian extraction; brought the Indus valley and much of northern India under his control. Conquests extended along Gangetic plain and into west and central India.22
493913356KabirDef: Muslim weaver; one of the most remarkable of the mystics; played down the significance of religious differences and proclaimed that all could provide a path to spiritual fulfillment.23
493913357VishnuDef: One of the most widely worshiped deities, particularly in the guise of Krishna the goat-herder.24
493913358Harun al-RashadDef: One of the most famous and enduring of the Abbasid caliphs; sent emissaries in the early 9th century to Baghdad to Charlemagne.25
493913359The Thousand and One Nights & Arabian KnightsDef: Tales depicting the luxury and intrigue of Harun's court.26
493913360SultanDef: Title of the Buyid leaders; means "victorious" in Arabic; controlled the caliph and the court, but could not prevent further disintegration of the empire.27
493913361Ottoman EmpireDef: Turkic empire established in Asia Minor extended throughout Middle East; responsible for conquest of Constantinople and end of Byzantine Empire in 1453.28
494053804Ibn KhalidunDef: One of the greatest historians and social commentators of all time; served as a political adviser at several courts of Muslim wars in north Africa .29
494053805The MuqaddimahDef: A very long preface in the beginning of universal history; written by Ibn Khalidun.30
494053806MamluksDef: Turkish slaves who defeated the Mongols during their westward movement; ruled Egypt afterwards.31
494053807HuleguDef: Chinggis Khan's grandson; renewed the Mongol assault on Islamic civilization in the 1250s, and in 1258, captured Baghdad and executed the last caliph.32
494053808RajasDef: Hindu kings; Arabs who emigrated to Sind and other Muslim-ruled areas often ate the foods, wore the clothes and hairstyles, and rode elephants, as the rajas did.33
494053809Mira BaiDef: One of the most celebrated writers of religious poetry and songs of worship, and also a woman; she composed literature in regional languages, making Hinduism more acessible34
494053810PanDef: Muslims chewed this, and it originated in India; it was limestone wrapped with betel leaves.35
494053811Sultans of DelhiDef: Rulers of imperial Persian, Afghan, and Turkish houses; they fought amongst each other, Mongol and Turkic invaders, and Hindu princes for control of the Indus and Gangnetic heartlands of India.36
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