| 457634462 | Why did Europeans explore? | Improvements in technology, religious conflict, expanding trade, and the development of nation-states | | 0 |
| 457634463 | Prince Henry the Navigator | Portuguese, his voyages opened up a sea route around S. Africa's Cape of Good Hope | | 1 |
| 457634464 | Vasco de Gama | Portuguese, he was first European to use route around Cape of Good Hope to reach India | | 2 |
| 457634465 | Christopher Columbus | Spent 7 yrs trying to win the backing of a monarchy. An Italian- sailed for Spain. Arrives in Bahamas as opposed to the Indies. Dies thinking that he found a Westward route to Asia. | | 3 |
| 457634466 | Columbian Exchange: European contributions | diseases, sugar cane, bluegrasses, pigs, iron implements, guns, and horses | | 4 |
| 457634467 | Columbian Exchange: Native American contributions | beans, corn, sweet and white potatoes, tomatoes, and tobacco | | 5 |
| 457634468 | Treaty of Tordesillas | addendum to the division of the new World between Portugal and Spain- the Pope moved the line a few degrees to the west. | | 6 |
| 457634469 | Vasco Nuñez de Balboa | journeys across Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific | | 7 |
| 457634470 | Ferdinand Magellan | circumnavigated the world | | 8 |
| 457634471 | Hernan Cortes | conquest of the Aztecs | | 9 |
| 457634472 | Francisco Pizzaro | conquest of the Incas in Peru | | 10 |
| 457634473 | Result of early explorations for Spain | Spain regarded as most powerful and richest (due to gold from the Americas) nation in Europe. | | 11 |
| 457634474 | encomienda system | king of Spain gives grants of land and Indians to individual Spaniards. Indians have to work while Spanish masters have to "care for them". | | 12 |
| 457634475 | asiento system and why it was put in place | Why? B/c European brutality and disease decreased Indian population and Europeans needed workers. The system put a tax on every slave from West Africa that Spaniards brought in. | | 13 |
| 457634476 | John Cabot | sailed for England; explored coast of Newfoundland in 1497 | | 14 |
| 457634477 | Sir Francis Drake | attacked Spanish ships, seizes gold/silver they carry, and attacks Spanish settlements on coast of Peru | | 15 |
| 457634478 | Sir Walter Raleigh | attempts to establish settlement at Roanoke | | 16 |
| 457634479 | Giovanni de Verrazano | searches for NW Passage for France. Explored New York Harbor. | | 17 |
| 457634480 | Jacques Cartier | explores St. Lawerence River extensively | | 18 |
| 457634481 | Samuel de Champlain | "father of New France", created 1st permanent French settlement- Quebec | | 19 |
| 457634482 | Jolliet/ Marquette | explored upper Mississippi River | | 20 |
| 457634483 | de la Salle | named Louisiana | | 21 |
| 457634484 | Henry Hudson | sought a NW passage for the Netherlands. Sailed up the Hudson River. Established Dutch claims to New Amsterdam/New York. | | 22 |
| 457634485 | Why was England now in a position to colonize American lands? | 1. England defeats Spanish Armada- now a big naval power, 2. England's population was growing rapidly while its economy was depressed | | 23 |
| 457634486 | Settlement of Jamestown | began as a joint-stock company: Virginia Company. Settlement located near James River for food, water source, transport, trade. This location brings mosquitoes= disease. Indians attack often. Famine is an issue b/c settlers do not want to farm. Tobacco farming turns around the colony- indentured servants help with this. | | 24 |
| 457634487 | Difference betwen Pilgrims and Puritans | Pilgrims want to have their own branch of the Anglican Church. The Puritans want to "purify" the original Anglican church. | | 25 |
| 457634488 | Plymouth settlement | settled by Pilgrims; they want no interference in their church, religious freedom. First go to Holland. They leave Holland on Mayflower and head towards Virginia. End up in Massachusetts. Many hardships there: harsh winter, not enough food b/c of rocky soil, growing season was short. | | 26 |
| 457634489 | How does the Plymouth settlement become successful? | Indians teach the Pilgrims how to farm. Good leadership- Miles Standish and Gov. Bradford | | 27 |
| 457634490 | Massachusetts Bay Colony | Puritans settle it- search for religious freedom. Lead by John Winthrop. | | 28 |
| 457634491 | Great Migration | migration of the Puritans out of England | | 29 |
| 457634492 | Politics in Plymouth | Pilgrims sign Mayflower Compact. | | 30 |
| 457634493 | Politics at Jamestown | House of Burgesses | | 31 |
| 457634494 | Politics in Massachusetts | limited democratic rights- male members of Puritan Church | | 32 |
| 457634495 | Massachusetts | joint-stock colony; made up of Plymouth & Massachusetts Bay; founded on principle of religious freedom. Ruled by Puritans- you must be Puritan to live there. | | 33 |
| 457634496 | Rhode Island | Royal colony; founded by Roger Williams a Puritan minister. Believed that your relationship with God was a personal matter, not the Church's matter. PROVIDENCE: Williams' settlement: respect Natives/paid them for land use, religious toleration for all. First Baptist Church settled there. PORTSMOUTH: Anne Hutchinson's settlement- based on antinominism- Through faith, not actions are we saved. | | 34 |
| 457634497 | Connecticut | joint-stock colony founded by Reverend Thomas Hooker, who was unhappy w/ Massachusetts. 1st settlement- Hartford- The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, first written constitution. John Davenport forms New Haven, also left Mass. | | 35 |
| 457634498 | New Hampshire | royal colony; Last New England colony, function of New Hampshire as a colony; to keep an eye on the rest of the colonies | | 36 |
| 457634499 | Halfway Covenant | You can be a member of the Puritan Church without testifying. | | 37 |
| 457634500 | New England Confederation | loose-binding agreement between the New England colonies. They promise to watch for runaway servants, police boundary disputes, protect e/o from the natives. KING DOES NOT LIKE IT! | | 38 |
| 457634501 | King Philip's War | "Metacom" or King Philip attacks colonies across the board. The colonists in the confederation defeat the natives. | | 39 |
| 457634502 | Virginia | royal colony; economically successful because of tobacco planting. Political problems- Bacon's Rebellion. Economic problems- overproduction of tobacco, labor problems | | 40 |
| 457634503 | Bacon's Rebellion | Bacon was a farmer whose farm kept getting raided, asks for protection from Berkeley the governor of VA, he is denied. He attacks the natives anyway. This important because 1. rebellion against English rule 2. disdain between the classes. | | 41 |
| 457634504 | Headright system | System in Virginia. Offered 50 acres of land for every man who paid his own way to America or for an indentured servant, he would also get 50 acres. | | 42 |
| 457634505 | Maryland | proprietary colony- Lord Baltimore. His goals: wealth and a haven for Catholics. After Baltimore's death son Cecil Calvert passes Act of Toleration- all Christian religions accepted in Maryland. Protestants begin to outnumber the Catholics in legislature, they repeal the Act. | | 43 |
| 457634506 | The Carolinas | joint-stock colony later a royal colony: King gives nobles land from VA to Spanish Florida- b/c of their disagreements South and North Carolina were established. Not climate for tobacco. Rice becomes cash crop for S. Carolina. N. Carolina= lumber, furs, self sufficient farming | | 44 |
| 457634507 | New York | proprietary colony- James, Duke of York; so many islands and harbors. Duke tells Dutch they can't keep own legislature but can keep culture and language. | | 45 |
| 457634508 | New Jersey | East/west New Jersey- Legislature and religious freedom for Christians. Crown took away the land b/c James did not have power to create colonies. Made new colony: New Jersey | | 46 |
| 457634509 | Pennsylvania | proprietary colony- William Penn has converted to Quakerism. King not happy about this new religion. Penn's father says that in exchange for land in the Americas for loaning him money. | | 47 |
| 457634510 | The Holy Experiment | What Penn would do in his colony. Political- legislature and some form of constitution; economic- wanted colony to be self-sufficient and not depend on England; social- religious freedom, respect for native cultures | | 48 |
| 457634511 | Delaware | proprietary colony- kind of part of Pennsylvania. Penn realizes that there are some Dutch and Swedish living in the bottom part of Pennsylvania, gives them their own piece called Delaware. It never receives a charter from the King. | | 49 |
| 457634512 | Georgia: why was it established? Who was governor? | 1. place for debtors to go and start a new life 2. buffer between S. Carolina's wealth and Spanish Florida (or natives). Oglethorpe was governor and banned alcohol and slavery. King kicks Oglethorpe out because the colony does not have economic success. | | 50 |
| 457634513 | Why did colonial population grow exponentially? | immigration of almost one million people, also high birthrate among colonial families | | 51 |
| 457634514 | Largest groups of immigrants to the colonies in the 18th century | Western/ Central Europeans: Germans- settle in Pennsylvania Dutch country and retain culture,lang,religion. Scotch-Irish- emigrated from northern Ireland, settled along frontier | | 52 |
| 457634515 | Family structure colonial | People marry at young age. Men work in landowning/politics/have unlimited power. Women avg. domestic. Little political rights | | 53 |
| 457634516 | Colonial economy in New England | subsistence farming. Profits come from logging, shipbuilding, fishing, trading, rum-distilling | | 54 |
| 457634517 | Colonial economy in the Middle colonies | Rich soil- abundance of wheat and corn for export. Large farms. Indentured servants/hired hands work with farm family. Iron-making. Trade leads to growth of cities. | | 55 |
| 457634518 | Colonial economy in the South | Chespeake & North Carolina= cash crops- tobacco. South Carolina & Georgia- rice and indigo. All of these export timber, increase use of slaves, and export tar/pitch as well. | | 56 |
| 466585729 | Monetary system in the colonies | England limited the use of money. The colonies were forced to use gold and silver to pay for the imports from England. To provide currency for domestic trade, many of the colonies issued paper money, but this often led to inflation. The government in England also vetoed colonial laws that might harm English merchants. | | 57 |
| 466585730 | Protestants in the colonies: Anglicans vs. Congregationalists | Anglican- members of this church tended to be prosperous farmers and merchants in New York and plantation owners in Virginia and the Carolinas. This church was viewed as a symbol of English control over the colonies. Congregationalists- successors to the Puritans in New England, critics thought that the ministers were domineering and that the doctrine was overly complex. | | 58 |
| 466585731 | Jonathan Edwards | Rev. from a Congregational Church at Northampton, Massachusetts- initiated Great Awakening, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" (1741). Edwards said that God was rightfully angry with human sinfulness, if you did not repent for your sins you would be damned. | | 59 |
| 466585732 | George Whitefield | came from England, widespread influence in the colonies- rousing sermons on the hellish torment of the damned- preached anywhere and everywhere (audience up to 10,000) God is all-powerful and would save only the believers in Jesus Christ. Ordinary people who were faithful and sincere could understand the Gospels without depending on ministers. | | 60 |
| 466585733 | Impact of the Great Awakening on the colonies | emotionalism became a common part of Protestant services. Ministers lost authority. People began to study the Bible in their own homes.Old Lights vs. New Lights. More evangelical Protestant sects such as Baptists and Methodists attracted large numbers. Politically it was a shared experience for the colonies- they felt unified. Changed the way they viewed authority. | | 61 |
| 466585734 | Colonial architecture and painting | Georgian style popularized in London- 1740s/1750s in the colonies. Symmetrical windows and dormers and a spacious center hall flanked by two fireplaces. Near the eastern seaboard. On the frontier were log cabins. Painters were itinerant artists who wandered the countryside- West and Copley. | | 62 |
| 466585735 | Colonial literature and science | Political essays written by John Adams, Otis, Dickinson, Paine, and Jefferson. Benjamin Franklin wrote Poor Richard's Almanack- witty aphorisms and advice. Poetry of Phillis Wheatley. Franklin also conducted electricity with a kite and developed bifocal eyeglasses and the Franklin stove. | | 63 |
| 466585736 | Education in the colonies | New England- first tax supported schools, towns over fifty families to establish primary schools; towns over 100 fam. to establish grammar schools to prep. boys for college; Middle colonies- church-sponsored or private schools, teachers lived with their students' families; South colonies- Tutors on Plantations; Higher education- colonial colleges founded by particular religious sects- except for University of Pennsylvania | | 64 |
| 466585737 | The Zenger Case | John Peter Zenger, a New York editor and publisher, was brought to trial on a charge of libelously criticizing New York's royal governor: it was not true. The jury voted to acquit Zenger. | | 65 |
| 466585738 | Rural life in the colonies | No books except Bible; they worked from first daylight to sundown. Seasons were always the same. Plentiful food, scarce light and heat. Entertainment: cardplaying/horse-racing in the South; theatergoing in the Middle colonies; religious lectures in New England | | 66 |
| 466585739 | National American character | American viewpoint: colonists exercised the rights of free speech and free press, elected reps, and tolerated many religious. English travelers thought that Americans were forever seeking to improve. | | 67 |
| 466585740 | Eight royal colonies in the 18th century | New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia | | 68 |
| 466585741 | Three proprietary colonies in the 18th century | Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware | | 69 |
| 466585742 | Two other colonies | Connecticut and Rhode Island | | 70 |
| 466585743 | Form of government for colonies | bicamaral gov't- two houses- at least one elected; the other could be brought in by the king or the proprietor | | 71 |
| 466585744 | Voting in the colonies | Limited democracy- the social elite was usually overrepresented in the government | | 72 |
